50 Argumentative Essay Topics

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  • M.Ed., Education Administration, University of Georgia
  • B.A., History, Armstrong State University

An argumentative essay requires you to decide on a topic and take a position on it. You'll need to back up your viewpoint with well-researched facts and information as well. One of the hardest parts is deciding which topic to write about, but there are plenty of ideas available to get you started.

Choosing a Great Argumentative Essay Topic

Students often find that most of their work on these essays is done before they even start writing. This means that it's best if you have a general interest in your subject, otherwise you might get bored or frustrated while trying to gather information. (You don't need to know everything, though.) Part of what makes this experience rewarding is learning something new.

It's best if you have a general interest in your subject, but the argument you choose doesn't have to be one that you agree with.

The subject you choose may not necessarily be one that you are in full agreement with, either. You may even be asked to write a paper from the opposing point of view. Researching a different viewpoint helps students broaden their perspectives. 

Ideas for Argument Essays

Sometimes, the best ideas are sparked by looking at many different options. Explore this list of possible topics and see if a few pique your interest. Write those down as you come across them, then think about each for a few minutes.

Which would you enjoy researching? Do you have a firm position on a particular subject? Is there a point you would like to make sure to get across? Did the topic give you something new to think about? Can you see why someone else may feel differently?

50 Possible Topics

A number of these topics are rather controversial—that's the point. In an argumentative essay, opinions matter and controversy is based on opinions, which are, hopefully, backed up by facts.   If these topics are a little too controversial or you don't find the right one for you, try browsing through persuasive essay and speech topics  as well.

  • Is global climate change  caused by humans?
  • Is the death penalty effective?
  • Is our election process fair?
  • Is torture ever acceptable?
  • Should men get paternity leave from work?
  • Are school uniforms beneficial?
  • Do we have a fair tax system?
  • Do curfews keep teens out of trouble?
  • Is cheating out of control?
  • Are we too dependent on computers?
  • Should animals be used for research?
  • Should cigarette smoking be banned?
  • Are cell phones dangerous?
  • Are law enforcement cameras an invasion of privacy?
  • Do we have a throwaway society?
  • Is child behavior better or worse than it was years ago?
  • Should companies market to children?
  • Should the government have a say in our diets?
  • Does access to condoms prevent teen pregnancy?
  • Should members of Congress have term limits?
  • Are actors and professional athletes paid too much?
  • Are CEOs paid too much?
  • Should athletes be held to high moral standards?
  • Do violent video games cause behavior problems?
  • Should creationism be taught in public schools?
  • Are beauty pageants exploitative ?
  • Should English be the official language of the United States?
  • Should the racing industry be forced to use biofuels?
  • Should the alcohol drinking age be increased or decreased?
  • Should everyone be required to recycle?
  • Is it okay for prisoners to vote (as they are in some states)?
  • Is it good that same-sex couples are able to marry?
  • Are there benefits to attending a single-sex school ?
  • Does boredom lead to trouble?
  • Should schools be in session year-round ?
  • Does religion cause war?
  • Should the government provide health care?
  • Should abortion be illegal?
  • Are girls too mean to each other?
  • Is homework harmful or helpful?
  • Is the cost of college too high?
  • Is college admission too competitive?
  • Should euthanasia be illegal?
  • Should the federal government legalize marijuana use nationally ?
  • Should rich people be required to pay more taxes?
  • Should schools require foreign language or physical education?
  • Is affirmative action fair?
  • Is public prayer okay in schools?
  • Are schools and teachers responsible for low test scores?
  • Is greater gun control a good idea?
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114 Good Argumentative Essay Topics for Students in 2023

April 25, 2023

argumentative essay topics

The skill of writing an excellent argumentative essay is a crucial one for every high school or college student to master. Argumentative essays teach students how to organize their thoughts logically and present them in a convincing way. This skill is helpful not only for those pursuing degrees in law , international relations , or public policy , but for any student who wishes to develop their critical thinking faculties. In this article, we’ll cover what makes a good argument essay and offer several argumentative essay topics for high school and college students. Let’s begin!

What is an Argumentative Essay

An argumentative essay is an essay that uses research to present a reasoned argument on a particular subject . As with the persuasive essay , the purpose of this essay is to sway the reader to the writer’s position. A strong persuasive essay makes its point through diligent research, evidence, and logical reasoning skills.

Argumentative Essay Format

A strong argumentative essay will be based on facts, not feelings. Each of these facts should be supported by clear evidence from credible sources . Furthermore, a good argumentative essay will have an easy-to-follow structure. When organizing your argumentative essay, use this format as a guide: introduction, supporting body paragraphs, paragraphs addressing common counterarguments, and conclusion.

In the introduction , the writer presents their position and thesis statement —a sentence that summarizes the paper’s main points. The body paragraphs then draw upon supporting evidence to back up this initial statement, with each paragraph focusing on its own point. In the counterargument paragraph , the writer acknowledges and refutes opposing viewpoints. Finally, in the conclusion , the writer restates the main argument made in the thesis statement and summarizes the points of the essay. Additionally, the conclusion may offer a final proposal to persuade the reader of the essay’s position.

For more tips and tricks on formatting an argumentative essay, check out this useful guide from Khan Academy.

How to Write an Effective Argumentative Essay, Step by Step

  • Choose your topic. Use the list below to help you pick a topic. Ideally, the topic you choose will be meaningful to you.
  • Once you’ve selected your topic, it’s time to sit down and get to work! Use the library, the web, and any other resources to gather information about your argumentative essay topic. Research widely but smartly. As you go, take organized notes, marking the source of every quote and where it may fit in the scheme of your larger essay. Remember to look for possible counterarguments.
  • Outline . Using the argumentative essay format above, create an outline for your essay. Brainstorm a thesis statement covering your argument’s main points, and begin to put together the pieces of the essay, focusing on logical flow.
  • Write . Draw on your research and outline to create a solid first draft. Remember, your first draft doesn’t need to be perfect. (As Voltaire says, “Perfect is the enemy of good.”) For now, focus on getting the words down on paper.
  • Edit . Be your own critical eye. Read what you’ve written back to yourself. Does it make sense? Where can you improve? What can you cut?

Argumentative Essay Topics for Middle School, High School, and College Students

Family argumentative essay topics.

  • Should the government provide financial incentives for families to have children to address the declining birth rate?
  • Should we require parents to provide their children with a certain level of nutrition and physical activity to prevent childhood obesity?
  • Should parents implement limits on how much time their children spend playing video games?
  • Should cellphones be banned from family/holiday gatherings?
  • Should we hold parents legally responsible for their children’s actions?
  • Should children have the right to sue their parents for neglect?
  • Should parents have the right to choose their child’s religion?
  • Are spanking and other forms of physical punishment an effective method of discipline?
  • Should courts allow children to choose where they live in cases of divorce?
  • Should parents have the right to monitor teens’ activity on social media?
  • Should parents control their child’s medical treatment, even if it goes against the child’s wishes?

Education Argument Essay Topics

  • Should schools ban the use of technology like ChatGPT?
  • Are zoos unethical, or necessary for conservation and education?
  • To what degree should we hold parents responsible in the event of a school shooting?
  • Should schools offer students a set number of mental health days?
  • Should school science curriculums offer a course on combating climate change?
  • Should public libraries be allowed to ban certain books?
  • What role, if any, should prayer play in public schools?
  • Should schools push to abolish homework?
  • Are gifted and talented programs in schools more harmful than beneficial due to their exclusionary nature?
  • Should universities do away with Greek life?
  • Should schools remove artwork, such as murals, that some perceive as offensive?
  • Should the government grant parents the right to choose alternative education options for their children and use taxpayer funds to support these options?
  • Is homeschooling better than traditional schooling for children’s academic and social development?
  • Should we require schools to teach sex education to reduce teen pregnancy rates?
  • Should we require schools to provide comprehensive sex education that includes information about both homosexual and heterosexual relationships?
  • Should colleges use affirmative action and other race-conscious policies to address diversity on campus?
  • Should the government fund public universities to make higher education more accessible to low-income students?
  • Should the government fund universal preschool to improve children’s readiness for kindergarten?

Government Argumentative Essay Topics

  • Should the U.S. decriminalize prostitution?
  • Should the U.S. issue migration visas to all eligible applicants?
  • Should the federal government cancel all student loan debt?
  • Should we lower the minimum voting age? If so, to what?
  • Should the federal government abolish all laws penalizing drug production and use?
  • Should the U.S. use its military power to deter a Chinese invasion of Taiwan?
  • Should the U.S. supply Ukraine with further military intelligence and supplies?
  • Should the North and South of the U.S. split up into two regions?
  • Should Americans hold up nationalism as a critical value?
  • Should we permit Supreme Court justices to hold their positions indefinitely?
  • Should Supreme Court justices be democratically elected?
  • Is the Electoral College still a productive approach to electing the U.S. president?
  • Should the U.S. implement a national firearm registry?
  • Is it ethical for countries like China and Israel to mandate compulsory military service for all citizens?
  • Should the U.S. government implement a ranked-choice voting system?
  • Should institutions that benefited from slavery be required to provide reparations?
  • Based on the 1619 project, should history classes change how they teach about the founding of the U.S.?

Bioethics Argumentative Essay Topics

  • Should the U.S. government offer its own healthcare plan?
  • In the case of highly infectious pandemics, should we focus on individual freedoms or public safety when implementing policies to control the spread?
  • Should we legally require parents to vaccinate their children to protect public health?
  • Is it ethical for parents to use genetic engineering to create “designer babies” with specific physical and intellectual traits?
  • Should the government fund research on embryonic stem cells for medical treatments?
  • Should the government legalize assisted suicide for terminally ill patients?

Social Media Argumentative Essay Topics

  • Should the federal government increase its efforts to minimize the negative impact of social media?
  • Do social media and smartphones strengthen one’s relationships?
  • Should antitrust regulators take action to limit the size of big tech companies?
  • Should social media platforms ban political advertisements?
  • Should the federal government hold social media companies accountable for instances of hate speech discovered on their platforms?
  • Do apps such as TikTok and Instagram ultimately worsen the mental well-being of teenagers?
  • Should governments oversee how social media platforms manage their users’ data?
  • Should social media platforms like Facebook enforce a minimum age requirement for users?
  • Should social media companies be held responsible for cases of cyberbullying?
  • Should the United States ban TikTok?

Religion Argument Essay Topics

  • Should religious institutions be tax-exempt?
  • Should religious symbols such as the hijab or crucifix be allowed in public spaces?
  • Should religious freedoms be protected, even when they conflict with secular laws?
  • Should the government regulate religious practices?
  • Should we allow churches to engage in political activities?
  • Religion: a force for good or evil in the world?
  • Should the government provide funding for religious schools?
  • Is it ethical for healthcare providers to deny abortions based on religious beliefs?
  • Should religious organizations be allowed to discriminate in their hiring practices?
  • Should we allow people to opt out of medical treatments based on their religious beliefs?
  • Should the U.S. government hold religious organizations accountable for cases of sexual abuse within their community?
  • Should religious beliefs be exempt from anti-discrimination laws?
  • Should religious individuals be allowed to refuse services to others based on their beliefs or lifestyles? (As in this famous case .)

Science Argumentative Essay Topics

  • Should the world eliminate nuclear weapons?
  • Should scientists bring back extinct animals?
  • Should we hold companies fiscally responsible for their carbon footprint?
  • Should we ban pesticides in favor of organic farming methods?
  • Is it ethical to clone animals for scientific purposes?
  • Should the federal government ban all fossil fuels, despite the potential economic impact on specific industries and communities?
  • What renewable energy source should the U.S. invest more money in?
  • Should the FDA outlaw GMOs?
  • Would the world be safe if we got rid of all nuclear weapons?
  • Should we worry about artificial intelligence surpassing human intelligence?

Sports Argument Essay Topics

  • Should colleges compensate student-athletes?
  • How should sports teams and leagues address the gender pay gap?
  • Should youth sports teams do away with scorekeeping?
  • Should we ban aggressive contact sports like boxing and MMA?
  • Should professional sports associations mandate that athletes stand during the national anthem?
  • Should high schools require their student-athletes to maintain a certain GPA?
  • Should transgender athletes compete in sports according to their gender identity?
  • Should schools ban football due to the inherent danger it poses to players?

Technology Argumentative Essay Topics

  • Should sites like DALL-E compensate the artists whose work it was trained on?
  • Is social media harmful to children?
  • Should the federal government make human exploration of space a more significant priority?
  • Is it ethical for the government to use surveillance technology to monitor citizens?
  • Should websites require proof of age from their users?
  • Should we consider A.I.-generated images and text pieces of art?
  • Does the use of facial recognition technology violate individuals’ privacy?

Business Argument Essay Topics

  • Should the U.S. government phase out the use of paper money in favor of a fully digital currency system?
  • Should the federal government abolish its patent and copyright laws?
  • Should we replace the Federal Reserve with free-market institutions?
  • Is free-market ideology responsible for the U.S. economy’s poor performance over the past decade?
  • Will cryptocurrencies overtake natural resources like gold and silver?
  • Is capitalism the best economic system? What system would be better?
  • Should the U.S. government enact a universal basic income?
  • Should we require companies to provide paid parental leave to their employees?
  • Should the government raise the minimum wage?
  • Should antitrust regulators break up large companies to promote competition?
  • Is it ethical for companies to prioritize profits over social responsibility?
  • Should gig-economy workers like Uber and Lyft drivers be considered employees or independent contractors?
  • Should the federal government regulate the gig economy to ensure fair treatment of workers?
  • Should the government require companies to disclose the environmental impact of their products?

In Conclusion – Argument Essay Topics 

Using the tips above, you can effectively structure and pen a compelling argumentative essay that will wow your instructor and classmates. Remember to craft a thesis statement that offers readers a roadmap through your essay, draw on your sources wisely to back up any claims, and read through your paper several times before it’s due to catch any last-minute proofreading errors. With time, diligence, and patience, your essay will be the most outstanding assignment you’ve ever turned in…until the next one rolls around.

Looking for more fresh and engaging topics for use in the classroom? Also check out our 85 Good Debate Topics for High School Students .

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Lauren Green

With a Bachelor of Arts in Creative Writing from Columbia University and an MFA in Fiction from the Michener Center for Writers at the University of Texas at Austin, Lauren has been a professional writer for over a decade. She is the author of the chapbook  A Great Dark House  (Poetry Society of America, 2023) and a forthcoming novel (Viking/Penguin).

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120 Compelling Topics for Your Next Argumentative Essay

Christina Crampe

Most people like to argue—whether they like to admit it or not. But when the time comes when it's actually appropriate to take a side and passionately defend it (say, an argumentative essay in your writing class), you might find it difficult to think of what to argue about and how to argue effectively. An effective argumentative essay will leave the reader questioning what they think about a topic, and maybe even change their minds.

Whatever kind of argument you choose to write about, always be sure to back up your claims with solid research and facts. Though you can definitely have an opinion in this essay, your argument will always be more credible when bolstered facts rather than relying simply on how you feel. When you find yourself getting stuck on what to write, take a look at these ideas for argumentative essays for some inspiration for your paper, or to expand on these ideas and create your own topic.

What makes a good essay topic?

Though you may know what format and style guide to use, you may be in the dark about what actually makes a good essay topic. While it may be easier to write an essay on something that is easy to agree on (like the fact that George Clooney is a very handsome man ), there's just really not a lot of interest in the topic because it is something everyone already knows to be true. What we're looking for in an argumentative essay topic is something that might expand people's minds and allow them to look at an issue in a new light. The idea isn't necessarily to convince them of your side (though of course that would be ideal!), but rather to get them to expand their mind just enough that they start to think about things from another perspective.

You'd be surprised at what years of social and cultural influences, education, and just plain stubbornness can do to make a person adamant that their side and opinion are right. Argumentative essay topics are so important because they are debatable—and it's crucial to always be critically thinking about the world around us. Why do we do things a certain way? Is it because it's right or is it because this is what we've always known? To constantly be questioning and arguing and thinking is really the true sign of learning. As we start to think about that idea, here are a few ideas to get you started on your own essay.

Education essay topics

students raise their hands in a classroom

Education is a topic that definitely affects each and every one of us. Education scholars are constantly evolving the way they think about how we learn and what is taught. So while these ten ideas are enough to get you started thinking about education and its role in society, the essay topics are really endless:

  • How do you feel about the Common Core State Standards? Do you feel it hurts or helps K-12 students?
  • Should we ban vending machines in schools? Consider the types of snacks and drinks found in vending machines.
  • Should charter schools replace the public school system that we know now?
  • Do you believe that the decades since Brown v. Board of education have actually brought about racial equality in education?
  • How does the socioeconomic standing of a child's parents affect their education opportunities?
  • Many policymakers are pushing STEM education. Why is this?
  • How does gender affect education? Consider how different gendered students are treated by staff and what they are encouraged to pursue after school.
  • Do traditional discipline methods really work on students? Consider the role of detention, suspension, and expulsion.
  • Why do other countries measure ahead of the U.S. in education?
  • Does homeschooling disadvantage students?
  • Should teachers be allowed to discuss religion with their students?
  • Should public schools be given the authority to ban certain books?
  • Do you think school systems should offer courses in financial literacy and/or practical skills (e.g., the woodshop and Home Ec of old) to their students? If so, at what grade should students begin to learn these skills?
  • Do you think high schools need to place a greater focus on preparing their students to choose a major/field of study in college? How would this inhibit/improve their college learning experience?
  • How does the presence of a dress code in schools impact different students? Consider identity factors like biological sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, race, and religion.
  • How can we make college more accessible to all interested students?
  • Should passing standardized testing be a requirement to graduate from public high school? How does this requirement impact different groups of students?
  • How can school systems implement or improve sexual education courses for their students? Should schools be required to offer these kinds of courses?
  • Should students who participate on sports teams be required to complete physical education classes in school?
  • What kinds of emergency training programs should teachers and students be required to complete to stay safe in school?

Parenting essay topics

parents reading a book to their child

Who raises us and how they do it can really have a huge effect on the culture and society as a whole. Nearly everyone has an opinion on how children should be raised, but which one is right? Is there a right answer? How do politics affect how we raise our children? These are the kinds of things you will be exploring when you write a parenting argumentative essay.

  • Should men receive paternity leave?
  • Why do we have obstacles in the United States for women to receive paid maternity leave?
  • How can we get childcare costs down in the United States?
  • What is the best parenting style?
  • What are some lessons that American parents can learn from other cultures?
  • How does successful and proactive parenting affect a child's literacy skills and learning potential?
  • How do overprotective parents affect children's lives? Consider the different types of attachment this may lead to between parents and children.
  • Should parents be allowed to spank their children? Consider the potential consequences or benefits, if there are any, of corporal punishment.
  • Should there be more accommodations made to make safe breastfeeding in public easier and more accessible?
  • How can children get additional support in a single-parent household?
  • What are some of the positives and negatives of raising a child as gender-neutral? Is this style of parenting beneficial in raising an independent thinker?
  • Should there be stricter requirements for prospective parents to adopt a child?
  • Should there be incentives to having children in America? What can the U.S. learn from other countries that provide extra support to new parents?
  • Do you think new parents should be required to take courses on topics like nursing, CPR/Heimlich Maneuver, and other classes that teach safety and nutrition?
  • How involved should a parent be in their teenager's personal life?
  • How does raising a child with extremely strict rules affect the parent/child relationship in the future?
  • Does gentle parenting rear more inclusive and independent children?
  • Should parents limit their children's screen time?
  • At what age should parents introduce toys and activities geared towards child learning and growth?
  • Should single parents be given extra assistance by the government to help raise their child?

Gender equality issues topics

diverse group of colleagues working on a project together

Women have only had the right to vote in the United States since 1920. In just over 100 years of suffrage, women have certainly accomplished a lot when it comes to equality. However, according to many scholars and activists, there is still a long way to go. With a subject that's sure to ignite some passion, there are endless topics to write about, but here are a few that we suggest.

  • Should abortion be legal?
  • Should religious institutions be required to provide birth control methods for their female employees, even if it goes against their religion?
  • Should emergency contraception (aka "the morning-after pill") be legal?
  • Statistically, women do not make as much money doing the same work as their male counterparts. How do you feel about this and what can be done to change this inequality?
  • Many say that legal sex work is a women's rights issue. Does it apply solely to women? Consider how sex workers are treated in America and why it is that people feel as though they need to turn to sex work.
  • Should women have to register for the draft?
  • What are the biggest challenges for women in the workplace?
  • How long should maternity leave be?
  • What are some of the biggest challenges for female politicians?
  • Why do you think the Equal Rights Amendments (ERA) failed? Do you think one such law could ever pass in your lifetime?
  • Who or what defines gender?
  • How do gender stereotypes influence male and female professional athletes and the sports industry?
  • What does it mean to be a feminist? Why is the concept of feminism so often greeted with negativity?
  • How do the marketing and advertising industries influence the continuation of gender stereotypes?
  • How are careers continually gendered? Consider what kinds of jobs are associated with females versus males.
  • How does history's interpretation of parental roles influence modern conceptions of gender roles?
  • Should both men and women receive paid parental leave?
  • How can we increase conversations surrounding men's mental health? Consider how men may have been raised to be unemotional and not share their feelings.
  • What can be done to change society's views on single mothers?
  • What are some ways men and women can adopt a truly equal share of child-rearing practices and household chores to maintain household equality?

Legal essay topics

a row of prison cells

There are many things to argue when it comes to the law. Law is constantly evolving with the ever-changing culture at large. Because of this, many disagree on how the laws should change (if they should change at all) and there are many topics to choose from. Here are a few of our picks.

  • Should there be a federal law that allows marijuana to be legal?
  • Should a person have the right to choose when they die? Consider how other countries treat this subject compared to the U.S..
  • At what age should you legally be allowed to drink?
  • Would you support harsher punishments for athletes who use performance-enhancing drugs?
  • Is it an infringement on religious rights to have business owners provide services for LGBTQ weddings if they don't agree with the marriage?
  • Should religious institutions be allowed tax exemptions?
  • Should the death penalty be banned in the U.S.?
  • Should a felon be granted the right to vote after s/he has served his or her sentence?
  • How do you feel about more restrictive gun laws and universal background checks?
  • Should citizens who entered the country illegally be forced to leave? What about their children who were brought here?
  • Should men be allowed to vote on policies that affect female bodies?
  • Do stricter laws need to be passed to maintain the separation of church and state? Consider the role of religion in modern day politics.
  • Do you think every state should have the same laws regarding the legal age for marriage?
  • Is our jury system fair?
  • How often should a new president be elected to office? Do you think we need to change our current rules?
  • Should there be strict age restrictions and term limits on the people voted into office, including Congress members, judges, and presidents?
  • Should teachers be required to carry guns?
  • Do you think cigarettes and other tobacco products should be outlawed?
  • What, if anything, does the presence of police in schools do for students?
  • Should freedom of speech protect hate speech?

Technology essay topics

pile of computers, laptops, phones, cords, and headphones

Our country and our world are extremely dependent on advanced technology. It has completely changed the way we work, think, and communicate with each other. Many people are huge fans of new gadgets and rapidly advancing technology, but others are more wary of it. There are always a wide range of opinions on the subject of technology, and here are our favorite things to think about on the topic.

  • Is an increased dependence on technology making us less intelligent?
  • How do devices like smartphones and tablets affect growth and development in children?
  • Do you think technology has decreased or increased our communication with each other? Consider the speed at which news is spread and what kinds of news is spread.
  • Is print media dead?
  • Do the comment sections on social media and news sites actually promote good discourse?
  • Technology has made a lot of manual labor obsolete. How do you feel about this?
  • What should blue-collar workers do when their job has replaced them with better technology? How should policymakers respond?
  • Has online dating affected traditional ideas about romance and marriage?
  • Do you believe that the government should enforce net neutrality principles on internet service providers?
  • In what ways, if any, is technology making us more dependent?
  • What are the potential benefits and consequences of introducing technology, such as smartphones and laptops, in the classroom?
  • Should restrictions on technology be put into place to limit the number of jobs technological devices can replace?
  • Does technology aid in the spread of false information and/or a rise in panic about current events?
  • Do you think there should be stricter parameters to monitor what kind of technological advances are made? Consider the ethics behind particular technological advancements that influence the scientific manipulation of nature like genetic mutation, cloning, and other procedures.
  • Social media apps have age limits, yet they are easy to bypass. How can we make social media age restrictions stricter to protect today's youth?
  • Should laptops be provided to college students? Consider how a student's background affects their ability to purchase their own device.
  • Should smartphones and social media apps be allowed to ban certain words in messaging/comments? What are some potential benefits/consequences of banning particular words or phrases?
  • Do you think there should be restrictions on the presence of advertisements in technology? Consider how often you come across ads in social media apps or during a Google search.
  • Should everyone have unrestricted access to the Internet?
  • Are technology companies taking advantage of the consumer market by constantly introducing new and improved products? Are these products necessary, or are they just quick money grabs?

Society and culture essay topics

protestors raise their fists in the air during an outdoor protest

There are always things we wish would change about the society that we live in. Nothing is ever perfect, but we all still strive to make where we live to be the best it can be. The problem is that everyone's interpretation of what makes a good society is different. Some people live their lives according to their religion while others don't think you should factor that into decision making when it comes to determining rules for everyone.

  • How does cultural discourse surrounding sex and sexuality impact youth in their pursuit of romantic attraction and relationships?
  • Do you think that affirmative action is still necessary?
  • Is there too much pressure placed on today's youth to take on and solve decades-long societal and cultural issues they did not create?
  • Should you be forced to say the Pledge of Allegiance at school?
  • Should it be illegal to burn the American flag?
  • Do you think peaceful protest is possible, or is it inevitable that protests will become violent?
  • Do you think collegiate athletes should be paid?
  • Can the perpetrators of sex crimes be rehabilitated?
  • Do you think the Electoral College should be abolished?
  • Should the United States have one official language?
  • How do social institutions – economic, political, religious, etc. – determine who is and who is not successful?
  • How do cultural expectations – beauty, parental, economic – affect mental health? Should there be more conversations surrounding mental health?
  • Do you think it would be possible for our prison system to move away from incarceration and towards rehabilitation?
  • How do our social institutions influence our country's incarceration rate? Why does the U.S. have the highest incarceration rate?
  • Is there systematic racism within the U.S. judicial system?
  • How does someone's socioeconomic background influence their ability to attend higher education and get a job?
  • Should the United States implement universal health care?
  • Do you think anything can be done to deconstruct culturally accepted gender roles? Consider how peoples' background – family and education – influence their interactions with gender roles.
  • Should there be stricter regulations on social media apps? How would this influence popular culture's influence on adolescents?
  • Do you think society needs to do a better job of encouraging people to embrace their culture and be unique instead of pushing them to fit a cultural expectation and norm?

Portray your passion

When it comes to writing an argumentative essay, the most important thing to do is to choose a topic and an argument that you can really get behind. Not only will this make the writing a whole lot better, but it will also keep you more focused when you are researching and writing. Though it's unlikely you're going to feel a fiery passion about every subject you write on, pick the topic and side that best suits you. No reader wants to read a lukewarm argumentative piece. The reader wants to be persuaded and provoked. This won't happen if it appears you are uninterested in what you're writing about.

If you've read through this list and you still haven't found a topic that covers what you are interested in, be sure to ask your instructor or a librarian for help with researching and writing an argumentative essay. Similarly, if you have written an essay and you're not sure that it's going in the right direction, seek out the guidance of classmates or other writers, or get help from a professional editor.

Header photo by Ming Jun Tan .

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52 Argumentative Essay Ideas that are Actually Interesting

What’s covered:, how to pick a good argumentative essay topic, elements of a strong argumentative essay, argumentative essay idea example topics.

Are you having writer’s block? Coming up with an essay topic can be the hardest part of the process. You have very likely encountered argumentative essay writing in high school and have been asked to write your own. If you’re having trouble finding a topic, we’ve created a list of 52 essay ideas to help jumpstart your brainstorming process! In addition, this post will cover strategies for picking a topic and how to make your argument a strong one. Ultimately, the goal is to convince your reader. 

An argumentative essay tasks the writer with presenting an assertion and bolstering that assertion with proper research. You’ll present the claim’s authenticity. This means that whatever argument you’re making must be empirically true! Writing an argumentative essay without any evidence will leave you stranded without any facts to back up your claim. When choosing your essay topic, begin by thinking about themes that have been researched before. Readers will be more engaged with an argument that is supported by data.

This isn’t to say that your argumentative essay topic has to be as well-known, like “Gravity: Does it Exist?” but it shouldn’t be so obscure that there isn’t ample evidence. Finding a topic with multiple sources confirming its validity will help you support your thesis throughout your essay. If upon review of these articles you begin to doubt their worth due to small sample sizes, biased funding sources, or scientific disintegrity, don’t be afraid to move on to a different topic. Your ultimate goal should be proving to your audience that your argument is true because the data supports it.

The hardest essays to write are the ones that you don’t care about. If you don’t care about your topic, why should someone else? Topics that are more personal to the reader are immediately more thoughtful and meaningful because the author’s passion shines through. If you are free to choose an argumentative essay topic, find a topic where the papers you read and cite are fun to read. It’s much easier to write when the passion is already inside of you!

However, you won’t always have the choice to pick your topic. You may receive an assignment to write an argumentative essay that you feel is boring. There is still value in writing an argumentative essay on a topic that may not be of interest to you. It will push you to study a new topic, and broaden your ability to write on a variety of topics. Getting good at proving a point thoroughly and effectively will help you to both understand different fields more completely and increase your comfort with scientific writing.

Convincing Thesis Statement

It’s important to remember the general essay structure: an introduction paragraph with a thesis statement, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. A strong thesis statement will set your essay up for success. What is it? A succinct, concise, and pithy sentence found in your first paragraph that summarizes your main point. Pour over this statement to ensure that you can set up your reader to understand your essay. You should also restate your thesis throughout your essay to keep your reader focused on your point.

Ample Research

A typical argumentative essay prompt may look like this: “What has been the most important invention of the 21st century? Support your claim with evidence.” This question is open-ended and gives you flexibility. But that also means it requires research to prove your point convincingly. The strongest essays weave scientific quotes and results into your writing. You can use recent articles, primary sources, or news sources. Maybe you even cite your own research. Remember, this process takes time, so be sure you set aside enough time to dive deep into your topic.

Clear Structure

If the reader can’t follow your argument, all your research could be for nothing! Structure is key to persuading your audience. Below are two common argumentative essay structures that you can use to organize your essays.

The Toulmin argument and the Rogerian argument each contain the four sections mentioned above but executes them in different ways. Be sure to familiarize yourself with both essay structures so that your essay is the most effective it can be.

The Toulmin argument has a straightforward presentation. You begin with your assertion, your thesis statement. You then list the evidence that supports your point and why these are valid sources. The bulk of your essay should be explaining how your sources support your claim. You then end your essay by acknowledging and discussing the problems or flaws that readers may find in your presentation. Then, you should list the solutions to these and alternative perspectives and prove your argument is stronger.

The Rogerian argument has a more complex structure. You begin with a discussion of what opposing sides do right and the validity of their arguments. This is effective because it allows you to piece apart your opponent’s argument. The next section contains your position on the questions. In this section, it is important to list problems with your opponent’s argument that your argument fixes. This way, your position feels much stronger. Your essay ends with suggesting a possible compromise between the two sides. A combination of the two sides could be the most effective solution.

  • Is the death penalty effective?
  • Is our election process fair?
  • Is the electoral college outdated?
  • Should we have lower taxes?
  • How many Supreme Court Justices should there be?
  • Should there be different term limits for elected officials?
  • Should the drinking age be lowered?
  • Does religion cause war?
  • Should the country legalize marijuana?
  • Should the country have tighter gun control laws?
  • Should men get paternity leave?
  • Should maternity leave be longer?
  • Should smoking be banned?
  • Should the government have a say in our diet?
  • Should birth control be free?
  • Should we increase access to condoms for teens?
  • Should abortion be legal?
  • Do school uniforms help educational attainment?
  • Are kids better or worse students than they were ten years ago?
  • Should students be allowed to cheat?
  • Is school too long?
  • Does school start too early?
  • Are there benefits to attending a single-sex school?
  • Is summer break still relevant?
  • Is college too expensive?

Art / Culture

  • How can you reform copyright law?
  • What was the best decade for music?
  • Do video games cause students to be more violent?
  • Should content online be more harshly regulated?
  • Should graffiti be considered art or vandalism?
  • Should schools ban books?
  • How important is art education?
  • Should music be taught in school?
  • Are music-sharing services helpful to artists?
  • What is the best way to teach science in a religious school?
  • Should fracking be legal?
  • Should parents be allowed to modify their unborn children?
  • Should vaccinations be required for attending school?
  • Are GMOs helpful or harmful?
  • Are we too dependent on our phones?
  • Should everyone have internet access?
  • Should internet access be free?
  • Should the police force be required to wear body cams?
  • Should social media companies be allowed to collect data from their users?
  • How has the internet impacted human society?
  • Should self-driving cars be allowed on the streets?
  • Should athletes be held to high moral standards?
  • Are professional athletes paid too much?
  • Should the U.S. have more professional sports teams?
  • Should sports be separated by gender?
  • Should college athletes be paid?
  • What are the best ways to increase safety in sports?

Where to Get More Argumentative Essay Topic Ideas

If you need more help brainstorming topics, especially those that are personalized to your interests, you can use CollegeVine’s free AI tutor, Ivy . Ivy can help you come up with original argumentative essay ideas, and she can also help with the rest of your homework, from math to languages.

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100 Good Topics to Argue About in Your Next Essay

When it comes to writing an argumentative essay, it’s essential to pick the right topic. Some students have no problem finding something they’re passionate about, but others might find it tricky to pick a topic that’s both interesting and relevant. Don’t worry though, we have loads of topics for you to choose from based on politics, social issues, technology, and science. So, keep on reading!

Table of Contents

A Comprehensive List of Good Topics to Argue About

These lists cover a wide range of exciting and relevant topics that are sure to spark your interest and ignite your passion for writing. Here you go with the first one. 

Top Argumentative Essay Topics

Argumentative essays require a writer to take a stance on a controversial issue and defend their position with strong evidence and reasoning. Here are some of the top argumentative essay topics to inspire your writing.

Is absolute grading inferior to relative grading?

Is it acceptable for students to communicate informally with their instructors?

Should religious education be included in the school curriculum?

Do instructors hold grudges against students?

Is professionalism important at the college level?

Which is better: a conventional or a flipped classroom?

Should colleges provide career counseling services?

Does the family have an impact on a child’s education?

Why should child labor be prohibited?

Which type of scholarship is preferable: merit-based or need-based?

How does teacher-student interaction improve academic performance?

Should students be allowed to access social media on school networks?

Is it appropriate to allow cell phone usage at the college level?

Should ceremonies for high achievers be abolished?

Should education be entirely virtualized?

Do student-athletes perform better in academic courses?

Is it acceptable for parents to enforce strict rules on their college-aged children?

Why does one’s social circle affect their personality?

Is separate education for males and females a good idea?

Should college students be encouraged to give presentations?

Why is it necessary to maintain tight security at educational institutions?

Should psychological counseling be provided to college students?

Unique Argumentative Essay Topics

This list of argumentative essay topics offers some really cool ideas that go beyond the boring old topics. These are thought-provoking, stimulating, and will make you think hard and form your own opinions. Here you go: 

Should the death penalty be abolished?

Should marijuana be legalized for recreational use?

Is online learning better than traditional classroom learning?

Should schools ban junk food in their cafeteria?

Should college athletes be paid for their performance?

Should the drinking age be lowered to 18?

Should animal testing be banned?

Is technology making us more or less social?

Should parents be held responsible for their children’s crimes?

Should the government regulate social media?

Should companies be allowed to use consumer data for targeted advertising?

Should there be a limit on the number of hours people can work per week?

Should the government provide free healthcare for all citizens?

Should zoos be banned?

Should there be a limit on the number of children people can have?

Should plastic bags be banned?

Should schools start later in the day?

Should there be a limit on the amount of sugar in food and drinks?

Should the voting age be lowered to 16?

Should the United States switch to a universal healthcare system?

Should students be allowed to grade their teachers?

Should home schooling be allowed?

Should college tuition be free?

Should the government regulate the use of drones?

Should vaccinations be mandatory?

Should schools teach financial literacy?

Should there be a limit on the amount of money people can donate to political campaigns?

Should texting while driving be illegal?

Should there be a limit on the number of guns a person can own?

Should the government regulate the use of plastic straws?

Should the United States adopt a flat tax system?

Should college admission be based on merit or diversity?

Should there be a limit on the amount of greenhouse gases companies can emit?

Should the government provide free public transportation?

Should there be a limit on the amount of homework students can have?

Should fast-food restaurants be held responsible for obesity?

Should there be a limit on the amount of money professional athletes can earn?

Should there be a limit on the number of hours people can spend on social media per day?

Should the government regulate the use of facial recognition technology?

Should the United States have a national gun registry?

Should people be required to pass a drug test to receive government assistance?

Should the government regulate the use of artificial intelligence?

Should there be a limit on the number of nuclear weapons countries can have?

Should there be a limit on the number of cars a household can own?

Should the government provide free childcare for all citizens?

Should the use of cell phones be banned in public places?

Should there be a limit on the amount of packaging companies can use?

Should the government regulate the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

Should there be a limit on the number of immigrants allowed into the country?

Should there be a limit on the number of waste companies can produce?

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Hot Argumentative Essay Topics

A hot and controversial topic not only grabs the reader’s attention but also provides a platform for you to present your arguments effectively. With so many issues and debates taking place in our society today, there’s no shortage of hot argumentative essay topics to choose from. Here you go with a few more good topics to argue about.

Exploring the Dislike for Mondays: A Critical Look at Our Attitudes Towards the Start of the Week

The Advantages of Late-Night Studying: A Debate on the Effectiveness of Different Study Schedules

The Presence of Romanticism in Nature: An Analysis of How the Natural World Exhibits Romantic Ideals

Deciphering the Meaning of Freedom: A Philosophical Exploration of the Concept and Its Implications

What Truly Matters: An Examination of the Significance of Life Despite Its Inevitable End

The Psychology of Humor: An Investigation into Why Some Individuals Do Not Find Jokes Amusing

Adapting to Modern Trends in Old Age: A Discussion on the Feasibility and Benefits of Embracing New Technologies and Trends

Beyond the Written Word: The Value of Life Lessons Learned Outside of Books

Gender and Leadership: A Comparative Analysis of Men and Women’s Ability to Lead and Manage in the Future

From Present to Memory: Contemplating the Transience of Life and the Importance of Cherishing Moments

The Aftermath of Weekend Activities: Examining the Impact of Weekend-Related Factors on Mental and Physical Health

The Significance of Independence: A Critical Look at the Role of Self-Sufficiency in Achieving Personal and Professional Success

Daydreaming vs. Foolish Actions: A Comparison of the Benefits and Pitfalls of Different Forms of Escapism

Technological Takeover: A Debate on the Potential Dominance of Technology in the Future

The Future of Labor: An Analysis of the Possibility of Robots Replacing Humans in Various Industries

Piloting with Precision: The Importance of Enhancing Decision-Making Skills in Pilots

Indecisiveness vs. Poor Decision Making: A Study of the Differences Between the Two and How to Overcome Them

Breaking Free from Self-Doubt: An Examination of the Dangers of Negative Self-Talk and the Importance of Building Self-Confidence

Loneliness and the Company We Keep: A Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Social Isolation vs. Bad Company

Career Choices: Entrepreneurship vs. Employment – An Analysis of the Pros and Cons of Each Path

Pros and Cons Argue-able Topics

Comparing the pros and cons of something is a great way to get an argument going between two or more things. So, picking the right topic for such an essay is important. Here’s another list of good topics to argue about:

Pros and cons of CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) use

Pros and cons of hard exercises

Pros and cons of doing a job with studies

Pros and cons of medical prescriptions

Pros and cons of eating less

Pros and cons of artificial intelligence

Pros and cons of modernization 

Pros and cons of capacity dumping

Pros and cons of hydrogenated ghee

Pros and cons of working late at night

Pros and cons of oversleeping 

Pros and cons of virtual education

Pros and cons of change in an organization 

Pros and cons of wide social circle 

Pros and cons of having siblings

Historical Topics for Argumentation

Historical augmentation topics could be a great choice as there are tons of data available. 

Was it the role of Martin Luther King to give rights to blacks?

What should be adapted as strategies in today’s world from Adolf Hitler?

Was it the Wright brothers to make the first flight?

Was the formation of East and West Pakistan the result of British rule?

What was the result of the takeover of Yangon?

Former religious scholars were better than today’s scholars

Was the result of the American Civil War positive?

Argumentative Topics on Health

  • Why shouldn’t carbohydrates be taken at night?

Why is breakfast more important than any other meal?

Overwork will kill you.

Are sports a good way to maintain weight?

Does sound health depend on eating healthy?

Green veggies do bad with you more than it does well?

How can certain diseases be controlled through a healthy diet?

Diabetes is more in genes than through diet

Does sleep affect health? Both mental and physical?

Effect of meditation on health? 

What is preferable? Physical exercises or mental?

Can humans live without sufficient food?

The blame for malnutrition goes to the government

Can alcohol and smoking be stopped during maternity?

Does the behavior of parents affect the mental health of a child?

Which diet are more nutritious for a growing child?

Best sources of vitamins.

Effect of the sun on vitamin D level

Why do doctors recommend sitting in sunlight when a deficiency of vitamin D occurs?

Tips for Choosing Good Topics to Argue About

Top 5 Controversial Topics for Argumentative Essay

Picking a good argumentative essay topic is an essential step toward writing an engaging and impactful essay. Here are some expert tips for picking up good topics to argue about.

Tip 1: Brainstorming is Important

Think of some topics that excite you or that you feel strongly about – write them down! Make a list of potential topics that come to your mind.

Tip 2: Invest Proper Time in Research

Once you’ve got a list of topics, do some research to make sure there’s enough info to backup your points. Have a look at reliable places like journals, books, and news stories.

Additionally, consider utilizing our research paper writing service to gather comprehensive information and support for your arguments.

Tip 3: Carefully Pick the Topics

Look at each potential topic to see if it could be used for an argumentative paper. It should be something that has two sides to it, so you can argue both angles.

Tip 4: Narrow Down Your Topics’ List

Reduce your list of possible topics to a few that you think you can write about easily. Think about how relevant, important, and interesting the subject is.

Tip 5: Consider the Audience

Consider who you’re trying to reach and what topics will get them interested. Find something that really resonates with your audience – that way, you’re more likely to get them engaged and interested.

Tip 6: Get Feedback

See what your friends, teachers, or writing coach think about your topic. Their comments can help you decide if your subject is strong enough and if your arguments are convincing.

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Expert essay writers can assist you in choosing an interesting and controversial topic that aligns with your interests and engages your readers. We offer professional college essay writing services that guarantee well-researched, well-written, and well-edited essays. Contact us today to learn more about how we can help you create a successful argumentative essay or order now so our experts can get in touch right away.

There are numerous good topics to argue about, and selecting the right one is essential to crafting a compelling argumentative essay. Make sure you pick something debatable, relevant, and interesting for your target audience. Do your research, refine your topic, and run it by some other people to make sure it’ll work. Furthermore, you can count on our expert writers to entertain your  write my essay  request.

It's best to pick a topic for your argumentative essay that's contentious, has two (or more) sides to it, and is something you and your readers are passionate about.

Sure, you can pick a topic you don't agree with as long as you can back it up with solid reasoning and proof.

Having an opinion on the subject matter can be useful, but not essential. Doing your research and looking into both sides of the argument can help you come to a conclusion based on facts.

Think about the things you're into, what's going on around you, and any hot topics that might be up for debate. Take some time to come up with ideas, and then dive into some research to find something that really grabs your attention.

Steer clear of subjects that are too general, don't have a clear point of view or any opposing views, or could be seen as offensive or harmful to certain groups of people.

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Top 80+ Topics To Argue About That Will Test Your Persuasive Skills

Top 80+ Topics To Argue About That Will Test Your Persuasive Skills

Jane Ng • 06 Oct 2023 • 7 min read

Are you tired of the same old conversations with your friends? Do you want to spice things up and engage in some healthy arguments? Or do you simply want some novel topics for your essay? 

Look no further! This blog post lists 80+ topics to argue about that will challenge you and others!

Table of Contents

Best topics to argue about, interesting topics to argue about, topics to argue about for an essay, topics to argue about with friends, tips to argue effectively, key takeaways , frequently asked questions, tips for better engagement.

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good things to argue about for an essay

  • Are financial literacy classes in schools necessary?
  • Should the government provide free healthcare for everyone?
  • Should schools teach students about mental health and emotional intelligence?
  • Is technology making us more or less connected?
  • Is censorship ever acceptable in art and media?
  • Should we prioritize space exploration or focus on fixing problems on Earth? 
  • Is vegetarianism or veganism a more ethical lifestyle choice?
  • Is traditional marriage still relevant in modern society?
  • Should we regulate artificial intelligence development? 
  • Is privacy more important than national security? 
  • Should environmental protection or economic prosperity take precedence?
  • Should there be a daily time limit on how much time people can spend on social media?
  • Should drivers be prohibited from texting while driving?
  • Is gender-specific schooling a good idea?
  • Is it permissible for students to have casual conversations with their teachers?
  • Are career counseling services something that colleges should offer?
  • How can a good diet be used to control certain diseases?
  • Genes play a bigger role in developing diabetes than nutrition does.
  • Is homeschooling an acceptable substitute for regular education?
  • Should the government provide universal basic income?
  • Is it better to live in a big city or a small town?
  • Should we limit the power of big tech companies?
  • Is online dating a viable way to find a partner?
  • Should we be more concerned about income inequality?
  • Is giving to charity a moral duty?
  • Should athletes be allowed to kneel during the national anthem?
  • Animal zoos: are they morally acceptable?
  • Should we use more renewable energy sources?
  • Do people in the digital era have a right to privacy?
  • Should we have stricter laws on hate speech?
  • Gene editing for the purpose of producing “designer babies”: is it moral?
  • Is there such a thing as “too much” free speech?
  • Should we have term limits for politicians?
  • Should we ban political advertising on social media?
  • Is the use of AI in warfare ethical?
  • Should nations be able to possess a certain number of nuclear weapons?
  • Should the number of cars that a family can own be limited?
  • Should all citizens be entitled to free childcare from the government?

Topics to argue about

  • Should private prisons be outlawed?
  • Is the use of AI ethical?
  • Is there a link between mental illness and gun violence?
  • Should we have a two-party political system?
  • Is AI the biggest threat to humanity?
  • Should college athletes be paid?
  • Is there a real problem with social media addiction?
  • Should the minimum wage be raised?
  • Is online learning as effective as traditional in-person learning?
  • Is the death penalty a just punishment?
  • Can drinking and smoking be avoided during pregnancy?
  • Does a child’s mental health suffer due to his or her parent’s behaviour?
  • What makes breakfast different from other meals?
  • Working too much will kill you.
  • Is it possible to lose weight by playing sports?
  • Which type of classroom—traditional or flipped—is preferable?
  • Animals used for entertainment: Is it moral?
  • Should there be a cap on how many kids a person can have?
  • Should the drinking age be lowered for military personnel?
  • Is it ethical to clone animals?
  • Should the government regulate fast food?
  • Should gambling be legal?
  • Is homeschooling better for children’s mental health?
  • Is online dating more effective than traditional dating?
  • Should public transportation be free?
  • Is college education worth the cost?
  • Should the number of assignments students receive each week be capped?
  • Can fast food chains be blamed for the obesity problem?
  • Is it appropriate to let parents decide the gender of their child?
  • Should the government make free internet access available to all citizens?
  • Vaccinations: Should they be required?
  • Can you succeed without attending college?

Pros and Cons – Topics To Argue About

good things to argue about for an essay

  • Pros and cons of social media
  • Pros and cons of genetically modified foods
  • Pros and cons of censorship
  • Pros and cons of online dating 
  • Pros and cons of free speech
  • Pros and cons of virtual learning
  • Pros and cons of artificial intelligence 
  • Pros and cons of the sharing economy
  • Pros and cons of the death penalty
  • Pros and cons of animal testing
  • Pros and cons of immigration
  • Pros and cons of fast food
  • Pros and cons of college education
  • Pros and cons of cell phones in schools

1/ Know Your Topic

First, make sure you have a good understanding of the topic you are arguing about. 

This means that you should take the time to research and gather information about the topic from reliable sources. Doing so will enable you to develop a well-informed opinion on the matter, which will help you make a more effective argument.

Some ways to research a topic include 

  • Reading articles, watching videos, listening to podcasts, attending lectures, etc. 
  • Using different sources to look for both supporting and opposing arguments to get a complete picture of the topic.

In addition to gathering information, you should organize your thoughts and ideas about the topic by writing down key points, arguments, and evidence that support your position. They will help you stay focused and confident.

2/ Use Evidence

Research, surveys, and interviews, among other sources, are good things to argue about in an essay and also in debates because they can provide facts, statistics, and other evidence forms. You need to ensure that the evidence is credible and trustworthy. 

  • For example, if you’re arguing about the benefits of a particular medical treatment, you might want to cite a study published in a reputable medical journal rather than an article from a blog with no scientific credentials.

In addition to providing proof, it’s also important to explain how they support your argument. 

  • For example, if you’re arguing that a particular policy is good for the economy, you could offer numbers showing higher employment growth or GDP, and then explain how those factors are related to the policy in question.

good things to argue about for an essay

3/ Listen To The Other Side 

By actively listening to the other person’s arguments without interrupting or dismissing their ideas, you can obtain a deeper grasp of their point of view, which can help you find any areas of common ground or weaknesses in your own argument.

Furthermore, by listening to the other side, you can show that you are respectful and open-minded, which can help to establish a productive and civil discussion, rather than a heated argument that ultimately leads nowhere.

4/ Stay Calm

Staying calm helps you think more clearly and react to the arguments of others more effectively. It also helps prevent the argument from escalating into a personal attack or becoming futile.

To stay calm, you can take deep breaths, count to ten, or take a break if needed. It is also important to avoid using aggressive or confrontational language and focus on the nature of the argument rather than attacking the person making the argument.

In addition to maintaining a calm demeanor, you might need to actively listen to others’ arguments, ask questions for clarification, and respond with caution and respect.

5/ Know When To End The Argument

When arguments become unproductive or hostile, it can be difficult to make progress or find common ground. In some cases, continuing the argument may even damage the relationship between the parties involved.

So, when you feel that the debate is not working, you can handle it in a few ways:

  • Take a break or change the subject
  • Seek the assistance of a mediator or third party
  • Accept that you may have to agree to disagree.

good things to argue about for an essay

Hopefully, with the 80+ topics to argue about and the tips that AhaSlides has just provided, you will have effective arguments that will get your mind racing and your heart pumping. 

And to make your discussion even more engaging and interactive, AhaSlides offers templates with various features , such as live polls, Q&A, word cloud, and MORE! Let’s explore!

Having so many topics, and you need some help to choose one? Use AhaSlides’ spinner wheel to pick a random topic.

1/ What are good argumentative topics?

Good argumentative topics can vary depending on the context and audience, but some examples include:

2/ What is a good and bad argument?

A good argument is supported by evidence and reasoning, is respectful to opposing points of view, and is focused on the topic at hand. 

A bad argument, on the other hand, is based on fallacies, lacks evidence or reasoning, or becomes insulting or personal.

3/ What are good argumentative topics for kids?

Here are some examples of argumentative topics for kids:

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Top 70 Controversial Debate Topics For Critical Thinkers in 2023

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Academic Writing: How to Argue in an Essay

4-minute read

  • 17th November 2019

Something often overlooked in academic writing is that  a good essay  must present a good argument. Admittedly, not a shouting-at-each-other-until-red-in-the-face kind of argument. Rather, it should be a structured set of premises leading to a logical conclusion, backed up by evidence. But what does this mean precisely? Herein, we look at how to argue in an essay.

The Anatomy of an Argument

One key aspect of knowing how to argue in academic writing is understanding what we mean by “argument” in this context: i.e., a set of premises that, together, lead to a conclusion . To explain this further:

  • A “premise” is any statement you hold to be true.
  • A conclusion is a position that follows from the truth of the premises.

For example, we could put forward the following premises:

  • “Dogs are color blind.”
  • “Vincent van Gogh’s paintings are colorful.”

Then, in light of accepting these premises, we would have to accept the conclusion that “Dogs do not appreciate the brilliance of Vincent van Gogh.”

Deductive vs. Inductive Arguments

Part of knowing how to argue involves knowing what kind of argument you’re making. And there are two main types of argument –  deductive and inductive  – though both follow the basic formula set out above.

The stronger of these are deductive arguments, since the conclusion of a deductive argument follows from the truth of its premises:

1st Premise: Dogs are mammals. 2nd Premise: All mammals are vertebrates. Conclusion: Dogs are vertebrates.

Simply put,  you cannot dispute the conclusion of the above argument if you accept the premises. This makes the argument “valid.”

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The premises of an inductive argument, by comparison, simply present the conclusion as probable, rather than logically necessary:

1st Premise: My dog is furry. 2nd Premise: My neighbor’s dog is furry. 3rd Premise: Every dog I’ve seen so far has been furry. Conclusion: The next dog I see will be furry.

In the above argument, the premises provide a compelling reason to accept the conclusion. However, they don’t show it is certain, since there are hairless dog breeds, even if they’re rarer. As such, the inductive argument is about plausibility or probability, not logical certainty.

Knowing whether you’re making a deductive or an inductive argument is very important, as it affects the kind of conclusions you can draw.

How to Argue Your Point in an Essay

So, how do you put this into practice in your writing? To make a good argument in an essay, you may need to do several things. These include:

  • Develop a thesis statement . This will outline your premises and the conclusion you will draw. The idea of this to to set up the basic outline of your argument, which you will develop in the main body of your essay.
  • Link the points in your argument. Depending on the length of your essay, address each part of your argument in a separate paragraph or section. In addition, you should discuss them in a logical order, drawing connections between them where possible.
  • Include evidence . In an academic essay, this usually means drawing upon past research (e.g., existing studies) or experimental data (e.g., a questionnaire) to support each point. Without evidence, all you have is an unsupported claim.
  • Consider counterarguments. This lets you address potential objections to your point preemptively, strengthening your own argument.
  • Create a strong conclusion . This should follow clearly from the preceding points (your premises). It’s important to not just summarize your essay, but to also show how the evidence you’ve presented supports your claim and how each point works with the others to contribute to your argument as a whole.

It’s vital to ensure that everything – from the literature review to the conclusion – supports your main argument. Knowing what you’re arguing and how your points support this will help you to express yourself clearly. Still not sure how this structure should work? Check out this handy graphic we’ve put together.

And if you’d like someone to help ensure your essays are always error free, you can submit a document for proofreading today.

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Navigating Historical Debates: History Argumentative Essay Topics

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Dipping your toes into the vast ocean of history is an adventure. Each dive deep into its depths brings a new perspective, a fresh understanding, or a challenging contradiction. As a student of history, you don’t just learn about the past; you argue, debate, and discuss it. That’s where “history argumentative essay topics” come in, giving you the perfect platform to exhibit your persuasive skills while furthering your historical understanding.

Table of content

The Importance of Studying History

History isn’t just a record of ancient days; it’s a vibrant tapestry woven with countless threads, each representing a story, an era, a civilization, or an individual. Understanding history empowers us to make sense of our present, forecast future patterns, and appreciate humanity’s collective journey. Delving into argumentative essays adds depth to this exploration, honing your critical thinking, research understanding, and writing prowess.

The Art of Writing an Argumentative History Essay

In a history argumentative essay, your task goes beyond presenting facts. It would help to form an opinion, defend it with strong evidence, and persuade your reader to view history through your lens. Such essays often explore controversial issues, diverse interpretations, or underrepresented perspectives, making them thrilling.

Remember, an effective argumentative essay balances rigor with creativity. Your arguments should be based on solid research, but your writing style should maintain the reader’s interest. Short sentences, active voice, and transitional words will help ensure your essay is clear, concise, and captivating.

History Argumentative Essay Topics: Your Guide to an Engaging Argument

Picking the right history argumentative essay topics is crucial. Your topic should spark your curiosity, offer ample sources for research, and pose a challenge that motivates you to explore, argue, and persuade. The past is brimming with potential argumentative essay topics, from historical events and famous figures to social movements and cultural trends.

Here are a collection of history argumentative essay topics spanning different eras, regions, and themes to get you started. Use them as they are, or let them inspire you to develop your own.

  • The Crusades: Religious Devotion or Political Expediency?
  • Was the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Justifiable?
  • The Impact of Colonialism: Development or Exploitation?
  • The Role of Women in World War II: Homefront or Battlefield?
  • The American Civil War: Slavery or States’ Rights?
  • The French Revolution: Fight for Liberty or Reign of Terror?
  • The Renaissance: A Cultural Rebirth or a Period of Conflict?
  • Martin Luther King Jr. vs. Malcolm X: Who Had a Greater Impact on the Civil Rights Movement?
  • The Age of Exploration: Discovery or Destruction?
  • The Industrial Revolution: Progress or Plight?
  • The Fall of the Roman Empire: Invaders or Internal Decay?
  • Was the Cold War Inevitable Post-World War II?
  • Christopher Columbus: Hero or Villain?
  • The Impact of the Protestant Reformation: Unity or Division?
  • The Age of Imperialism: Prosperity or Oppression?
  • The Vietnam War: A Necessary Stand or a Futile Endeavor?
  • The American Revolution: Liberty or Economic Motives?
  • The Russian Revolution: People’s Uprising or Bolshevik Coup?
  • The Enlightenment: Philosophical Breakthrough or Social Disruption?
  • The Emancipation Proclamation: Sincere or Strategic?
  • The Role of Propaganda in Nazi Germany
  • Was Alexander the Great Really Great?
  • The Partition of India: Religious Freedom or Colonial Divide-and-Rule?
  • Did the Suffragette Movement Achieve Its Goals?
  • The Cuban Missile Crisis: Near-Apocalypse or Diplomatic Triumph?
  • The Influence of the Printing Press: Information Revolution or Religious Turmoil?
  • The Crusades: A Pathway to Enlightenment or a Dark Age Misstep?
  • The Atomic Age: A New Era or a Dangerous Precedent?
  • The Impact of the Ming Dynasty on China’s Global Presence
  • The American Westward Expansion: Manifest Destiny or Brutal Displacement?
  • The British Raj in India: Beneficial or Destructive?
  • The War of 1812: Forgotten War or Critical Conflict?
  • The Cultural Revolution in China: Necessary Purge or Disastrous Policy?
  • Slavery: The True Cause of the American Civil War?
  • The Role of Espionage in the Cold War
  • The Contributions of Nikola Tesla: Overlooked or Overrated?
  • The Great Depression: Natural Economic Cycle or Result of Poor Policy?
  • Was the League of Nations Doomed to Fail?
  • The Impact of Napoleon’s Reign on Europe
  • The Salem Witch Trials: Mass Hysteria or Religious Extremism?
  • The Influence of the Ottoman Empire on Modern Middle East
  • Did the Treaty of Versailles Cause World War II?
  • The Role of the Catholic Church in Medieval Europe
  • Manifest Destiny: Expansionism or Cultural Imperialism?
  • The Impact of Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire
  • The Spanish Inquisition: Religious Persecution or Political Power Play?
  • The Influence of the Harlem Renaissance on African American Culture
  • The Ethics of Using Atomic Bombs in WWII
  • The Role of Britain in the Creation of Israel
  • The Egyptian Revolution of 2011: A Springboard for Democracy?
  • The Effect of the Gold Rush on California’s Development
  • The Role of Social Media in the Arab Spring
  • The Implications of the Scramble for Africa
  • The Battle of Stalingrad: Turning Point in World War II?
  • The Meiji Restoration: Western Influence or Japanese Initiative?
  • The Role of Women in the French Revolution
  • The Impact of the Black Death on European Society
  • The Effect of the Viking Raids on European History
  • The Fall of the Berlin Wall: Inevitable or Surprising?
  • The Contributions of the Ancient Greeks to Modern Society
  • The Influence of the Catholic Church on the European Age of Discovery
  • The Impact of Gunpowder on Medieval Warfare
  • The Influence of the Spanish Civil War on WWII
  • The Causes and Consequences of the Thirty Years’ War
  • The Role of the Railroad in the Expansion of the United States
  • The Significance of the Magna Carta in the Modern Legal System
  • The Impact of the Silk Road on the Exchange of Cultures
  • The Role of the Mafia in Prohibition
  • The Effect of Charlemagne’s Reign on Europe
  • The Implications of the Columbian Exchange
  • The Influence of the Persian Empire on the Modern Middle East
  • The Impact of Marco Polo’s Travels on Europe
  • The Effect of the French Revolution on European Politics
  • The Influence of the Great Schism on Christianity
  • The Impact of the Space Race on the Cold War
  • The Legacy of the Aztec Empire
  • The Effect of the Transatlantic Slave Trade on Africa
  • The Role of the Knights Templar in the Crusades
  • The Influence of Gutenberg’s Printing Press on the Reformation
  • The Impact of the Han Dynasty on China
  • The Causes and Effects of the Boxer Rebellion
  • The Significance of the Pax Romana
  • The Influence of Confucianism on East Asian Cultures
  • The Impact of the Opium Wars on China
  • The Role of the French Foreign Legion in Colonial France
  • The Effect of the Suez Crisis on the Middle East
  • The Influence of the Renaissance on Modern Art
  • The Impact of the Zulu Nation on South Africa
  • The Causes and Consequences of the Irish Potato Famine
  • The Role of the Samurai in Feudal Japan
  • The Effect of the Hundred Years’ War on England and France
  • The Influence of the Roman Republic on Modern Democracies
  • The Impact of the US Constitution on the French Revolution
  • The Role of the Huns in the Fall of the Roman Empire
  • The Causes and Effects of the Haitian Revolution
  • The Influence of the Enlightenment on the US Constitution
  • The Impact of the Homestead Act on the American West
  • The Effect of the Plague of Justinian on the Byzantine Empire
  • The Role of the Medici Family in the Italian Renaissance

Remember, the goal is not just to recount history but to form an argument and defend it persuasively. Use reliable sources like scholarly articles, credible news outlets, and respected history websites for your research ( History.com , JSTOR , Fordham University’s Internet History Sourcebooks Project , etc.).

Conclusion: Your Historical Argument Awaits

Choosing from these argumentative history essay topics is just the beginning. You can turn your chosen topic into a compelling essay with thorough research, careful planning, and passionate writing. As you debate the past, you’re not just learning history but contributing to its discussion. Let these argumentative essay topics be your first step toward a thrilling historical discourse.

📎 Related Articles

1. Hot Topic History: A Journey Through Pivotal Moments 2. Engaging 8th Grade Research Paper Topics for Budding Historians 3. Dive Deep into Western Civilization Research Paper Topics 4. Navigating Through the Labyrinth of Ancient History Topics 5. Stirring the Pot: Controversial Topics in History for Research Paper

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Why Some Companies Grow Amid Uncertainty — and Others Don’t

  • Simon Freakley
  • David Garfield

good things to argue about for an essay

A survey of 3,000 global executives suggests that it’s not strategic thinking that sets them apart. It’s their inclination to move quickly.

When you cannot base strategy on reasonably certain premises — or when those reasonable premises are undone by unforeseeable events — what is a company to do? You still have to make plans, allocate capital, and invest for the future. Some argue that agility is the key to thriving in disruptive times, but if all you do is pivot, you are just going around in circles. The annual AlixPartners Disruption Index surveys 3,000 global executives about what is knocking them sideways. Among other things, it shows that three out of five say that it is increasingly challenging to know which disruptive forces to prioritize. Amid all this, there is a group of companies doing very well: about one in five said their companies lead their industry in revenue growth. In this article, the authors dig into that 2024 data to find out what sets these companies apart, and what other companies can learn from them about setting growth strategy in an uncertain world.

Strategic planning plays a key role in helping companies anticipate and manage business cycles. But forces like emerging digital technologies, climate change, and deglobalization — not to mention “black swan” events like the Covid-19 pandemic and wars — have turned a rolling sea into a choppy one, where companies are beset by currents, crosscurrents, riptides, and squalls. This multiplicity of related, unrelated, and inter-related difficulties have one thing in common: They are unpredictable.

  • SF Simon Freakley is the Chief Executive Officer of AlixPartners, a post he has held since 2015. He is based in New York.
  • David Garfield is a Chicago-based partner and managing director of AlixPartners, and the global leader for the firm’s industry practices.

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Guest Essay

The Supreme Court Got It Wrong: Abortion Is Not Settled Law

In an black-and-white photo illustration, nine abortion pills are arranged on a grid.

By Melissa Murray and Kate Shaw

Ms. Murray is a law professor at New York University. Ms. Shaw is a contributing Opinion writer.

In his majority opinion in the case overturning Roe v. Wade, Justice Samuel Alito insisted that the high court was finally settling the vexed abortion debate by returning the “authority to regulate abortion” to the “people and their elected representatives.”

Despite these assurances, less than two years after Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, abortion is back at the Supreme Court. In the next month, the justices will hear arguments in two high-stakes cases that may shape the future of access to medication abortion and to lifesaving care for pregnancy emergencies. These cases make clear that Dobbs did not settle the question of abortion in America — instead, it generated a new slate of questions. One of those questions involves the interaction of existing legal rules with the concept of fetal personhood — the view, held by many in the anti-abortion movement, that a fetus is a person entitled to the same rights and protections as any other person.

The first case , scheduled for argument on Tuesday, F.D.A. v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine, is a challenge to the Food and Drug Administration’s protocols for approving and regulating mifepristone, one of the two drugs used for medication abortions. An anti-abortion physicians’ group argues that the F.D.A. acted unlawfully when it relaxed existing restrictions on the use and distribution of mifepristone in 2016 and 2021. In 2016, the agency implemented changes that allowed the use of mifepristone up to 10 weeks of pregnancy, rather than seven; reduced the number of required in-person visits for dispensing the drug from three to one; and allowed the drug to be prescribed by individuals like nurse practitioners. In 2021, it eliminated the in-person visit requirement, clearing the way for the drug to be dispensed by mail. The physicians’ group has urged the court to throw out those regulations and reinstate the previous, more restrictive regulations surrounding the drug — a ruling that could affect access to the drug in every state, regardless of the state’s abortion politics.

The second case, scheduled for argument on April 24, involves the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (known by doctors and health policymakers as EMTALA ), which requires federally funded hospitals to provide patients, including pregnant patients, with stabilizing care or transfer to a hospital that can provide such care. At issue is the law’s interaction with state laws that severely restrict abortion, like an Idaho law that bans abortion except in cases of rape or incest and circumstances where abortion is “necessary to prevent the death of the pregnant woman.”

Although the Idaho law limits the provision of abortion care to circumstances where death is imminent, the federal government argues that under EMTALA and basic principles of federal supremacy, pregnant patients experiencing emergencies at federally funded hospitals in Idaho are entitled to abortion care, even if they are not in danger of imminent death.

These cases may be framed in the technical jargon of administrative law and federal pre-emption doctrine, but both cases involve incredibly high-stakes issues for the lives and health of pregnant persons — and offer the court an opportunity to shape the landscape of abortion access in the post-Roe era.

These two cases may also give the court a chance to seed new ground for fetal personhood. Woven throughout both cases are arguments that gesture toward the view that a fetus is a person.

If that is the case, the legal rules that would typically hold sway in these cases might not apply. If these questions must account for the rights and entitlements of the fetus, the entire calculus is upended.

In this new scenario, the issue is not simply whether EMTALA’s protections for pregnant patients pre-empt Idaho’s abortion ban, but rather which set of interests — the patient’s or the fetus’s — should be prioritized in the contest between state and federal law. Likewise, the analysis of F.D.A. regulatory protocols is entirely different if one of the arguments is that the drug to be regulated may be used to end a life.

Neither case presents the justices with a clear opportunity to endorse the notion of fetal personhood — but such claims are lurking beneath the surface. The Idaho abortion ban is called the Defense of Life Act, and in its first bill introduced in 2024, the Idaho Legislature proposed replacing the term “fetus” with “preborn child” in existing Idaho law. In its briefs before the court, Idaho continues to beat the drum of fetal personhood, insisting that EMTALA protects the unborn — rather than pregnant women who need abortions during health emergencies.

According to the state, nothing in EMTALA imposes an obligation to provide stabilizing abortion care for pregnant women. Rather, the law “actually requires stabilizing treatment for the unborn children of pregnant women.” In the mifepristone case, advocates referred to fetuses as “unborn children,” while the district judge in Texas who invalidated F.D.A. approval of the drug described it as one that “starves the unborn human until death.”

Fetal personhood language is in ascent throughout the country. In a recent decision , the Alabama Supreme Court allowed a wrongful-death suit for the destruction of frozen embryos intended for in vitro fertilization, or I.V.F. — embryos that the court characterized as “extrauterine children.”

Less discussed but as worrisome is a recent oral argument at the Florida Supreme Court concerning a proposed ballot initiative intended to enshrine a right to reproductive freedom in the state’s Constitution. In considering the proposed initiative, the chief justice of the state Supreme Court repeatedly peppered Nathan Forrester, the senior deputy solicitor general who was representing the state, with questions about whether the state recognized the fetus as a person under the Florida Constitution. The point was plain: If the fetus was a person, then the proposed ballot initiative, and its protections for reproductive rights, would change the fetus’s rights under the law, raising constitutional questions.

As these cases make clear, the drive toward fetal personhood goes beyond simply recasting abortion as homicide. If the fetus is a person, any act that involves reproduction may implicate fetal rights. Fetal personhood thus has strong potential to raise questions about access to abortion, contraception and various forms of assisted reproductive technology, including I.V.F.

In response to the shifting landscape of reproductive rights, President Biden has pledged to “restore Roe v. Wade as the law of the land.” Roe and its successor, Planned Parenthood v. Casey, were far from perfect; they afforded states significant leeway to impose onerous restrictions on abortion, making meaningful access an empty promise for many women and families of limited means. But the two decisions reflected a constitutional vision that, at least in theory, protected the liberty to make certain intimate choices — including choices surrounding if, when and how to become a parent.

Under the logic of Roe and Casey, the enforceability of EMTALA, the F.D.A.’s power to regulate mifepristone and access to I.V.F. weren’t in question. But in the post-Dobbs landscape, all bets are off. We no longer live in a world in which a shared conception of constitutional liberty makes a ban on I.V.F. or certain forms of contraception beyond the pale.

Melissa Murray, a law professor at New York University and a host of the Supreme Court podcast “ Strict Scrutiny ,” is a co-author of “ The Trump Indictments : The Historic Charging Documents With Commentary.”

Kate Shaw is a contributing Opinion writer, a professor of law at the University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School and a host of the Supreme Court podcast “Strict Scrutiny.” She served as a law clerk to Justice John Paul Stevens and Judge Richard Posner.

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  16. How to Write an Argumentative Essay

    Provide the grounds (evidence) for the claim. Explain the warrant (how the grounds support the claim) Discuss possible rebuttals to the claim, identifying the limits of the argument and showing that you have considered alternative perspectives. The Toulmin model is a common approach in academic essays. You don't have to use these specific ...

  17. 100 Good Topics to Argue About in Your Next Essay

    Here you go with a few more good topics to argue about. Exploring the Dislike for Mondays: A Critical Look at Our Attitudes Towards the Start of the Week. The Advantages of Late-Night Studying: A Debate on the Effectiveness of Different Study Schedules. The Presence of Romanticism in Nature: An Analysis of How the Natural World Exhibits ...

  18. 3 Key Tips for How to Write an Argumentative Essay

    An argumentative essay is a type of writing that presents the writer's position or stance on a specific topic and uses evidence to support that position. The goal of an argumentative essay is to convince your reader that your position is logical, ethical, and, ultimately, right. In argumentative essays, writers accomplish this by writing:

  19. Top 80+ Topics To Argue About That Will Test Your ...

    4/ Stay Calm. Staying calm helps you think more clearly and react to the arguments of others more effectively. It also helps prevent the argument from escalating into a personal attack or becoming futile. To stay calm, you can take deep breaths, count to ten, or take a break if needed.

  20. How to Write a Good Argumentative Essay: Easy Step-by-Step Guide

    1. Introductory paragraph. The first paragraph of your essay should outline the topic, provide background information necessary to understand your argument, outline the evidence you will present and states your thesis. 2. The thesis statement. This is part of your first paragraph.

  21. Academic Writing: How to Argue in an Essay

    To make a good argument in an essay, you may need to do several things. These include: Develop a thesis statement. This will outline your premises and the conclusion you will draw. The idea of this to to set up the basic outline of your argument, which you will develop in the main body of your essay. Link the points in your argument.

  22. Crafting Your Argument: 99 History Argumentative Essay Topics

    Let these argumentative essay topics be your first step toward a thrilling historical discourse. 1. Hot Topic History: A Journey Through Pivotal Moments. 2. Engaging 8th Grade Research Paper Topics for Budding Historians. 3. Dive Deep into Western Civilization Research Paper Topics. 4.

  23. How to Write an Argumentative Essay

    Good argumentative essay topics can be debated, offering at least two points of view on an issue. Not only do they give readers information about something, but they also motivate the audience to join the discussion. Consider a topic that expands minds and makes it possible for readers to see a subject in a new perspective.

  24. Why Some Companies Grow Amid Uncertainty

    Some argue that agility is the key to thriving in disruptive times, but if all you do is pivot, you are just going around in circles. The annual AlixPartners Disruption Index surveys 3,000 global ...

  25. 55 Great Debate Topics for Any Project

    Social and Political Issues Debate Topics. All people should have the right to own guns. The death penalty should be abolished. Human cloning should be legalized. All drugs should be legalized. Animal testing should be banned. Juveniles should be tried and treated as adults. Climate change is the greatest threat facing humanity today.

  26. Why Abortion Is Back at the Supreme Court

    The first case, scheduled for argument on Tuesday, F.D.A. v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine, is a challenge to the Food and Drug Administration's protocols for approving and regulating ...