Mathematical
Reasoning and General Intelligence
30
30
Total= 60
English Language and Comprehension
General Awareness
45
25
Total =70
Computer Knowledge Module
20
Data Entry Speed Test Module
Below are the SSC CGL Previous Year Papers Vacancies year-wise.
Year | Vacancy |
---|---|
2017 | 8121 |
2018-19 | 11271 |
2019-20 | 8582 |
2020-21 | 7035 |
Here we have mentioned below pointers that will help the candidates understand the advantages and benefits of Practicing the SSC CGL Previous Year Paper. This way all the eligible candidates will be able to easily use the SSC CGL Previous Year Papers in the best way possible for their preparation.
Sharing is caring!
There's a probability that the same questions may be asked again.
Ans. Yes, practicing Previous Year Question Papers will help to understand the pattern followed by SSC in terms of difficulty level.
You should hold a graduation degree in any discipline from a recognized University.
Ans. Candidates can download the SSC CGL Previous Year Papers PDFs from the article.
Yes, the normalization process is adopted only for the exam which is conducted in the multiple shifts for the SSC exam.
Except for the English language test, all the other tests are conducted bilingually, i.e. English and Hindi.
Ans. There is very little chance that exact questions are repeated but the number and type of questions can surely be repeated from SSC CGL Previous Year Papers.
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The SSC Combined Graduate Level (CGL) exam is administered by the Staff Selection Commission. This exam is conducted annually to recruit candidates for various posts in central government departments. The Staff Selection Commission has recently declared the SSC CGL Tier 2 Final Result 2023 on 4 December 2023. Those who have appeared in the exam or want to appear for the SSC CGL Exam in the further year are at the right place, as through this article, we are providing you with the SSC CGL Previous Year Papers, which is the beneficial tool for the candidates who are preparing for the SSC CGL Exam.
Candidates will be shortlisted for the SSC CGL, based on the 2-tier examination process, which is the Tier 1 Exam of 200 marks and the Tier 2 Exam. Before you are going to appear in the SSC CGL Exam, you should be familiar with the examination pattern of the SSC CGL and the difficulty level of the examination as well. SSC CGL PYQ papers are the essential key to examining the examination pattern with the weightage of the topics. Scroll down this page to get SSC CGL Previous Year Papers.
We @Utkarsh Classes are committed to providing you with the best for the preparation of government exams. In this article, we are providing SSC CGL PYQ Papers with solutions for the convenience of the students. SSC CGL Previous Year Papers are essential for candidates preparing for this examination. The Staff Selection Commission conducts CGL exams in different phases. Candidates need to qualify at all stages to become officers in central ministries. Below we are providing a table with the Previous year paper pdf of the SSC CGL exam for both Tier 1 & tier 2.
Candidates need to clear the CGL Tier 1 exam to move towards the Tier 2 exam. Aspirants can check and download the SSC CGL Tier 1 Previous Year Paper with solutions in the table below:
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Candidates who successfully clear Tier 1 will proceed to the SSC CGL Tier 2 exam, which is a crucial step in qualifying for officer positions in central ministries. The SSC CGL Tier 2 Exam PDF is provided below:
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The previous year question papers plays an important role in preparation. Candidates appearing in this exam should start their preparation with the previous year papers of the SSC CGL exam. By practicing through these papers candidates will get a clear idea about the SSC combined graduate-level exam structure, types of questions asked etc. Look at these points to understand some basic benefits of SSC CGL Previous Year papers:-
To effectively tackle SSC CGL Previous Year Papers (PYP) and enhance your performance, follow these steps:
The SSC CGL examination is known for its high competitiveness and is a gateway to promising career opportunities. Through a combined graduate-level exam, candidates will be recruited for non-gazetted Group 'C' posts and non-technical Group 'B' posts in various ministries and departments of the Government of India. Important updates related to SSC CGL exam are mentioned in the table below:
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Exam Conducting Organization | Staff Selection Commission (SSC) |
Exam Name | Combined Graduate Level Examination (CGLE) |
SSC CGL Tier 1 Exam Date | 14 July to 27 July 2023 |
SSC CGL (Tire 2) Exam Date | 25, 26 and 27 October 2023 |
SSC CGL Tier 2 Result | Released on 04 December 2023 |
Job Location | Across India |
Selection Process | Written Examination (Tier 1 + Tier 2) |
The Staff Selection Commission Revised the SSC CGL Exam Pattern in 2022. If you are one of those who are going to appear in the SSC CGL Exam in the next year then as the first step of your preparation, you should understand the SSC CGL Exam Pattern for both Tier 1 and Tier 2. Check out the detailed exam pattern for the Combined Graduate Level Examination for Tier-I and Tier-II.
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General Intelligence and Reasoning | 25 | 50 | |
General Awareness | 25 | 50 | |
Quantitative Aptitude | 25 | 50 | |
English Comprehension | 25 | 50 | |
Total | 100 | 200 |
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Paper-I | Session-I (2 hours and 15 minutes) | Section-I | Module-I: Mathematical Abilities | 30
| 180 | 60 minutes (1 hour for each section)
(1 hour and 20 minutes for the candidates eligible for scribe as per the government guidelines) |
Module-II: Reasoning and General Intelligence. | 30 | |||||
Section-II | Module-I: English Language and Comprehension | 45
| 210 | |||
Module-II: General Awareness | 25 | |||||
Section-III | Module-I: Computer Knowledge Module | 20 | 60 | 15 Minutes (for each module) (20 minutes for the candidates who are eligible for scribe as per the government guidelines) | ||
Session-II (15 minutes) | Section-III | Module-II: Data Entry Speed Test Module | One Data Entry Task | - | ||
Paper-II |
| Statistics | 100 | 200 | 2 hours (for each Paper)
(2 hours and 40 minutes for the candidates who are eligible for scribe according to the government rules) | |
Paper-III |
| General Studies (Finance and Economics) | 100 | 200 |
Can i get a free previous year's paper for the ssc combined graduate level exam, can success be guaranteed in the ssc cgl exam by solving the previous year's papers, can i practice the previous year's papers for all subjects.
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To target any examination, it is very crucial to know its syllabus well. Candidates can plan their studies in the right direction with accurate and smart strategy only after having the detailed and correct information about the syllabus. The SSC CGL Syllabus and Exam Pattern is set by the staff selection commission. Let’s have a brief view to the pattern of SSC CGL Tier-1 exams. The Tier-1 Exam is qualifying in nature. It consists of 4 sections – Quantitative Aptitude, General Awareness, English Language, General Intelligence and Reasoning. All 4 sections have 25 questions each. For each incorrect answer there is a penalty (negative marking) of 0.50 marks. Each question is of 2 marks which means the complete paper is a total of 200 marks. The time duration for the tier–1 exam is 60 minutes (1 hour).
1 | General Intelligence and Reasoning | 25 | 50 | A cumulative time of 60 minutes (1 hour) |
2 | General Awareness | 25 | 50 | |
3 | Quantitative Aptitude | 25 | 50 | |
4 | English Comprehension | 25 | 50 | |
1. Analogies
2. Similarities and differences
3. Space visualization
4. Spatial orientation
5. Problem-solving
6. Analysis
7. Judgment
8. Blood Relations
9. Decision making
10. Visual memory
11. Discrimination
12. Observation
13. Relationship concepts
14. Arithmetical reasoning
15. Figural classification
16. Arithmetic number series
17. Non-verbal series
18. Coding and decoding
19. Statement conclusion
20. Syllogistic reasoning
1. India and its neighbouring countries especially pertaining to History, Culture, Geography, Economic Scene, General Policy & Scientific Research
3. Current Affairs
4. Books and Authors
6. Important Schemes
7. Important Days
8. Portfolio
9. People in News
10. Static GK
1. Idioms and Phrases
2. One word Substitution
3. Error Spotting
4. Fill in the Blanks
5. Spelling Error
6. Reading Comprehension
7. Synonyms-Antonyms
8. Active Passive
9. Sentence Rearrangement
10. Sentence Improvement
11. Cloze test
1. Computation of whole numbers
2. Decimals
3. Fractions
4. Relationships between numbers
5. Profit and Loss
6. Discount
7. Partnership Business
8. Mixture and Alligation
9. Time and distance
10. Time & Work
11. Percentage
12. Ratio & Proportion
13. Square roots
14. Averages
15. Interest
16. Basic algebraic identities of School Algebra & Elementary surds
17. Graphs of Linear Equations
18. Triangle and its various kinds of centres
19. Congruence and similarity of triangles
20. Circle and its chords, tangents, angles subtended by chords of a circle, common tangents to two or more circles
21. Triangle
22. Quadrilaterals
23. Regular Polygons
24. Right Prism
25. Right Circular Cone
26. Right Circular Cylinder
28. Heights and Distances
29. Histogram
30. Frequency polygon
31. Bar diagram & Pie chart
32. Hemispheres
33. Rectangular Parallelepiped
34. Regular Right Pyramid with triangular or square base
35. Trigonometric ratio
36. Degree and Radian Measures
37. Standard Identities
38. Complementary angles
The tier-2 exam has three papers. These papers are post-specific.
1. Paper I : Compulsory for all posts (2 hours 30 minutes)
2. Paper II: for candidates who apply for the posts of Junior Statistical Officer (JSO) in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. (2 hours)
3. Paper III: for candidates who apply for the posts of Assistant Audit Officer/ Assistant Accounts Officer. (2 hours)
Sections | Module | Subject | No. of Questions | Marks | Time |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Module-I | Mathematical Abilities | 30 | 30 × 3 = 90 | 60 minutes | |
Module-II | Reasoning and General Intelligence | 30 | 30 × 3 = 90 | ||
Module-I | English Language and Comprehension | 45 | 45 × 3 = 145 | 60 minutes | |
Module-II | General Awareness | 25 | 25 × 3 = 75 | ||
Module-I | Computer Knowledge Test | 20 (Qualifying) | 20 × 3 = 60 | 15 minutes | |
TOTAL | 150 | 450 | 2 hours 15 minutes | ||
Module-II | Data Entry Speed Test | 2000 Key Depressions (Qualifying) | 15 minutes |
The candidates must qualify all the sections of Paper-I. There is negative marking of 1 mark for each wrong answer in Section-I, Section-II and Module-I of Section-III of Paper-I and of 0.50 marks for each wrong answer in Paper-II and Paper-III.
SSC CGL Tier 2 Paper 2 & 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Statistics | 100 | 100 × 2 = 200 | 2 hours | |
General Studies (Finance and Economics) | 100 | 100 × 2 = 200 | 2 hours |
This Section is similar to the first exam. However, the level and type of questions will be slightly more difficult than in the Tier 1 exam. The following are the important topics of the SSC CGL Syllabus of Module-I in Tier 2 exam.
Topics | Sub-topics |
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Computation of Whole Number Decimal and Fractions Relationship between numbers | |
Percentages Ratio and Proportion Square roots Averages Interest (Simple and Compound) Profit and Loss Discount Partnership Business Mixture and Alligation Time and distance Time and work | |
Basic algebraic identities of School Algebra and Elementary surds (simple problems) Graphs of Linear Equations | |
Similarity with elementary geometric figures and facts: Triangle and its various kinds of centres Congruence and similarity of triangles Circle and its chords, tangents, angles subtended by chords of a circle, common tangents to two or more circles. | |
Triangle Quadrilaterals Regular Polygons Circle Right Prism Right Circular Cone Right Circular Cylinder Sphere Hemispheres Rectangular Parallelepiped Regular Right Pyramid with triangular or square Base. | |
Trigonometry Trigonometric ratios Complementary angles Height and distances (simple problems only) Standard Identities | |
Use of Tables and Graphs: Histogram, Frequency polygon, Bar-diagram, Pie-chart Measures of central tendency: mean, median, mode, standard deviation Calculation of simple probabilities |
1. Semantic Analogy
2. Symbolic operations, Symbolic/ Number Analogy, Trends
3. Figural Analogy
4. Space Orientation
5. Semantic Classification
6. Venn Diagrams
7. Symbolic/ Number
8. Classification
9. Drawing inferences
10. Figural Classification
11. Punched hole/ pattern-folding & unfolding
12. Semantic Series
13. Figural Pattern folding and completion
14. Number Series
15. Embedded figures
16. Figural Series
17. Critical Thinking
18. Problem-Solving
19. Emotional Intelligence
20. Word Building
21. Social Intelligence
22. Coding and de-coding
23. Numerical operations
24. Other sub-topics, if any.
1. Vocabulary
2. English Grammar
3. Sentence structure
4. Spot the Error
5. Fill in the Blanks,
6. Synonyms/Homonyms
7. Antonyms
8. Spellings/ Detecting misspelt words
9. Idioms & Phrases
10. One word substitution
11. Improvement of Sentences,
12. Active/ Passive Voice of Verbs
13. Conversion into Direct/ Indirect narration
14. Shuffling of Sentence parts
15. Shuffling of Sentences in a passage,
16. Cloze Passage
17. Comprehension Passage
7. Important Days & Dates
10. Module-I of Section-III of Paper-I (Computer Proficiency)
Topics | Sub-Topics |
---|---|
Organization of a computer Central Processing Unit (CPU) Input/ output devices Computer memory Memory organization Back-up devices PORTs Windows Explorer Keyboard shortcuts | |
Windows Operating system including basics of Microsoft Office like MS word, MS Excel and Power Point etc | |
Web Browsing & Searching, Downloading & Uploading, Managing an E-mail Account, e-Banking | |
Networking devices and protocols, Network and information security threats (like hacking, virus, worms, Trojan etc.) and preventive measures |
Paper 2 is only for those students who are applying for the post of junior statistical officer (jso).
Subject | Topics |
---|---|
Primary and Secondary data, Methods of data collection; Tabulation of data; Graphs and charts; Frequency distributions; Diagrammatic presentation of frequency distributions. | |
Common measures of central tendency – mean median and mode; Partition values- quartiles, deciles, percentiles. | |
range, quartile deviations, mean deviation and standard deviation; Measures of relative dispersion. | |
Different types of moments and their relationship; the meaning of skewness and kurtosis; different measures of skewness and kurtosis. | |
Scatter diagram; simple correlation coefficient; simple regression lines; Spearman‟s rank correlation; Measures of association of attributes; Multiple regression; Multiple and partial correlation (For three variables only). | |
Meaning of probability; Different definitions of probability; Conditional probability; Compound probability; Independent events; Bayes‟ theorem. | |
Random variable; Probability functions; Expectation and Variance of a random variable; Higher moments of a random variable; Binomial, Poisson, Normal and Exponential distributions; Joint distribution of two random variable (discrete). | |
Concept of population and sample; Parameter and statistic, Sampling and non-sampling errors; Probability and nonprobability sampling techniques(simple random sampling, stratified sampling, multistage sampling, multiphase sampling, cluster sampling, systematic sampling, purposive sampling, convenience sampling and quota sampling); Sampling distribution(statement only); Sample size decisions. | |
Point estimation and interval estimation, Properties of a good estimator, Methods of estimation (Moments method, Maximum likelihood method, Least squares method), Testing of hypothesis, Basic concept of testing, Small sample and large sample tests, Tests based on Z, t, Chi-square and F statistic, Confidence intervals. | |
Analysis of one-way classified data and two-way classified data. | |
Components of time series, Determination of trend component by different methods, Measurement of seasonal variation by different methods. | |
Meaning of Index Numbers, Problems in the construction of index numbers, Types of index number, Different formulae, Base shifting and splicing of index numbers, Cost of living Index Numbers, Uses of Index Numbers. |
Paper 3 is only for those students who are applying for the post of assistant audit officer/assistant account officer. (aao).
Part | Subject | Topics |
---|---|---|
Financial Accounting | 1. Nature and scope 2. Limitations of Financial Accounting 3. Basic concepts and Conventions 4. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles | |
Basic concepts of accounting | 1. Single and double entry 2. Books of Original Entry 3. Bank Reconciliation 4. Journal, ledgers 5. Trial Balance 6. Rectification of Errors 7. Manufacturing 8. Trading 9. Profit & Loss Appropriation Accounts 10. Balance Sheet 11. Distinction between Capital and Revenue Expenditure 12. Depreciation Accounting 13. Valuation of Inventories 14. Non-profit organisations Accounts 15. Receipts and Payments and Income & Expenditure Accounts 16. Bills of Exchange 17. Self Balancing Ledgers | |
Comptroller & Auditor General of India- Constitutional provisions, Role and responsibility | ||
Finance Commission-Role and functions | ||
Basic Concept of Economics and introduction to Micro Economics | 1. Definition 2. Scope and nature of Economics 3. Methods of economic study 4. Central problems of an economy 5. Production possibilities curve | |
Theory of Demand and Supply | 1. Meaning and determinants of demand 2. Law of demand and Elasticity of demand 3. Price 4. Income and cross elasticity 5. Theory of consumer’s behaviour 6. Marshallian approach and Indifference curve approach 7. Meaning and determinants of supply 8. Law of supply 9. The elasticity of Supply | |
Theory of Production and cost | 1. Meaning and Factors of production 2. Laws of production- Law of variable proportions and Laws of returns to scale. | |
Forms of Market and price determination in different markets | 1. Various forms of markets-Perfect Competition 2. Monopoly 3. Monopolistic Competition 4. Oligopoly 5. Price determination in these markets. | |
Indian Economy | 1. Nature of the Indian Economy Role of different sectors, Role of Agriculture, Industry and Services-their problems and growth. 2. National Income of India-Concepts of national income, Different methods of measuring national income. 3. Population-Its size, rate of growth and its implication on economic growth. 4. Poverty and unemployment- Absolute and relative poverty, types, causes and incidence of unemployment. 5. Infrastructure-Energy, Transportation, Communication. | |
Economic Reforms in India | 1. Economic reforms since 1991 2. Liberalisation 3. Privatisation 4. Globalisation 5. Disinvestment | |
Money and Banking | 1. Monetary/ Fiscal policy- Role and functions of Reserve Bank of India; functions of commercial Banks/RRB/Payment Banks. 2. Budget and Fiscal deficits and Balance of payments. 3. Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003. | |
Role of Information Technology in Governance |
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New Delhi [India], June 11: The Staff Selection Commission (SSC) promises a lot for a secure government job. But what if you are already in a demanding full-time job? It can be intimidating to juggle between work and preparing for the exam, but fret not, my fellow aspirants! With the right plan and an unflinching resolve, both worlds can be conquered. The following guide will help you excel in SSC exams whilst maintaining your Job:
Master the Blueprint: Syllabus and SSC Previous Year Question Papers
In order to have an edge in this field, one has to first understand the battleground. You should download your chosen exam syllabus (CGL/CHSL, etc.) from the official SSC website. Go through it section-wise, including this specific question, which is really important: how much weightage would each topic carry, and what are its examination patterns? This knowledge will be fundamental to your study plan.
Afterwards, dig into a treasure trove of information – SSC previous year question papers. Working with these papers makes you familiarize yourself with the real test format plus question types as well as the level of difficulty involved. By regularly attempting SSC CGL previous year question papers, SSC CHSL previous year question papers, and papers relevant to your specific exam, you will identify your strengths and weaknesses, learn time management skills, and build confidence.
Craft a Winning Strategy: Time Management is Key
Balancing work and studies requires strategizing effectively. Understand when there’s some free time hidden within your working timesheet or schedule. Use early mornings, lunch breaks, or even commute time for studying purposes. Below are tips that can help:
Become a Time Ninja: Use planners or calendar apps to assign realistic study slots across the week period. Target reaching 2-3 hours daily studies with longer periods on weekends, especially for last-minute practice efforts that won’t make it past the next day’s examination hall doors as far as I am concerned.
Befriend Power Hours: Know your own best time of the day. Are you a morning person or night owl? Use these slots to deeply understand complicated concepts whilst practicing mock tests.
Make Your Commute Count: Don’t underestimate the power of your travel time! Turn it into an opportunity by listening to SSC preparation podcasts or audiobooks on subjects like General Awareness or English comprehension. Alternatively, flashcards on mobile apps can be used to revise important formulas or concepts.
Recommended Links
SSC Books for 2024 Exam – Click Here
SSC CHSL Books for 2024 Exam – Click Here
SSC CGL Books for 2024 Exam – Click Here
Targeted Learning and Resource Arsenal
Now that you have a roadmap in place, it’s time to sharpen your skills. Remember to choose the right study materials:
Invest in Quality Resources: Select study materials like SSC CGL previous year question papers and SSC CHSL previous year question papers designed specifically for working professionals preparing for SSC exams. They usually provide short explanations, practice questions, and mock tests according to recent exam patterns.
Subject-Specific Focus: Do not attempt everything at once. Start with high-weightage sections as per your exam syllabus; master them first before gradually moving on to less important topics.
Practice Makes Perfect: Regularly answer SSC previous years’ question papers and take mock tests. Analyze each performance; note down common mistakes that keep recurring; read more about those areas again until they make sense.
Remember: Balancing between a full time employment and studying for SSC exam requires one to be devoted, disciplined and takes a calculative approach. Employing these steps, making good use of materials like previous year SSC question papers through effective techniques as well as determination will help you easily solve the mystery behind the SSC code and secure your dream job in government. Now go conquer!
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The t-60 scout tank.
The T-60 Soviet light tank was produced in large numbers in response to the German 1941 Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of Russia. This restored tank can be found at the Kubinka Tank Museum near Moscow, Russia.
T-60 Red Army WW2 Scout Tank can be found at the Kubinka Tank Museum in Russia
Take the train from Moscow's Belorusskaya Railway Station, in the north west of the city, to Kubinka. It is about an hours train journey. It is a direct service, no need to change, and the the tickets are cheap. Make sure you print off a list of station names so you can check off where you are and get ready to get off the train at Kubinka. The station names are not always easy to read or see.
Although this military town has been active for over 80 years it has a rundown look to it. You can walk to the museum but there is the equivalent of a motorway crossing your route. There are no pedestrian crossings over it. There are a number of taxi stands near the station. They are very cheap and honest. I tried to give the driver a big tip but he refused. Ask for his card so you can ask the Museum gate staff to call his company when you are finished at the Museum to get back to the railway station.
Before it even entered service it was obsolete as a front line tank that was to engage enemy tanks like the recently upgraded Panzer III and IV tanks. At all costs it had to avoid contact with these new and improved enemy machines. It would not be a fair fight because its 20mm TNSh main gun could not penetrate their frontal armour.
It could only penetrate 15mm of armour at 500m. German armour ranged from 30 mm to 50 mm at that time. The T-60's armour plating offered no protection from enemy 50mm and 75mm shells. It was just too thin. It only offered protection from small arms fire.
When it was used against German infantry and soft skinned vehicles it was effective. As the Germans advanced towards Moscow the crops in the surrounding countryside were at their full height. It helped screen the small low profile T-60 tanks. This enabled some of the tank crews to sneak close undetected and engage German infantry units and cause serious amounts of casualties.
Rear view of a T-60 turret in winter camouflage
Major-General M.E. Katukov stated in an interview 'In this fateful hour, when the Germans had almost defeated us, those ridiculous tanks saved our positions. It was lucky that the rye in the area was almost a meter high, as the T-60s were hidden by it. Using the rye field, both of our T-60 tanks were able to infiltrate the rear of German infantry and open fire on them. After several minutes of intense fire, the German attack was halted.'
The T-60 tank designer was Nicholas Astrov and they were manufactured between 1941 to 1942 at Factory 37,Moscow, GAZ, Gorkiy and later Factory 38 Kirov. It is believed that 6,292 tanks were produced during that period. This light tank weighed 5.8 tonnes and was powered by a GAZ - 202 cylinder engine that produced 70 bhp. It had a top road speed of 44 km/h and 22 km/h off road.
It was fitted with a 7.62 coaxial DT machine gun in addition to the 20mm main gun. It had a large fuel tank of 320 litres and a good operational range of 450km. This enabled it to remain with infantry units without having to constantly return to be refuelled. It enhanced its abilities as a scout tank. It could go on patrol looking for the enemy knowing that it had enough fuel to return back to Regimental headquarters with its report.
T-60 Soviet Light Tank Armed with a 20 mm main gun and a 7.62 coaxial DT machine gun
It was introduced into the Red Army as a replacement for the T-38 and T-40A amphibious scout tanks T-40S Sukhoputniy 'dry-land' light tank. They were only armed with a 12.7 mm machine gun. The T-60 was the Russian equivalent to the German Panzer II tank. In armoured combat or when they were spotted by anti-tank guns, many were knocked out causing the death or injury of the crew.
This earnt the T60 tank the nickname of Bratskaya Mogila na Dovoikh which means 'A grave for two brothers'. In 1942 the frontal armour of the T-60 was increased from 25mm to 35mm but this was still too thin. The engine could not cope very well with the extra weight. It became even more sluggish and less manoeuvrable than it already was before the additional protection was applied to the vehicle.
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In 1988, the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition (led by M. E. Kilunovskaya and V. A. Semenov) discovered a unique burial of the early Iron Age at Saryg-Bulun in Central Tuva. There are two burial mounds of the Aldy-Bel culture dated by 7th century BC. Within the barrows, which adjoined one another, forming a figure-of-eight, there were discovered 7 burials, from which a representative collection of artifacts was recovered. Burial 5 was the most unique, it was found in a coffin made of a larch trunk, with a tightly closed lid. Due to the preservative properties of larch and lack of air access, the coffin contained a well-preserved mummy of a child with an accompanying set of grave goods. The interred individual retained the skin on his face and had a leather headdress painted with red pigment and a coat, sewn from jerboa fur. The coat was belted with a leather belt with bronze ornaments and buckles. Besides that, a leather quiver with arrows with the shafts decorated with painted ornaments, fully preserved battle pick and a bow were buried in the coffin. Unexpectedly, the full-genomic analysis, showed that the individual was female. This fact opens a new aspect in the study of the social history of the Scythian society and perhaps brings us back to the myth of the Amazons, discussed by Herodotus. Of course, this discovery is unique in its preservation for the Scythian culture of Tuva and requires careful study and conservation.
Keywords: Tuva, Early Iron Age, early Scythian period, Aldy-Bel culture, barrow, burial in the coffin, mummy, full genome sequencing, aDNA
Information about authors: Marina Kilunovskaya (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Vladimir Semenov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Varvara Busova (Moscow, Russian Federation). (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Kharis Mustafin (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Technical Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Irina Alborova (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Biological Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Alina Matzvai (Moscow, Russian Federation). Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]
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