what makes a great hero essay

Essays About Heroes: 5 Examples And Topic Ideas

Here, we’ll look at examples of essays about heroes and questions that can be used as topics for essays about an imagined or real hero .

A few different images likely come to mind when you hear the word hero . You may imagine Superman flying above the world with his superpower of flight. You may imagine a personal hero , a real person who has made a significant impact on your life for the better. You might think of a true hero as someone who has shown heroic qualities in the public eye, working to help ordinary people through difficult situations.

When writing an essay about your life hero , it’s important to consider the qualities of that person that make them stand out to you. Whether you choose to write an essay about how your mom got you through tough times and became your role model or about a political figure who made a difference in the lives of people in history, it’s key to not just focus on the person’s actions —you’ll also want to focus on the qualities that allowed them to act heroically.

Here, we’ll explore examples of hero essays and potential topics to consider when writing about a hero .

For help with your essays , check out our round-up of the best essay checkers

Examples Of Essays About Heroes

• 1. These Are The Heroes Of The Coronavirus Pandemic By Ruth Marcus
• 2. Why Teachers Are My Heroes By Joshua Muskin
• 3. Martin Luther King Jr.—Civil Rights Activist & Hero By Kathy Weiser-Alexander

4. Steve Prefontaine: The Track Of A Hero By Bill O’Brian

5. forget hamilton, burr is the real hero by carey wallace, topic ideas for essays about heroes, 1. what makes a hero, 2. what are the most important characteristics of heroes in literature, 3. what constitutes a heroic act, 4. is selflessness required for heroism.

1.  These Are The Heroes Of The Coronavirus Pandemic  By Ruth Marcus

“Is this what they signed up for? There is some danger inherent in the ordinary practice of medicine, but not this much. I confess: I do not know that I would do the same in their circumstances; I am not sure I am so generous or so brave. If my child were graduating from medical school, how would I deal with her being sent, inadequately protected, into an emergency room? If my husband were a physician, would I send him off to the hospital — or let him back into the house in the interim?” Ruth Marcus

Healthcare workers have had no choice but to go above and beyond in recent years. In this essay, Marcus discusses the heroism of those in the healthcare field. He delves into the traits (including selflessness and courage) that make doctors, nurses, and other healthcare workers heroes.

2.  Why Teachers Are My Heroes   By Joshua Muskin

“Teachers are my heroes because they accept this responsibility and try extremely hard to do this well even when the conditions in which they work are far from ideal; at least most do. Our jobs as society, education systems, and parents is to do our best to be strong allies to teachers, since their success is essential to ours.” Joshua Muskin

In this essay, Dr. Muskin discusses the many challenges teachers face and what parents, administrators, and education researchers can do to help teachers support students. Muskin explains that most teachers go above and beyond the call of duty to serve their classrooms.

3.  Martin Luther King Jr.—Civil Rights Activist & Hero   By Kathy Weiser-Alexander

“During this nonviolent protest, activists used boycotts, sit-ins, and marches to protest segregation and unfair hiring practices that caught the attention of the entire world. However, his tactics were put to the test when police brutality was used against the marchers, and King was arrested. But, his voice was not silenced, as he wrote his “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” to refute his critics.” Kathy Weiser-Alexander

In this essay, Weiser-Alexander details both the traits and the actions of Dr. King before and during the civil rights movement. The author touches on King’s commitment to justice, persistence, and willingness to stand for his beliefs despite difficult circumstances.

“I remember this so vividly because Prefontaine was a hero to me, a hero in a way that no one was before, or really has been since. A British commentator once called him “an athletic Beatle.” If so, his persona was much more Lennon than McCartney. Actually, I thought of him more as Mick Jagger — or ultimately James Dean.” Bill O’Brian

A hero to many in the running world, Prefontaine’s confidence, unique style, and unmatched athletic ability have been heralded for decades. In this essay, O’Brian shares how he, as a distance runner during the era of Pre, related to his struggles and ambition.

“Burr fought against an ugly tide of anti-immigrant sentiment in the young republic, led by Hamilton’s Federalist party, which suggested that anyone without English heritage was a second-class citizen, and even challenged the rights of non-Anglos to hold office. In response, Burr insisted that anyone who contributed to society deserved all the rights of any other citizen, no matter their background.” Carey Wallace

In this essay, Wallace explains why Aaron Burr, the lifelong nemesis of founding father Alexander Hamilton, should be considered a historical hero . This essay exposes someone seen as a villain but much of society with a different take on their history. 

It can be interesting to think about your definition of a hero . When describing what the term hero means to you, you may want to choose a person (or a few people) you look up to as a hero to solidify your point. You might want to include fictional characters (such as those in the Marvel universe) and real-life brave souls, such as police officers and firefighters.

A word of caution: stay away from the cliche opening of describing how the dictionary defines a hero . Instead, lead-in with a personal story about a hero who has affected your life. While talking about a public figure as a hero is acceptable, you may find it easier to write about someone close to you who you feel has displayed heroic qualities . Writing about a family member or friend who has shown up as a heroic main character in your life can be just as exciting as writing about a real or imagined superhero.

From Beowulf to Marvel comics, heroes in literature take on many different traits. When writing an essay on what trait makes a hero come alive in a short story, novel, or comic, choose a few of your favorite heroes and find common themes that they share.

Perhaps your favorite heroes are selfless and are willing to put themselves last in the name of sacrifice for others. Perhaps they’re able to dig deep into the truth, being honest even when it’s hard, for the greater good. There’s no need to list endless heroes to make your point—choosing three or four heroes from literature can be a great way to support your argument about what characteristics define heroism in literature.

When someone is named a hero in real life, we often picture them saving people from a burning building or performing a difficult surgical operation. It can be difficult to pin down exactly what constitutes a heroic act. When writing about what constitutes a heroic act, think about people who go above and beyond, performing feats of courage, honesty, and bravery to support themselves or others. When writing about what constitutes a heroic act, discuss real-life or literary examples of heroes at work.

To many people, being a hero means giving back to others. While giving something away or trading in one’s well-being for others can certainly be seen as a heroic act, many people wonder if selflessness is required for heroism or if a hero can serve the greater good in a way that also supports their happiness. When writing about whether selflessness is required for heroism, choose examples from literature and real-life to support your point.

Tip: If writing an essay sounds like a lot of work, simplify it. Write a simple 5 paragraph essay instead.

If you’re still stuck, check out our available resource of essay writing topics .

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What Makes a Person Heroic?

Characteristics of a hero.

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Shereen Lehman, MS, is a healthcare journalist and fact checker. She has co-authored two books for the popular Dummies Series (as Shereen Jegtvig).

• Definitions
• Characteristics

What makes a person heroic? Is there a hero gene, naturally giving someone the characteristics of a hero? According to one study, the answer might rest in the type of heroism we are addressing.

In a paper published in 2010, researchers reported that people who engaged in one-time acts of bravery (like rushing into a burning building or rescuing someone from the path of an oncoming train) are not necessarily that much different from control groups of non-heroes.

By contrast, people who engage in lifelong heroism (such as professional nurses who regularly comfort the sick and dying) do share a number of important personality traits such as empathy , nurturance, and a need to live by a moral code.

Definitions of Heroism

The scientific study of heroism is a relatively recent topic of interest within the field of psychology.

Researchers have offered different definitions of exactly what makes a hero, but most suggest that heroism involves prosocial, altruistic actions that involve an element of personal risk or sacrifice. 

Researchers Franco, Blau, and Zimbardo define heroism as someone who:

• Acts voluntarily for the service of others who are in need, whether it is for an individual, a group, or a community
• Performs actions without any expectation of reward or external gain
• Recognizes and accepts the potential risk or sacrifice made by taking heroic actions

Researchers do not necessarily agree about the central characteristics that make up heroism. One study published in 2015 in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology suggested that heroes have 12 central traits, which are:

• Determination
• Inspirational
• Moral integrity
• Self-sacrifice
• Selflessness

The psychology of heroism might not be well understood, but many experts do believe that it is possible for people to learn to be heroes . The following are just a few of the major characteristics that researchers have ascribed to heroes.

Concern for the Well-Being of Others

According to researchers, empathy, and compassion for others are key variables that contribute to heroic behavior. People who rush in to help others in the face of danger and adversity do so because they genuinely care about the safety and well-being of other people. They cannot bear to see someone suffering and are compelled to take action.

One study published in 2009 found that people who have heroic tendencies also have a much higher degree of empathy.  

People who engage in acts of heroism have concern and care for the people around them and they are able to feel what those in need of help are feeling.

Understanding Other Perspectives

Researchers suggest that heroes aren't just compassionate and caring; they have a knack for being able to see things from the perspective of others. They can "walk a mile in another man's shoes," so to speak.

When they encounter a situation where an individual is in need, they are immediately able to see themselves in that same situation and see what needs to be done to help.

Heroes Have Useful Skills and Strengths

Clearly, having the training or physical ability to deal with a crisis can also play a major role in whether or not people become heroes.

In situations where would-be rescuers lack the know-how or sheer physical strength to make a difference, people are less likely to help or are more likely to find less direct ways to take action. And in many cases, this approach is probably best; after all, people senselessly rushing into a dangerous situation can pose even more difficulties for rescue workers.

People who are trained and capable, such as those with first aid training and experience, are more ready and able to step up when their skills are needed.

Heroes Have a Strong Moral Compass

According to heroism researchers Philip Zimbardo and Zeno Franco, heroes have two essential qualities that set them apart from non-heroes: they live by their values and they are willing to endure personal risk to protect those values.

Moral reasoning at the highest levels incorporates principles of justice, equality, and honor. The heroic mindset upholds the sanctity of human life above material desires and personal needs. All heroic decisions must consider the potential outcomes and choose the pathway that will serve the greater good of humanity.

Their values and personal beliefs give them the courage and resolve to endure risk and even danger in order to adhere to those principles.

Heroes Are Competent and Confident

It takes both skill and self-confidence to rush into places others fear to tread. Researchers suggest that people who perform heroic acts tend to feel confident in themselves and their abilities.

When faced with a crisis , they have an intrinsic belief that they are capable of handling the challenge and achieving success no matter what the odds are. Part of this confidence might stem from above-average coping skills and abilities to manage stress.

Heroes Are More Optimistic

A person who rushes into a burning building to save another person is not just extraordinarily brave; he or she also possesses an ability to overcome fear. Researchers suggest that heroic individuals are positive thinkers by nature, which contributes to their ability to look past the immediate danger of a situation and see a more optimistic outcome.

In one 2010 study, researchers found that people identified as heroes were more likely to put a positive spin on negative events.  

When faced with a potentially life-threatening illness, people with heroic tendencies might focus on the good that might come from the situation such as a renewed appreciation for life or an increased closeness with loved ones.

Heroes Have a Higher Tolerance for Risk

In many cases, these individuals may also have a lower experience of fear and a higher tolerance for risk. Plenty of caring and kind people might shrink back in the face of danger. Those who do leap into action are typically more likely to take greater risks in multiple aspects of their lives.

Persistence is another quality commonly shared by heroes. They are often more patient and will keep working on their goals, even after multiple setbacks.

The decision to act heroically is a choice that many of us will be called upon to make at some point in time. By conceiving of heroism as a universal attribute of human nature, not as a rare feature of the few 'heroic elect,' heroism becomes something that seems in the range of possibilities for every person, perhaps inspiring more of us to answer that call.

A Word From Verywell

Researchers have found that in a lot of ways, heroes are not all that different from most people. However, there are a number of skills you can build that can boost your hero characteristics.

Building empathy, becoming competent and skilled, and being persistent in the face of obstacles are all abilities you can work on over time. By doing so, you can improve your ability to help others and come through in times of need.

Walker LJ, Frimer JA, Dunlop WL. Varieties of moral personality: Beyond the banality of heroism .  J Pers . 2010;78(3):907‐942. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00637.x

Franco ZE, Blau K, Zimbardo PG. Heroism: A conceptual analysis and differentiation between heroic action and altruism .  Review of General Psychology . 2011;15(2):99-113. doi:10.1037/a0022672.

Kinsella EL, Ritchie TD, Igou ER. Zeroing in on heroes: A prototype analysis of hero features . J Pers Soc Psychol. 2015;108(1):114-127. doi:10.1037/a0038463

Staats S, Wallace H, Anderson T, Gresley J, Hupp JM, Weiss E. The hero concept: Self, family, and friends who are brave, honest, and hopeful . Psychol Rep. 2009;104(3):820-832. doi:10.2466/PR0.104.3.820-832

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Psychologily

10 Qualities of a Hero: What Makes a True Hero According to Psychology

When we think of heroes, we often picture someone brave, selfless, and inspiring. Heroes come in many forms, from everyday people who perform extraordinary acts of kindness to larger-than-life figures who save the world from destruction. But what exactly makes a hero? What qualities do they possess that set them apart from the rest of us?

According to research, heroes share several key characteristics. They are brave, determined, and have a strong sense of conviction. They are also honest and empathetic and have an excellent capacity for nurturing and protecting others. Heroes often put themselves in harm’s way to help others, and they inspire those around them to be their best selves.

One of the most essential qualities of a hero is their moral integrity . Heroes stand up for what is right, even when difficult or unpopular. They do not compromise their values or beliefs, and they are willing to make sacrifices for the greater good. Whether they are fighting for social justice, rescuing people from danger, or simply being a positive role model, heroes have a profound impact on the world around them.

Qualities of a Hero: Innate Goodness

As we explore the qualities of a hero, one trait that stands out is their innate goodness. Heroes possess a natural sense of compassion and integrity that sets them apart from others. Let’s take a closer look at these two sub-traits.

Compassion is the ability to feel empathetic towards others and to take action to alleviate their suffering. Heroes possess an innate sense of compassion that drives them to help others in need. They can put themselves in other people’s shoes and understand their pain and struggles. This sense of compassion motivates heroes to act selflessly and put others’ needs before their own.

Integrity is another sub-trait that is closely tied to innate goodness. Heroes possess a strong sense of integrity that guides their actions and decisions. They have a deep-rooted sense of what is right and wrong, and they never compromise their values or beliefs. This unwavering commitment to integrity makes heroes stand out from the crowd. They are willing to make difficult choices and take risks to uphold their principles.

Heroes possess an innate goodness characterized by compassion and integrity. These traits make them stand out from others and inspire us to be better people. By cultivating these qualities within ourselves, we can all strive to be heroes in our own right.

Qualities of a Hero: Courage and Bravery

Courage and bravery are two of the most important qualities of a hero. These qualities are essential in facing difficult situations and overcoming obstacles. In this section, we will discuss the sub-sections of fearlessness and risk-taking.

Fearlessness

Fearlessness is the ability to face danger or difficulty without fear. It is an essential quality of a hero, allowing them to act bravely in the face of adversity. Fearlessness is not the absence of fear but rather the ability to confront and overcome it.

There are many examples of fearlessness in history. For instance, Martin Luther King Jr. was fearless in pursuing civil rights despite facing violence and oppression. Malala Yousafzai was fearless in her fight for education for girls in Pakistan, even after being shot by the Taliban.

Risk Taking

Risk-taking is another essential quality of a hero. It is the willingness to take on challenges and face uncertainty. Heroes often take risks to achieve their goals, even when the odds are against them.

Risk-taking can be seen in many areas of life, from business to sports to personal relationships. For example, Elon Musk took a massive risk in starting SpaceX, a company that aims to colonize Mars. Serena Williams takes risks on the tennis court, going for difficult shots even when it might be safer to play it safe.

Courage and bravery are essential qualities of a hero. Fearlessness and risk-taking are two sub-sections that make up these qualities. Heroes throughout history have demonstrated these qualities in their pursuit of justice, freedom, and other noble causes.

Qualities of a Hero: Selflessness

As we explore the qualities of a hero, we cannot overlook the importance of selflessness. Heroes are often motivated by a desire to help others, even if it means sacrificing their well-being. Selflessness is a trait that is often associated with heroes.

Altruism is defined as the selfless concern for the welfare of others. Heroes often display this trait by putting the needs of others before their own. They are willing to go out of their way to help someone in need, even if it means putting themselves in danger. Altruism is a critical component of selflessness and a quality we should all strive to possess.

Another aspect of selflessness is sacrifice. Heroes often sacrifice their comfort and well-being for the greater good. This could mean giving up their time, money, or safety to help others. Sacrifice is not an easy thing to do, but heroes are willing to make tough choices and put themselves in harm’s way for the benefit of others.

Selflessness is an essential trait of a hero. Altruism and sacrifice are two key components of selflessness that heroes often display. We should all strive to possess these qualities and be willing to put the needs of others before our own.

Qualities of a Hero: Perseverance

Perseverance is a crucial quality of a hero. It means to continue striving towards a goal despite obstacles and setbacks. Heroes are known for their resilience and determination, two key sub-qualities of perseverance.

Resilience is the ability to bounce back from adversity. Heroes often face complex challenges, but their resilience allows them to overcome them. Resilient people are not easily discouraged by failure or setbacks. Instead, they use these experiences as opportunities to learn and grow.

Determination

Determination is the quality of being firmly committed to a goal. Heroes are known for their unwavering determination to achieve their objectives. Determined people are willing to put in the hard work and effort required to succeed. Obstacles or setbacks take time to deter them.

Perseverance is not just about overcoming obstacles but also about maintaining a positive attitude and mindset. Heroes are known for their ability to stay focused and motivated, even in the face of adversity. They understand that setbacks are a natural part of the journey towards success.

Perseverance is an essential quality of a hero. Resilience and determination are two key sub-qualities contributing to a hero’s ability to overcome obstacles and achieve their goals. By cultivating these qualities, we can all become heroes in our own lives.

Qualities of a Hero: Leadership

Leadership is a crucial quality of a hero. Heroic leaders inspire and direct their followers towards a common goal. They possess the ability to motivate others and lead them through challenging situations. In this section, we will discuss the qualities that make a heroic leader.

Inspiration

Heroic leaders inspire their followers to achieve greatness. They possess a clear vision and communicate it effectively to their team. They lead by example and are willing to take risks themselves. They are passionate about their goals and inspire others to share their vision.

One example of an inspiring leader is Nelson Mandela. He fought against apartheid and was imprisoned for 27 years. Despite the hardships he faced, he remained committed to his cause and inspired millions of people around the world. His leadership and determination led to the end of apartheid and the establishment of a democratic South Africa.

Heroic leaders provide direction to their followers. They have a clear plan and communicate it effectively to their team. They ensure that everyone understands their role and responsibilities. They monitor progress and make adjustments as necessary to keep their team on track.

An example of a leader who provided direction is Steve Jobs. He was the co-founder of Apple and was known for his attention to detail. He had a clear vision for the company and communicated it effectively to his team. He turned Apple into one of the most successful companies in the world.

Heroic leaders possess the qualities of inspiration and direction. They inspire their followers to achieve greatness and provide direction to help them reach their goals. They are passionate about their vision and are willing to take risks to achieve it.

Qualities of a Hero: Wisdom

Wisdom is an essential quality of a hero. It is characterized by the ability to make sound judgments and decisions based on knowledge and experience. In this section, we will discuss the two sub-sections of wisdom: judgment and knowledge.

Judgment is the ability to make good decisions based on careful consideration of all available information. It involves weighing the pros and cons of a situation and making a decision that is in the best interest of all parties involved. A hero with good judgment can think critically and objectively, even in high-pressure situations.

One example of a hero with excellent judgment is Nelson Mandela. During his time as the President of South Africa, he made the difficult decision to forgive his oppressors and work towards reconciliation, rather than seeking revenge. This decision helped to heal the wounds of apartheid and set South Africa on a path toward a brighter future.

Knowledge is the foundation of wisdom. It is the accumulation of information and experience that allows a hero to make informed decisions. A hero with extensive knowledge is better equipped to solve problems and make a positive impact on the world.

One example of a hero with vast knowledge is Marie Curie. She was a physicist and chemist who made groundbreaking discoveries in radioactivity. Her work led to the developing of new medical treatments and technologies that have saved countless lives.

Wisdom is a crucial quality of a hero. It is the combination of good judgment and extensive knowledge that allows a hero to make a positive impact on the world. By striving to develop our wisdom, we can all become heroes in our own right.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are some common characteristics of heroic figures.

Heroic figures often possess qualities such as courage, selflessness, and a strong sense of purpose. They are willing to put themselves in harm’s way to help others or achieve a greater good. They also tend to have a strong moral compass and a willingness to stand up for what they believe in, even in the face of adversity.

What are some qualities that make someone a hero?

Some qualities that make someone a hero include bravery, empathy, selflessness, and a willingness to take action. Heroes are often motivated by a desire to make a positive impact on the world and help others, even if it means putting themselves at risk. They also tend to possess a strong sense of integrity and a commitment to doing what is right.

What are some heroic traits that are valued in society?

Society values heroic traits such as courage, selflessness, and a willingness to help others. These traits are seen as admirable and worthy of respect. Other traits that are valued in heroes include perseverance, determination, and a strong sense of purpose.

What distinguishes a hero from an ordinary person?

What distinguishes a hero from an ordinary person is their willingness to take action and put themselves at risk in order to help others or achieve a greater good. Heroes often possess qualities such as courage, selflessness, and a strong sense of purpose that set them apart from others.

What are some examples of people who are considered heroes?

Examples of people who are considered heroes include firefighters, police officers, medical professionals, and members of the military. Other examples include activists, volunteers, and everyday people who have performed acts of kindness or bravery in the face of danger or adversity.

What are some ways in which people can develop heroic qualities?

People can develop heroic qualities by cultivating traits such as courage, empathy, and selflessness. This can be done through practice and by intentionally seeking out opportunities to help others or make a positive impact on the world. Additionally, seeking out role models and learning from their actions can also help to develop heroic qualities.

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Greater Good Science Center • Magazine • In Action • In Education

What Makes a Hero?

This month, Greater Good features videos of a presentation by Philip Zimbardo, the world-renowned psychologist perhaps best known for his infamous Stanford Prison Experiment. In his talk, Zimbardo discusses the psychology of evil and of heroism, exploring why good people sometimes turn bad and how we can encourage more people to perform heroic acts. In this excerpt from his talk, he zeroes in on his research and educational program designed to foster the “heroic imagination.”

More on Heroism

Watch the video of Philip Zimbardo's Greater Good talk on heroism.

Read his essay on " The Banality of Heroism ," which further explores the conditions that can promote heroism vs. evil.

Read this Greater Good essay on the "psychology of the bystander."

Learn more about Zimbardo's Heroic Imagination Project.

What makes us good? What makes us evil?

Research has uncovered many answers to the second question: Evil can be fostered by dehumanization, diffusion of responsibility, obedience to authority, unjust systems, group pressure, moral disengagement, and anonymity, to name a few.

But when we ask why people become heroic, research doesn’t yet have an answer. It could be that heroes have more compassion or empathy; maybe there’s a hero gene; maybe it’s because of their levels of oxytocin—research by neuroeconomist Paul Zak has shown that this “love hormone” in the brain increases the likelihood you’ll demonstrate altruism. We don’t know for sure.

I believe that heroism is different than altruism and compassion. For the last five years, my colleagues and I have been exploring the nature and roots of heroism, studying exemplary cases of heroism and surveying thousands of people about their choices to act (or not act) heroically. In that time, we’ve come to define heroism as an activity with several parts.

First, it’s performed in service to others in need—whether that’s a person, group, or community—or in defense of certain ideals. Second, it’s engaged in voluntarily, even in military contexts, as heroism remains an act that goes beyond something required by military duty. Third, a heroic act is one performed with recognition of possible risks and costs, be they to one’s physical health or personal reputation, in which the actor is willing to accept anticipated sacrifice. Finally, it is performed without external gain anticipated at the time of the act.

Simply put, then, the key to heroism is a concern for other people in need—a concern to defend a moral cause, knowing there is a personal risk, done without expectation of reward.

By that definition, then, altruism is heroism light—it doesn’t always involve a serious risk. Compassion is a virtue that may lead to heroism, but we don’t know that it does. We’re just now starting to scientifically distinguish heroism from these other concepts and zero in on what makes a hero.

My work on heroism follows 35 years of research in which I studied the psychology of evil, including my work on the infamous Stanford Prison Experiment . The two lines of research aren’t as different as they might seem; they’re actually two sides of the same coin.

A key insight from research on heroism so far is that the very same situations that inflame the hostile imagination in some people, making them villains, can also instill the heroic imagination in other people, prompting them to perform heroic deeds.

Take the Holocaust. Christians who helped Jews were in the same situation as other civilians who helped imprison or kill Jews, or ignored their suffering. The situation provided the impetus to act heroically or malevolently. Why did some people choose one path or the other?

Another key insight from my research has been that there’s no clear line between good and evil. Instead, the line is permeable; people can cross back and forth between it.

This is an idea wonderfully represented in an illusion by M. C. Escher, at left. When you squint and focus on the white as the figures and the black as the background, you see a world full of angels and tutus dancing around happily. But now focus on the black as the figures and the white as the background: Now it’s a world full of demons.

What Escher’s telling us is that the world is filled with angels and devils, goodness and badness, and these dark and light aspects of human nature are our basic yin and yang. That is, we all are born with the capacity to be anything. Because of our incredible brains, anything that is imaginable becomes possible, anything that becomes possible can get transformed into action, for better or for worse. 

Some people argue humans are born good or born bad; I think that’s nonsense. We are all born with this tremendous capacity to be anything, and we get shaped by our circumstances—by the family or the culture or the time period in which we happen to grow up, which are accidents of birth; whether we grow up in a war zone versus peace; if we grow up in poverty rather than prosperity.

George Bernard Shaw captured this point in the preface to his great play “Major Barbara”: “Every reasonable man and woman is a potential scoundrel and a potential good citizen. What a man is depends upon his character what’s inside. What he does and what we think of what he does depends on upon his circumstances.”

So each of us may possess the capacity to do terrible things. But we also posses an inner hero; if stirred to action, that inner hero is capable of performing tremendous goodness for others.

Another conclusion from my research is that few people do evil and fewer act heroically. Between these extremes in the bell curve of humanity are the masses—the general population who do nothing, who I call the “reluctant heroes”—those who refuse the call to action and, by doing nothing, often implicitly support the perpetrators of evil.

So on this bell curve of humanity, villains and heroes are the outliers. The reluctant heroes are the rest. What we need to discover is how to give a call to service to this general population. How do we make them aware of the evil that exists? How do we prevent them from getting seduced to the dark side?

We don’t yet have a recipe for creating heroes, but we have some clues, based on the stories of some inspiring heroes.

I love the story of a wonderful nine-year-old Chinese boy, who I call a dutiful hero. In 2008, there was a massive earthquake in China’s Szechuan province. The ceiling fell down on a school, killing almost all the kids in it. This kid escaped, and as he was running away he noticed two other kids struggling to get out. He ran back and saved them. He was later asked, “Why did you do that?” He replied, “I was the hall monitor! It was my duty, it was my job to look after my classmates!”

This perfectly illustrates what I call the “heroic imagination,” a focus on one’s duty to help and protect others. For him, it was cultivated by being assigned this role of hall monitor.

Another story: Irena Sendler was a Polish hero, a Catholic woman who saved at least 2,500 Jewish kids who were holed up in the Warsaw ghetto that the Nazis had erected. She was able to convince the parents of these kids to allow her to smuggle them out of the ghetto to safety. To do this, she organized a network.

That is a key principle of heroism: Heroes are most effective not alone but in a network. It’s through forming a network that people have the resources to bring their heroic impulses to life.

What these stories suggest is that every one of us can be a hero. Through my work on heroism, I’ve become even more convinced that acts of heroism don’t just arrive from truly exceptional people but from people placed in the right circumstance, given the necessary tools to transform compassion into heroic action.

Building on these insights, I have helped to start a program designed to learn more of heroism and to create the heroes of tomorrow.

The Heroic Imagination Project (HIP) is amplifying the voice of the world’s quiet heroes, using research and education networks to promote a heroic imagination in everyone, and then empower ordinary people of all ages and nations to engage in extraordinary acts of heroism. We want to democratize the notion of heroism, to emphasize that most heroes are ordinary people; it’s the act that’s extraordinary.

There are already a lot of great heroes projects out there, such as the Giraffe Heroes Project . The HIP is unique in that it’s the only one encouraging research into heroism, because there’s very little.

Here are a few key insights from research we’ve done surveying 4,000 Americans from across the country. Each of these statements is valid after controlling for all demographic variables, such as education and socioeconomic status.

Heroes surround us. One in five—20 percent—qualify as heroes, based on the definition of heroism I provide above. Seventy-two percent report helping another person in a dangerous emergency. Sixteen percent report whistle blowing on an injustice. Six percent report sacrificing for a non-relative or stranger. Fifteen percent report defying an unjust authority. And not one of these people has been formally recognized as a hero.

Opportunity matters. Most acts of heroism occur in urban areas, where there are more people and more people in need. You’re not going to be a hero if you live in the suburbs. No shit happens in the suburbs!

Education matters. The more educated you are, the more likely you are to be a hero, I think because you are more aware of situations.

Volunteering matters. One third of all the sample who were heroes also had volunteered significantly, up to 59 hours a week.

Gender matters. Males reported performing acts of heroism more than females. I think this is because women tend not to regard a lot of their heroic actions as heroic. It’s just what they think they’re supposed to do for their family or a friend.

Race matters. Blacks were eight times more likely than whites to qualify as heroes. We think that’s in part due to the rate of opportunity. (In our next survey, we’re going to track responses by area code to see if in fact these heroes are coming from inner cities.

Personal history matters. Having survived a disaster or personal trauma makes you three times more likely to be a hero and a volunteer.

Based on these insights into heroism, we’ve put together a toolkit for potential heroes, especially young heroes in training, who already have opportunities to act heroically when they’re kids, such as by opposing bullying.

A first step is to take the “hero pledge,” a public declaration on our website that says you’re willing to be a hero in waiting. It’s a pledge “to act when confronted with a situation where I feel something is wrong,” “to develop my heroic abilities,” and “to believe in the heroic capacities within myself and others, so I can build and refine them.”

You can also take our four-week “Hero Challenge” mini-course online to help you develop your heroic muscles. The challenge may not require you to do anything heroic, but it’s training you to be heroic. And we offer more rigorous, research-based education and training programs for middle and high schools, corporations, and the millitary that make people aware of the social factors that produce passivity, inspire them to take positive civic action, and encourage the skills needed to consistently translate heroic impulses into action.

We’re also in the process of creating an Encyclopedia of Heroes, a collection of hero stories from all over the world. Not just all the classic ones and fictional ones, but ones that people from around the world are going to send in, so they can nominate ordinary heroes with a picture and a story. It will be searchable, so you can find heroes by age, gender, city and country. These are the unsung, quiet heroes—they do their own thing, put themselves in danger, defend a moral cause, help someone in need. And we want to highlight them. We want them to be inspirational to other people just like them.

Essentially, we’re trying to build the social habits of heroes, to build a focus on the other, shifting away from the “me” and toward the “we.” As the poet John Donne wrote: “No man [or woman] is an island entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main; … any man’s death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind. And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.”

So every person is part of humanity. Each person’s pulse is part of humanity’s heartbeat. Heroes circulate the life force of goodness in our veins. And what the world needs now is more heroes—you. It’s time to take action against evil.

About the Author

Philip Zimbardo

Philip Zimbardo, Ph.D. , is a professor emeritus of psychology at Stanford University, a professor at Palo Alto University, a two-time past president of the Western Psychological Association, and a past president of the American Psychological Association. He is also the author of the best-selling book The Lucifer Effect and the president of the Heroic Imagination Project .

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Very nice information. In this world this is the very difficult question that what makes people good or evil. This post has helped a lot to understand the difference. Actually in my point of it depends upon the individual that what he/she thinks. If he/she thinks negative all the time them they became evil and thinking vice versa makes them good.

Andrew | 2:31 am, January 19, 2011 | Link

I really like reading this article because there are many individuals in the world that are heroes but are not recognized.  Heroes that have help humanity progress and prosper have fought with the greatest weapons which are love, respect, sincerity, and peace.  The governments that have had the greatest fear of seeing people free have always use war for colonization, genocide, and false treaties.  However, love is much stronger than war, and thanks to the modern forms of communication and exchange of information, more people are united for peace and do not support or participate in colonization or human genocide.  Since the start of humanity most people have use peace to progress, few have participated in war and few are participating. May peace prevail on earth!

Victor | 7:48 pm, January 29, 2011 | Link

A son raising up against an evil father. A brother standing up to a bully attacking his sibling. A stranger rallying to the side of a woman being assaulted in the street.

My sons are my strength. My reason to help others, that they may find the help they need in their lives.

pops | 9:39 am, February 3, 2011 | Link

Of course religion and eduction has a big impact on a child. But once a child is trying to live a good life (earning good karma or call it whatever you want) good things will happen to that child and he or she will recognize this.

So I think you can definitely change from evil to good.. maybe you _can be changed_ from good to evil.

Massud Hosseini | 7:28 am, September 17, 2011 | Link

Actually in my point of it depends upon the individual that what he/she thinks

asalah | 9:41 pm, September 24, 2011 | Link

“Research has uncovered many answers to the second question: Evil can be fostered by dehumanization, diffusion of responsibility, obedience to authority, unjust systems, group pressure, moral disengagement, and anonymity, to name a few.”  <—What I find amazing about this statement is that anything is being branded “evil” at all.  Well, maybe not.  Relativism seems to be something that’s employed when convenient, disregarded when it’s not.

Kukri | 6:58 pm, November 6, 2011 | Link

This is a very comprehensive discussion on heroism. Victor makes a great point in his comment about how most heroes go unnoticed by the vast majority of people. I think that lack of notoriety is part of what it means to be a hero: doing that which is unexpected without the need for a pat on the back. quotes for facebook status

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Generally I do not learn from posts on blogs, however I wish to say that this write-up very pressured me to check out and I did so! Your writing style has amazed me. Thank you, quite nice article.

drake quotes | 11:08 pm, January 11, 2012 | Link

I found this informative and interesting blog so i think so its very useful and knowledge able.I would like to thank you for the efforts you have made in writing this article. I am hoping the same best work from you in the future.

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Thanks for the comments here very informative and useful keep posting comments here everyday guys thanks again.

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When a sniper’s bullet hits one soldier and misses the person next to him, that alone does not make the wounded soldier more heroic.

brokesteves | 6:10 am, April 24, 2012 | Link

Essay on What Makes A Hero

Students are often asked to write an essay on What Makes A Hero in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on What Makes A Hero

Understanding a hero.

A hero is someone who is admired for their courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. They are often seen as role models. Heroes can be found in real life or in stories, like books or movies.

Bravery and Courage

One of the main qualities of a hero is bravery. Heroes are often willing to face difficult situations or dangers. They do not let fear stop them. Instead, they use their courage to overcome challenges and help others.

Selflessness and Sacrifice

Another important quality of a hero is selflessness. This means they put others’ needs before their own. They are willing to make sacrifices to protect or help others. This often earns them respect and admiration.

Perseverance and Determination

Heroes also show perseverance and determination. They do not give up easily. Even when things get tough, they keep trying. They are determined to reach their goals and make a positive difference in the world.

250 Words Essay on What Makes A Hero

What is a hero.

A hero is a person who is admired for their bravery, noble qualities, and outstanding achievements. They are not always people with superpowers or capes, as we often see in movies or read in comic books. In real life, heroes can be ordinary people like you and me.

One of the most important qualities of a hero is bravery. Heroes are often brave when faced with danger. They do not run away but stand firm to face any challenge. This courage is not just about facing physical dangers, but also standing up for what is right, even if it means going against the crowd.

Selflessness

Heroes are selfless. They often put others’ needs before their own. They are willing to make sacrifices for the good of others, without expecting anything in return. This quality makes them stand out from the rest.

Perseverance

Heroes never give up. They keep trying, no matter how hard things get. They are determined and persistent. They face their challenges head-on and overcome them with hard work and dedication.

Respect for Others

A true hero respects others. They treat everyone with kindness and fairness, regardless of who they are. Respect for others shows a hero’s humility and understanding.

500 Words Essay on What Makes A Hero

Introduction.

A hero is someone who is admired for their courage, their achievements, and their noble qualities. Heroes can be found in books, movies, history, and even in our everyday lives. But what exactly makes a hero? Let’s take a closer look.

One of the most important qualities of a hero is courage. A hero is someone who is not afraid to face challenges, even when they are tough. They stand up for what they believe in, even if it means going against the crowd. They are brave, not because they have no fear, but because they choose to act despite their fear.

Heroes also show perseverance. They don’t give up easily. When they face obstacles, they keep going. They keep trying, even when things get tough. This quality helps them overcome challenges and achieve their goals.

Integrity is another important quality of a hero. Heroes are honest and fair. They do what is right, even when no one is watching. They stand by their principles and don’t let others sway them from their path.

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If you are writing a hero essay, you have to describe a particular person who did something great. This can be a story about brave heroes of the World War II that were fighting with an enemy to save other people. You may write about a smart scientist who invented something significant to simplify our life. Maybe you even have your own hero? Your main task here is to write about personal qualities to explain to your readers why this certain person is a great hero. It's important to find strong words to describe this particular man or woman, there are a lot of things to write about. This type of paper requires good skills in writing and a lot of time. We have created this detailed instruction to help people in writing a strong hero essay. Read all pages of our article, it will help to figure out how to make a successful story that will attract many readers. Follow our simple hints, don't forget to plan your time beforehand! In case you lack time or ideas, remember that StudyCrumb can help you with any academic essay. Just say " Write my essay cheap " and our professionals will create a wonderful paper on any topic. 

4 Steps of Creating a Brilliant Story About Your Hero

These are the main steps that will help people to make a good essay.

• Brainstorm your ideas to choose your hero. You are free to write about anyone: from a heroic person that saves people and their lives to a fictional character from a cartoon for children. The most important thing is to mention the qualities of the chosen person to show your readers their power and strength. Find a character analysis example to base on.
• Make a clear outline for your future work. You may think it's not necessary to do it at all, but creating an outline is an important step in writing; if you are traveling in the unknown place, you definitely have a map, don't you? The same is with creating your paper. An outline is your map to guide you through the process of writing, that's why you shouldn't neglect this step.
• Write a draft of your essay. Here everything is simple: just follow your outline, don't try to pay attention to grammar and punctuation. You will have a chance to fix all errors later. Try to be concentrated on your writing.
• Revise your hero essay to correct all mistakes and misprints. We suggest taking some time for rest after you have finished your paper and then start editing your work. It's more effective to check the paper with refreshed eyes. We suggest using various online programs to run online spell check and correct grammar mistakes.

How to Make a Good Outline for My Hero Essay?

As we already mentioned, an essay outline is an important part of writing your story about heroes; here is how you should build it:

• Introduction Here it's important to introduce your hero to readers: explain why this person is very important to you. Don't forget to provide your audience with a short background.
• The main part Here you should describe all qualities and characteristics of your hero to people. Provide heroic acts in details, don't forget about examples to support your argument. For instance, don't just write that a person was very brave. Provide a story that will prove it: tell your readers how your courage and character saved someone's life or did something significant for others.
• Conclusion This is a part of your paper where you have to rephrase the main idea of your writing to finish your essay logically. Don't make it too big, never try to put anything new here. A good ending should be a short accord in your work.

Ideas for Writing an Interesting Paper About a Hero

If you feel stuck with your writing, we have a bunch of interesting ideas you can choose from:

• Make a story about a real hero from books or newspapers. This can be an essay about a brave soldier who fought in the war, this may be a work about a fireman with courage who saved a lot of people and children from fire.
• Write about a fictional hero. Many people read a lot of stories about Superman or Batman - they are big heroes. It's possible to create a bright and interesting paper about such characters. Keep in mind you should describe their feats and achievement and explain to your readers why they have to admire them.
• Famous people : actors, politicians, scientists, etc. can be your heroes easily. You can make an exciting story about a movie star; it's possible to write about a great scientist you admire a lot. Maybe you even have figured out your future profession thanks to these people? This is a great idea to create your hero story about!
• Sometimes even ordinary people can become heroes. Maybe your best friend saved a little puppy fighting with a couple of angry dogs? Your uncle seems to be a brave hero because he is a zoologist who fights with poachers to make this world better? Feel free to write about such heroes too. They are very important for all us.

5 Tips to Create a Perfect and Bright Work About a Hero

Follow these effective hints to write an exciting hero paper and get a high grade:

• Write about someone your audience doesn't expect to hear. When people hear a word "hero", they have brave knights with courage in their mind. Try to catch people attention with a story about a homeless man who saved a kitten from cars or about a neighbor's son who helps the old people of your district (buys food for them every day).
• Usually, people expect reading from hero essays about such qualities as bravery, fame, and courage. It's possible to make an exciting story about a character who is very kind or extremely optimistic even in a bad situation. Surprise your readers with something they don't expect! This is a very effective thing when you're making a hero essay.
• Think out of the box - feel free to write about anything that comes to your mind. Keep in mind that you should support your argument with examples. Describe actions, not just how the chosen person looks! A huge smile plus nice face cannot convince readers you are writing about a kind character. If you will mention that a young man helped old woman to cross the street, then it proves this is an act of kindness.
• Whether you're making a story about a real person or write about a hero from cartoons, movies, or comics, write about the facts you are familiar with. There is no reason to use your fantasy, trying to provide readers with a fairy tale.
• Make a bright introduction to grab the attention of your readers. People won't read a boring story, your main task here is to motivate them to read the entire work. There are several ways of creating an interesting beginning. Try to start your essay with a quote, put a question, or provide the audience with an anecdote. Just try to be non-ordinary to write a creative essay !

Why Is It Important to Read Hero Essay Examples?

Needless to say, it's quite useful to read hero essay examples to create your own interesting story. Reading helps to refine writing skills, we suggest searching for essay samples, no matter what kind of paper you're working on. Here we want to share our successful sample of an interesting hero essay that may be helpful to read:  

My dad is a great hero to me. Even if he doesn't do anything special in his everyday job, I admire him a lot. He is a lawyer who helps to make equitable justice. My dad taught me that it's quite important to be an honest person. My dad is a great hero to me. Even if he doesn't do anything special in his everyday job, I admire him a lot. He is a lawyer who helps to make equitable justice. My dad taught me that it's quite important to be an honest person. At the start, that cruel man tried to defame my father's client - he wanted to make him guilty in everything; my dad already had evidence against the man so he suggested him staying quiet. It didn't work, the next day someone offered my father a bribe. I can't write the sum here - this money would be enough for all us to live without working anymore. In addition, my mother was fighting cancer, we needed a lot of money. My father didn't accept that: he rejected the deal and he found a man who offered a bribe. Nowadays, that man with his sly partner are in jail. The father's client was acquitted in the court from a criminal charge. I already have chosen my future profession - I want to be a lawyer like my dad. I admire this person because he is a strong hero for me because he is the most honest man I know.

Daniel Howard is an Essay Writing guru. He helps students create essays that will strike a chord with the readers.

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What Makes A Hero Essay | Who is a Hero? Qualities and Definition of Hero

February 14, 2024 by Prasanna

What Makes A Hero Essay: There are numerous sorts of heroes such as in comics, movies and in everyday life, however, every one of them has constancy when they’re going through a contention. Legends are good examples and they’re individuals that we gaze upward as well. They all have one-of-a-kind and unique characteristics that make each other not the same as one another.

For instance, police officers fight wrongdoing regularly and when they’re beating a contention they have assurance, fortitude, and different attributes that individuals appreciate them for and that make them a saint. Regularly a legend is appreciated for their accomplishment/activities and characteristics. There used to be a discourse made, from a man who was appreciated and turned upward too by numerous individuals.

You can also find more  Essay Writing  articles on events, persons, sports, technology and many more.

What is Heroism?

Heroism is not quite the same as selflessness and empathy. To begin with, it acts in support of others out of luck—regardless of whether that is an individual, gathering, or local area—or with regards to specific beliefs. Second, it’s occupied deliberately, even in military settings, as bravery stays a demonstration that goes past something needed by military obligation. Third, a courageous demonstration is one performed with acknowledgment of potential dangers and expenses, be they to one’s actual wellbeing or individual standing, in which the entertainer will acknowledge expected penance. At long last, it is performed without outside acquire expected at the hour of the demonstration.

Qualities of Hero

The topmost qualities of a Hero in real life are:

• Self-sacrifice
• Selflessness
• Inspirational
• Determination
• Moral integrity

Heroes who take part in demonstrations of courage have concern and care for individuals around them and they can feel what that needing assistance are feeling.

At the point when the heroes experience a circumstance where people are at danger, they are promptly ready to see themselves in that equivalent circumstance and see what should be done to help.

Heroes who are prepared and fit, like those with emergency treatment preparation and experience, are more prepared to venture up when their abilities are required. Their qualities and individual convictions give them the boldness and resolve to suffer hazards and even threaten to stick to those standards.

At the point when confronted with an emergency, they have a natural conviction that they are equipped for taking care of the test and making progress regardless of what the chances are. Some portion of this certainty may come from better than expected adapting abilities and capacities to oversee pressure.

By and large, these people may likewise have a higher capacity to bear hazards. A lot of mindful and kind individuals may recoil back notwithstanding the risk. The individuals who do jump right into it are commonly bound to face more prominent challenges in numerous parts of their lives.

What Makes a Person Hero Essay

A hero is an individual who can show fortitude when confronted with an issue. A hero is a legend, who can help another without expecting anything in return. A hero can turn into a legend by saving somebody who is at serious risk. Another illustration of a hero is somebody who is there to help other people and invigorates them to go on through life’s troubles. A hero can be somebody who surrendered their everyday routine so another could experience it. A hero doesn’t generally need to show fortitude; he can be apprehensive yet at the same time be a hero through his different activities.

I do accept that heroes don’t need to be hesitant to take part in brave steps. More often than not legends are terrified in light of the fact that they are human actually like any of us. In any case, they feel an ethical commitment or something within them advises them to act paying little heed to whether they are terrified or not. A lot of times saints talk about being frightened at the time yet that they had some sort of real human strength or will that permitted them to act like or assisted them with doing what they needed to do. Be that as it may, some of the time a legend can be an educator or a school instructor. They can instruct you to peruse or compose and that will have a gigantic effect in your life. Yet, more often than not that will go overlooked during your life until you’re more seasoned and begin considering your life. You will pause for a minute or two and think that without that instructor that showed you how to pursue you would have always been unable to find a new line of work or go on to school. These are heroes that are neglected regularly and don’t get the acknowledgment they merit.

Likewise, we need to take a gander at individuals who get their kids to class every day, similar to the school transport driver. A transport driver is an individual who has a young kid who lives in their grasp multiple days out of the week. They take them to class and put them up from school. For that time for those hours on minutes that youngster’s life is in that individual who at any point is the driver the school transport hands. That is a hero to me, somebody who has an effect on an individual life.

FAQ’s on What Makes A Hero Essay

Question 1. What is the definition of a hero?

Answer: A hero is an individual who can show mental fortitude when confronted with an issue. A hero is an individual who can help another differently. An individual can turn into a legend by saving somebody who is at serious risk. Another illustration of a legend is somebody who is there to help other people and invigorates them to go on through life’s troubles.

Question 2. What are the qualities of a hero?

Answer: There are numerous characteristics that a hero must hold like courage, bravery, mental fortitude, strength, intelligence, patience, selflessness and honesty These characteristics alone are adequately not to make a legend. They should likewise be unadulterated on the most fundamental level, battle to benefit humanity and possibly battle when it is to secure individuals and not out of retribution.

Question 3. What makes you a hero?

Answer: A hero is magnanimous, a great individual, and somebody who stands out enough to be noticed by us all and causes change. “Individuals that we set up as legends are individuals that by and large exceed any and all expectations as far as the obligation at hand, they do things that are unprecedented.

Question 4. How can I become a Hero?

Answer: To become a hero you have to have the following qualities in you:

• Help others without expecting any favour from them
• Initiate for the changes you want in the world for the good of people
• Be prepared to act when others are uninvolved.
• Be brave to speak the truth
• Learn good things from other heroes
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77 My Hero Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best my hero topic ideas & essay examples, 📌 most interesting my hero topics to write about, 👍 good research topics about my hero, ❓ heroes essay questions.

• Celebrities as Good Role Models In the conclusion, it was affirmed that celebrities’ accomplishments are easily identifiable to the public, as is the case with Angelina and Oprah, and this makes them good role models.
• Role Model: Nelson Mandela Through the African National Congress party, Mandela was determined to undergo any form of suffering for the sake of the South Africans blacks who were facing a lot of suffering at the hand of apartheid.
• Father as a Male Role Model During the days when schooling was considered to be accessible only to the children of the opulent, those who were not privileged enough to go to school, remained at home and helped their parents in […]
• Stereotyping Heroes in Cinema In mass media, representation usually involves the use of art and signs to change the concept of concrete reality, hence leading to stereotyping of characters and heroes in movies and other non-fiction programs from a […]
• Parents as Failed Role Models: A Doll’s House and Fight Club The drinking culture of parents revealed in the story of the Fight Club underscores the elements that increase children’s exposure to alcohol and drug taking.
• Mythological and Modern-Day Heroes Myths and other forms of literature were the tools that the community used to pass the deeds of the heroes from one generation to the other.
• My Hero: Bob Marley One of the things I admire the most about him is the possession of skills and the right attitude to influence positive change in society.
• Education and Leadership Role Modeling Generally, the article is of great significance to education, for it provides a guideline on what leadership trainers should emphasize in their endeavors of ensuring that education builds all round and sound mind leaders, who […]
• Significance of a Male Role Model for Forming Tomas and Gabe’s Personal It is possible to pay attention to Tomas and Gabe’s visions of masculinity referring to the ideas developed by Tomas in relation to the question, to the opinion which is characteristic for Gabe, and to […]
• The Life and Work of Jane Goodall, a Scientist and Role Model
• An Overview of the Reasons Why President Clinton Is a Role Model for Young People
• Prophet Muhammad as Role Model for Religious Teachers
• The Value of a Role Model in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
• How Fortinbras is a Role Model to Hamlet
• The Privatization of Italian Savings Banks: A Role Model for Germany
• A Literary Analysis of the Influence of a Role Model in to Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee
• Risk Culture and the Role Model of the Honorable Merchant
• The Reasons Why I Look up to Clinton Richard Dawkins as a Role Model
• A Feminist Role Model in the Character of Catherine Earnshaw
• Positive Role Model in the Children and Young Peoples Workforce
• The Global Environment Facility-a Role Model for International Governance
• Transformational Leaders As A Role Model
• Family and Cosmopolitan Role Model
• The Importance of a Role Model That Impacts a Person’s Life
• Princess Diana as a Role Model and People’s Princess
• The Misconception of a Role Model and the Relation to an Athlete
• Virtue Ethics And The Great Role Model Of Folklore And Language
• Gender and the Study of Economics: Is There A Role Model Effect
• Paul Erlich as an Environmental Role Model
• What Makes Nooyi An Exceptional Role Model For All Of The Women?
• Finding America’s Television Role Model
• The Effect of Cristiano Ronaldo as My Football Role Model
• Ethical Issues and Management: Manager as a Role Model
• Oprah ‘s Role Model For Women Breaking Down Many Invisible
• Tennyson’s Ulysses as a Victorian Role Model
• The Police Officer as a Role Model for Children
• Role Of A Role Model For Employees
• Why Rey Is the Female Role Model I’ve Always Wanted
• The Role Model Qualities Shown by the Finchs’s Maid in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee
• Professional Athletes Should Be Role Model to Kindergartners in Modern Society
• Holden Caufield as a Role Model in The Catcher in the Rye
• Why I Chose Martin Luther King as My Role Model
• The United States as a Role Model Government
• Women Rhetoricians’ Role Model and Pan Chao
• What Makes A Role Model Like A Good Outlook
• The Constitution of India is a Role Model for The World
• The Importance Of A Good Leader And A Role Model On The Team
• Importance Of Being a Role Model
• True Grit Is Not A Good Role Model For Young Women Today
• What Is the Concept of a Hero?
• How Do Heroes Inspire Us?
• What Is a Hero in Real Life?
• What Is the Importance of a Hero?
• What Is a Good Hero Statement?
• How Do Heroes Improve Our Lives?
• What Is a Hero to Humanity?
• What Are the Characteristics of the Hero?
• What Made a Person a Hero?
• What Is a Hero Leader?
• Is It Important to Have a Role Model That Influences a Person’s Life?
• Who Is the Greatest Hero in History?
• What Does a Hero of Our Time Mean?
• What Are the Qualities of a Hero?
• What Are the Ways to Be a Hero?
• What Makes a Hero Powerful?
• What Makes a Strong Role Model?
• What Are Role Models Responsible For?
• Why Are Role Models Important to Identity?
• What Are the Types of Heroes?
• Who Is the Best Positive Role Model?
• What Can Be a Positive Role Model in the Workforce?
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IvyPanda. (2023, October 26). 77 My Hero Essay Topic Ideas & Examples. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/my-hero-essay-examples/

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IvyPanda . "77 My Hero Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." October 26, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/my-hero-essay-examples/.

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Writing an Informative Essay about Heroic Qualities

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What Makes A Hero (Essay Sample)

What makes a hero.

A hero is a person who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. A hero can also be defined as someone who contributes meaningfully to a community. So, their deeds must be in the context of community and they should be for a bigger good than the individual. Children have different perceptions of a hero, they commonly derive their heroes from fictional literature like movies and stories. As they grow older, this perception changes to reflect their maturity and appreciation of the iconic individuals in the society who directly or indirectly contributed significantly to the well-being of the community. Therefore, my argument will overlook the childish definition of a hero and focus on what defining qualities and actions that make a hero.

A hero is highly subjective label because it is a contextual term. A definition of a hero to an old grandparent is different to that of a teen member of a gang. Each one of them have diverse perspective about life and what a heroic deed entails. A hero can be as a result of one or more heroic deeds that leaves a lasting impression to the society. Paradoxically, some heroic deeds in one community can be overlooked and cannot warrant the label of a hero in another. The circumstances and definition of heroic deeds is therefore subject to the culture and the conditions which surround an event that births a hero.

Since heroism is a matter of perspective, what are heroic deeds? Heroic deeds are actions that contribute to the well-being or livelihood of a community, as viewed by that community. These deeds are highly subjective as mentioned above. Some heroes stumble their heroic deeds in the course of their normal work and do not necessarily do anything out of the norm. They step in for action like any sane sentient being would have done and they are labelled as heroes. Other people such as firemen and military rescuers are trained to take risks in their jobs to save life or property yet every call of duty their community showers them with labels of heroes. These people are just doing their work and they have been trained and equipped to face any imminent danger. Other heroic deeds do not necessarily add any significant value to our lives yet many people consider them heroic. For example, the first people to climb Mt. Everest have been accorded heroic honors yet their achievement does not add any significant value to the society. All these mountain climbers did was push their determination to go higher the mountain and come down to prove it is possible of to view the world from the top. They engineered desire and inspiration to many other people to go up against the mountain. Unfortunately, many people have since lost their lives attempting to reach the summit which begs the question, was their accomplishment heroic if it inspired people to go on suicide missions?

Therefore, like mentioned above, a heroic deed is a matter of perspective. And what makes heroes is heroic deeds which some heroes stumble by chance. Other heroic deeds are a result of training and preparation to face imminent danger. Other people who go high and beyond their abilities to achieve a monumental accomplishment are also heroes though we overlook some of the negative unintended results of their achievements. Succinctly, heroism is just a matter of perspective and it is a label attached to people who do one or more heroic deeds as per the community.

Importantly, the term hero used in this article refers also to heroines and in their context thereof, the author used ‘hero’ with total regard to gender impartiality and any unintended perception portrayed by the term is apologized.

Mark Twain: what Makes a Hero?

This essay about Mark Twain explores his nuanced portrayal of heroism through his characters and personal beliefs. Twain defines heroism not by grand gestures but through moral choices and empathy. The essay highlights Huckleberry Finn as a prime example, illustrating how Huck’s decision to help Jim, a runaway slave, challenges societal norms and showcases moral courage. Twain’s heroes are depicted as ordinary individuals making ethical decisions, emphasizing that heroism involves small acts of kindness and understanding as much as dramatic rescues. Through Twain’s storytelling, the essay suggests that everyone is capable of heroic actions by adhering to personal integrity and compassion.

How it works

Mark Twain, the beloved American author known for his witty storytelling and incisive humor, also offers a unique perspective on the concept of heroism. Twain’s narratives, often set against the backdrop of the American South, serve as fertile ground for exploring the qualities that make a hero. Unlike the traditional, almost Herculean figures featured in earlier literature, Twain’s characters embody a heroism that is accessible, nuanced, and deeply human.

In examining Twain’s approach to heroism, one finds that he eschews the grandiose in favor of the mundane, and the morally perfect in favor of the morally complex.

This is clearly observed in one of his most famous characters, Huckleberry Finn. Huck, a young boy with an abusive father and no formal education, might not initially strike readers as a heroic figure. However, it is precisely these humble beginnings and his raw, unpolished nature that make his journey compelling and his acts of heroism genuinely impactful.

Twain crafts Huck’s heroism not through grand gestures but through his moral decisions and the courage to challenge societal norms. One of the most pivotal moments in “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” is Huck’s decision to help Jim, a runaway slave, achieve freedom. This decision pits Huck against the moral and legal codes of his time, which viewed slaves as property. By choosing to help Jim, Huck confronts his societal indoctrination—a move that requires immense personal bravery and marks a significant growth in his character. Twain uses Huck’s internal conflict to highlight the essence of true heroism: the struggle between societal expectations and one’s moral compass.

Another aspect of heroism in Twain’s writing is his emphasis on empathy and understanding. Through his narrative style and the voices of his characters, Twain champions the idea that understanding others’ perspectives is a heroic quality. This is exemplified in how Huck comes to see Jim, not as a slave, but as a friend and equal, illustrating that heroism can often be found in the willingness to see and treat others with humanity and respect.

Twain’s portrayal of heroism extends beyond his characters to his personal life and public statements. Known for his sharp criticism of imperialism and staunch defense of civil rights, Twain himself embodied many of the heroic attributes he wrote about. His speeches and essays often challenged corruption and greed, particularly within the ranks of the wealthy and powerful. By doing so, Twain highlighted another dimension of heroism: the courage to speak truth to power and to do so with relentless integrity and wit.

In conclusion, Mark Twain redefines heroism by stripping it of its traditional, romantic gloss and rooting it in the realities of moral struggle, personal growth, and empathy. His heroes are not marked by their superhuman abilities or noble births, but by their choices, their compassion, and their willingness to act according to their conscience even when it leads them into personal peril. In Twain’s view, heroism is as much about the small acts of understanding and kindness as it is about the dramatic moments of rescue or rebellion. This perspective invites readers to see themselves as potential heroes in their own right, capable of extraordinary acts in ordinary circumstances. Through the wit, humor, and wisdom of his storytelling, Twain teaches us that heroism is not a distant ideal but a living, breathing reality accessible to all who are willing to embrace the complexities of the human spirit.

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Ethics and Morality

Can you be a hero, heroes are made, not born..

Posted June 6, 2024 | Reviewed by Tyler Woods

• Rescuing, under the right circumstances, is the moral thing to do.
• Courage can be learned.
• Empathy and courage can become habits.

When a 91-year-old man was shoved onto the tracks in the London Underground, Riyad El Hassani leaped to his rescue less than a minute before the train was due to arrive. Hassani managed to stand the old man up while others on the platform helped lift him to safety.

I wonder what I would do under similar circumstances. Would I endanger myself to rescue a stranger? There is no way to know. Although I am a native New Yorker, I’ve never witnessed someone fall onto the subway tracks. I’ve never been challenged in that way.

Few are confronted with risking their lives to rescue a stranger. However, there are other situations where there is still some risk in acting on another’s behalf. For example, what do you do when you see a disheveled person who appears to be in distress sprawled on the sidewalk?

In Germany a few years ago, three people stepped over an unconscious man to use an ATM. Each was found guilty under the law, which required that they seek help, and each received a fine of between $2,900 and $4,300.

In most jurisdictions, people do not have a duty to rescue another. There are some exceptions, however, such as the states of Minnesota, Rhode Island and Vermont, as long as it is an easy rescue, one that won’t put the “Good Samaritan” in danger. Wisconsin, Hawaii and Washington have laws in which bystanders are required to report a crime or other emergencies.

Helping a stranger whose life is endangered and risking your own requires courage. What if it was a ruse to rob the person who has come to help? Would it matter if the potential rescuer was old or disabled? If no one else were around, if was nighttime? Courage, like many other virtues, depends on doing the right thing at the right time, as Aristotle stressed . Appropriate assessment of the context is crucial. It is foolhardy to attempt to rescue a drowning person if you don’t know how to swim.

While there are good reasons why the law generally doesn’t compel someone to intervene to aid a stranger, morality may make a different judgment. The person who doesn’t at least call for help when another has fallen from a subway platform is scorned as morally deficient, while those who come to the rescue of the person on the tracks are rightly lauded as heroes.

Today, Sophie Scholl’s actions might seem ordinary, but they were far from it when she distributed anti-war pamphlets in 1943 Germany. She knew the risk and willingly undertook it. She was executed for her non-violent protest. Scholl stood apart from most of her compatriots, as she observed , “The real damage is done by those millions who want to ‘survive.’ The honest men who just want to be left in peace. Those who don’t want their little lives disturbed by anything bigger than themselves.”

What motivated 21-year-old Scholl to challenge the Nazi regime can’t fully be known. Fortunately, most who read this blog will never have to face what she did. However, there are less-extreme circumstances that call on courage. As Scholl stated, the groundwork of tyranny is laid by “honest men who just wanted to be left in peace.” What would have happened if more had been willing to be little heroes, speaking up when a casual antisemitic remark was passed, who stood against homosexual comments, who didn’t retreat to their cozy pleasures but were willing to take a stand as soon as political oppression began? Would the Nazis never have come to power? Would a world-wide war have been averted? Would the Holocaust never have happened if there had been a thousand small acts of kindness and generosity extended to everyone, including the marginalized?

It is possible to educate for courage, argue political philosophers Ari Kohen and colleagues. They note that those who have acted heroically shared four crucial commonalities: “They imagined situations where help was needed and considered how they would act; they had an expansive sense of empathy, not simply with those who might be considered ‘like them’ but also those who might be thought of as ‘other’ in some decisive respect; they regularly took action to help people, often in small ways; and they had some experience or skill that made them confident about undertaking the heroic action in question.”

The groundwork for heroism begins in the imagination (picturing a situation and thinking through possible actions and consequences), as well as recalling incidents in which people experienced past injustices they themselves encountered. There is a strong link between empathy and the willingness to help someone in need. In addition to imagination and empathy, there is the habit of helping that is developed over time through small actions. Assisting becomes habitual; courage is ready when needed.

Imagination, empathy, and making a habit of helping others in need predisposes people to do the right thing even when there is a price to be paid. Staying with a lost person with dementia until help arrives may cause you to be late for an appointment; assisting an elderly person carry bundles to their car may cause your back to ache a little more; telling a person who makes a racist remark that not everyone considers it funny may anger a stranger; telling your boss that they aren’t treating another employee fairly may cost you a raise—but this is how good societies are built by everyday heroes.

I may never be called upon to help someone who has stumbled onto train tracks, but I can know what to do—and do it—if it happens.

Arthur Dobrin, DSW, is Professor Emeritus of University Studies, Hofstra University and Leader Emeritus, Ethical Humanist Society of Long Island. He is the author of more than 25 books, including The Lost Art of Happiness and Teaching Right from Wrong .

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10 most inspiring my hero academia moments that will have any fan get up & cheer.

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10 Best Tanjiro Moments in Demon Slayer That Prove He's a Great Hero

10 best hero deaths in my hero academia, 10 most impactful my hero academia moments.

• Deku's unwavering desire to save others inspires courage and action.
• Deku's ability to inspire others, like Shoto Todoroki, showcases his heroic qualities.
• My Hero Academia emphasizes that everyone plays a crucial role, echoing the theme of inspiring teamwork.

Kohei Horikoshi's My Hero Academia fits all the criteria for a typical shonen series, and it does well to feature captivating moments that are bound to inspire the viewers, a crux expected from a shonen series. If anything, My Hero Academia 's strongest aspect is how it does not fail to inspire through every narrative. The whole premise of Horikoshi's manga is about an inspirational journey featuring the main protagonist, Izuku Midoriya, who is ready to overcome the limitations imposed on him.

Izuku continues to pursue his dream of becoming a hero, even despite the initial lack of quirks. Deku's journey of becoming the greatest hero thus becomes very inspiring, which has also encouraged fans to follow their dreams and break the barriers set on their profound journey. As the manga has finally reached its climax , there's no better time for fans of the series to reflect on some of the franchise's most iconic moments.

10 Deku's Body Moving On Its Own

Episode 2, "what it takes to be a hero".

Izuku Midoriya's inspiration for becoming a hero stems from his desire to save people, a motivation that arose in Deku by watching All Might. Due to being born quirkless, Izuku wouldn't ever become a hero in society's eyes. But this doesn't stop Deku from admiring heroes and, before being given a quirk by All Might, Deku strives to help others in any way he can.

Deku's motivation to save people is highlighted for the first time when he leaps in to protect his childhood friend , Katsuki Bakugo, from being devoured by a villain. Izuku later explains that his body moved on its own upon seeing someone in need of saving.

10 Best My Hero Academia Episodes

My Hero Academia is an incredibly popular series due to its propensity for awesome moments and gripping episodes. Here are 10 of the very best.

9 Deku Forcing Shoto To Use His Flame

Episode 23, "shoto todoroki: origin".

My Hero Academia is the perfect example of a battle shonen, and as such, features pages filled with action-packed moments. One of the standout fights early in the series is Shoto Todoroki vs. Izuku Midoriya. This battle is not just about spectacular animation and fight choreography; it carries deep emotional significance. Todoroki reveals that he refuses to use his fire quirk as a way of rejecting his father's influence, aspiring to become a great hero on his own terms, even if it means risking defeat.

However, Deku inspires, some might say forces, Shoto Todorki to use his fire quirk, which results in an epic finale . While this fight is captivating, it also showcases Deku's ability to inspire others as a hero. Kohei Horikoshi projected the inspirational element in his protagonist very well, which is arguably the most needed trait for a shonen series' protagonist.

8 Gentle Criminal's Scam Is Heartbreaking

Episode 85, "school festival start".

Though most villains from My Hero Academia have either very tragic or malevolent reasons for becoming a villain, Gentle Criminal's reasons for becoming a villain are heartbreaking. Due to the failure to achieve his dream of becoming a hero, Gentle Criminal, Danjuro Tabito's journey takes a very sorrowful path. After a fateful incident, Tabito's passion for becoming a hero reignites , but the methods that Gentle Criminal sorts are unconventional.

Hoping to infiltrate the U.A. on a special occasion, Gentle Criminal plots a nefarious plan with his partner, La Brava. Deku nearly thwarts Gentle, but La Brava's quirk helps the pair get ahead of the young hero. Despite Gentle Criminal's efforts, Deku prevails. Understanding Gentle Criminal's plight, the young hero relates to his situation instead of getting mad. While Deku's emotional response is admirable, the bond between La Brava and Gentle Criminal ,, driven by love, is even more inspiring. Their relationship underscores the powerful theme that love can overcome any obstacle .

Tanjiro becomes a Demon Slayer to protect his family. In doing so, he performs many heroic deeds, demonstrating his worth as a great hero.

7 There Are No Side Characters

Episode 144, "division".

Before the final battle in My Hero Academia takes palce, the heroes take extensive measures to lure All For One out of hiding. Orchestrating a grand entrance for all the heroes to ambush All For One and the villains and eventually separate them involves various key characters. One of the primary characters used to set this trap is Neito Monoma from Class 1-B . Neito Monoma expresses his feelings about how his quirk is not suitable for playing the main character.

But, Sekijiro Kan, Class 1-B's homeroom teacher comforts Neito Monoma with a profound statement, "There are no side characters". A powerful message that makes Neito realize his urgency for the matter and how no one else could fulfill this role. This notion is a prime example of how the series inspires and imparts valuable life lessons, demonstrating that everyone has a crucial part to play in their own narrative, and the lives of everyone around them.

6 Endeavor Becoming A Symbol Of Peace

Episode 88, "his start".

Endeavor's lifelong dream has been to surpass All Might , and when it seemed impossible for the hero to achieve it with his strength, the hero incorporated his dreams into his children, which resulted in many casualties later on. This incidentally made Endeavor one of the most hated characters of the series. However, when All Might retired, the Flame Hero became the number-one hero by default, but the public was skeptical about the hero's position.

Endeavor needed a chance to prove himself to become the new Symbol of Peace, especially since All Might's retirement, society was in desperate need of one. Endeavor's fight against a high-end Nomu saw the number one hero pushing his limits and, after defeating the Nomu, Endeavor stood resolute, raising his hand into the air – a powerful gesture symbolizing his commitment to becoming a beacon of peace. Regardless of the hatred directed towards him , this inspiring moment is bound to stir any My Hero Academia fan, cheering for Endeavor's redemption .

While everyone dreams of being a pro hero in My Hero Academia, sometimes a hero must sacrifice their life. Here are 10 of MHA's best dead heroes.

5 All Might's Final United States of Smash

Episode 49, "one for all".

We mentioned earlier that Kohei Horikoshi's My Hero Academia does a better job of inspiring than any other shonen series, and All Might's final punch is by far one of the most inspiring moments that can compel anyone to stand up and cheer. This scene has a lot of deeper roots and conveys what made All Might a symbol of peace . Before All Might arrives at the Kamino ward, All For One terrorizes the area and kills hundreds of people in the process.

All Might's arrival serves as a beacon of hope in the darkness engulfing the Kamino Ward, but the battle between All For One and All Might soon takes a perilous turn. After almost being killed by the villain, All Might uses the final embers of One For All. Despite the crushing circumstances, witnessing All Might unleash his remaining strength to deliver a devastating blow to the villain is profoundly inspiring , which has surely become one of the most iconic and inspiring moments in anime's history.

4 We Are Here

Chapter 421, "we are here".

Kohei Horikoshi has created a great notion in his manga through All Might's iconic saying, "I am here." While the words are very simple, they carry profound meanings. These words represent hope in the darkness, prompting the listeners to get up again and face the situation with moral support. This sentiment is poignantly depicted in chapter #421 of My Hero Academia .

When Deku finds himself defenseless, with both arms incapacitated and Shigaraki poised to deliver a final blow, Class 1-A arrive with other heroes from the warp gates to defend Deku, a moment in My Hero Academia that mirrors the iconic scene from Avenger's Endgame is the epitome of series' "I Am Here" notion . The culmination of the scene results in Deku getting up again, fueled by newfound hope and determination, ready to confront Shigaraki with renewed vigor.

3 You, too, Can Become A Hero

My Hero Academia had defined at its commencement why the series was going to become one of the greatest shonen series ever to exist. Deku's dream of becoming a hero is reignited when All Might himself, the person Izuku admires the most in the world, tells him that he can become a hero. While the whole world continuously reminds Deku that he could never become a hero, his to-be mentor tells Midoriya that being a hero doesn't mean having a powerful quirk but a desire to save people.

This moment is so inspiring that it will no doubt have any fan or a new viewer alike cheer for Deku, and it wouldn't be surprising if this scene incidentally inspires viewers to pursue their own dreams. Kohei Horikoshi's manga encapsulates the powerful notion that to pursue one's dreams , unwavering belief is essential, especially when faced with skepticism and doubt from others.

2 Mirio Protecting Eri

Episode 74, "lemillion".

Kohei Horikoshi has repeatedly conveyed in his manga that being a true hero revolves around the unwavering desire to protect others, a concept embodied by many remarkable characters . Among these heroes, Mirio Togata stands out as an exemplar alongside Deku and All Might . Born with a not-so-great quirk, Mirio Togata defies all limitations through hard work and dedication and ends up making his quirk, a weakness, into his greatest strength.

In addition to this, Mirio's desire to save people is outside the charts, which is truly shown when Lemillion fights Overhaul, without any quirks and while protecting Eri. Despite being stripped of his quirk, Mirio valiantly faces one of the series' most formidable villains alone. His unwavering resolve and selflessness nearly lead to victory, showcasing his extraordinary strength of character. This battle is very intense and will have every fan on the edge of their seats, passionately cheering for Mirio to emerge victorious against all odds.

My Hero Academia is a series filled with moments that leave a major impact on both its world and its fans, but these are ten that stand out the most.

1 Deku Becomes Kota's Hero

Episode 42, "my hero".

Perhaps, the most inspiring moment in My Hero Academia is when Deku gives his all to protect Kota , and in the process, Izuku even surpasses his limits. Before the gripping battle, Kota expresses his frustration about how someone could risk their lives to protect someone unknown. As Deku almost loses his life while protecting him, Kota grasps the true essence of heroism, inadvertently declaring Deku as his hero.

Deku's fight against Muscular is truly the culmination of what makes him special. Without hesitation, Deku leaps to protect Kota, pushing himself beyond his limits . In a moment of intense determination, Deku delivers a punch with a force exponentially greater than his usual strength. The gripping narrative at this moment of My Hero Academia will have any fan shedding a tear by the sheer inspiration and will compel any fan to stand up and cheer for Deku.

My Hero Academia (2016)

In My Hero Academia, some humans have superpowers called quirks. Izuku Midoriya, nicknamed Deku, is not one of them. Deku has always idolized heroes like the number one hero, All Might, and since he was a child, he has always wanted to be a hero. However, his lack of a quirk has always held him back, but a chance encounter with All Might after discovering a classmate in danger sets Deku on the path to becoming a true hero. My Hero Academia centers around Deku and a class of heroes-in-training at UA. This school shapes young quirk users into future heroes through fake rescue missions, combat training, and other hero-tempering tasks. With young Deku inheriting the "One-For-All" quirk, he will learn what it means to be a true hero while facing off with dastardly supervillains.

• My Hero Academia

The Motivated Ignorance of Trump Supporters

They can’t claim they didn’t know.

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Produced by ElevenLabs and News Over Audio (NOA) using AI narration.

O n the morning of August 8, 2022 , 30 FBI agents and two federal prosecutors conducted a court-authorized search of Mar-a-Lago, Donald Trump’s Palm Beach, Florida, estate. The reason for the search, according to a 38-count indictment , was that after leaving office Trump mishandled classified documents, including some involving sensitive nuclear programs, and then obstructed the government’s efforts to reclaim them.

On the day before the FBI obtained the search warrant, one of the agents on the case sent an email to his bosses, according to The New York Times . “The F.B.I. intends for the execution of the warrant to be handled in a professional, low key manner,” he wrote, “and to be mindful of the optics of the search.” It was, and they were.

Over the course of 10 hours, the Times reported, “there was little drama as [agents] hauled away a trove of boxes containing highly sensitive state secrets in three vans and a rented Ryder box truck.”

On the day of the search, Trump was out of the state. The club at Mar-a-Lago was closed. Agents alerted one of Trump’s lawyers in advance of the search. And before the search, the FBI communicated with the Secret Service “to make sure we could get into Mar-a-Lago with no issues,” according to the testimony of former Assistant FBI Director Steven D’Antuono. It wasn’t a “show of force,” he said. “I was adamant about that, and that was something we all agreed on.”

The search warrant itself included a standard statement from the Department of Justice’s policy on the use of deadly force. There was nothing exceptional about it. But that didn’t prevent Trump or his supporters from claiming that President Joe Biden and federal law-enforcement agents had been involved in a plot to assassinate the former president.

In a fundraising appeal, Trump wrote,

BIDEN’S DOJ WAS AUTHORIZED TO SHOOT ME! It’s just been revealed that Biden’s DOJ was authorized to use DEADLY FORCE for their DESPICABLE raid in Mar-a-Lago. You know they’re just itching to do the unthinkable … Joe Biden was locked & loaded ready to take me out & put my family in danger.

On May 23, Trump publicly claimed that the Department of Justice “authorized the use of ‘deadly force’ in their Illegal, UnConstitutional, and Un-American RAID of Mar-a-Lago, and that would include against our Great Secret Service, who they thought might be ‘in the line of fire.’”

Read: The two-time Trump voters who have had enough

Trump supporters echoed those claims, as he knew they would. Steve Bannon, one of the architects of the MAGA movement, said , “This was an attempted assassination attempt on Donald John Trump or people associated with him. They wanted a gunfight.” Right-wing radio hosts stoked one another’s fury, claiming that there’s nothing Trump critics won’t do to stop him, up to and including attempting to assassinate him and putting the lives of his Secret Service detail in danger.

The statement by Trump went beyond inflaming his supporters; it created a mindset that moved them closer to violence, the very same mindset that led thousands of them to attack the Capitol on January 6 and threaten to hang Vice President Mike Pence. Which is why Special Counsel Jack Smith filed a motion asking the judge overseeing Trump’s classified-documents case to block him from making public statements that could put law enforcement in danger. “Those deceptive and inflammatory assertions irresponsibly put a target on the backs of the FBI agents involved in this case, as Trump well knows,” he wrote.

M otivated ignorance refers to willfully blinding oneself to facts. It’s choosing not to know. In many cases, for many people, knowing the truth is simply too costly, too psychologically painful, too threatening to their core identity. Nescience is therefore incentivized; people actively decide to remain in a state of ignorance. If they are presented with strong arguments against a position they hold, or compelling evidence that disproves the narrative they embrace, they will reject them. Doing so fends off the psychological distress of the realization that they’ve been lying to themselves and to others.

Motivated ignorance is a widespread phenomenon; most people, to one degree or another, employ it. What matters is the degree to which one embraces it, and the consequences of doing so. In the case of MAGA world, the lies that Trump supporters believe, or say they believe, are obviously untrue and obviously destructive. Since 2016 there’s been a ratchet effect, each conspiracy theory getting more preposterous and more malicious. Things that Trump supporters wouldn’t believe or accept in the past have since become loyalty tests. Election denialism is one example. The claim that Trump is the target of “lawfare,” victim to the weaponization of the justice system, is another.

I have struggled to understand how to view individuals who have not just voted for Trump but who celebrate him, who don’t merely tolerate him but who constantly defend his lawlessness and undisguised cruelty. How should I think about people who, in other domains of their lives, are admirable human beings and yet provide oxygen to his malicious movement? How complicit are people who live in an epistemic hall of mirrors and have sincerely—or half-sincerely—convinced themselves they are on the side of the angels?

Throughout my career I’ve tried to resist the temptation to make unwarranted judgments about the character of people based on their political views. For one thing, it’s quite possible my views on politics are misguided or distorted, so I exercise a degree of humility in assessing the views of others. For another, I know full well that politics forms only a part of our lives, and not the most important part. People can be personally upstanding and still be wrong on politics.

But something has changed for me in the Trump era. I struggle more than I once did to wall off a person’s character from their politics when their politics is binding them to an unusually—and I would say undeniably—destructive person. The lies that MAGA world parrots are so manifestly untrue, and the Trump ethic is so manifestly cruel, that they are difficult to set aside.

If a person insists, despite the overwhelming evidence, that Trump was the target of an assassination plot hatched by Biden and carried out by the FBI, this is more than an intellectual failure; it is a moral failure, and a serious one at that. It’s only reasonable to conclude that such Trump supporters have not made a good-faith effort to understand what is really and truly happening. They are choosing to live within the lie, to invoke the words of the former Czech dissident and playwright Vaclav Havel.

One of the criteria that need to be taken into account in assessing the moral culpability of people is how absurd the lies are that they are espousing; a second is how intentionally they are avoiding evidence that exposes the lies because they are deeply invested in the lie; and a third is is how consequential the lie is.

It’s one thing to embrace a conspiracy theory that is relevant only to you and your tiny corner of the world. It’s an entirely different matter if the falsehood you’re embracing and promoting is venomous, harming others, and eroding cherished principles, promoting violence and subverting American democracy.

I n his book The Bible Told Them So: How Southern Evangelicals Fought to Preserve White Supremacy , J. Russell Hawkins tells the story of a June 1963 gathering of more than 200 religious leaders in the White House. President John F. Kennedy was trying to rally their support for civil-rights legislation.

Among those in attendance was Albert Garner, a Baptist minister from Florida, who told Kennedy that many southern white Christians held “strong moral convictions” on racial integration. It was, according to Garner, “against the will of their Creator.”

“Segregation is a principle of the Old Testament,” Garner said, adding, “Prior to this century neither Christianity nor any denomination of it ever accepted the integration philosophy.”

Two months later, in Hanahan, South Carolina, members of a Southern Baptist church—they described themselves as “Christ centered” and “Bible believing”—voted to take a firm stand against civil-rights legislation.

“The Hanahan Baptists were not alone,” according to Hawkins. “Across the South, white Christians thought the president was flaunting Christian orthodoxy in pursuing his civil rights agenda.” Kennedy “simply could not comprehend the truth Garner was communicating: based on their religious beliefs, southern white Christians thought integration was evil.”

A decade earlier, the Reverend Carey Daniel, pastor of First Baptist Church in West Dallas, Texas, had delivered a sermon titled “ God the Original Segregationist ,” in response to the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education . It became influential within pro-segregationist southern states. Daniel later became president of the Central Texas Division of the Citizens Council of America for Segregation, which asked for a boycott of all businesses, lunch counters included, that served Black patrons. In 1960, Daniel attacked those “trying to destroy the white South by breaking the color line, thus giving aid and comfort to our Communist enemies.”

Now ask yourself this: Did the fierce advocacy on behalf of segregation, and the dehumanization of Black Americans, reflect in any meaningful way on the character of those who advanced such views, even if, say, they volunteered once a month at a homeless shelter and wrote a popular commentary on the Book of Romans? Readers can decide whether MAGA supporters are better or worse than Albert Garner and Carey Daniel. My point is that all of us believe there’s some place on the continuum in which the political choices we make reflect on our character. Some movements are overt and malignant enough that to willingly be a part of them becomes ethically problematic.

Read: The voters who don’t really know Trump

This doesn’t mean those in MAGA world can’t be impressive people in other domains of life, just like critics of Trump may act reprehensibly in their personal lives and at their jobs. I’ve never argued, and I wouldn’t argue today, that politics tells us the most important things about a person’s life. Trump supporters and Trump critics alike can brighten the lives of others, encourage those who are suffering, and demonstrate moments of kindness and grandeur.

I understand, too, if their moral convictions keep them from voting for Joe Biden.

But it would be an affectation for me, at least, to pretend that in this particular circumstance otherwise good people, in joining the MAGA movement, in actively advocating on its behalf, and in planning to cast a vote for Trump, haven’t—given all we know—done something grievously wrong.

Some of them are cynical and know better; others are blind to the cultlike world to which they belong. Still others have convinced themselves that Trump, although flawed, is the best of bad options. It’s a “binary choice,” they say, and so they have talked themselves into supporting arguably the most comprehensively corrupt man in the history of American politics, certainly in presidential politics.

Whichever justification applies, they are giving not just their vote but their allegiance to a man and movement that have done great harm to our country and its ideals, and which seek to inflict even deeper wounds in the years ahead. Many of them are self-proclaimed evangelicals and fundamentalists, and they are also doing inestimable damage to the Christian faith they claim is central to their lives. That collaboration needs to be named. A generation from now, and probably sooner, it will be obvious to everyone that Trump supporters can’t claim they didn’t know.

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What Makes for ‘Good’ Mathematics?

February 1, 2024

Peter Greenwood for  Quanta Magazine

Introduction

We tend to think of mathematics as purely logical, but the teaching of math, its values, its usefulness and its workings are packed with nuance. So what is “good” mathematics? In 2007, the mathematician Terence Tao wrote an essay for the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society that sought to answer this question. Today, as the recipient of a Fields Medal, a Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics and a MacArthur Fellowship, Tao is one of the most honored and prolific mathematicians alive. In this episode, he joins our host and fellow mathematician Steven Strogatz to revisit the makings of good mathematics.

Listen on  Apple Podcasts ,  Spotify ,  Google Podcasts , TuneIn  or your favorite podcasting app, or you can  stream it from  Quanta .

STEVEN STROGATZ : Back in October 2007, way back when the first-generation iPhone was still a hot commodity and the stock market was at an all-time high before the Great Recession, Terence Tao, a professor of math at UCLA, was determined to answer a question that had long been debated among mathematicians: What exactly is good mathematics?

Is it about rigor? Elegance? Real-world utility? Terry wrote a very thoughtful and generous, I would even say openhearted, essay about all the ways that math could be good. But now, more than 15 years later, do we need to rethink what good mathematics is?

I’m Steve Strogatz, and this is “The Joy of Why,” a podcast from Quanta Magazine where my co-host, Janna Levin, and I take turns exploring some of the biggest unanswered questions in math and science today.

( Theme plays )

Here today to revisit the eternal question of what makes math good is Terry Tao himself. Professor Tao has authored more than 300 research papers on an amazingly wide swath of mathematics including harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, combinatorics, number theory, data science, random matrices and much more. He’s been referred to as the “Mozart of Mathematics.” And as the winner of a Fields Medal, a Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics, a MacArthur Fellowship and many other awards, that moniker is certainly well-deserved.

Terry, welcome to “The Joy of Why.”

TERENCE TAO : Pleasure to be here.

STROGATZ : I’m very excited to be able to talk to you about this question of what it is that makes some types of mathematical research good. I can remember pretty vividly flipping through the Bulletin of the American Math Society back in 2007 and coming across your essay about this issue that you posed for us. It’s something that all mathematicians think about. But for people out there who may not be so familiar, could you tell us, how did you land on this question? How did you define good math back at the time?

TAO : Right, yes. It was actually a solicitation. So the editor of the Bulletin at the time had asked me to contribute an article. I think I had a very naive idea of what mathematics was as a student. I kind of had this idea that there was some sort of council of greybeards that would hand out problems for people to work on. And it was kind of a shock to me as a graduate student, realizing that there wasn’t actually this central authority to hand out problems, and people did self-directed research.

I kept going to talks and listening to how other mathematicians talked about what they find exciting and what makes them excited about math, and the fact that each mathematician has a different way of approaching mathematics. Like, some would pursue applications, some by sort of aesthetic beauty, some by just problem solving. They wanted to solve a problem and they would focus on sort of the most difficult, the most challenging tasks. Some would focus on technique; some would try to make things as elegant as possible.

But what struck me when sort of listening to so many of these different mathematicians talk about what they find valuable in mathematics is that, even though we all had sort of different ideals as to what good mathematics should look like, they all kind of tend to converge to the same thing.

If a piece of mathematics is really good, people who pursue beauty will eventually happen across it. People who pursue, who value, you know, technical power or applications will eventually land upon it.

Eugene Wigner had a very famous essay on the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the physical sciences almost a century ago, where he just observed that there were areas of mathematics — for example, Riemannian geometry, the study of curved space — that was initially just a purely theoretical exercise to mathematicians, you know, trying to prove the parallel postulate and so forth, turning out to be precisely what Einstein and Poincaré and Hilbert needed to describe the mathematics of general relativity. And that’s just a phenomenon that occurs.

So it’s not just that mathematics, that [what] mathematicians find intellectually interesting end up being physically important. But even within mathematics, subjects that mathematicians find elegant also happen to provide deep insight.

What I feel like is that, you know, there is some platonic good mathematics out there, and all our different value systems are just different ways of accessing that objective good stuff.

STROGATZ : That’s very interesting. Being a sort of person inclined to platonic thinking myself, I’m tempted to agree. Although I’m a little surprised to hear you say that, because I would have thought where you were going initially seemed to be, like, there are so many different points of view about this. It is an interesting fact, though, kind of an empirical fact, that we do converge on agreeing about what is good or not good, even though, as you say, we come at it from so many different values.

TAO : Right. The convergence may take time. You know, so there are definitely fields, for example, where they look a lot better as measured by one metric than others. Like maybe they have a lot of applications, but their presentation is extremely disgusting, you know.

(Strogatz laughs)

Or things that are very elegant but don’t yet have many good applications in the real world. But I do feel like eventually it will converge.

STROGATZ : Well, let me ask you about this point of contact with the real world. It’s an interesting tension in math. And, you know, as little kids, let’s say, when we first learn about geometry, you might think at that point that triangles are real, or circles or straight lines are real, and that they can tell you about the rectangular shapes you see in buildings out in the world, or that surveyors need to use geometry. And after all, the word comes from the measurement of the Earth, right, “geometry.” And so, there was a time when geometry was empirical.

But what I wanted to ask you has to do with a comment that John von Neumann made. So von Neumann, for anyone not familiar, was himself a great mathematician. And he made this comment in this essay, “ The Mathematician ,” about the relationship between math and the empirical world, the real world, where he says roughly that mathematical ideas originate in empirics, but that at some point, once you get the mathematical ideas, the subject starts to take on a life of its own. And then it’s more like a creative piece of art. Aesthetic criteria become important. But he says that causes danger. That when a subject starts to become too far removed from its empirical source, like especially in its second or third generation, he says that there’s a chance the subject can suffer from too much abstract inbreeding and it’s in danger of degeneration.

Any thoughts about that? I mean, does math have to stay in contact with its empirical source?

TAO: Yes, I think it does have to be grounded. When I say that, empirically, all these different ways of doing mathematics do converge, it’s only because — this only happens when the subject is healthy. So, you know, the good news is that usually it is.

But, for example, mathematicians value short proofs over long ones, all other things being equal. But one could imagine people going overboard and, like, one subfield of mathematics being obsessed with making proofs as short as possible and having these extremely opaque two-line proofs of deep theorems. And they make it kind of this contest, and then it becomes this sort of abstruse game and then you lose all the intuition. You lose maybe deeper understanding because you’re just so obsessed with making all your proofs as short as possible. Now, this doesn’t actually happen in practice. But this is kind of a theoretical example, and I think von Neumann was making a similar point.

And in the sixties and seventies, like, there was an era of mathematics where abstraction was making huge strides in simplifying and unifying a lot of mathematics that was previously very empirical. Especially in algebra, people were realizing, you know, numbers and polynomials and many other objects that were previously treated separately, you could all think of them as members of the same algebraic class, in this case a ring.

And a lot of progress in mathematics was being made by finding the right abstraction, you know, whether it was a topological space or a vector space, whatever, and proving theorems in great generality. And this is sometimes what we call the Bourbaki era in mathematics. And it did veer a little bit too far from being grounded.

We of course had, like, the whole New Math episode in the States, where educators tried to teach math in the Bourbaki style and eventually realized that that was not the appropriate pedagogy at that level.

But now the pendulum has swung back quite a bit. We have kind of — the subject has matured quite a bit and every field of mathematics, geometry, topology, whatever, we have kind of satisfactory formalizations and we kind of know what the right abstractions are. And now the field is again focusing on interconnections and applications. It’s connecting much more to the real world now.

I mean, not just sort of physics, which is a traditional connection, but, you know, computer science, life sciences, social sciences, you know. With the rise of big data, pretty much almost any human discipline now can be mathematized to some extent.

STROGATZ : I’m very interested in the word that you just used a minute ago about “interconnections,” because that seems like a central point for us to discuss. It’s something that you mention in your essay that, along with these, what you call “local” criteria about elegance, or real-world applications, or whatever, you mention this “global” aspect of good mathematics: that good mathematics connects to other good mathematics.

That’s almost key to what makes it good, that it’s integrated with other parts. But it’s interesting because it sounds almost like circular reasoning: that good math is the math that connects to other good math. But it’s a really powerful idea, and I’m just wondering if you could expand on it a little bit more.

TAO : Yeah, so, I mean, what mathematics is about — one of the things that mathematics does is that it makes connections that are very basic and fundamental, but not obvious if you just look at it from the surface level. A very early example of this is Descartes’ invention of Cartesian coordinates that made a fundamental connection between geometry — the study of points and lines and spatial objects — and numbers, algebra.

So, for example, a circle you can think of as a geometric object, but you can also think of it as an equation: x 2 + y 2 = 1 is the equation of a circle. At the time, it was a very revolutionary connection. You know, the ancient Greeks viewed number theory and geometry as almost completely disjointed subjects.

But with Descartes, there was this fundamental connection. And now it’s internalized; you know, the way we teach mathematics. It’s not surprising anymore that if you have a geometric problem, you attack it with numbers. Or if you have a problem with numbers, you may attack it with geometry.

It’s somewhat because both geometry and numbers are aspects of the same mathematical concept. We have an entire field called algebraic geometry, which is neither algebra nor geometry, but it’s a unified subject studying objects that you can either think of as geometric shapes, like lines and circles and so forth, or as equations.

But really, it’s a holistic union of the two that we study. And as the subject has deepened, we’ve realized that that is more fundamental somehow than either algebra or geometry separately, in some ways. So, these connections are helping us discover sort of the real mathematics that initially, somehow, our empirical studies only give us a corner of the subject.

There’s this famous parable of the elephant, I forget where, that if you have… There are four blind men, and they discover an elephant. And one of them feels the leg of the elephant and they think, “Oh, this, it’s very rough. It must be like a tree or something.”

And one of them feels the trunk, and it’s only a lot later that they see that there’s a single elephant object that is explaining all their separate hypotheses. Yeah, so we’re all blind initially, you know. We’re just watching the shadows on Plato’s cave and only later realizing —

STROGATZ : Wow, you are very philosophical here. This is something. I can’t resist now: If you’re going to start talking about the elephant and the blind people, this suggests that you think mathematics is out there — that it is something like the elephant and that we are the blind… Or, you know, we’re trying to see something that exists independent of human beings. Is that really what you believe?

TAO : When you do good mathematics, like, it’s not just pushing symbols around. You do feel like there is some actual object that you’re trying to understand, and all our equations we have are just sort of approximations of that, or shadows.

You can debate the philosophical point of what is actually reality and so forth. I mean, these are things you can actually touch, and the more real things get mathematically, sometimes the less physical they seem. As you said, geometry initially, you know, was a very tangible thing about objects in physical space that you could — you know, you can actually build a circle and a square and so forth.

But in modern geometry, you know, we work in higher dimensions. We can talk about discrete geometries, all kinds of wacky topologies. And, I mean, the subject still deserves to be called geometry, even though there is no Earth being measured anymore. The ancient Greek etymology is very outdated but it’s, but there’s definitely something there. Whether — how real you want to call it. But I guess the point is that for the purpose of actually doing mathematics, it helps to believe it’s real.

STROGATZ : Yeah, isn’t that interesting? It does. It seems like that’s something that goes very deep in the history of math. I was struck by an essay by Archimedes writing to his friend, or at least colleague, Eratosthenes.

We’re talking now, like, 250 B.C. And he makes the remark, he’s discovered a way to find the area of what we would call the segment of a parabola. He’s taking a parabola, he cuts across it with a line segment that’s at an oblique angle to the axis of the parabola, and he figures out this area. He gets a very beautiful result. But he says something to Eratosthenes like, “These results were inherent in the figures all along.” You know, like, they’re there. They’re there. They’re just waiting for him to find.

It’s not like he created them. It’s not like poetry. I mean, it’s interesting, actually, isn’t it? That a lot of great artists — Michelangelo talked about releasing the statue from the stone, you know, as if it were in there to begin with. And it sounds like you and many other great mathematicians have — as you say, it’s very useful to believe this idea, that it’s there waiting for us, waiting for the right minds to discover it.

TAO : Right. Well, I think one manifestation of that is that ideas that are often very complicated to explain when they’re first discovered, they get simplified. I mean, you know, often the reason why something looks very deep or difficult at the beginning is you don’t have the right notation.

For example, we have decimal notation now to manipulate numbers, and it’s very convenient. But in the past, we had like, you know, Roman numerals and then there were even more primitive number systems that were just really, really difficult to work with if you wanted to do mathematics.

Euclid’s Elements , you know — some of the arguments in these ancient texts. Like, there’s one theorem in Euclid’s Elements I think called the Bridge of Fools or something. It’s like the statement that, I think the statement is like an isosceles triangle, the two base angles are equal. Like, this is like a two-line proof in modern geometric texts, you know, with the right axioms. But Euclid had this horrendous way of doing it. And it was where many students of geometry in the classical era just completely gave up on mathematics.

STROGATZ : True. ( laughs )

TAO : But, you know, we now have a much better way of doing that. So often the complications we see in mathematics are artifacts of our own limitations. And, so, as we mature, you know, things become simpler. And it feels more real because of that. We’re not seeing the artifacts. We’re seeing the essence.

STROGATZ : Well, so going back to your essay: When you wrote it, at the time — I mean, this was pretty early in your career, not the very beginning, but still. Why did you feel back then that it was important to try to define what good mathematics was?

TAO : I think… So by that point, I was already starting to advise graduate students, and I was noticing that, you know, there was some misconceptions about, sort of, what is good and what is not. And I was also talking to mathematicians in different fields, and what one’s field valued in mathematics seemed different from others. But yet, somehow we were all studying the same subject.

And sometimes someone would say something that sort of rubbed me the wrong way, you know, like, “This mathematics has no applications, therefore it has no value.” Or “This proof is just too complicated; therefore it has no value,” or something. Or conversely, you know, “This proof is too simple; therefore it is not worth…” You know. Like, there was some, like, sort of snobbery and so forth, sometimes I would encounter.

And in my experience, the best mathematics came when I understood a different point of view, a different way of thinking about mathematics from someone in a different field and applying it to a problem that I cared about. And so my experience of how to use mathematics properly, how to wield it, was so different from these — sort of the “one true way of doing mathematics.”

I felt like this point had to be made somehow. That there’s really a plural way of doing mathematics, but whereas mathematics is still united.

STROGATZ : That’s very revealing, because I had wondered, you know, like, in my introduction I mentioned the many different branches of math that you have explored, and I didn’t even include some. Like, I can remember just a few years ago, your work about this mystery in fluid dynamics, about whether certain equations that we think do a good job of approximating the motions of water and air. I don’t want to go into details too much, but just to say, here you are, people think of you doing number theory or harmonic analysis, and suddenly you’re working on fluid dynamics questions. I mean, I realize it’s partial differential equations. But still, your breadth of interest seems to be related to your breadth of accepting different insights, different valuable ideas from all the different ways of doing good math.

TAO : I forget who said it, but there are two types of mathematicians. There’s hedgehogs and foxes. A fox is someone who knows a little bit about everything. A hedgehog is a creature that knows one thing very, very well. And neither is better than the other. They complement each other. I mean, in mathematics, you need people who are really deep domain experts in one subfield, and they know a subject inside-out. And you need people who can see the connections between one field and another. So I definitely identify as a fox, but I work with a lot of hedgehogs. The work I’m most proud of is often a collaboration like that.

STROGATZ : Oh, yeah. Do they realize that they’re hedgehogs?

TAO : Well, okay, the roles change over time. Like, there are other collaborations where I’m the hedgehog and someone else is the fox. These are sort of not permanent — you know, these are not in your DNA.

STROGATZ : Ah, good point. We can adopt — we can wear both cloaks.

Well, what about, was there a response to the essay at the time? Did people say anything back to you?

TAO : I got a fairly positive response in general. I mean, the Bulletin of the AMS is not a hugely, widely circulated publication, I think. And also, I didn’t really say anything too controversial. Also, this kind of predated social media, so, I think maybe there’s a few math blogs that picked it up, but there was no Twitter. There was nothing to make it go viral.

Yeah, also I think, in general, mathematicians don’t spend much of their time and intellectual capital on speculation. I mean, there’s another mathematician called Minhyong Kim who had this very nice metaphor that, to mathematicians, credibility is like currency, like money. If you prove theorems and you demonstrate that you know the subject, you’re accumulating somehow this currency of credibility in the bank. And once you have enough currency, you can afford to speculate a little bit by being a bit philosophical and saying what might be true rather than what you can actually prove.

But we tend to be conservative, and we don’t want an overdraft in our bank account. You know, you don’t want most of your writing to be speculative and only like one percent to actually prove something.

STROGATZ : Fair enough. So, okay. So, lots of years have passed since then. What are we talking about? It’s more than 15 years.

TAO : Oh yeah, time flies.

STROGATZ : Has your opinion changed? Is there anything we need to revise?

TAO : Well, the culture of math is changing quite a bit. I already had a broad view of mathematics, and now I have an even broader one.

So, one very concrete example is: Computer-assisted proofs were still controversial in 2007. There was a famous conjecture called the Kepler conjecture, which concerns the most efficient way to pack unit balls in three-dimensional space. And there’s a standard packing, I think it’s called the cubic central packing or something, that Kepler conjectured to be the best possible.

This was finally resolved, but the proof was very computer-assisted . It was quite complicated, and [Thomas] Hales eventually actually created a whole computer language to formally verify this particular proof, but it was not accepted as a real proof for many years. But it illustrated how controversial the concept of a proof that you needed computer assistance to verify was.

In the years since, there’s been many, many other examples of proofs where a human can reduce a complicated problem to something which still requires a computer to verify. And then the computer goes ahead and verifies it. We’ve kind of developed practices about how to do this responsibly. You know, how to publish code and data and ways to check and new open-source things and so forth. And now, there’s widespread acceptance of computer-assisted proofs.

Now, I think, the next cultural shift will be whether AI-generated proofs will be accepted . Right now, AI tools are not at the level where they can generate proofs to really advance mathematical problems. Maybe undergraduate-level homework assignments, they can kind of manage, but research mathematics, they’re not at that level yet. But at some point, we’re going to start seeing AI-assisted papers come out and there will be a debate.

The way our culture has changed in some ways… Back in 2007, only a fraction of mathematicians made their preprints available before publishing. Authors would jealously guard their preprints until they had the notification of acceptance from the journal. And then they might share.

But now everyone puts their papers on public servers like the arXiv . There’s a lot more openness to put videos and blog posts, about where the ideas of a paper come from. Because people realize that this is what makes work more influential and more impactful. If you try to not publicize your work and be very secretive about it, it doesn’t make a splash.

Math has become much more collaborative . You know, 50 years ago, I would say that the majority of papers in mathematics were single-author. Now, definitely the majority are two or three or four authors. And we’re just beginning to see really big projects like we do in the sciences, you know, like tens, hundreds of people collaborate. That’s still difficult for mathematicians to do, but I think we’re going to get there.

Concurrently, we’re becoming much more interdisciplinary. We’re working with other sciences a lot more. We’re working between fields of mathematics. And because of the internet, we can collaborate with people across the world. So, the way we do mathematics is definitely changing.

I hope in the future, we will be able to utilize the amateur math community more. There are other fields like astronomy, where astronomers make great use of the amateur astronomy community, like, you know, a lot of comets, for example, are found by amateurs.

But mathematicians… There’s a few isolated areas of mathematics such as like, tiling, two-dimensional tiling, and maybe finding records in prime numbers. There’s some very select fields of mathematics where amateurs do contribute, and they’re welcomed. But there’s a lot of barriers. In most areas of mathematics, you need so much training and internalized or conventional wisdom that we can’t crowd source things. But this may change in the future. Maybe one impact of AI would be to allow amateur mathematicians to contribute meaningfully to mathematics.

STROGATZ : That’s very interesting.

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STROGATZ : So the amateurs might, with the help of AIs, either ask new questions that are good or help with good explorations of existing questions, that sort of thing?

TAO : There are many different modalities — yeah. So, for example, there are now projects to formalize proofs of big theorems in these things called formal proof assistants , which are like computer languages that can 100% verify that a theorem is true or not and — is proven or not. This actually enables large-scale collaboration in mathematics.

So in the past, if you collaborate with 10 other people to prove a theorem, and each one contributes a step, everyone has to verify everyone else’s math. Because the thing about math is that if one step has an error in it, the whole thing can fall apart.

So you need trust, and so — therefore this prevents, this really inhibits really large-scale collaborations in mathematics. But there are now, there have been successful examples of really large theorems being formalized where there’s a huge community, they don’t all know each other, they don’t all trust each other, but they communicate through uploading to some Github repository or something, like, individual proofs of individual steps in the argument. And the formal proof software verifies everything, and so you don’t need to worry about trust. So we are enabling new modes of collaboration, which we haven’t seen really in the past.

STROGATZ : It’s really interesting to hear your vision, Terry. It’s a fascinating thought. You don’t hear the phrase “citizen mathematician.” You hear of citizen science, but why not citizen math?

But I’m just wondering, are there any trends that you are worried about, for example, with computer-assisted proofs or AI-generated proofs? Will we know that certain results are true, but we won’t understand why?

TAO : So that is a problem. I mean, it’s already a problem even before the advent of AI. So, there are many fields where the papers in a subject are getting longer and longer, hundreds of pages. And I’m hopeful that AI can actually conversely help simplify and it can explain as well as prove.

So there’s already experimental software where, like, if you take a proof that has been formalized, you can actually convert it into an interactive human-readable document, where you have the proof and you see the high-level steps and if there’s a sentence you don’t understand you can double-click on it, and it will expand into smaller steps. Soon I think you can also get an AI chatbot sitting next to you while you’re going through the proof, and they can take questions and they can explain each step as if they were the author. I think we’re already very close to that.

There are concerns. We have to change the way we educate our students, particularly now that many of our traditional ways of assigning homework and so forth, we are almost at the point where these AI tools can just instantly answer many of our standard exam questions. And so, we need to teach our students new skills, like how to verify whether an AI-generated output is correct or not and how to get a second opinion.

And we may see the advent of a more experimental side to mathematics, you know. So, mathematics is almost entirely theoretical, whereas most sciences have both a theoretical and experimental component. We may eventually have results that are first only proven by computers and, as you say, we don’t understand. But then once we have the data that the AI, the computer-generated proofs provide, we may be able to run experiments.

There’s a little bit of experimental mathematics now. People do study, like, large data sets of various things, elliptic curves, say. But it could become much bigger in the future.

STROGATZ : Gee, you have a very optimistic view, it sounds like to me. It’s not like the Golden Age is in the past. If I’m hearing you right, you think that there’s a lot of very exciting stuff ahead.

TAO : Yeah, a lot of the new technological tools are very empowering. I mean, AI in general has many complex ups and downsides. And outside the sciences, there’s a lot of possible disruption to the economy, intellectual property rights and so forth. But within math, I think the ratio of good to bad is better than in many other areas.

And, you know, the internet really has transformed the way we do mathematics. I collaborate with a lot of people in a lot of different fields. I could not do this without the internet. The fact that I can go on Wikipedia or whatever and get started learning a subject, and I can email somebody, and we can collaborate online. If I had to do things old-school where I could only talk to people in my department and use physical mail for everything else, I could not do the math that I do now.

STROGATZ : Wow, all right. I just have to underline what you just said, because I never thought in a million years I was going to hear this: Terry Tao reads Wikipedia to learn math?

TAO : As a starting point. I mean, it’s not always Wikipedia, but just to get the keywords, and then I will do a more specialized search of, say, MathSciNet or some other database. But yeah.

STROGATZ : It’s not a criticism. I mean, I do the same thing. Wikipedia is actually, if there’s any criticism of the math on Wikipedia, maybe it’s that sometimes it’s a little too advanced for the readers that it’s intended for, I think. Not always. I mean, it depends. It varies a lot from article to article. But that’s just funny. I love hearing that.

TAO : I mean, these tools, you have to be able to vet the output. You know, so, I mean, the reason why I can use Wikipedia to do mathematics is because I already know enough mathematics that I can smell if a piece of Wikipedia in mathematics is suspicious or not. You know, it may get some sources and one of them is going to be a better source than the other. And I know the authors, and I have an idea of which reference is going to be better for me. If I used Wikipedia to learn about a subject that I had no experience in, then I think it would be more of a random variable.

STROGATZ : Well, so we’ve been talking quite a bit about what it is that makes good mathematics, the possible future for new kinds of good mathematics. But maybe we should address the question: Why does this even matter? Why is it important for math to be good?

TAO : Well, so, first of all, I mean, why do we have mathematicians at all? Why does society value mathematicians and give us the resources to do what we do? You know, it’s because we do provide some value. We can have applications to the real world. There’s intellectual interest, and some of the theories we develop eventually end up providing insight into other phenomena.

And not all mathematics is of equal value. I mean, you could compute more and more digits of pi, but at some point, you don’t learn anything. Any subject needs some sort of value judgment because you have to allocate resources. There’s so much mathematics out there. What advances do you want to highlight and publicize and let other people know about, and which ones maybe should just be sitting quietly on a journal somewhere?

Even if you think of a subject as being completely objective and, you know, there’s only true or false, we still have to make choices. You know, just because time is a limited resource. Attention is a limited resource. Money is a limited resource. So, these are always important questions.

STROGATZ : Well, interesting that you mention about publicizing, because it is something that I think is a distinctive feature of your work, that you’ve also put in a lot of effort to make math publicly accessible through your blog, through various articles you’ve written. I remember discussing one that you wrote in American Scientist about universality and that idea. Why is it important to make math publicly accessible and understandable? I mean, what is it that you’re trying to do?

TAO : It kind of happened organically. Early in my career, the World Wide Web was still very new, and mathematicians started having webpages with various content, but there wasn’t much of a central directory. Before Google and so forth, it was actually hard to find individual resources.

So, I started sort of making little directories on my webpage . And I would also make webpages for my own papers, and I’d make some commentary. Initially, it was more for my own benefit, just as an organizational tool, just to help me find things. As a byproduct, it was available to the public, but I was kind of the primary consumer, or at least so I thought, of my own webpages.

But I remember very distinctly, there was one time when I wrote a paper and I put it on my webpage, and I had a little subpage called “What’s New?” And I just said, “Here’s a paper. There’s a question in it that I still couldn’t answer, and I don’t know how to solve it.” And I just made this comment. And then like two days later, I got an email saying, “Oh, I was just checking your homepage. I know the answer to this. There’s a paper which will solve your problem.”

And it made me realize, first of all, that people were actually visiting my webpage, which I didn’t really know. But that interaction with the community could really — well, it could help me directly solve my questions.

There’s this law called Metcalfe’s law in networking that, you know, if you have n people, and they all talk to each other, there’s about n 2 connections between them. And so, the larger the audience and the larger the forum where everyone can talk to everybody else, the more potential connections you can make and the more good things can happen.

I mean, in my career, so much of the discoveries I’ve made, or the connections I’ve made is because of an unexpected connection. My whole career experience has been sort of the more connections equals just better stuff happening.

STROGATZ : I think a beautiful example of what you’re just referring to, but I’d love to hear you talk about it, is the connections that you made with people in data science who are interested in questions having to do with medical resonance imaging, MRI. Could you tell us a little about that story?

TAO : So, this was about 2006, 2005, I think. So, there was an interdisciplinary program here on campus at UCLA on, I think, multiscale geometric analysis, or something like that, where they were bringing together pure mathematicians who were interested in sort of multiscale type geometry in its own right, and then, you know, people who had very concrete data type problems.

And I had just started working on some problems in random matrix theory, so I was sort of known as someone who could manipulate matrices. And I met someone who I already knew, Emmanuel Candès , because at the time he worked right next door in Caltech. And he and another collaborator, Justin Romberg , they had discovered this unusual phenomena.

So they were looking at MRI images, but they’re very slow. To collect enough really high-resolution image of a human body, or enough to maybe catch a tumor, or whatever medically important feature you want to find, it often takes several minutes because they have to scan all these different angles and then synthesize the data. And this was a problem, actually, because little kids, for example, just to sit still for three minutes in the MRI machine was quite problematic.

So they were experimenting with a different way, using some linear algebra. They were hoping to get a 10%, 20% better performance improvement. You know, a slightly sharper image by tweaking the standard algorithm a little bit.

So the standard algorithm was called least squares approximation, and they were doing something else, called total variation minimization. But then when they ran the computer software, they got like almost perfect reconstruction of their test image. Massive, massive improvement. And they couldn’t explain this.

But Emmanuel was at this program, and we were chatting at tea or something. And he just mentioned this and, actually, my first thought was that you must have made a mistake in your calculation, that what you’re saying is not actually possible. And I remember going back home that night and trying to write down an actual proof that what they were seeing could not actually happen. And then halfway through, I realized I had made an assumption which wasn’t true. And then I realized that actually it could work. And then I figured out what might be the explanation. And then we worked together, and we actually found a good explanation and we published that.

And once we did that, people realized that there were many other situations where you had to take a measurement which normally required lots and lots of data, and in some cases you can take a much smaller amount of data and still get a really high-resolution measurement.

So now, modern MRI machines, for example — a scan that used to take three minutes can now take 30 seconds because this software, this algorithm is hardwired, hard-coded into the machines now.

STROGATZ : It’s a beautiful story, it’s such a great story. I mean, talk about important mathematics that is changing lives, literally, in this context of medical imaging. I love the serendipity of it and your open-mindedness, you know, to hear this idea and then think, well, “this is impossible, I can prove it.” And then realizing, no, actually. Fantastic to see math making such an impact.

Well, okay, I think I better let you go, Terry. It’s been a real pleasure discussing the essence of good mathematics with you. Thanks so much for joining us today.

TAO : Yeah, no, it’s been a pleasure.  

STROGATZ : “The Joy of Why” is a podcast from Quanta Magazine , an editorially independent publication supported by the Simons Foundation. Funding decisions by the Simons Foundation have no influence on the selection of topics, guests or other editorial decisions in this podcast or in Quanta Magazine .

“The Joy of Why” is produced by PRX Productions . The production team is Caitlin Faulds, Livia Brock, Genevieve Sponsler and Merritt Jacob. The executive producer of PRX Productions is Jocelyn Gonzales. Morgan Church and Edwin Ochoa provided additional assistance. From Quanta Magazine , John Rennie and Thomas Lin provided editorial guidance, with support from Matt Carlstrom, Samuel Velasco, Nona Griffin, Arleen Santana and Madison Goldberg.

Our theme music is from APM Music. Julian Lin came up with the podcast name. The episode art is by Peter Greenwood and our logo is by Jaki King and Kristina Armitage. Special thanks to the Columbia Journalism School and Burt Odom-Reed at the Cornell Broadcast Studios.

I’m your host, Steve Strogatz. If you have any questions or comments for us, please email us at [email protected] . Thanks for listening.

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