what level is a phd uk

The shortcut to your shortlist

Make your university search faster and less stressful. Get a personalised shortlist by selecting what matters to you.

CHOOSE ONE OR MORE

Popular universities

University of Kent
University of East Anglia UEA
University of Chester
Coventry University
University of Aberdeen
University of Portmouth
Nottingham Trent University
University of Sunderland
London Metropolitan University
London South Bank University
University of East London
BROWSE ALL UNIVERSITIES

Course search

Popular undergraduate courses.

Computer Science
LLB Bachelor of Laws
Biomedical Sciences
Physiotherapy
Sports Science

Open days search

Upcoming open days.

Sheffield Hallam University
Bournemouth University
Wrexham University
Solent University (Southampton)

Article search

What is a PhD?

Are you considering a phd degree we take a look at what a phd is, how long it takes and how you can go about getting one..

What’s a PhD?

What does phd stand for, how long is a phd, how much does a phd cost, how to get a phd, can you do a phd without a master’s, is a phd worth it, looking for clearing advice.

The Clearing concierge has the answers

A PhD is the highest postgraduate-level qualification offered by universities in the UK. It’s for those who are looking to build on what they studied during their master’s degree, or for those currently working who wish to research a particular area within their field.

PhDs are research-based degrees. The student comes up with an original research question, often in collaboration with a university professor, and explores that topic in depth. At the end of the degree a final thesis is produced that could range from 40,000 to 120,000 words.

The number of students enrolling in PhD degrees is increasing year-on-year. From 2015/16 to 2019/20 enrolments increased by 2.9%, according to 2019/20 HESA data on student enrolments . This highlights the growing interest in and demand for the postgraduate qualification.

PhD stands for Doctor of Philosophy. You’ll often find this abbreviated to just ‘Doctorate’ as a PhD falls under the umbrella of doctorate degrees.

They vary in length, based on what you decide to research and whether you choose to study part-time or full-time. Full-time PhD students often take three or four years, with part-time students taking up to seven. Some universities even offer deadline extensions of up to four years.

You can expect to pay anywhere from £3,000 to £6,000 per year. This applies to all UK and EU students, with other international students paying more. Most PhD students fund their degree through scholarships, bursaries, and grants. Many UK research organisations also offer studentships through UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) , which can be another form of funding.

Bursaries and scholarships
Postgraduate funding

Having a strong interest in a particular subject is the first step to a PhD. You’ll either be applying for an already funded project being offered by a university, or you’ll be pitching your own research proposal. Admissions teams want to see your dedication and enthusiasm, so make sure you’re passionate about the subject first.

Universities tend to list available research projects and who’ll be supervising them on their website. Don’t hesitate to contact any professors you know that are doing research in an area you’re interested in. They may have a PhD position available they haven’t yet advertised.

When applying, you’ll need a:

Cover letter
Research proposal (if pitching an original research idea)
Reference (may be asked to provide three people, who know you in an academic setting or can comment on your research capability)

Use your application as a chance to really convey your passion for the subject. It’s important to expand on your interest, explain why you have that interest and cite examples of you pursuing this interest through past experiences. You’ll be studying for at least three to four years and the admissions teams will want to make sure you’ll be dedicated.

Yes, but this will depend on the course you’re applying for and what previous experience you have. Most PhD degrees will require you to have completed a master’s degree or equivalent, but exceptions can be made if you can demonstrate your capability. Universities want to see that you’re passionate, hard-working, and determined.

This is up to you and your career aspirations. Consider how important it is that you have a doctorate degree and what contribution it’ll make to your future.

Boost your employability

Many choose to do a PhD because it’ll increase their chances of employment. This’ll depend on what you want to study and what industry you want to work in, but doing so could increase your job prospects. Recent data from HESA on graduate activities by level of qualification found that 78.9% of doctorate students were employed upon graduating in the academic years 2017/18 to 2019/20. Only 3.4% were unemployed.

Helps you pursue an academic career

Many students use a PhD as a pathway into academia, progressing into full-time roles at a university or other higher education institution. This could be as a professor, researcher, or other role. PhD students are often employed by the university while they study, helping in lectures, labs, tutorials or as research assistants.

Make a significant contribution to your field

Doctorate degrees offer the opportunity to explore an original research question and advance your knowledge in your chosen field. It's a satisfying position to be in and comes with recognition from your peers. This could also open up a wealth of further research to be explored by either you or your peers.

Develop a range of transferrable skills

Through a doctorate degree you’ll learn a range of invaluable skills, transferrable beyond your studies. These can include:

Project management
Time management
Independence
Writing and presentation skills
Communication skills
Research skills
Teaching others

The shortcut to your uni shortlist

Hidden Gems in Clearing 2024

Let's look at the hidden gem universities who have Clearing courses available.

Doctors and nurses walking through corridor in a hospital

NHS funded courses 2024/25

The NHS bursary – or similar – can help you financially when starting a career as a...

Joyful guy talking on smartphone while studying online

Preparing for your university Clearing call

Calling universities about Clearing can be daunting, but with proper preparation and...

Is this page useful?

Sorry about that..., how can we improve it, thanks for your feedback.

Skip to primary navigation
Skip to main content
Skip to primary sidebar
Skip to secondary sidebar
Skip to footer

career-advice.jobs.ac.uk

What is a PhD and Why Should YOU do one?

male and female conducting experiments in lab

In the UK, a PhD stands for ‘Doctor of Philosophy’, sometimes referred to as a ‘doctorate’. It is the highest level of degree that a student can achieve. At some institutions, including Oxford University, a Doctor of Philosophy is known as a DPhil. It is distinct from professional doctorates such as an Engineering Doctorate (EngD).

Entry requirements

An undergraduate degree is a minimum requirement and many will also require a master’s degree (such as an MA, MSc or MRes). Some scholarships will be on a 1+3 basis, which is one year of a master’s plus three years of PhD funding.

How to apply for a PhD

Prospective students are usually expected to submit a research proposal to the department they wish to undertake their study in. Some departments will encourage students to discuss their ideas with an academic working in that field first. The proposal will outline what they intend their research to investigate, how it relates to other research in their field and what methods they intend to use to carry out their research. Some PhD’s however, particularly in the sciences, are advertised as studentships where the research aims are more prescriptive.

How long is the course?

A PhD usually lasts three years (four for a New Route PhD – see below), or rather, any available funding usually lasts for that time. Students may be able to take extra time in order to complete their thesis but this will usually be at their own expense. For part-time, self-funded students, it can take up to seven years.

What’s involved

A PhD usually culminates in a dissertation of around 80,000-100,000 words , based on research carried out over the course of their study. The research must be original and aim to create new knowledge or theories in their specialist area, or build on existing knowledge or theories. Many departments initially accept students on an MPhil basis and then upgrade them to PhD status after the first year or two, subject to satisfactory progress. Students who are not considered to be doing work appropriate for the level can instead submit a shorter thesis and gain an MPhil.

There is little taught element, students are expected to work independently, supported by their department and a supervisor. There may be seminars to attend and/or lab work to complete, depending on the subject. During their study, students will try and get academic papers published and present their work at conferences, which will allow them to get feedback on their ideas for their dissertation.

New Route PhD

Introduced in 2001, the New Route PhD is a four-year programme that combines taught elements, including professional and transferable skills, with the student’s research. There are now hundreds of doctoral students studying a variety of subjects at a consortium of universities across the UK.

Career prospects for PhD Students

PhD graduates who go on to work in academia usually start off by undertaking postdoctoral research and then a fellowship or lectureship. Other career options will depend on what the PhD was in – commercial research is an option for some, and many are able to use their specialist knowledge and research skills in areas of business and finance.

For a real insight into what it’s like to study at PhD level, see our vlog series , where we have invited students at various stages of their PhD and locations to film themselves over a month and share their videos with you.

Why do a PhD?

If you are considering doing one make sure that you do it with a purpose. Do one because you want to and know why you want to do it and have a clear idea of what it could lead to . How is doing a PhD going to help you achieve what you want to in your future?

Reasons to do a PhD.

It’ll be good for your career. No one expects you to have your whole career plan mapped out when you start a PhD, but having some ideas of where you want to get to can be useful. Be aware though that you may not get the career benefits of a PhD straight away.
You want to be an expert in a particular area of your subject. If you complete a PhD you will be. No-one, not your supervisor, not your external examiner at the end of your PhD, no-one, will know more about the subject you researched than you do.
You want to achieve something. You want to work hard and demonstrate a passion for your subject and show how much time and effort you put in and how motivated you are.
Showing your ability to motivate yourself is one of many skills you’ll be able to demonstrate to employers after doing a PhD, which is handy for entering a competitive job market .

Reasons not to do a PhD.

Don’t do it just because your degree research project supervisor asked you if you wanted to do one with them. If you wanted to do one and it’s in an area that interests you then great, go for it. If you hadn’t thought about doing one before they asked, and you’re not sure why you want to do one, make sure you work that out before saying yes to them.
Don’t do it because you don’t know what else to do. Many people do a PhD because they don’t know what else to do and think it will give them time to work that out. Doing a PhD is a huge commitment, at least 3-4 years of your life, and hard work, so before you take one on, make sure you understand why.
And do it because YOU want to, not because your family, or others expect it of you, or because your family or friends are doing one, or have done one. Make it your decision, not someone else’s.

Why Should YOU Do A PhD?

It is your decision to commit to a significant period of time and work and it needs to be something you approach positively and with enthusiasm but also with realism about the pros and cons of undertaking original research.

Who does a PhD?

The idea of the “perpetual student”, i.e. someone who stays on after an undergraduate and/or masters degree, to do a PhD, is perhaps a traditional view of PhDs. Some of you reading this will fall into the category of those who work through the tiers of higher education in this sequential fashion (it does not necessarily make you a “perpetual student” though!). The PhD population today is very diverse and not made up entirely of 21 to 25-year-olds who have stayed in educational settings for the majority of their lives. Others may be considering a return to education in order to change your career or as part of your professional development within an existing career. Some of you may be considering coming to study in the UK independently or with support from an organisation in your home country. Whatever your situation it is very important that you take time to recognise and understand why you are making this commitment and what it entails.

Let us move to the positives of why YOU should do a Ph.D. Broadly, the positive reasons can be classified into:

You WANT to or You NEED to

Some academic colleagues were asked to give reasons why someone should do a PhD and all came back with statements that had the word “passion” in them. This is having a real passion for your subject and an area of it that you want to investigate further. My colleagues also offered some interesting comments on the reality of making a decision to do a PhD even when you have this passion. Some commented on the need to consider doing the right PhD for you and not just any PhD, and I think it is important that you take this seriously as it can be dangerous to compromise too far and embark on research that you are not interested in just because it will lead to a PhD.

Academic colleagues also wanted you to look ahead and consider where your PhD may take you. Do you want to continue in an academic career or apply for jobs in industry or other organisations where a PhD is a requirement or will help you to work at a different level? Interestingly, research on the career intentions of students, undertaken by Vitae revealed that less than one-third had firm career ideas even in the latter stages of their Ph.D. This statistic is concerning as it may mean that PhD students miss opportunities to add to their range of experience. You don’t need to have an exact career plan in place at the start of your Ph.D., but doing research on where it may take you is valuable. For those already in a career and undertaking a PhD as part of their professional development, or those who are viewing a PhD as part of a career change into academia, they should also look ahead and ensure that plans for the future are realistic and achievable.

A decision to undertake a PhD involves the same steps as any other career decision, you need to find out as much as possible about what a Ph.D. really involves. Alongside considering where your passions lie and where they might lead to, you need to research such things as:

The working environment and how you will adapt to any differences with your current situation
Working with a supervisor
What funding is available and what it covers, i.e. fees only or fees and living costs?
Most importantly what behaviours, skills and experiences YOU have that will make you a successful and productive researcher

These points and others are covered in more detail in 7 Ph.D Application Tips .

Find your PhD here

For further PhD tips see:

What Can You Do With a PhD?

What did you think of our article? - please rate

Share this article

Reader Interactions

Recommended pages

Undergraduate open days
Postgraduate open days
Accommodation
Information for teachers
Maps and directions
Sport and fitness

What to expect from a PhD/ MA by Research

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is the highest level of qualification awarded by universities in the UK, typically aimed at students who have successfully completed a Masters programme.

A PhD is awarded for the outcomes of intensive, independent study that demonstrates an original and significant contribution to knowledge in your chosen subject. You will be assessed at the end of the programme by a thesis of 80,000 words which will need to be deemed suitable for publication, in whole or in part in a learned journal or equivalent by your examiners. You will need to defend your thesis and demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of your subject at a viva voce (oral examination) before a panel of expert examiners.

By comparison, an MA by Research is a research-based Masters programme assessed by a thesis of 40,000 words. An oral examination may be held at the discretion of the examiners.

Unlike our postgraduate taught programmes, there are no formal lectures or seminars in a PhD or MA by Research, and your work is not formally examined until after your thesis has been submitted. Instead, our postgraduate research programmes provide you with the opportunity to undertake research under the expert guidance of a primary supervisor, co-supervisor and mentor, supported by complementary research training.

PhD and MA by Research programmes may start at any time of the year, though we strongly encourage students to begin their studies at the start of the UK academic year (September). We also offer flexibility in our programmes so that you can choose the mode of study that works for you - full-time, part-time, or distance learning . It usually takes three years (full-time) or six years (part-time) to complete a PhD, while the standard duration for an MA by Research is either one year (full-time) or two years (part-time).

Distance learning students will receive the same level of support and supervision as on-campus students, the only difference being that supervisory sessions will take place via audio and visual communication services such as Microsoft Teams or Zoom, rather than in person. You will be funded to make one compulsory visit to the University per year of study (or every other year for part-time students), enabling you to meet your supervisory team, undertake intensive research skills training and make a start on your doctoral studies. You may also be invited to attend the University for annual meetings which give you the opportunity to interact with other research students both socially and academically, undertake important progress-review meetings and carry out any necessary training. For those studying a PhD, you will also generally be required to be present on campus for your viva voce (funded for travel and accommodation).

What is involved in a PhD/MA by Research?

Before you start.

One of your main sources of support, inspiration and encouragement throughout your PhD/MA by Research programme will be your supervisory team. Establishing an effective working relationship is important for staying on top of your work and making the most of your research.

If you are planning to apply for a PhD/MA by Research programme, you should first make sure that the relevant department within the College of Arts and Law offers the necessary expertise. We ask that you identify an appropriate supervisor before you submit your application and contact them in the first instance to discuss your research proposal. If you experience any difficulties with the application process and contacting potential supervisors, please email: [email protected]

Your research proposal should be a short written document (approximately 1,000-1,500 words) which sets out the central issues or questions that you intend to address. It should outline the general area of study within which your research falls, referring to the current state of knowledge and any recent debates on the topic, as well as demonstrate the originality of your proposed research. For further advice, please refer to our research proposal guidance pages .

During your studies

Your supervisory team will meet with you at regular intervals throughout your PhD/MA by Research programme in order to offer guidance on how best to approach, implement and report on your research. Supervisory sessions for distance learning students will take place via audio and visual communication services such as Skype or Facetime, rather than on campus.

Although your supervisory team are there to help you to complete your research, postgraduate research students are expected to take full responsibility for their work. Therefore, you will need to develop your own timetable for academic study, planning and managing your research so that you can successfully complete your thesis on time.

The first year (or part-time equivalent) of a PhD usually consists of a literature review specific to your thesis and topic, along with any other relevant work or training that will prepare you for undertaking the bulk of your research in the second year, which is normally then written up in the third year. For an MA by Research, these timescales are condensed into one year (or two years if studying part time).

During the course of your studies your supervisory team may also encourage you to present your research to the wider academic community and to the general public at seminars and conferences, or even submit work for publication in specialist journals. You will also have opportunities for teaching, networking, and playing an active role in the College's vibrant postgraduate research community .

If you wish to proceed and submit an application, please refer to our six-step process for applying for PhD and MA by Research opportunities in Arts subject areas.

How to apply for a PhD in the UK

Applying for a phd is not quite as daunting as you might think. a postgraduate student recruitment officer from the university of sussex shares his tips for putting together a phd application.

Ben Osborne

There are many different reasons for wanting to pursue a PhD – to move into an academic role at a university, to continue studying a subject you are passionate about or to further your career.

Whatever your motivation, many students are now choosing to pursue a PhD abroad. This guide will help you understand how to apply for a PhD at a UK university and answer any questions you might have around doing PhDs.

Download your Study Abroad Guide for FREE!

How to apply for a phd.

Application rules and methods vary for each university. The number of courses that you can apply for in a year will vary. For example, at the University of Sussex , you can apply for up to three postgraduate courses per year using the postgraduate application system.

If you are applying for more than one degree, you must submit a research proposal/statement specific to each area of study you apply for.

You can also apply to different universities to improve your chances of being accepted to a PhD course of your choosing.

What qualifications do I need?

Each PhD will have specific entry requirements and you will also need to meet a university’s general entry requirements. This may be an upper second-class undergraduate honours degree (2:1) or an equivalent international qualification. For some PhDs you may need a master’s qualification, and you may be asked to attend an interview.

International students may also be required to prove language proficiency. This will vary across institutions so do check what level universities expect before starting your application.

Applicants should always check the specific entry requirements in a university’s online prospectus before making an application.

When should I start applying?

This will depend on when your term start date is. Most research degrees will start in September but some courses offer additional entry points in January or May.

You can apply all year round for research degrees starting in September, January and May, and the deadlines for applying are usually one month before the course start date for UK applicants, and three months before for international applicants.

If you’re applying for funding from an external organisation you’ll need to be aware that they may have different deadlines for the funding application. So give yourself plenty of time to research your funding options, and ensure you know how long the application process takes.

Many universities offer a number of funded PhD opportunities and PhD scholarships for UK and international students, and it’s always worth investigating funding routes such as research councils and other organisations, both in the UK and overseas.

In some cases, it may be possible to study a PhD by distance which means you’ll be able to learn online and have virtual meetings with your supervisor.

If this is something you would be interested in doing you should check before applying whether your university can accommodate this option.

Nine things to know before doing a PhD Starting a PhD during the pandemic Studying for a part-time PhD: the challenges and the benefits Is it possible to do a three-year PhD as an international student?

How should I look for a supervisor?

Usually if you are applying for a funded project, or to a research centre or group, you will normally be asked to provide a statement explaining your suitability for working in that area, and if successful you will be allocated a supervisor.

If you wish to propose your own area of research, you need to decide on a research topic, and you will be expected to write a research proposal. In some cases you may only be required to provide a summary of academic interests and this can be used to match you to a researcher that suits you.

If you are proposing your own research topic, there may be a research database at your university that you can search, or your university will match you with a supervisor during the assessment of your application. It may be possible to request supervision by a particular member of faculty – this will be considered but not all requests can be accommodated.

If you do find a potential supervisor who matches your research area, check their online profile for indications of their doctoral supervision capacity. If they are open to doctoral applications, you can contact them directly to check their availability for supervising you.

It is a good idea to draw up a shortlist of two to three potential supervisors, and take an in-depth look into their research history. You can also find out more about your potential supervisors by looking in the reference sections of academic textbooks and searching for articles in research databases and academic blogs.

When you contact your potential supervisor, it is important to tell them something interesting about yourself, and explain your research interests and how you feel your research proposal matches their expertise.

How do I write a research proposal?

If you are proposing your own research you will need to write a strong proposal that formulates a precise, interesting research question, and establishes the relevance and value of the proposed research question in the context of current academic thinking.

You’ll need to make sure your proposal describes the data or source material your research requires, and outlines a clear and practical methodology that enables you to answer the research question and that states clearly what you hope to discover at the end of your research, and what new areas it might open up.

The precise content and structure of your research proposal will depend on your subject area, and the University of Sussex has some helpful resources on our website to guide you through the process.

How long does the application process take?

Completing an application and writing a research proposal may take some time and should not be left until just before the application deadline.

It’s not easy to give a definite idea of how long it takes to hear if your application has been successful, as it will depend on when the application is made and the nature of the specific PhD, and you would need to meet any conditions contained within the offer before you can start the PhD.

What are the associated costs?

There won’t typically be an application fee for PhDs but there are tuition fees. If a university does charge application fees they will usually be between £50-£100.

The tuition fees for students studying in the UK are set by UK Research and Innovation . Fees for international students are £18,975 for non-lab-based subjects, and £22,975 for lab-based subjects per year.

You’ll also need to factor in living costs, but there are a number of funding routes you can apply for to help with this. As well as PhD scholarships and funded research projects there are research council awards, PhD loans for those eligible, and various organisations to which international students can apply for funding, such as The Gen Foundation and Open Society Foundations.

It’s important to be aware of the costs involved, but it’s also worth remembering that the educational, career and personal benefits of PhD study can be worth it.

.css-185owts{overflow:hidden;max-height:54px;text-indent:0px;} How to apply for a PhD in the US

Giulia Evolvi

Women in STEM: undertaking PhD research in cancer

Grace McGregor

PhD diary: Where do I begin?

Charlie Pullen

Our cookies

We use cookies for three reasons: to give you the best experience on PGS, to make sure the PGS ads you see on other sites are relevant , and to measure website usage. Some of these cookies are necessary to help the site work properly and can’t be switched off. Cookies also support us to provide our services for free, and by click on “Accept” below, you are agreeing to our use of cookies .You can manage your preferences now or at any time.

Privacy overview

We use cookies, which are small text files placed on your computer, to allow the site to work for you, improve your user experience, to provide us with information about how our site is used, and to deliver personalised ads which help fund our work and deliver our service to you for free.

The information does not usually directly identify you, but it can give you a more personalised web experience.

You can accept all, or else manage cookies individually. However, blocking some types of cookies may affect your experience of the site and the services we are able to offer.

You can change your cookies preference at any time by visiting our Cookies Notice page. Please remember to clear your browsing data and cookies when you change your cookies preferences. This will remove all cookies previously placed on your browser.

For more detailed information about the cookies we use, or how to clear your browser cookies data see our Cookies Notice

Manage consent preferences

Strictly necessary cookies

These cookies are necessary for the website to function and cannot be switched off in our systems.

They are essential for you to browse the website and use its features.

You can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not then work. We can’t identify you from these cookies.

Functional cookies

These help us personalise our sites for you by remembering your preferences and settings. They may be set by us or by third party providers, whose services we have added to our pages. If you do not allow these cookies, then these services may not function properly.

Performance cookies

These cookies allow us to count visits and see where our traffic comes from, so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. They help us to know which pages are popular and see how visitors move around the site. The cookies cannot directly identify any individual users.

If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site and will not be able to improve its performance for you.

Marketing cookies

These cookies may be set through our site by social media services or our advertising partners. Social media cookies enable you to share our content with your friends and networks. They can track your browser across other sites and build up a profile of your interests. If you do not allow these cookies you may not be able to see or use the content sharing tools.

Advertising cookies may be used to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant adverts on other sites. They do not store directly personal information, but work by uniquely identifying your browser and internet device. If you do not allow these cookies, you will still see ads, but they won’t be tailored to your interests.

What is a PhD?

A PhD is a postgraduate degree. It stands for ‘Doctor of Philosophy’ and is one of the highest academic qualifications you can achieve.

Courses involve both research and academic learning where you take on a significant amount of independent work.

For most PhDs, you’ll research for, write and publish an extensive thesis on a specialist subject area.

How long is a PhD?

PhDs courses usually last between three to four years if you study full-time. Students often extend their thesis deadlines and finish the work in their fourth year. If you study part-time, courses can last six or seven years.

Courses can begin anytime throughout the year, though most studentships (doctorate scholarships) start in September or October.

What qualifications do you need for a PhD?

You usually need a good second-class (2.1) undergraduate honours degree in a relevant subject area, or equivalent. Many courses also ask for a master’s degree.

When applying, you may need to demonstrate an ability to conduct research. This could be by showing your experience of independently working on a research project. You’ll probably also have to submit a research proposal that outlines what you’ll be studying.

How is a PhD taught?

There’s very little teaching involved in a PhD degree. Your course may begin with five or six hours per week of classes where you learn about research methods and techniques. Aside from this, you’re in control of your studies, though you’ll receive some guidance from an academic tutor.

How is a PhD assessed?

PhD students are assessed mainly by a thesis, and a closed oral examination where examiners ask questions about the thesis.

Degrees are usually graded as pass or fail.

What skills do you learn during a PhD?

As well as subject-specific skills, you develop transferable skills such as:

Organisation
Research
Work habits
Project management
Critical thinking
Written communication
Presentation

How much does a PhD cost?

Fees vary widely between courses and institutions, but are commonly between £3,000 and £6,000 per year for UK students. International students often pay more.

Many degrees are partly or fully funded, and lots of students receive scholarships and bursaries. UK Research Councils provide universities with grants of around £4,000 per year for each funded PhD student.

PhD degree facts

Some new PhDs are more vocational and offer practical experiences as well as research. These are designed for those looking to advance their careers.

When applying for a PhD, you show the university that you’re the right person for an advertised position, or that you’d be suitable to complete your research proposal.

Popular PhD subjects

Archaeology, top rated universities, cranfield university, anglia ruskin university, bangor university, more phd advice, 5 reasons to study a phd.

A PhD is both financially draining and incredibly challenging. Lasting for 3 – 4 years (depending up...

21 st February 2020

Five time management tips for phd students.

Due to the limited contact time you’ll receive during y...

16 th August 2022

Staying motivated on a phd.

There will be times during your PhD where you feel like you lack motivation. Studying for these degr...

06 th June 2023

What to expect from a phd.

Your PhD will be unlike many of your previous academic experiences. While you will be attached to a ...

04 th September 2020

Funding your phd, 5 things to consider when you apply for postgraduate finance.

It’s no secret that studying for a postgraduate course ...

01 st September 2020

How to fund your postgraduate course.

Knowing if you can fund your studying is a key deciding factor when taking a postgraduate degree, es...

08 th February 2023

Loan options for postgraduate students.

The routes for postgraduate students to get loans for their continuing education have changed quite ...

27 th September 2022

How to fund a phd.

Planning on studying for a PhD but wondering how to fund it? If you’ve been researching PhDs, you’ll...

15 th August 2022

Upcoming open days, bournemouth university, ravensbourne university london.

Phd-Study-In-Uk

Applying for a PhD in the UK

Written by Mark Bennett

Planning on applying for a PhD in the UK? This guide covers what’s required to get onto a UK PhD programme and how to submit your application.

PhD Study in the UK - Key Details
	164
	(1096)
	550,000
	3-4 years
	£4-5,000 (domestic rate)
	September to June

UK universities

There are over 150 universities in the UK. The vast majority are public universities , meaning that they receive funding (including budgets for PhD studentships) from the UK Government. All British universities are free to pursue their own research objectives, but the amount of funding each institution receives is partly based on regular assessments of its performance as part of the Research Excellence Framework (REF) .

A small number of private universities also operate in the UK. They tend to specialise in specific subjects, such as Business or Law.

UK countries

The four parts of the UK each have slightly different higher education systems:

England is home to the majority of the UK's universities, including the two oldest ( Oxford and Cambridge )
Scotland is home to 15 of the UK's universities, including four 'ancient universities' ( St Andrews , Glasgow , Aberdeen and Edinburgh ) dating from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
Wales has eight universities, all of which are public institutions, dating from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
Northern Ireland has two universities, each of which operates multiple campuses

The governments of each part of the UK have powers to decide on higher education policy, including fees and funding. But, in practice, PhD research works pretty similarly across England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The country that's best for you will depend on the research opportunities available at specific universities.

UK university groups

Some UK universities are organised – officially or unofficially – into different groups. Here are some of the more common ones you may come across, together with what they mean:

The Russell Group is an association of 24 universities across the UK. The group is self-selecting (it decides on its own members) and positions itself as representing the country's leading research universities. In practice this is broadly accurate as the Russell Group includes some of the best ranked British universities and – perhaps more importantly – awards the majority of UK PhDs.
The ancient universities are a group of seven institutions that date from the sixteenth century or earlier, including Oxford , Cambridge , St Andrews , Glasgow , Aberdeen and Edinburgh as well as Trinity College Dublin (in Ireland ). 'Membership' of this group isn't based on anything other than chronology (unsurprisingly, new universities can't join) and the ancient universities don't collaborate as such, though some are members of the Russell Group. Of more importance is the fact that some ancient universities award their doctorates as a DPhil rather than a PhD. The degree and its recognition are fundamentally the same.
The red brick universities are another informal grouping based on history rather than collective organisation. They include nine civic universities founded during the nineteenth-century industrial revolution with the aim of providing education and training for their cities. In contrast to the medieval buildings of the ancient universities, their campuses were built largely from red brick – hence the name.
The term 'post-92' is sometimes used to describe universities that were originally polytechnics (higher education institutions focussing on teaching and training rather than research) before being granted full university status in 1992. Many of these 'ex-poly' universities actually have long and proud histories and are now some of the UK's most innovative research centres.

There are a few other formal and informal groups, including 'plate glass' universities (founded in the 1960s – the UK has a thing for associating universities with building materials) as well as membership organisations for newer universities such as MillionPlus and GuildHE.

You don't generally need to worry about which group your prospective university is or isn't part of. It's true that some groupings confer a degree of prestige, but universities are invited into the Russell Group because of their research performance and reputation, not the other way around. There are also many excellent universities which haven't chosen to join particular associations.

Accreditation and research quality

The UK takes quality assurance for universities very seriously, with several levels of official recognition and accreditation.

The right to use a university title is protected by law in the UK and can be granted by royal charter, Act of Parliament or similarly official means.

The right to award degrees is also protected. A university must either be a 'recognised body', in which case it can award its own degrees. Or it must be a 'listed body' in which case a recognised body must award degrees on its behalf (listed bodies are often newer universities or specialist colleges with qualifications accredited by more established neighbouring universities).

You can use the UK Government website to quickly check if a university is officially recognised .

UK universities' research quality is separately monitored through an exercise known as the Research Excellence Framework (REF) . This examines the research a university is producing as well as its impact on society in general. The environment and support provided for PhD students is also considered as part of this process. The most recent REF results were published in 2021.

UK university cities

There are excellent universities located across the UK, from London and the South of England to the Scottish Highlands and Islands . With that said, here are a few of the UK's most popular student cities:

Study in London
Study in Edinburgh
Study in Manchester
Study in Cardiff
Study in Birmingham
Study in Sheffield

How to apply for a PhD in the UK

You should apply directly to a university for a place on a UK PhD project or programme. There are two ways to do this:

Some PhD projects are advertised by universities with set aims and objectives. These are most common in STEM subjects and often have funding attached. You can browse UK PhD adverts here on FindAPhD.
Other PhD projects are designed by students who put forward a research proposal for the work they would like to do. These are more common in Arts, Humanities and some Social Science subjects. You can browse UK PhD programmes to apply within here on FindAPhD.

It's often a good idea to contact a prospective PhD supervisor before applying, but this isn't usually a necessary step. Universities will usually pair students with the most appropriate supervisor for their project.

We’ve written dedicated guides to applying for a PhD in the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences , as well as STEM subjects.

Admissions requirements

You will normally need the following to be accepted for a PhD in the UK:

A suitable undergraduate degree (equivalent to a UK 2.1 or higher). A Masters may also be required in some subject areas.
Evidence of language proficiency (if English is not your first language).
Evidence that you possess the necessary materials to gain a UK student visa (for international students).
Other application materials including a research proposal , personal statement or references .

Actual requirements vary between projects and programmes.

Not all UK PhD applications require a formal interview , but this is more common for funded positions or programmes with limited space.

Interviews can often be conducted online. You may be asked to answer some questions about your application and / or give a short presentation on your intended research.

Inidan qualifications in the UK

In July 2022, the UK and Indian governments signed a memoradum agreeing to automatically recognise undergraduate and postgraduate qualifications in each other's countries. This means that if you studied your Bachelors or Masters in India and are now applying for a UK PhD, your qualifications will recognised as equivalent to British ones.

It also means that it will be easier for you to seek work in India with a PhD from a UK university!

Find a PhD in the UK

Why not get started browsing some UK PhDs ? Alternatively, you can look at our other guides to studying a PhD abroad .

Our postgrad newsletter shares courses, funding news, stories and advice

Select your nearest city

You haven’t completed your profile yet. To get the most out of FindAPhD, finish your profile and receive these benefits:

Monthly chance to win one of ten £10 Amazon vouchers ; winners will be notified every month.*
The latest PhD projects delivered straight to your inbox
Access to our £6,000 scholarship competition
Weekly newsletter with funding opportunities, research proposal tips and much more
Early access to our physical and virtual postgraduate study fairs

Or begin browsing FindAPhD.com

or begin browsing FindAPhD.com

*Offer only available for the duration of your active subscription, and subject to change. You MUST claim your prize within 72 hours, if not we will redraw.

Do you want hassle-free information and advice?

Create your FindAPhD account and sign up to our newsletter:

Find out about funding opportunities and application tips
Receive weekly advice, student stories and the latest PhD news
Hear about our upcoming study fairs
Save your favourite projects, track enquiries and get personalised subject updates

Create your account

Looking to list your PhD opportunities? Log in here .

Log in
Site search

5 routes to getting a Doctorate

While most of those studying for a PhD take the PhD by thesis pathway, there are five viable routes to achieving a Doctorate, with both full-time and part-time options available

PhD by thesis

This is the most common means of getting a Doctorate. Over the three or four years of research at university, your PhD supervisor will support you as you aim to produce a thesis based on your research proposal .

A thesis is typically 60,000-90,000 words in length - although this can vary between institutions. For instance, the University of Glasgow's College of Social Sciences expects a thesis to be 70,000 to 100,000 words including references, bibliography and appendices, while the University of Cambridge has set an upper limit of 80,000 words.

Once completed, you'll need to defend your PhD thesis in front of a panel of examiners during your viva voce .

Doctorate by publication

This route involves submitting previously published work - such as books, book chapters and journal articles, which together form a coherent body of work and show evidence of an original contribution to a particular field of study.

The PhD by publication route is often taken by mid-career academics that haven't had the opportunity to undertake a standard Doctorate degree.

Generally, a minimum of five to eight published pieces are required, but this varies between institutions and depends on their length. The published work will be assessed to the same rigorous standards as a traditional PhD by thesis.

You must also provide a written supporting statement, which typically ranges from 5,000 to 15,000 words.

For instance, the University of Westminster asks for a commentary of 5,000 words (science and technology subjects) or 10,000 words (arts, social sciences and humanities). On the other hand, Queen Margaret University Edinburgh requires 12,000 to 15,000 words on the rationale and theoretical context for the portfolio of published work.

The work will then be presented to an academic committee. A supervisor will assist you with selecting which publications to submit, as well as guidance on the supporting statement.

Some universities accept only their own graduates for a PhD by publication, while others restrict this route to their academic staff. In general, you should have graduated from your first degree at least seven years ago to be eligible.

For example, The University of Manchester has published its own Guidance for the PhD By Published Work , with eligibility only extending to current members of staff.

Professional Doctorate

This type of Doctorate includes a significant taught component and a smaller research project, and is geared primarily towards current professionals in vocational sectors such as:

engineering and manufacturing
teaching and education .

Professional Doctorates are often taken on a part-time basis and can last between two and eight years. Like their standard PhD counterparts, they usually begin in October or January.

While you won't typically be looking to get an academic job , your research is expected to contribute to theory as well as professional practice. Projects often revolve around a real-life issue that affects your employer.

Several professional Doctorates, such as the Doctorate in Clinical Psychology (DClinPsy), are accredited by a professional body - for instance, the Health & Care Professions Council (HCPC) and The British Psychological Society (BPS) - and may also lead to a professional qualification .

Common titles for graduates of professional Doctorate degrees include:

Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
Doctor of Education (EdD)
Doctor of Engineering (EngD)
Doctor of Medicine (MD).

Unlike many professional Doctorates, the EngD is typically offered as a full-time course and is aimed at young engineering graduates with little or no professional experience.

Integrated PhD

This four-year qualification, also known as the New Route PhD, involves studying a one-year research Masters degree (MRes) before progressing onto a three-year PhD.

Offered by a select number of universities across the UK, integrated PhDs are supported by the government and the British Council through UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) .

Visit Research Council funding for further information on research and funding for different types of PhD.

The integrated PhD involves a combination of taught materials, practical experience and advanced research. This allows you to learn subject-specific methodologies, while building the transferable skills that will enable you to become a leader in your chosen profession.

Institutions can also develop personalised integrated PhD programmes to meet each student's needs. For example, universities may offer you the opportunity to gain a postgraduate certificate (PGCert) in Learning and Teaching in Higher Education - perfect if you're considering a career as a higher education lecturer .

Online/distance learning PhD

As PhDs are based primarily on independent research rather than time spent in lectures and seminars, distance learning has always been a viable route for many Doctoral students.

PhDs by distance learning offered by course providers such as The Open University are therefore a good option to consider if you've got family or work commitments or are an international student - as this gives you the chance to undertake Doctoral research without having to live close to your chosen institution. It's also a suitable mode of study if your subject requires you to be based in a specific location away from the university.

For the most part, you'll be in touch with your supervisor by phone, email or Skype/Zoom. You'll need to bear in mind that even if you opt for this form of research, you'll generally still need to attend university for one or two weeks of each academic year for meetings and to receive research skills training. Your final exam may be undertaken either face-to-face or virtually.

With online PhDs, you can usually register as a full or part-time student. The level of fees you pay varies between institutions - some charge the same as for a standard PhD while others offer a reduced rate.

Check that any funding you plan to apply for is available to distance learning students, as this isn't always the case.

Search for online/distance learning PhDs .

Find out more

Discover what is a PhD?
Sort out funding for postgraduate study .
Consider what to do after completing your PhD .

How would you rate this page?

On a scale where 1 is dislike and 5 is like

Dislike 1 unhappy-very
Like 5 happy-very

Thank you for rating the page

Alternatively, use our A–Z index

Attend an open day

Discover more about this subject area

PhD Education / Entry requirements

Year of entry: 2024

View full page

Academic entry qualification overview

Bachelor's (Honours) degree at 2:1 or above (or overseas equivalent); and
Master's degree in a relevant subject - with an overall average of 60% or above, a minimum mark of 60% in your dissertation (or overseas equivalent)

English language

IELTS test minimum score - 7.0 overall, 7.0 in writing, 6.0 in other sections.
TOEFL (internet based) test minimum score - 100 overall, 25 in all sections.
Pearson Test of English (PTE) UKVI/SELT or PTE Academic minimum score - 76 overall, 76 in writing, 70 in other sections.
To demonstrate that you have taken an undergraduate or postgraduate degree in a majority English speaking nation within the last 5 years.
Other tests may be considered.

English language test validity

Some English Language test results are only valid for two years. Your English Language test report must be valid on the start date of the programme.

Other international entry requirements

We accept a range of qualifications from different countries. For these and general requirements including English language see entry requirements from your country.

The University requires you to reside within a commutable distance from Manchester during your time as a registered student, unless you are on approved fieldwork/a formal placement or are on a period of Submission pending. This is to ensure that you are able to meet attendance expectations and participate in wider research activities within your discipline area and/or School.

Our Culture
Open and FAIR Data
Research projects
Publications
Cellular Genomics
Decoding Biodiversity
Delivering Sustainable Wheat
Earlham Biofoundry
Transformative Genomics
Scientific Groups Our groups work at the forefront of life science, technology development, and innovation.
High-Performance Sequencing Dedicated and efficient high-throughput genomics led by experts in sequencing and bioinformatics.
Single-cell and Spatial Analysis Platforms to support single- or multi-cell analysis, from cell isolation, to library preparation, sequencing and analysis.
Earlham Biofoundry Providing expertise in synthetic biology approaches and access to laboratory automation
Tools and resources Explore our software and datasets which enable the bioscience community to do better science.
Cloud Computing Infrastructure for Data-intensive Bioscience
Web Hosting for Sites, Tools and Web Services
Earlham Enterprises Ltd
Events Calendar Browse through our upcoming and past events.
About our training High-quality, specialist training and development for the research community.
Year in industry Supporting undergraduate students to develop skills and experience for future career development.
Internships and opportunities Opportunities for the next generation of scientists to develop their skills and knowledge in the life sciences.
Immersive visitors A bespoke, structured training programme, engaging with the faculty, expertise and facilities at the Earlham Institute.
News Catch up on our latest news and browse the press archive.
Articles Explore our science and impact around the world through engaging stories.
Impact Stories Find out how we are contributing to the major challenges of our time.
Impact Through Policy Advocacy Engaging across the political spectrum to exchange knowledge and inform public policy.
Public engagement and outreach Communicating our research to inspire and engage learning.
Communications at EI We work across digital, multimedia, creative design and public relations to communicate our research.
Our Vision and Mission
Inclusivity, diversity, equality and accessibility
Scientific Advisory Board
Our Management Team
Operations Division
Careers overview
Postgraduate Studies
Group leaders
Fellowships
Life at Earlham Institute
Living in Norfolk

10 things you need to know before starting a PhD degree

So you want to do a PhD degree, huh? Here we've got everything you need to know about getting started.

So you want to do a PhD degree, huh? Are you sure about that? It’s not going to be an easy decision, so I’ve put together a list of 10 things you need to know before starting a PhD degree. Oh, and don’t panic!

I have recently graduated from the University of Manchester with a PhD in Plant Sciences after four difficult, but enjoyable, years. During those four years, I often felt slightly lost – and there was more than one occasion on which I didn’t even want to imagine writing up my thesis in fear of delving into fits of panic.

On reflection, I realise that – to quote a colleague – commencing my PhD was like “jumping in the deep end with your eyes closed.” If only I’d known to take a deep breath.

1. Are you sure you want to do a PhD degree?

Let’s be under no false impressions, completing a PhD isn’t easy. There will be times when you feel like Wile E Coyote chasing after the Roadrunner – a little bit out of your depth a lot of the time. It’s four years of your life, so make sure it is what you really want to do.

If you want to pursue a career in science, a PhD isn’t always necessary.

It is possible to make great inroads into industry without a doctoral degree. That said, a PhD can also be a very useful qualification with many transferable skills to add to your CV.

By the time you’ll have finished, you can include essentials such as time management, organisational skills, prioritising workloads, attention to detail, writing skills, presenting to an audience – and most importantly – resilience, to name but a few.

2. Choose your project, and supervisor, wisely.

This is very important.

Time after time, our experienced scientists at EI, including Erik Van-Den-Bergh (and I agree) say, “ make sure you’re extremely passionate about exactly that subject. ” When I saw the PhD opening that I eventually was offered, I remember being demonstrably ecstatic about the project before I’d even started it.

I was always interested in calcium signalling and organised a meeting with my potential supervisor immediately, which (to quote Billy Connolly) I leapt into in a mood of gay abandon.

Not only does this help you to keep engaged with your project even through the painstakingly slow times, it also greatly enhances your ability to sell yourself in an interview. If you can show passion and enthusiasm about the project and the science then you’ll be that one step ahead of other candidates – which is all the more important now that many studentships are competitive.

You have to be the best out of many, often exceptional candidates.

However, as important as it is to be passionate about your project, make sure that the person who will be supervising you is worthy.

Does your potential supervisor have a prolific track record of publishing work? What is the community of scientists like in the lab you may be working in? Are there experienced post-doctoral scientists working in the lab? Who will your advisor be? Is your supervisor an expert in the field you are interested in? Is the work you will be doing ground-breaking and novel, or is it quite niche?

There is nothing more frustrating – and I know many PhD degree students with this problem – than having a supervisor who is rarely there to talk to, shows little interest in your work, and cannot help when you are struggling in the third year of your project and some guidance would be much appreciated.

Personally, and I was very lucky to have this, I think it’s incredibly useful to have two supervisors. My PhD degree was split between the University of Manchester and the Marine Biological Association in Plymouth. Between my supervisors, I had two people with expertise in different fields, who could give me some fantastic advice from different perspectives. This also meant that I had two people to check through my thesis chapters and provide useful comments on my drafts.

PhD students networking during the last Student Symposium

Make sure you are passionate about your subject before taking it to PhD level. And by passionate I mean really passionate.

For a start, you will most likely have to write a literature review in your first three months, which if done well will form the main bulk of your thesis introduction and will save you a lot of stress and strain when it comes to writing up.

At the end of your first year, you will have to write a continuation report, which is your proof that you deserve to carry on to the end of your three or four years. This doesn’t leave much time for lab work, which means time management is incredibly important. If you think you’ll be able to swan in at 11 and leave at 3, think again.

Fundamentally, never, ever rest on your laurels! As tempting as it may be to slack-off slightly in the second year of your four year PhD, don’t.

4. Be organised.

This is a no-brainer but still, it’s worth a mention. Take an hour on a Monday morning to come up with a list of short-term and long-term goals. You’ll probably have to present your work at regular lab meetings, so it’s always worth knowing what has to be done (lest you look a pillock in front of the lab when there’s nothing to show for your last two weeks.)

It’s always good to have a timeline of what will be done when. If you have a PCR, maybe you can squeeze in another experiment, read a few papers, start writing the introduction to your thesis, or even start collecting the data you already have into figures.

The more good use you make of your time, the easier it’ll be to finish your PhD in the long run. Plus, it’s lovely to sit back and look at actual graphs, rather than worry about having enough to put into a paper. Once you’ve typed up your data, you’ll realise you’ve done far more than you had anticipated and the next step forward will be entirely more apparent.

5. Embrace change – don’t get bogged down in the details.

Felix Shaw – one of our bioinformatics researchers at EI – put it best when he said, “ it felt like I was running into brick walls all the way through [my PhD]… you’d run into a brick wall, surmount it, only to run straight into another. ”

You’ll find that, often, experiments don’t work. What might seem like a great idea could turn out to be as bad as choosing to bat first on a fresh wicket on the first day of the third Ashes test at Edgbaston. (Yeah, we don't know what that means either - Ed).

Resilience is key while completing your PhD. Be open to change and embrace the chance to experiment in different ways. You might even end up with a thesis chapter including all of your failures, which at the very least is something interesting to discuss during your viva voce .

6. Learn how to build, and use, your network.

As a PhD student, you are a complete novice in the world of science and most things in the lab will be – if not new to you – not exquisitely familiar. This matters not, if you take advantage of the people around you.

Firstly, there are lab technicians and research assistants, who have probably been using the technique you are learning for years and years. They are incredibly experienced at a number of techniques and are often very happy to help show you how things are done.

There are postdocs and other PhD students, too. Not only can they help you with day-to-day experiments, they can offer a unique perspective on how something is done and will probably have a handy back-catalogue of fancy new techniques to try.

There are also a bunch of PIs, not limited to your own, who are great to talk to. These people run labs of their own, have different ideas, and might even give you a job once you’ve completed your PhD.

Don’t limit yourself to the labs directly around you, however. There are a massive number of science conferences going on all around the world. Some of them, such as the Society of Biology Conference, take place every year at a similar time in different locations, attracting many of the leaders in their respective fields.

If you are terrified by the prospect of speaking at a full-blown science conference and having your work questioned by genuine skeptics, there are also many student-led conferences which will help you dangle your fresh toes in the murky waters of presenting your work.

One such conference, the Second Student Bioinformatics Symposium, which took place at Earlham Institute in October 2016, was a great place for candidates to share their projects with peers, who are often much more friendly than veteran researchers with 30 year careers to their name when it comes to the questions at the end of your talk.

Another great reason to attend conferences, of course, is the social-side too – make the most of this. You never know who you might meet and connect with over a few drinks once the talks are over and the party commences.

7. Keep your options open.

You should be aware that for every 200 PhD students, only 7 will get a permanent academic post , so it’s incredibly unlikely that you’ll become a Professor – and even if you make PI, it probably won’t be until your mid-forties.

You may also, despite having commenced along the academic path, decide that actually, working in a lab environment isn’t for you. Most PhD graduates, eventually, will not pursue an academic career, but move on to a wide range of other vocations.

It might be that Science Communication is more up your street. This was certainly the case for me – and I made sure that I took part in as many public engagement events as possible while completing my PhD. Most Universities have an active public engagement profile, while organisations such as STEM can provide you with ample opportunities to interact with schools and the general public.

You might also consider entrepreneurship as a route away from academia, which might still allow you to use your expert scientific knowledge. There are a variety of competitions and workshops available to those with a business mind, a strong example being Biotechnology YES.

I, for example, took part in the Thought for Food Challenge, through which I have been able to attend events around the world and meet a vast array of like-minded individuals. Many of the participants from the challenge have gone on to set up successful businesses and have even found jobs as a result of the competition.

8. Balance.

Remember that you still have a life outside of your PhD degree – and that this can be one of the greatest opportunities to make amazing friends from around the world.

A science institute is usually home to the brightest students from a variety of countries and can provide a chance to experience a delightful range of different people and cultures. Don’t just stick to the people in your lab, go to events for postgraduate students and meet people from all over campus.

There are usually academic happy hours happening on Fridays after work where you can buy cheap beer, or some lucky institutions even have their own bar. At Norwich Research Park, we not only have the Rec Centre, along with bar, swimming pool, calcetto, samba classes, archery, and a range of other activities, but there are also biweekly “Postdoc pub clubs” which are very fun to join on a Tuesday evening.

Maintain your hobbies and keep up with friends outside of your PhD and you’ll probably find it’s not that gruelling a process after all.

Plus, the people you meet and become friends with might be able to help you out – or at least be able to offer a sympathetic shoulder.

9. Practical advice.

If, after reading all of this, you’re still going to march forth and claim your doctorhood, then this section should be rather useful.

Firstly, make sure your data is backed up. It’s amazing how many people don’t do this and you’d be bonkers not to. Keep your work saved on a shared drive, so that if your computer decides to spontaneously combust upon pressing the return key, you won’t have lost all of your precious work – or have to go through every one of your lab books and type it all up again.

Secondly, don’t leave your bag in the pub with your half-written thesis in it. I did this, the bag was fine, I was in a state of terror for at least half an hour before the kind person at Weatherspoons located said bag.

Thirdly, read. Read broadly, read anything and everything that’s closely related to your project – or completely unrelated. It’s sometimes amazing where you might find a stroke of inspiration, a new technique you hadn’t thought of … or even in idea of where you might like to go next.

Finally, ask questions – all of the time. No matter how stupid it might sound in your head, everyone’s probably been asked it before, and if you don’t ask, you don’t get.

You’ll probably look far less stupid if you just ask the person standing next to you how the gradient PCR function works on your thermal cycler rather than standing there randomly prodding buttons and looking flustered, anyway.

10. Savour the positives.

At the end of all of this, it has to be said that doing a PhD is absolutely brilliant. There’s no other time in your life that you’ll be this free to pursue your very own project and work almost completely independently. By the time you come to the end of your PhD, you will be the leading expert in the world on something. A real expert! Until the next PhD student comes along …

A PhD, is it worth it? Just ask our students

The realities of doing a PhD

My advice for PhD students? See what bites

COVID and my PhD: to lockdown and back

How does a PhD work and how to find the right one

Becky Shaw, PhD student at Earlham Institute

Building the confidence to take on a PhD

PhD life, 10 things we learned in our first six months

What’s the third year of a PhD like? Tips for navigating your PhD

PhD by experience

Scientific Groups
High-Performance Sequencing
Single-cell and Spatial Analysis
Tools and resources
Events Calendar
About our training
Year in industry
Internships and opportunities
Immersive visitors
Impact Stories
Impact Through Policy Advocacy
Public engagement and outreach
Communications at EI

The Uni Guide has a fresh new look

Teacher training
Bangor University
Birmingham City University
Sheffield Hallam University
University of Aberdeen
University of East Anglia
University of Hull
University of Kent
University of Reading
Clearing and results day
Preparing for university
Ucas application
Student finance
Student accommodation
Choosing a course
A-level results day: what to expect
A guide to Btec results day
How Ucas Hub works on results day
What to say in a Clearing phone call
10 tips to help you with Ucas Clearing
A guide to Clearing 2024
Which university is right for you?
What you need to know about getting a university scholarship, grant or bursary
How to decide on a university course
Is a higher or degree apprenticeship right for you?
Universities

By Nik Taylor (Editor, The Uni Guide) | 19 October 2023 | 5 min read

Education levels and qualifications explained

A short guide to understanding different types of qualification, what they are and how they relate to one another

Share this page

Email & print.

What are education levels?

graphic showing qualification levels in england

What are GCSEs?

What are as-levels, what are a-levels, what are btecs, what are t-levels.

T-levels are a new qualification (launched in 2020) which students can choose to take after GCSEs. A T-level is a two-year course which focuses on developing workplace skills and knowledge. Students spend some of their time learning at school or college, along with time spent on a work placement. In terms of workload, one T-level is intended to be roughly equivalent to three A-levels.

What are Ucas points?

What is the international baccalaureate, what is an apprenticeship.

Apprenticeship levels
Type of apprenticeship	Level	Equivalent education level
Intermediate	2	5 GCSE passes at grades A* to C
Advanced	3	A-level pass
Higher	4,5,6,7	Foundation degree and above
Degree	6,7	Bachelor's or master's degree

What is an HNC?

What is an hnd, what is a degree, what is an undergraduate degree, what is a master’s degree, what is a phd degree or doctorate, you may want to look at these..., what is a red brick university list of red brick universities.

What are the red brick universities and how did they get their name? Most importantly, should it make a difference when choosing where to study?

What is the Russell Group? List of Russell Group universities

Here's what it means to be a part of the Russell Group – and a list of the universities involved

What are university entry requirements?

So you’ve found a degree course that ticks all the boxes and you’re ready to put it down as one of your five Ucas choices. But what about its entry requirements?

Promoted universities

Durham University
Lancaster University
University of Glasgow
University of the Arts London
University of Southampton
Swansea University
Aston University, Birmingham
Ulster University
Cardiff University

Browse expert advice

Oxbridge applications
Personal statements
University open days
Ucas deadline 2024 countdown
A-level choices
GCSE choices and university
Making firm and insurance choices
Student life
Advice for parents

About this site

Cookie policy
List of universities and colleges
Privacy notice
Terms and conditions
Where we get our info

Who we work with

Your account settings

Ad privacy settings

Popular tools and features

A-level Explorer
Course search

Connect with us

Cookies on GOV.UK

We use some essential cookies to make this website work.

We’d like to set additional cookies to understand how you use GOV.UK, remember your settings and improve government services.

We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services.

You have accepted additional cookies. You can change your cookie settings at any time.

You have rejected additional cookies. You can change your cookie settings at any time.

Education and learning
Apprenticeships, 14 to 19 education and training for work

What qualification levels mean

England, wales and northern ireland.

There are 9 qualification levels.

Entry level

Each entry level qualification is available at three sub-levels - 1, 2 and 3. Entry level 3 is the most difficult.

Entry level qualifications are:

entry level award
entry level certificate ( ELC )
entry level diploma
entry level English for speakers of other languages ( ESOL )
entry level essential skills
entry level functional skills
Skills for Life

Level 1 qualifications are:

first certificate
GCSE - grades 3, 2, 1 or grades D, E, F, G
level 1 award
level 1 certificate
level 1 diploma
level 1 ESOL
level 1 essential skills
level 1 functional skills
level 1 national vocational qualification ( NVQ )
music grades 1, 2 and 3

Level 2 qualifications are:

CSE - grade 1
GCSE - grades 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4 or grades A*, A, B, C
intermediate apprenticeship
level 2 award
level 2 certificate
level 2 diploma
level 2 ESOL
level 2 essential skills
level 2 functional skills
level 2 national certificate
level 2 national diploma
level 2 NVQ
music grades 4 and 5
O level - grade A, B or C

Level 3 qualifications are:

access to higher education diploma
advanced apprenticeship
applied general
international Baccalaureate diploma
level 3 award
level 3 certificate
level 3 diploma
level 3 ESOL
level 3 national certificate
level 3 national diploma
level 3 NVQ
music grades 6, 7 and 8

Level 4 qualifications are:

certificate of higher education ( CertHE )
higher apprenticeship
higher national certificate ( HNC )
level 4 award
level 4 certificate
level 4 diploma
level 4 NVQ

Level 5 qualifications are:

diploma of higher education ( DipHE )
foundation degree
higher national diploma ( HND )
level 5 award
level 5 certificate
level 5 diploma
level 5 NVQ

Level 6 qualifications are:

degree apprenticeship
degree with honours - for example bachelor of the arts ( BA ) hons, bachelor of science ( BSc ) hons
graduate certificate
graduate diploma
level 6 award
level 6 certificate
level 6 diploma
level 6 NVQ
ordinary degree without honours

Level 7 qualifications are:

integrated master’s degree, for example master of engineering ( MEng )
level 7 award
level 7 certificate
level 7 diploma
level 7 NVQ
master’s degree, for example master of arts ( MA ), master of science ( MSc )
postgraduate certificate
postgraduate certificate in education ( PGCE )
postgraduate diploma

Level 8 qualifications are:

doctorate, for example doctor of philosophy ( PhD or DPhil )
level 8 award
level 8 certificate
level 8 diploma

Help us improve GOV.UK

Don’t include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit card details.

To help us improve GOV.UK, we’d like to know more about your visit today. Please fill in this survey (opens in a new tab) .

Apply by: 31 Aug 2024
0044 20 8539 1149
[email protected]
Entry Requirements
Admission Procedure

Explained: UK Levels, Diploma, & Degree

What are Levels?

Before delving into the definition of a Diploma or Degree, it is essential to grasp the concept of different 'levels' of study. In this context, we will focus on the levels associated with England (qaa.ac.uk, ofqual.gov.uk), Wales (cqfw.net), and Northern Ireland (ccea.org.uk). However, it is worth noting that Scotland (scqf.org.uk) follows a slightly different level structure. For more detailed information, please click here .

IIn England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, there exist eight levels of study, each representing the depth of knowledge imparted at each stage and the expected quality of student output. This level structure aligns with the various stages of the educational system and can be further categorized as follows:

Level 1 (13-120 credits) = GCSE level (grades D-G, or 3-1), Level 1 Cert/Diploma = Basic Knowledge & Skills. Level 2 (13-120 credits) = GCSE level (grades A*-C, or 9-4), Level 2 Cert/Diploma = Good Knowledge & Skills. Level 3 (13-180 credits) = AS, A level, Level 3 Cert/Diploma = Apply of Knowledge & Skills. Level 4 (13-120 credits) = Year 1 of Bachelor's Degree, Level 4 Cert/Diploma = Analysis of Knowledge & Skills. Level 5 (13-120 credits) = Year 2 of Bachelor's Degree, Level 5 Cert/Diploma = Advanced Knowledge & Skills. Level 6 (13-120 credits) = Year 3 of Bachelor's Degree, Level 6 Cert/Diploma = Specialist-level Knowledge & Skills. Level 7 (13-180 credits) = Master’s Degree, Level 7 Cert/Diploma = Highly Developed Knowledge & Skills. Level 8 (120-540 credits) = Doctorate, DBA, DPhil, PhD, Level 8 Diploma = Research New Knowledge & Skills.

What are Credits?

Credits play a crucial role in the UK education system as they gauge the amount of effort required to complete a particular course or module. One credit is equivalent to 10 hours of study, encompassing both contact time (lectures, seminars, tutorials, etc.) and independent study. The number of credits needed to obtain a qualification varies depending on the level of study and the subject area. For instance, a diploma typically requires 120 credits, while a bachelor's degree demands 360 credits, and a master's degree necessitates 180 credits.

What is a Diploma?

A Diploma is a qualification that represents the number of learning credits a student will study and aim to achieve in a course. It can be awarded at any level, ranging from level 1 to level 8. For example, there are Level 2 diplomas, Level 3 diplomas, Level 4 diplomas, Level 5 diplomas, and so on. To receive an award, students need to complete 1 to 12 credits, while a certificate requires 13 to 26 credits. However, to receive a diploma, students must complete 37 credits or more.

Diploma qualifications can be used to advance to degree programmes: 1) Completing a Level 3 Diploma means you'll be studying at an A-Level standard and earning a qualification that can help you get into a 3 Year Undergraduate Degree programme (360 credits). 2) 2) If you finish a Level 4 & 5 Diploma (240 credits), you'll be studying at the equivalent of years 1 & 2 of an Undergraduate Degree and earning a qualification that can be used for entry into a Degree Top-Up or Year 3 of an Undergraduate Degree programme (120 credits). 3) 3) A Level 6 Diploma (120 credits) student will be studying at the level of year 3 of an Undergraduate Degree and earning a qualification that can be used to enter a Postgraduate Diploma or Master's Degree programme. 4) By completing a Level 7 Diploma (120 credits), you'll be studying at a level similar to two-thirds of a Master's Degree and earning a qualification that can help you enter a Master's Degree Top-Up programme (60 credits). 5) Achieving a Level 8 Diploma (160 credits) means you'll be studying at a level similar to a portion of a Doctorate Degree (DBA) and earning a qualification that can help you gain admission to a Doctorate Degree (DBA) programme with advanced standing through RPL.

What is a Degree?

After completing A levels or Level 3 Diplomas, the next step in education is usually pursuing a Bachelor's degree (Level 4, 5, and 6). The most common titles for Bachelor degrees are Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Bachelor of Science (BSc). Students have the option to study for an honours degree, which requires 360 credits, while a non-honours degree requires 300 credits. Additional credits are often earned through a research project, like a dissertation (60 credits). The honours designation is indicated in the degree title, such as BA (Hons).

Moving on to the next level of study after a Bachelor's degree is a Masters degree (Level 7). The most common titles for Master degrees are Master of Arts (MA) and Master of Science (MSc). An MBA is a specialized type of Masters degree that requires business work experience in addition to a Bachelor's degree or equivalent. It is designed for professionals aiming for executive and senior management roles.

The highest academic degree is a Doctorate (PhD/DBA) at Level 8. Doctoral students must complete an independent research project that can span several years. A Doctorate is highly esteemed, and many graduates pursue careers as academics or industry researchers.

What are UCAS Tariff points?

UCAS Tariff points serve as a means to assess the academic accomplishments of students who are applying to pursue degree programs at UK universities. These points are determined by the grades and qualifications obtained during their post-16 education. Each qualification and grade carries a specific value in terms of UCAS Tariff points, and universities typically establish a minimum requirement of these points for admission consideration. For further details, please click here . SBC provides qualifi level 3 diploma qualifications that are worth 24-64 UCAS Tariff points.

Compare Qualifications?

UK ENIC is the official agency in the United Kingdom responsible for recognizing and evaluating international qualifications and skills. They ensure that these qualifications and skills are compared to the standards set in the UK. UK ENIC issues Statements of Comparability, which indicate the equivalent UK level and qualification of an international qualification. Additionally, they provide a Certificate of Comparability, which presents the same information as the statement but in a visually appealing document.

UK Diploma/Degree Fees?

UK diploma fees usually range from £1,000 to £6,000 per level/year, whereas UK degree fees typically fall between £6,000 and £20,000 per level/year.

Additional Links

A Message from the Registrar
Achieve a CPD Course through RPL
Employers: Educate your Employees
DL Frequently Asked Questions

Mar 17 2021

Doing phd in the uk: pros and cons.

Pete Alisher

PhD Sharing

A doctorate of Ph.D. is considered to be the highest level of educational degrees awarded to the students. Just like any other country in the world, the United Kingdom also has a wide range of subjects to choose from for pursuing a Ph.D.

Students from all over the world, including the resident students of the UK itself, prefer doing Ph.D. from the UK because of its worldwide recognition, and top-quality research work. It grooms students to become great researchers.

The UK is well-known for its extensive and enriched research resources which gives the Ph.D. scholars to carry out all the research that they want to without any boundaries or imitations.

If you are one of those students who are interested in getting a Ph.D ., but on the other hand are also skeptical whether you are a suitable candidate for it or not, then here are a few pros and cons that will somehow help you in making the right decision for yourself.

Pros of Pursuing a Ph.D. From The UK

Multi-cultural Environment: The UK is both a traditionally and culturally multi-diverse area. Even if you are a local citizen, you can use the UK’s environment in your favor. It is indeed a great place to carry out your research work and not only that, being an international student, you can enjoy a friendly and healthy environment, considering it a home away from your actual home.
Great Exposure: Once you are done with your Degree, you can easily enjoy good exposure to the markets and industry. This will not only help you get a good job offer but would also expose you in a better way to the competitive market, where you can easily make yourself known.
Increased Skills: Exploring your subject or field of interest, and working your way to make further discoveries in it would be a task that you would enjoy doing. The UK encourages participation in research, and this in itself would enhance your interpersonal skills and develop your talents further, thus grooming you as a confident individual.
Challenging Role: By enrolling yourself in a Ph.D. program, you would be aware that it is quite a challenging field and that you will be exerting all your energy towards it. But this is a very healthy and beneficial activity for you, for it would help you in staying motivated and sticking to the cause in this competitive world.

Cons of Pursuing a Ph.D. From The UK

More to Do in Less Time: The UK education system requires you to stay up-to-date with all the latest trends. For this, you need to hustle otherwise you are bound to get left behind. And this is where the need to stay focused on both your studies and current affairs becomes important. And this is quite difficult to manage for anyone.
Accommodation: If you are planning to pursue a Ph.D., then you should also be quite aware of the fact that accommodation might become a problem for you. There are many students, both local and international who travel within cities to pursue their education and so, getting a good place to stay might become a problem if you are late in renting a good place out!
Job Uncertainty: Jobs are not promised for anyone. No one knows how much effort they would have to exert to land themselves a job that is convenient and well-suited according to their skills. Therefore, if you are looking to opt for a Ph.D. in the UK in hopes that you will land yourself a very rewarding job, then you might want to rethink your decision once again!
Feeling of Being Left Behind: It is very common for a person to feel left behind while pursuing a Ph.D. when he sees that his friends and colleagues are already ahead of him in terms of family and career, and so, he might often question his decision or think that he is left alone in all of this.

Keeping all these factors in your mind, it would become quite easy for you to decide if you really want to pursue a Ph.D. in the UK or not.

Tags: Doing PhD In the UK,PhD UK,Research UK

Discovering Technical Talent for the Electric Car Revolution through Multiple...

February 07, 2023

From Diversity to Belonging: Creating a Workplace Where Everyone Thrives

October 06, 2023

The Art of Online Learning: Tips and Strategies for Success

October 27, 2023

Doing PhD In the UK
Research UK

Featured Jobs

Editors' picks, recent posts.

Choosing the Right Online Broadcasting Platform for Your Business

June 25, 2024

Exploring Hydrafacial Cost: What to Expect from this Skincare Investment

May 21, 2024

Why Engineering Might Be the Career for You

March 29, 2024

Water Catchment Systems: An Essential Guide for Homeowners

March 27, 2024

Revolutionising Food Production Recruitment in the UK: Overcoming Challenges &...

March 22, 2024

The different settings that FNPs work in

March 18, 2024

This site uses cookies to deliver our services and to show you relevant ads and job listings. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Privacy Policy , and our Terms and Conditions . Your use of AcademicGates’s Products and Services, is subject to these policies and terms. If you do not use the cookie, some functions may not work properly.

How Much Does a PhD Cost in the UK?
Funding a PhD

Choosing to dedicate the next few years of your life towards a PhD is no light decision. Not only will it require you to dedicate an extensive amount of your personal time, but you’ll also need to consider how you’ll fund it. This raises the question, how much does a PhD cost in the UK?

The cost of a PhD can be divided into three key areas; tuition fees, living expenses and research expenditures. The combined cost of these are approximately £20,000 per year for UK students and can increase to over £40,000 per year for international students. A more in-depth breakdown of these costs can be found below. We’ve also compared these costs to other countries and outlined the various methods available to you to fund your PhD studies.

Tuition Fees

For UK ‘home’ students, the tuition fee for a PhD varies between £3,000 to £6,000 per academic year. For 2023/24 programmes, most universities opt for £4,712 per year within this range. Although this number may seem a little odd, it’s commonly adopted due to being the indicative rate set by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) for UK universities.

International Fees

Unlike for UK applicants, the rates for international students don’t align with the indicative level set by UKRI. Following the implementation of Brexit, EU students now follow the same fee rates as other international students. International students will find that their tuition fees are higher than those of home students. For example, at the time of writing, the average annual PhD tuition charge at the University of Dundee is £4,825 for home students undertaking an Engineering PhD. This same average is £25,305 for international students.

International applicants will also find that the fee for PhDs in STEM subjects are greater than those in non-STEM subjects. For example, at the University of Bristol, a doctorate degree in Mechanical Engineering costs £25,300 per year whilst a doctorate in Medieval Studies costs £20,100 per year.

To summarise, international students can expect a tuition fee of between £16,000 to £25,000 per year, with an average of around £19,600 per academic year. Non-STEM subjects will generally be at the lower end of the range, whilst STEM subjects will be at the higher end of the range.

Part-time Fees

The above fees are based on full-time postgraduate study. If you’re doing a part-time PhD, you can expect the fee to be half of these amounts. Although this may appear to be a cheaper option, keep in mind that the average duration of part-time PhDs are twice that of full-time PhDs. Therefore, the total tuition cost will amount to the same value and the end of both courses.

Other Degree-related Costs

Research support fees.

If your research project requires a high use of consumables, equipment or other resources, you may have to support the cost of these through an additional annual fee. This additional annual fee, often referred to as either a ‘research support’ or ‘bench’ fee, often apply to laboratory-based STEM research projects. Bench fees vary between different projects, even those within the same field. Therefore, it is best to speak to the admissions team on a project-by-project basis to receive anything useful.

Another cost you will need to account for is travelling. As part of your degree, many supervisors will expect you to attend conferences, training workshops, or other collaboration opportunities. As a result, you will often need to travel to various destinations which aren’t always limited to the UK. Although some programmes will cover these costs, it’s not unheard of that some positions will expect you to fund this yourself. It’s impossible to put a value on this, as the extent of travel depends on each project. Therefore, it would be wise to speak with the admissions team and current PhD students. They can provide you with an accurate estimate and let you know whether the university will cover the expenses.

Overtime Period Fee

When you’re enrolled into a PhD programme, you will be given a period to complete your PhD within. This period is known as your ‘registration period’ and is usually 3-4 years for a full-time PhD and 6-7 years for a part-time PhD. If you’re given an extension due to not completing your PhD study within this time, you will need to pay an overtime registration fee. Although the amount depends on each university, the University of Leeds sets theirs as £290 for 2023/24.

Living Costs

From a 2022 survey of over 2,300 university students , the average living cost, covering expenditures such as rent, bills, food and recreation, was £924 per month. This equates to £11,088 per year.

Although this is an average cost, your true cost of living will depend on your location. Living in major cities such as London will draw significantly higher rent and travel costs than living in more rural locations. Although your living situation will in large be driven by the university you undertake your PhD with, you should factor it in when deciding which universities to apply to.

To put this into perspective, the survey average of £11,088 per year uses a rent average of £418 per month. In London, this average increases to £650 a month and can surpass £1,000 if staying in university halls or private student accommodation. This is supported by University College London (UCL) who state you should expect an average rent of £1,028 per month if living in private accommodation around their university.

Tip – You can use this handy calculator for an estimated average cost of living for any UK university. All you need to do is select the university, and the calculator does all the rest.

If you’re an international student, you should factor in return flights back home. Although this may seem like a small expenditure compared to tuition fees and rent, they can add up quickly depending on the frequency and distance of your trip.

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

How to Fund Your PhD

Studentships.

A studentship is a form of scholarship for doctoral students. They can either be partially funded, which cover tuition fees only, or fully funded, which also covers living costs through a ‘stipend’.

Studentships can be found in various places. Research Councils (RCUK) and European Social Fund (ESF) make funding available to university departments, who in turn make the funding available to doctoral students. Therefore, you will find that there are many postgraduate funding opportunities available to you, with the best places to look being the RCUK and ESF websites and the university departments themselves. External institutions which focus on research and development such as research trusts and charities would also be a useful place to look for a funded PhD.

Doctoral Loans

If you’re a UK student, you may qualify for a Postgraduate Doctoral Loan from Student Finance England. This form of financial aid is available for nearly all postgraduate research degrees undertaken in a higher education setting. They will allow you to borrow up to a total of £28,673 for 2023/24 courses .

Graduate Teaching Assistantships

Graduate Teaching Assistantships are a form of studentships which allow you to teach undergraduates as part of your research degree. This not only helps improve your academic skills, but it also enables you to receive a salary whilst you’re studying. As well as teaching assistantships, some departments also provide opportunities for demonstrations, marking papers, and tutorial support. The amount you can earn through these schemes will depend on how many hours you work and what agreements you make with your supervisor or course leader.

Working Whilst You Study – Part-time PhDs

A research student may opt for a part-time PhD as opposed to a full-time one. Although this would double the duration of their studies, it allows them to take on a part-time job to improve their financial situation. For students going down this route, it would be highly beneficial to pick up a part-time role in a position related to your industry. This will help refine your skills and increase your employability within this career role should you choose to pursue it after your degree.

If you’re an international student, keep in mind that you’ll likely be on a study visa. Therefore, there’ll be certain restrictions on what you can and can’t do alongside your study.

How Does This Compare to the Fees in Other Countries?

When considering the tuition fee of PhDs across different countries, the United Kingdom is generally considered as being in the ‘middle-ground‘ region.

A handful of countries offer PhD programmes for free. These include, but are not limited to, Denmark, Greece, Iceland, Norway and Poland.

The middle-ground region comprises countries such as Austria, Spain, Russia and New Zealand where postgraduate fees range from £1,400 to £4,000 per academic year.

The upper-end region comprises countries such as Hong Kong and the United States, where postgraduate tuition fees for a PhD student can go up to £33,000 per year.

Browse PhDs Now

Join thousands of students.

Join thousands of other students and stay up to date with the latest PhD programmes, funding opportunities and advice.

IMAGES

Studying a PhD
Study PhD in UK: Complete Guide for International Students
Higher education qualifications explained. We explain the different
UK Universities
What Level Is A Degree In The Uk: A Guide To Educational Hierarchy
College Degree Levels A Visual Guide

COMMENTS

What is a PhD?
A PhD is the highest postgraduate-level qualification offered by universities in the UK. It's for those who are looking to build on what they studied during their master's degree, or for those currently working who wish to research a particular area within their field. PhDs are research-based degrees. The student comes up with an original ...
UK Higher Education Levels Explained
The UK education system is divided into levels. This guide is your one-stop overview into what these levels are and what they mean for postgraduate students. PhDs ; PhD Opportunities PhDs by discipline PhDs by subject PhDs ... Level 8: Level 12: PhD and other doctoral degrees:
What is a PhD?
The term PhD or Doctorate of Philosophy is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase 'philosophiae doctor'. A PhD degree typically involves students independently conducting original and significant research in a specific field or subject, before producing a publication-worthy thesis. While some Doctorates include taught components, PhD students are ...
What is a PhD and Why Should YOU do one?
In the UK, a PhD stands for 'Doctor of Philosophy', sometimes referred to as a 'doctorate'. It is the highest level of degree that a student can achieve. At some institutions, including Oxford University, a Doctor of Philosophy is known as a DPhil. It is distinct from professional doctorates such as an Engineering Doctorate (EngD).
Guide to PhD degrees
An PhD is a level 8 qualification in the UK, meaning it's higher degree than other postgraduate qualifications like a master's degree or PGCE, which are level 7 qualifications. Completing a PhD will allow you to use the prefix 'doctor' or 'Dr.' with your name. It's the most common type of doctorate degree, differing from other ...
PhD Study in the UK
The length of a UK PhD thesis varies by subject. Dissertations in the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences tend to be between 60,000 and 100,000 words. Dissertations in STEM subjects are shorter, as much of the information is conveyed through graphs and data tables.
Studying A PhD in the UK
PhD Study in the UK What is a PhD? A PhD is a research degree and is the highest award available at universities in the UK. The study is based on a substantial research project on an area of academic interest, typically up to 100,000 words in length, written as a thesis, which then must be defended in an oral examination in front of a panel of experts.
What is a PhD? Advice for PhD students
The term "PhD" is often used as a synonym for any doctoral-level qualification. Doctorate degrees can often be split into two categories: MPhil and PhD. ... UK PhD programmes often prioritise independent research early on. 7. Part-time and work commitments: US PhD candidates might have more flexibility for part-time work or other ...
What to expect from a PhD/
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is the highest level of qualification awarded by universities in the UK, typically aimed at students who have successfully completed a Masters programme. A PhD is awarded for the outcomes of intensive, independent study that demonstrates an original and significant contribution to knowledge in your chosen subject ...
How to apply for a PhD in the UK
Each PhD will have specific entry requirements and you will also need to meet a university's general entry requirements. This may be an upper second-class undergraduate honours degree (2:1) or an equivalent international qualification. For some PhDs you may need a master's qualification, and you may be asked to attend an interview.
Find your ideal PhD, with the UK's most comprehensive search
A PhD is a postgraduate degree. It stands for 'Doctor of Philosophy' and is one of the highest academic qualifications you can achieve. Courses involve both research and academic learning where you take on a significant amount of independent work. For most PhDs, you'll research for, write and publish an extensive thesis on a specialist ...
Applying for a PhD in the UK
There are over 150 universities in the UK. The vast majority are public universities, meaning that they receive funding (including budgets for PhD studentships) from the UK Government.All British universities are free to pursue their own research objectives, but the amount of funding each institution receives is partly based on regular assessments of its performance as part of the Research ...
5 routes to getting a Doctorate
PhD by thesis. This is the most common means of getting a Doctorate. Over the three or four years of research at university, your PhD supervisor will support you as you aim to produce a thesis based on your research proposal. A thesis is typically 60,000-90,000 words in length - although this can vary between institutions.
UK Universities
A PhD student is a postgraduate who is actively undertaking a research degree with a recognised institution. The length of their studies depends on both their discipline and whether they are enrolled in a full or part-time programme. Usually, a PhD student will spend three to four years completing their degree.
PhD vs doctorate: differences and types of doctorate degrees
A doctorate differs from a PhD because it acts as an umbrella term for other degrees, such as Doctor of Theology (ThD) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). If a master's degree programme requires 30 credits for you to successfully graduate, a doctoral degree may require double or more. It certifies you as an expert in a particular field.
PhD Education
English language. International applicants must provide one of the following: IELTS test minimum score - 7.0 overall, 7.0 in writing, 6.0 in other sections. TOEFL (internet based) test minimum score - 100 overall, 25 in all sections. Pearson Test of English (PTE) UKVI/SELT or PTE Academic minimum score - 76 overall, 76 in writing, 70 in other ...
Masters vs PhD
A Masters degree is the next level of education after the completion of an undergraduate degree, commonly known as a Bachelors. ... In the UK, most PhD projects take 3-4 years to complete, as reflected by the majority of funded projects offering stipends to cover living expenses of about 3.5 years.
10 things you need to know before starting a PhD degree
Resilience is key while completing your PhD. Be open to change and embrace the chance to experiment in different ways. You might even end up with a thesis chapter including all of your failures, which at the very least is something interesting to discuss during your viva voce. 6. Learn how to build, and use, your network.
Education levels and qualifications explained
It is a Level 7 qualification and can take anything between one and four years of study. A large amount of independent study is required. What is a PhD degree or doctorate? A doctorate is the highest level of degree that can be obtained and is Level 8 on the educational scale.
PhD Salary in UK
The average cost of undertaking a PhD in the UK is approximately £20,000 per academic year for UK students and £40,000 for international students. To help offset the cost of this, many students question whether undertaking a doctorate comes with a PhD salary. The salary of a PhD student is governed by three factors: whether they're ...
What qualification levels mean
Entry level. Each entry level qualification is available at three sub-levels - 1, 2 and 3. Entry level 3 is the most difficult. Entry level qualifications are: entry level award. entry level ...
Explained: UK Levels, Diploma, & Degree
The highest academic degree is a Doctorate (PhD/DBA) at Level 8. Doctoral students must complete an independent research project that can span several years. A Doctorate is highly esteemed, and many graduates pursue careers as academics or industry researchers. ... UK ENIC issues Statements of Comparability, which indicate the equivalent UK ...
Doing PhD In the UK: Pros and Cons
A doctorate of Ph.D. is considered to be the highest level of educational degrees awarded to the students. Just like any other country in the world, the United Kingdom also has a wide range of subjects to choose from for pursuing a Ph.D. ... Tags: Doing PhD In the UK,PhD UK,Research UK. Share: Resource . The Ultimate Roadmap for Building a ...
How Much Does a PhD Cost in the UK?
UK Fees. For UK 'home' students, the tuition fee for a PhD varies between £3,000 to £6,000 per academic year. For 2023/24 programmes, most universities opt for £4,712 per year within this range. Although this number may seem a little odd, it's commonly adopted due to being the indicative rate set by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI ...
Who is Mike Lynch, the tech entrepreneur missing in yacht sinking?
Mike Lynch: Tech tycoon given 'second life' after £8bn fraud acquittal The Darktrace founder, who beat the odds in a 13-year legal battle, is missing after his yacht sank off the coast of Sicily

The shortcut to your shortlist

Popular universities

Course search

Open days search

Article search

Popular articles

What is a PhD?

What’s a PhD?

Boost your employability

Helps you pursue an academic career

Make a significant contribution to your field

Develop a range of transferrable skills

The shortcut to your uni shortlist

Hidden Gems in Clearing 2024

NHS funded courses 2024/25

Preparing for your university Clearing call

Is this page useful?

What is a PhD and Why Should YOU do one?

Entry requirements

How to apply for a PhD

How long is the course?

What’s involved

New Route PhD

Career prospects for PhD Students

Why do a PhD?

Reasons to do a PhD.

Reasons not to do a PhD.

Why Should YOU Do A PhD?

Who does a PhD?

You WANT to or You NEED to

Reader Interactions

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Recommended pages

What to expect from a PhD/ MA by Research

What is involved in a PhD/MA by Research?

During your studies

How to apply for a PhD in the UK

Ben Osborne

Download your Study Abroad Guide for FREE!

What qualifications do I need?

When should I start applying?

How should I look for a supervisor?

How do I write a research proposal?

How long does the application process take?

What are the associated costs?

You may also like

.css-185owts{overflow:hidden;max-height:54px;text-indent:0px;} How to apply for a PhD in the US

Women in STEM: undertaking PhD research in cancer

PhD diary: Where do I begin?

Our cookies

Privacy overview

Manage consent preferences

What is a PhD?

Popular PhD subjects

21 st February 2020

16 th August 2022

06 th June 2023

04 th September 2020

01 st September 2020

08 th February 2023

27 th September 2022

15 th August 2022

UK universities

UK countries

UK university groups

Accreditation and research quality

UK university cities

How to apply for a PhD in the UK

Admissions requirements

Inidan qualifications in the UK

Find a PhD in the UK

Our postgrad newsletter shares courses, funding news, stories and advice

Select your nearest city

Do you want hassle-free information and advice?

Create your account

5 routes to getting a Doctorate

PhD by thesis

Doctorate by publication

Professional Doctorate

Integrated PhD