19/02/2024 - 02:38
The application of an AI tool for accounting extends far beyond chatbot interfaces like ChatGPT.
It can also delve into the realm of machine learning for data analysis and helping your firm solve a myriad of challenges, such as:
Such capabilities enable accounting firms to adopt a more proactive and strategic approach to their operations, enhancing efficiency, profitability and the decision-making processes.
“AI is here to stay, and its impact will be widespread.” Bill Mew, CEO and founder of Crisis Team , Accountingweb Tech Trends for 2024
Here are some key benefits of integrating AI accounting tools into your firm.
AI improves accuracy and efficiency in financial reporting. By automating data processing, you can minimise human errors in manual data handling.
Plus, it allows you to fast-track compliance workflows and produce precise management accounts that foster trust with your clients.
AI’s ability to rapidly process and analyse large volumes of data enables firms to gain deeper insights in real-time . Your firm can analyse massive datasets in-depth to uncover insights and generate real-time financial reports and advice for clients.
With all your data connected in the cloud, you can also use data analysis to benchmark clients against your firm’s entire portfolio. This helps you quickly identify trends, threats, and opportunities, allowing for more informed decision-making and creating additional value for your clients.
Read more: Getting your data in the right place for AI, with AI
How much time do you and your colleagues spend on high-volume, routine accounting activities?
AI can reduce mundane workloads and shift your focus from data entry and number crunching to more strategic tasks. It saves time, allows you to handle a higher workload without increasing your headcount, and gives you the ability to develop new revenue streams .
Why not use AI to train your staff on what to look out for and how to remedy common issues? It’s a way for you to offer on-demand training without taking time away from your more senior staff.
As your juniors go through the process, they’ll learn your firm’s best practices and how to handle accounting scenarios according to your standard operating procedures (SOPs).
“Having an AI tool like Silverfin Assistant – helping with otherwise time-consuming manual processes and checks – is already a great starting point. It sits right where we as accountants work day to day – not in a separate tool. Silverfin Assistant also helps junior accountants who still have a lot to learn. There are clear and detailed explanations of the checks performed by the tool, highlighting why they were made and why they matter. These invaluable insights supercharge the progress of junior-level staff and their performance simultaneously.” Russell Frayne, Director of Transformation at Gravita
1. silverfin assistant: for streamlining your accounting workflows.
Silverfin Assistant is your AI-powered advisor. It gives you reliable data you can trust and actionable insights your firm can monetise.
By continuously analysing your client files, the tool will find things you might miss, like:
It saves hours of manual work, automatically improves your data quality, and helps you serve your clients better. Additionally, Silverfin Assistant’s AI capability will swiftly identify opportunities within your data to enable firms to offer proactive and informed advice to clients.
“Using Silverfin Assistant for VAT compliance and the management account reports has delivered significant time savings, and it’s just getting less and less.” Rosie Cooper, Director, PM+M , Introducing Silverfin Assistant webinar
That’s not all. You can also use Silverfin Assistant to train your junior staff members. Let the AI program show your accountants what to look out for when analysing client files. With clear and detailed explanations it’s the perfect way to bridge knowledge gaps and boost confidence. Plus, you stay in control as Silverfin Assistant makes suggestions on suspected anomalies but it is down to the accountant to accept or reject these proposals.
2. dext precision: for simplifying your financial records.
Dext Precision uses AI to simplify the accounting process of managing financial records like receipts and invoices. It helps streamline data entry, reduce manual input, and improve the accuracy of financial transactions.
Using machine learning, it extracts information from receipts and invoices and automatically categorises the expense based on custom rules.
Dext Precision is typically an add-on product that works alongside Dext Prepare and Dext Commerce. It takes all of your data from Xero or QuickBooks Online , and the AI algorithm alerts you to any discrepancies like missing or bad data.
Still in Beta, Karbon AI uses the power of Chat GPT to give accounting firms a collaborative practice management environment.
Using the tool, you can automate tasks and work faster by:
Vic.ai is an innovative platform designed to transform the accounts payable process for accounting teams. It claims it can improve your invoice processing productivity by 355%.
The platform minimises manual errors by replacing traditional OCR and rules-based methods with AI-powered solutions. Vic.ai’s technology enables faster, more accurate invoice processing, from ingestion to payments.
Vic.ai also offers real-time insights and benchmark data by normalising and analysing costs using AI and statistical analysis.
Adopting AI tools in accounting is a strategic move towards efficiency, accuracy and insightful financial management.
These AI tools for accountants go beyond using ChatGPT for content. It’s a testament to how you can improve your accounting firm’s operations and use the technology to offer scalable solutions to meet your growing business demands.
Several of these tools are in the early stage of development. Karbon AI is still in open Beta, but other specialists, like Silverfin Assistant, have been available for several years. It offers honed developments for accountants, focusing on where AI can make the biggest difference and deliver the greatest benefits.
Read more: The real benefits of Artificial Intelligence in accounting
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Accounting is the systematic and comprehensive recording of financial transactions pertaining to a business, and it also refers to the process of summarizing, analyzing, and reporting these transactions to oversight agencies and tax collection entities.
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9 best free accounting apps 2024.
Best Free Accounting Apps: Accounting students have their work cut out for them. Though accountants are some of the highest-paid workers in the world, the path to a career in accounting is hard. Hence the need to use accounting apps.
There are numerous accounting apps created to make the work of students easier. Many of them are study aids that are useful at any point while studying.
If you have a smartphone or a tablet, there is every reason to download and use any of these accounting apps. They are some of the best educational aids you can have access to in your field.
And if you are already a practicing professional accountant, some of these apps can be very handy. They are good substitutes for the expensive applications used by big firms.
They give you what you need without costing an arm and a leg.
1. student accountant.
Student Accountant is an accounting app developed by one of the top accounting bodies in the world, the Association of Certified Chartered Accountants, ACCA.
The app is free and is mostly updated. To really get the best app though, you need to be registered as a student of ACCA. However, any accounting student can also use it.
As an ACCA student, the app would keep you up to date with exams, news from the world of accounting, career advice, quizzes, technical articles and much more.
So if you are a student of ACCA, it would be a shame if you don’t have this app. You can download it here for Android devices or here for iOS devices.
This is also another free accounting app from ACCA.
As the name implies, it is an exam-focused app that uses videos as a study aid. All ACCA students should have this app as it is always updated throughout your journey to being an ACCA-certified accountant.
Basically, all types of ACCA qualification exams are covered using video tutorials. You don’t want to miss out on a wonderful app.
It is a free app. You can download the Android version here . While those with iOS devices can go here to download it.
Accounting students are aware that standard calculators do not have some of the features needed to handle some of the complex calculations they come across.
Accounting Calculator by Yuki is an accounting app that takes care of this problem. This calculator has provisions for percentage calculations. There are also functions for including or excluding tax to get accurate results.
The app can display up to 12 digits on the screen. This makes it awesome when handling complex calculations where you don’t have to round up answers to ensure accuracy in your final results.
The downside of this app is that it is only available to Android devices at the moment. However, it is a free app, and you can download it from here .
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This is a powerful free app that does a lot of things that accounting students and professionals would find useful.
As professional accountants, Mint gives you all the relevant financial and tax information, tools and news anytime you need them.
For students, though, using the Mint app is an opportunity to put their accounting skills to the test and see how it measures up to international standards.
The app has many features, and students can customize it to help them track their credit card spending and other financial records.
Android users can download it here , while iOS devices can get it here.
Learn Accounting from WAG Mobile Software Services is a complete accounting app for accounting courses.
The Learn Accounting app comes in a bundle that contains about 300 learning apps covering several disciplines.
The free version gives you access to the first chapter of the courses in the app. If you want to get access to the full material, it would cost you only $10.
Courses covered by Learn Accounting include Accounting introduction, Accounting Vocabulary, Double Entry Accounting, Accounting Cycle and Equations, Managerial and Cost Accounting, Profit and loss, and many others.
Over 4 million people in about 175 countries are using the app. So it must be doing so many things very well.
You can download the app for Android and iOS devices here and here respectively.
GnuCash is one of the oldest accounting apps in the world. Since the 1990s, it has been helping individuals and small businesses handle all their accounting needs.
Some of the features include the ability to handle invoicing, employee expenses, for example, exchange calculations, and payroll features too.
Students can use this app to have practical experience on how small businesses handle their accounting problems.
It is surprising that the developers have kept this awesome and flexible accounting app completely free.
GnuCash is only available for Android devices and can be downloaded here.
This is another free and great accounting tool that can be used by traders, in the home or as a practical learning tool for students.
The app is one of the easiest accounting apps to understand. Another amazing feature of this app is that you can also carry the portable version on your portable flash drive.
Unfortunately, users of iOS devices would have to wait for a compatible version to be developed for them. The Android app can be downloaded here .
Turbo Cash is a free accounting software that is designed for owners of small and medium scale enterprises.
As a student, if you need a bit more complex accounting software that is also free, Turbo Cash would do just fine. It can handle everything from VAT calculations, purchase orders, debtors, and creditors.
Unfortunately, this app is not available for mobile devices. You would need your laptop to access it.
But it is highly recommended for students to use as they make the gradual shift from simple to complex accounting apps used by the very big businesses.
You can access free Turbo Cash from here.
ATS: Become ICAN-Certified Accountant After High School
This is another free computer-only accounting app specially designed for businesses.
The app can handle invoicing, statements of account stock control, purchase orders, and budgeting. As an additional bonus, it can also handle human resources issues too.
With a bit of creativity, students would be able to utilize the app as a study aid to get hands-on experience on how businesses handle their accounting issues
Follow this link to install the program on your computer.
Accounting apps today have the capability to enrich the student’s learning experience. Here are some of their benefits:
Increased Accuracy
A big advantage of using an accounting app is the accuracy it offers. When you keep track of financial data, you can make mistakes. This can be bad for any business. But with accounting apps you get instant calculations and automated data entry, which lowers the possibility of errors. This makes sure finances are efficiently monitored and utilized for their correct purposes.
Time Efficiency
Accounting software largely saves time. This means you can undertake activities such as data entry, calculation, report generation, and fund tracking in no time. Through automation, you can create time for other essential projects.
Real-Time Tracking and Reporting
Accounting apps offer monitoring of funds and financial data in real-time. This enables the presentation of accurate and latest financial data, streamlining administrative tasks and enriching decisions. The instant report generation feature engenders transparency and full disclosure as anyone can trace how funds are being utilised.
good job, i am interested in the accounting app
Am interested
I own an android and several of these links are broken. Is there any way to correct them so I can make sure I download the correct apps please?
Thanx for the advice
Accountancy doude complete doubts apps
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Are you a solopreneur or small business owner? Then you know how critical having a convenient way to track your business expenses and income on the go can be. Here are our top five apps for best mobile accounting apps based on features, pricing, and ease of use.
Our work is supported by affiliate commissions.
Need to manage your business finances on a budget without overwhelm or burnout? Then it’s time to consider small business accounting software .
Small business accounting apps are a cost-effective and efficient way to help you keep your financial records up-to-date while on the go.
They’ll help you reach your financial goals faster, discover growth opportunities, and fulfill your tax obligations to the government, whether or not you’re in office.
We look at the top 7 best small business accounting software, their features, and which businesses can benefit most from each. Let’s get started.
Before you choose a small business accounting software or app, you’ll have to consider important factors like functionality, price per user, and ease of use. The best accounting software is generally easy to start with and covers basic bookkeeping functions.
It’ll allow you to send invoices readily , generate reports, automate expenditure tracking, and instantly transfer funds to your account, all from a user-friendly mobile interface. Below we explore the top accounting software options that bring the full power of their website features to mobile.
Best invoicing for freelancers and solopreneurs.
From the freelancer who needs invoice creation to the small business owner that needs income and expense tracking, FreshBooks has basic features for everyone. Its unlimited time tracking and invoicing, even on the lite plan, make it ideal for service-based small businesses.
FreshBooks is well-known for its cutting-edge, cloud-based accounting platform on the web. Its mobile app does not disappoint either. Stay on top of your client invoicing, tracking time, and logging expenses from your mobile device with the FreshBooks accounting app.
With the FreshBooks app, you can expect a smooth and bug-free experience on Android and iOS, plus an intuitive, user-friendly interface.
FreshBooks has built a strong reputation as one of the best accounting software on the market, and its Android and iOS apps are no exception.
FreshBooks offers four pricing plans, with the fourth option being the custom pricing option in case you have specific needs. Its most affordable plan starts from $15 per month (currently on sale for $4.50/month) for five billable clients and one user .
The Plus plan bills at $25/month for 50 billable clients, and the premium plan at $50/month for unlimited billable clients .
If you want a truly efficient small business accounting solution for your team, Xero has the features you need. Analytics, project tracking, and expense claims are available only as a paid add-on.
While most small business accounting software will charge you per user, Xero leaps ahead of the competition to offer unlimited multiple users . This makes it ideal for collaboration and working in teams where multiple people are involved in your accounting process.
The Xero accounting app provides standard features like invoicing, billable clients, and expense tracking . It also lets you reconcile your bank accounts and track employee time even on its basic plan. You can send payment reminders for overdue invoices too.
Other impressive key features include a built-in contact management system plus multi-currency billing in over 150 currencies . Send estimates and quotes right from within the Xero app.
At $22 per month , Xero’s basic plan may not be the cheapest option on the market. But, given that additional users cost anywhere from $10 to $20 per user, business owners will save more if they have a large team.
The standard plan is $35 per month and offers unlimited invoicing and quotes. You can also track expenses and payments and plan your business finances 30 days in advance. Finally, the premium plan bills $47 per month and offers multi-currency billing.
Best comprehensive accounting for medium-sized businesses..
QuickBooks Online offers a good number of advanced features like advanced reporting and security on invoicing on its mobile app, which is uncommon on other mobile accounting apps. This makes it ideal for all kinds of small businesses and even medium to large businesses that need business accounting, inventory management, payroll capabilities, or financial reporting on the go.
QuickBooks Online outshines its competitors simply because it packs more punch into its mobile app than most other accounting software. That means your QuickBooks app will work just like the web version , which is impressive.
You’ll be able to handle everything related to your day-to-day accounting tasks like invoicing, estimates, and quotes, plus expense management. For small to medium-sized business owners, other features include
QuickBooks Online isn’t necessarily the cheapest option compared to others, with single-user basic plans starting from $25 per month. However, you get 1099 contractor filing , mileage tracking, reports, and estimates .
To get started, you can try the QuickBooks mobile app for 30 days free before switching to any paid plan.
For accounting and bookkeeping software that’s truly free, look no further than Wave. The Wave mobile app simplifies your accounting tasks and makes tax season a breeze for small business owners. You get unlimited users, bank account reconciliation, and inventory management for zero monthly fees.
So far, we’ve seen accounting software charging per user or based on features, but Wave is completely disrupting the market by offering everything for free . No gimmicks, no free trials, and no limitations.
Yes, you read right. Everything is absolutely free on Wave. This makes it the ideal small business accounting software for startups, very small businesses, and solopreneurs.
Wave charges a nominal fee of 2.9% + 60¢ per transaction to process payments (3.4% + 60¢ to process American Express) if you use it to accept payments. Accounting and invoicing are 100% free with Wave.
Best small business cloud accounting software for startups.
If you need cloud accounting or bookkeeping software with great customer support plus education on how to do your bookkeeping, then the Sage accounting mobile app is for you. Its basic plan is heavier on bookkeeping features than accounting, but you still get the basics of inventory tracking and small business accounting.
The Sage cloud accounting mobile app shines because it simplifies your small business bookkeeping and accounting needs when you’re on the go. Whether you choose the web version or app, you’re sure to get a great user experience thanks to a colorful dashboard and user-friendly interface.
Whether you choose its web version or the mobile app, you’re sure to get a great user experience thanks to a colorful dashboard and user-friendly interface. Other features include
Sage Business Cloud accounting offers two pricing plans, a budget-friendly $10 per month plan for small business owners and a $25 per month advanced plan.
Best accounting app for automation and collaboration..
When it comes to automation and collaboration, you can’t go wrong with the Zoho Books app. Let Zoho Books handle all the accounting tasks you hate by simply automating them with its workflow builder. While it doesn’t offer payroll integration, Zoho Books is still a robust option if you need book-keeping features on an app that is bug-free .
If you find manually entering records, categorizing payments, and uploading receipts to be a chore, the Zoho Books app will end that. It brings automation and collaboration on business records to mobile in a hassle-free way.
Zoho Books offers your standard accounting and book-keeping features like
You can use Zoho Books for free if your business makes less than $50,000 annually. The free plan gives you one user and one accountant access , up to 1,000 invoices and
However, for businesses that earn more than that, Zoho Books app has a basic plan from $9 per month for three users and goes up to $19/month for the Zoho Books Professional plan, which also gives you five users.
The Premium plan bills a t $29 per month for medium to large businesses with multiple branches and allows you to have a custom domain , vendor portal, and budgeting.
If simplicity is your thing and you’re looking for small business accounting software with robust bookkeeping features on iOS, Kashoo is your go-to option. You can send invoices and estimates for free , track income and clients plus customize your CoA on its advanced plan.
Kashoo may not have an android version ready yet (sorry Android users!), but its brilliance in being a simple, no-frills accounting software for small businesses and solopreneurs make it a worthy mention. The accounting app makes bookkeeping straightforward, especially if you have no clue where to start.
Kashoo offers a free plan if you’re looking only to send invoices, but if you want to track expenses , sales, and sales tax, you’ll have to sign up for its $20/month plan.
For $30 per month Kashoo plan, you can get all the features on its truly small accounting plan plus multi-currency billing, advanced reporting , multiple users , inventory management and payroll.
Whether you’re a solopreneur, freelancer, or fast-growing small business, lots of small business accounting software makes it easy to track your revenue on the road. A mobile app for accounting allows you to send invoices, estimates, and receipts and helps reconcile your accounts no matter where you are.
Here are a few things to consider when choosing a mobile accounting app for your small business.
Martin luenendonk.
Martin loves entrepreneurship and has helped dozens of entrepreneurs by validating the business idea, finding scalable customer acquisition channels, and building a data-driven organization. During his time working in investment banking, tech startups, and industry-leading companies he gained extensive knowledge in using different software tools to optimize business processes.
This insights and his love for researching SaaS products enables him to provide in-depth, fact-based software reviews to enable software buyers make better decisions.
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Top 14 cost accounting problems with solutions.
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In this article we have compiled various cost accounting problems along with its relevant Solutions. After reading this article you will learn about cost accounting problems on: 1. Cost Sheet 2. Economic Ordering Quantity 3. Store Ledger 4. Wage Payment 5. Labour Hour Rate 6. Secondary Distribution 7. Incentive Schemes 8. Idle Capacity Cost 9. Batch Costing 10. Contract Costing 11. Process Costing 12. Normal Loss, Abnormal Loss and Abnormal Gain 13. Equivalent Production 14. Apportioning Total Process Costs.
1. cost accounting problem on cost sheet (4 problems):.
Problem 1 :
The accounts of Basudev Manufactures Ltd. for the year ended 31st December 1988 show the following:
(a) Material Consumed
(b) Prime Cost
(c) Works Cost
(d) Cost of Production
(e) Total Cost and
Prepare a Cost Sheet for the year ended 31.3.86 from the following figures extracted from the books of Best Engineering Co.
Opening Stock:
(i) Raw Material 40,350,
(ii) Work-in-Progress 15,000 and
(iii) Finished Stock 35,590.
Cost incurred during the period:
Materials purchased 2,50,000, Wages paid 2,00,000, Carriage inward 2,000, Consumable Stores 10,000, Wages of Storekeeper 7,000, Depreciation of Plant & Machinery 10,000, Materials destroyed by Fire 5,000, Repairs & Renewals 5,010, Office Manager’s Salary 10,000, Salary to Office Staff 20,500, Printing & Stationary 10,000, Power 10,500, Lighting for Office Building 2,000, Carriage outward 3,000, Freight 5,000, Entertainment 2,500, Warehousing charges 1,500, Legal charges 2,000, Expenses for participating in Industrial exhibition-6,000.
Closing Stock:
(i) Raw material 35,000,
(ii) Work-in-Progress 14,500, and
(iii) Finished Stock 40,030. Profit 25% on cost.
Best Engineering Co.
Cost Sheet:
for the year ended 31.3.86
From the following figures relating to the manufacture of a Electronic Product during the month of July 1990, prepare a statement showing Cost and Profit per unit:
Working Notes:
Calculation of Closing Finished Stock:
Closing Finished Stock= Opening Finished Stock + Production – Sales
= Nil + 20,000 – 18,000 = 2,000.
The following data are available for 2006:
It is expected that in 2007:
(a) Production will be 1,00,000 units.
(b) Prices of materials will go up by 33⅓%.
(c) Variable selling overhead and fixed expenses will rise by 25% and Rs. 25,000, respectively. What would be the cost per unit and selling price in 2007, if it is desired to maintain the same rate of profit on sales as in 2006?
(i) Calculation for Material Cost per unit in 2007
(ii) Calculation for cost per variable selling overhead in 2007
Selling overhead increased by 25% i.e. selling overhead per unit in 2007
= Rs. 4.00 + 25% of Rs. 4 = 4.00 + 1.00 = Rs. 5.00
(iii) Fixed expenses in 2007 = 75,000 + 25,000 = 1,00,000
(iv) Rate of profit on sales = 2/12 × 100 = 16⅔%
(i) Variable overhead changed with production unit.
(ii) Fixed expenses assumed related with office and administration.
From the following information calculate the Economic Order Quantity:
Annual usage – 20,000 units
Cost of Materials (per unit) – Rs. 250
Cost of placing and receiving order – Rs. 2,000
Annual cost of carrying inventory (including interest) – 10% of cost
Problem 1(a) :
A manufacturer uses 75,000 units of a particualr material per year. The material cost is Rs. 1-50 per unit and the carrying cost is estimated to be 25% p.a. of average inventory cost. The cost of placing an order is Rs. 18.
You are required to determine the Economic Order Quantity and frequency of orders p.a.
We know EOQ = √2AO/C
A = Annual consumption = 75,000 units
O = Ordering cost per unit = Rs. 18.
C = Carrying cost per unit = 25% of Rs. 1.5 = 0.375
. . . EOC = √2 × 75,000 × 18/0.375 = 2,691 units (approx).
Frequency of order p.a. = 28 (approx.)
Problem 2 :
From the following particulars determine the Economic Order Quantity:
Additional information:
(i) Annual consumption of materials = 2,000 tonnes;
(ii) Carrying cost 10%,
(iii) Ordering cost Rs. 5 per order.
The total cost of the inventory is minimum, when the ordering quantity is 500 units, i.e. Rs. 19,662-50.
Therefore Economic Order Quantity = 500 units.
From the following particulars find out the value of closing stock when materials are issued under Simple Average Method:
From the following details write Store Ledger under simple average method:
The stock verifier found a shortage of 10 kg. on 16.12.06 and another shortage of 10 kg on 26.12.06.
Problem 3 :
The particulars of receipts and issues of materials in a factory in January 2007 are:
Pricing of issues is to be done on FIFO basis. A shortage of 10 kg was noticed on 16th January. Prepare the Store Ledger for the month of January 2007.
Problem 4 :
The following are the details supplied by J.K. Corporation in respect of its raw materials for the month of December 1988:
On 31.12.88 a shortage of 100 units was found. Find the values of issues and resulting stocks on different dates using (i) LIFO. (ii) FIFO; and (iii) Simple Average methods.
1. Rate of stock issued on 10.12.88 = Rs. 5.00 + Rs. 6.00/2 = Rs. 5.50
2. Value of stock issued on 31.12.88 = Rs. 6.00 + Rs. (Here opening Stock rate i.e. Rs. 5 will not be considered as it has already been exhausted).
Calculate total monthly remuneration of workers A, B, C and D on the basis of the following information for the month of January 2007:
(i) Standard Production for each worker = 1,000 units
(ii) Rate of wages = 10 paise per unit
(iii) Bonus = Rs. 5 for each 1% increase over 90% of the standard.
(iv) Dearness Allowance per month = 100% of piece wage.
The units completed by the four workers were as under:
A = 950 units, B = 900 units, C = 960 units, D = 850 units.
% of work done by the workers:
A = 950/1,000 × 100 = 95%
B = 900/1,000 × 100 = 90%
C = 960/1,000 × 100 = 96%
D = 850/1,000 × 100 = 85%
In a factory bonus system, bonus hours are credited to the employee in the production of time taken which time saved bears to time allowed. Jobs carried forward from one week to another. No overtime is worked and payment is made in full for all units worked on, including those subsequently rejected.
From the following, you are required to calculate for each employee:
(a) The bonus hours and amount of bonus earned;
(b) Total wage cost;
(c) The wage cost of each good unit produced.
Calcutta Engineering Co. has three production departments X, Y and Z and one service department S.
From the following particulars calculate Labour Hour Rate of each of the departments X, Y and Z:
There were 125 working days of 8 hours each. Services rendered by the Service Department are to be apportioned to the production departments X 50%, Y 25%, and Z 25%.
1. Labour hours worked = No. of working days × hours of daily work × No. of workers
X: 125 × 8 × 7 = 7,000
Y: 125 × 8 × 5 = 5,000
Z: 125 × 8 × 5 = 5,000
2. Labour hour rates = Expenses/Labour hours worked
Moonlight Engineering Company has three production departments, A, B and C and one service department S. Following are the particulars of a month of 25 working days of 8 hours each.
Calculate the labour hour rate for each of the production departments:
Service rendered by the service department to production departments A, B and C is in the ratio of 2: 2: 1, respectively.
1. Total Assets value = Rs. 5,000 + Rs. 6,000 + Rs. 6,000 + Rs. 3,000
= Rs. 20,000
. . . Depreciation = 12% of Rs. 20,000 = Rs. 2,400
2. Labour hours worked = No. of working days × Hours of daily work × No. of workers:
X: 25 × 8 × 20 = 4,000
Y: 25 × 8 × 25 = 5,000
Z: 25 × 8 × 30 = 6,000
A machine was purchased for Rs. 55,000. It was installed in a shop over ⅕th of its floor area at an additional cost of Rs. 5,000. The working life of the machine as also the scrap value was estimated at 10 yrs and Rs. 5,000, respectively.
From the following details compute the Machine Hour Rate:
It is estimated that the supervisor devotes one-fourth of his time for the machine, the cost of power is Rs. 20 per 100 units and the machine consumed 10 units per hour.
Normal working hours of the machine is estimated at 1,200 but during the year it actually worked for 1,000 hrs.
XYZ Ltd. has two production and two Service departments namely P 1 and P 2 , and S 1 and S 2 , respectively.
From the following information prepare a statement showing primary distribution of overhead:
A worker takes 12 hours to complete a work on daily wages and 8 hours on a scheme of payment by results. The worker’s day rate is Rs. 6.00 per hour. The cost of material of the product is Rs. 20 and the overheads are recovered at 200% of the total wages.
Calculate the factory works cost of the product under:
(i) Rowan Plan and
(ii) Halsey Scheme.
Production department of a company pays its workers standard wages @ Rs. 2.00 per hour plus a bonus under the Rowan Premium Bonus Scheme and Dearness Allowance of Rs. 50 per week of 55 hours.
At the end of a particular week the time sheet of a worker is summarised below:
Calculate the gross wages (including bonus and D.A.) of the worker of the week.
(i) Time Saved
Job No. 205 = (30 – 25) hours = 5 hours
Job No. 108 = (25 – 20) hours = 5 hours
Job No. 12 = (5 – 3) hours = 2 hours
Illustration 4 :
A manufacturing company has two production departments X and Y and three service departments: Store, Maintenance and Time Keeping.
The departmental distribution summary showed the following expenses for June 2007:
Production Departments:
Rina, a contractor got a contract to supply 100 wooden dolls per day to M/s R. K. Mitra & Co. The cost of holding a doll is Rs. 2 p.a. and the set-up cost of production is Rs. 3. Assume there are 300 working days in a year.
What would be the optimum run size for unit manufacture?
We know optimum run size
or EBQ = √2AS/C
where A = Annual production units
= 100 × 300 = 30,000
S = Setting cost per unit = Rs. 3
C = Carrying cost per unit = Rs. 2
. . . EBQ = √2 × 30,000 × 3/2 = 300 units
Saha & Bose Ltd. has made a contract with Mitra & Das Ltd. to supply 4,800 T.V. sets per annum.
It is estimated that the carrying cost per T.V. per annum will be Rs. 10 and that the set-up cost per batch is Rs. 648. Find out:
(a) Economic Batch Quantity.
(b) The time interval between two consecutive optimum runs,
(c) The minimum inventory holding cost.
(a) EBQ = √2AS/C = √2 × 4,800 × 648/12
= √2 × 4,800 × 54 = 720
(b) Time interval between two consecutive optimum runs
= 365/No. of set-up per annum
Again, No. of set-up per annum = Annual Production/EBQ
= 4,800/720 = 20/3
. . . Time interval between two consecutive optimum runs
= 365/20/3 = 365 × 3/20
= 1,095/20 = 54.75 days = 55 days
(c) Minimum inventory holding cost per annum
720/2 × 12 = Rs. 4,320
A construction company undertook two contracts namely Contract No. 005 and Contract No. 052, on 1.1.06 and 1.7.06, respectively. On 31st December 2006, when the accounts were closed, the portion of the contracts was as follows:
The total establishment expenses incurred during the year amounted to Rs. 25,000. These are to be charged to the two contracts in proportion to wages.
Prepare the Contract A/cs.
Calculation for Profit to be charged to P/L A/c.
(a) Contract No. 005 = 2/3 × 2,25,000/2,50,000 × 62,000 = 37,200
(b) Contract No. 052 = 2/3 × 72,000 × 1,60,000/20,000 = 38,400
M/s Pine Corporation undertook a contract for Rs. 2,40,000. You are requested to prepare the Contract A/c and Contractee’s and Work-in-Progress A/c for the year ended 31st December 2006 from the following information:
10% of value of material and 15% of wages may be considered as being incurred for the proportion of works completed but not certified. Other charges are charged as a proportion of direct wages.
XYZ Ltd. obtained a contract for Rs. 7,50,000 on 1.1.06. At the end of the year the following information were collected:
The above contract contained an escalator clause:
“In the event of price of raw material and rates of wages increased more than 10%, the contract price would be increased accordingly by 25% of the rise in the cost of materials and wages beyond 10% in each case.”
It was found that since the date of signing of the contract the price of material and rate of wages increased by 25%. The value of the work certified should not be considered in the effect of escalator clause.
(i) Calculation for the amount of Contract Price increased due to Escalation Clause.
As the wages and material cost increased by Rs. 34,800 beyond escalation clause the contract price will be increased by 25% of Rs. 34,800 = 8,700.
(ii) Calculation for Profit to be charged to Profit & Loss A/c
= 2/3 × 1,24,200 × 2,25,000/3,00,000 = 2/3 × 1,24,200 × 3/4 = 62,100.
Product A passes through two processes I and II and then to Finished Stock. From the following data prepare the Process A/c’s:
Mukherjee & Co. produces an article through two processes X and Y which is then sent to the finished stock.
The details of the processes are:
Illustration 1:
The following are the details of Process X, Process Y and Process Z:
Stock in process is valued at Prime Cost and Finished stock at the price at which it is received from process III.
Find out the amount of provision to be made to offset the inter-process profits added.
The following illustration will be helpful to understand how to calculate the inter-process profit. A product passes through three processes before it is transferred to Finished Stock.
The following details for January 1992 are available:
Stock in processes is valued at Prime Cost and Finished Stock at the price at which it is received from process III.
Profit on Closing Stock: 40,000/2,40,000 × 12,000 = 2,000
Profit on Closing Stock = 2,42,000/6,60,000 × 30,000 = Rs. 11,000
Statement showing the amount of provision to be made to offset the inter-process profits added:
Illustration 1 :
The following information is available regarding process X during the year ended 31.3.95.
Production Records:
Cost Record:
Work-in-process as on 1.4.94:
Material Rs. 25,500 Labour Rs. 15,000
Overhead Rs. 12,000
Cost for the year 94-95
Material Rs. 60,000, Labour Rs. 35,000, Overhead Rs. 17,500 Prepare the
(a) Statement of Equivalent Production
(b) Statement of Cost for each element
(c) Statement of Evaluation.
In the process line of XY Company three joint products are produced for the month of May 1990.
The following data were available:
Pre-separation point costs amounted to Rs. 20,000. The joint products are manufactured in one common process; after which they are separated and may undergo further individual processing. The pre-separation point costs are apportioned to joint products according to weight.
You are required to prepare a statement showing the estimated profit or loss for each product and in total.
From the following information, find the profit made by each product apportioning joint cost on sales value basis:
. . . Joint Cost should be borned by:
Product A = 1,32,000/2,20,000 × 1,67,600 = 1,00,560
Product B = 88,000/2,20,000 × 1,67,600 = 67,040
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After reading this article you will learn about cost accounting problems on: 1. Cost Sheet 2. Economic Ordering Quantity 3. Store Ledger 4. Wage Payment 5. Labour Hour Rate 6. Secondary Distribution 7. Incentive Schemes 8. Idle Capacity Cost 9.
Problem-solving: Cost accountants often face complex financial challenges. Developing problem-solving skills allows you to apply your cost accounting knowledge and analytical abilities to find solutions and optimize financial performance. Attention to Detail: Paying attention to intricate details is crucial in cost accounting.
Welcome to this course "Problems & Solutions in Cost Accounting". As the name says, this course will cover only problems / case studies in Cost Accounting. It means, there will be no separate lectures for Theoretical Concepts. You are expected to know theoretical concepts before taking up this course. Initially only following topics are published.