how to quote your own thoughts in an essay

Should italics or quotation marks be used for a character’s internal thoughts?

Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook . For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Styling a character’s internal thoughts in italics or with quotation marks depends on whether you are quoting from a source that shows a character’s thoughts, writing a character’s thoughts, or editing a text that shows a character’s thoughts.

When you’re quoting a source, use quotation marks to indicate a character’s thoughts, and make it clear in your prose that you are quoting thoughts, not speech:

Walking home alone one night, Julie seems less concerned about the possibility of real danger and more concerned with the likelihood that her mother will be angry, thinking to herself, “Mother will be furious if she finds out I walked home instead of calling for a ride.”

But if your source shows the thoughts in italics, reproduce the italics and enclose them in quotation marks:

Walking home alone one night, Julie seems less concerned about the possibility of real danger and more concerned with the likelihood that her mother will be angry, thinking to herself, “ Mother will be furious if she finds out I walked home instead of calling for a ride .”

If you’re writing fiction, you may style a character’s thoughts in italics or quotation marks. Using italics has the advantage of distinguishing thoughts from speech.

Her footsteps echoing across the poorly lit, deserted alley, Julie thought to herself, Mother will be furious if she finds out I walked home instead of calling for a ride . Suddenly, she heard a voice behind her. “Julie! Why didn’t you wait for me?” In the darkness, Kayla, her cross-country teammate, came into focus. She had completely forgotten that Kayla had asked to walk home together.

An editor should follow the house style guide in styling characters’ thoughts. If house style allows it, an editor may follow the author’s preference for italics or quotation marks.

Do You Use Quotation Marks for Thoughts? (Helpful Examples)

Thoughts can be difficult to express appropriately in writing. You won’t always be able to do it, but when you can, it’s important to know how to punctuate them. This article will explain all you need to know about punctuating thoughts in your writing.

Do You Use Quotation Marks for Thoughts?

You can use quotation marks for thoughts in creative writing. It’s common for people to use these to help separate their thoughts from the rest of the writing. It’s similar to how you would include conversations and dialogue with quotation marks.

Quotation marks work best when someone is saying something. However, there’s no reason why you can’t use it to talk about how someone is thinking or feeling.

As long as you specify that you’re talking about thoughts by using something like “I thought” or “he thought” around it, quotation marks work well.

Are Thoughts Italicized or Quoted?

You can quote thoughts in your writing, but you can also italicize them. A lot of people prefer the more concise approach of keeping thoughts in italics because it helps to separate them further from the original writing. Also, italics stand out from other dialogue.

The problem with using speech marks for thoughts is that people don’t think out loud. It’s expected that when quotation marks surround something, that person should be saying something aloud (or should have done so in the past).

With italics, this problem is avoided. Instead of worrying about whether someone said something, you can instead make it clear that something is thinking about things.

How to Properly Quote Thoughts in a Sentence

Now is the time to see how to quote your thoughts properly. For the most part, you’ll be writing thoughts in third person when quoting like this. It’s most common to see thoughts in creative writing (often from the perspective of a third-person view).

Quotation Marks

• He thought for a moment, “there were a few ways to get out of this mess, but I haven’t managed to capitalize on any of them.”
• “I knew there was something else going on here,” thought Craig as he watched the others try to get away.
• “The moment has already passed,” Angelica thought to herself. It was about time that she acted on it.
• She thought for a second, “what happened to those poor people I passed not too long ago.”
• There was a brief moment when she paused to think, “perhaps there are a few things I could do differently.”

Quotation marks are fairly common in this way when writing creatively. Many novels will include quotation marks around thoughts to help separate them from the rest of their prose.

• Darren thought, there wasn’t much more to do here, so maybe he should just go.
• I knew I had to do something. I thought there were some people back there that might have needed my help.
• The thought “ that the team left him alone” crossed his mind more than once on his way back.
• There was only one other thing he could do, thought Samuel.
• Some of the others are still trapped in there, and I have to do something. That was the only thought that crossed her mind.

It’s possible sometimes to use quotation marks and italics at the same time. It mainly depends on stylistic choices and whether you like the look of how it’s separated from the rest of the sentence.

Is It OK To Quote Thoughts in a Sentence?

It is okay to quote thoughts in a sentence in creative writing. It’s very common to do so when it helps to further the development of certain characters. You won’t often see it in formal writing because there is never a reason to include thoughts.

Including your thoughts in formal writing would take away from the integrity of whatever you’re writing about. It’s best to keep them in more creative or informal passages to make sure you’re using thoughts correctly.

Final Thoughts

You can include thoughts in creative writing with quotation marks or italics. It’s more common to see thoughts italicized in creative writing because it helps to separate the thoughts from other dialogue (which typically uses quotation marks to show that someone is talking).

You may also like: Do You Use Quotation Marks Around Nicknames? (Examples) Do I Need Quotation Marks When I Quote Myself?

Martin holds a Master’s degree in Finance and International Business. He has six years of experience in professional communication with clients, executives, and colleagues. Furthermore, he has teaching experience from Aarhus University. Martin has been featured as an expert in communication and teaching on Forbes and Shopify. Read more about Martin here .

• Are Magazine Titles Italicized? (APA, AP, and Chicago)
• Are Band Names Italicized? (APA, AP, MLA, and Chicago)
• Do You Use Quotation Marks Around Nicknames? (Examples)
• Is New York Times Italicized? (APA, AP, MLA, and Chicago)

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Inner Dialogue—Writing Character Thoughts

_____________________________

FYI—I updated this article on Jan. 15, 2015.

The topic of character thoughts has come up repeatedly for me in the last couple of weeks, and I promised to address punctuation for inner dialogue.

Inner dialogue is simply the speech of a character to himself. He hears it and the reader hears it, but other characters have no idea what’s going on in his head.

It’s the same for us and our thoughts. Unless we reveal them, no one knows what we’re thinking. In our worlds, however, even if we do reveal our thoughts, it’s likely that no one hears those thoughts uncensored. Lovers may share most of what they’re thinking, or an abusive parent might dump every thought on a child, but for the most part, men and women don’t share every thought. If they did, they’d be talking nonstop.

And they’d be opening up the very most intimate part of themselves. Most people simply don’t tell what they’re thinking, in full, to others. To do so would make them vulnerable, naked, without protection.

That’s a bit too much for any of us 3-dimensional people.

With characters, however, we get to listen in. And we hear not only passive thoughts—the stream of consciousness patter that flows through the mind—but deliberate dialogue—a character giving himself a pep-talk or talking himself into or out of particular actions.

Thought and inner dialogue give the reader insight he can’t get from watching a character’s actions from the outside .

Inner dialogue and thought reveal truth. They reveal darkness. They reveal hope or dreams or resignation. They reveal emotions or beliefs too painful to be shared with other characters. They reveal the heart. They reveal despair of the soul. They reveal strength of the spirit.

______________________________

Thought and inner dialogue can be used to raise the emotional level of a scene . When we see a mother comforting her child, telling him all is well, and then we see into her thoughts, knowing that in truth she has no hope that all will be well, we feel her love for her child. We see her own feelings and the need she feels to protect her child from a painful truth.

Character thought can also lighten a scene . A man who’s holding back sarcasm or inappropriate humor may present a blank face to other characters but may reveal his irreverence to the reader.

What else can thought and inner dialogue do?

Thoughts and lectures to self allow readers insight into a character

They allow characters to be differentiated

They give characters an honest voice

They can reveal character motivation

They can slow the pace of a scene

They can reveal a character’s conflict between his inner man and the needs of others

So, how does the writer convey the thoughts and inner dialogue of a character?

First, the character must be the viewpoint character for a scene . Unless you’re writing from a completely omniscient viewpoint, which is quite unusual these days, you won’t be dipping into and out of every character’s head. And you certainly won’t be doing so within the same scene. So be sure we don’t get a thought from the dog when a couple is having a fight, not unless the dog is the viewpoint character for the scene.

Also, you’ll only want to reveal thoughts and inner dialogue that advance the plot . We don’t need to hear everything, just the good stuff. You could show random thoughts a time or two to establish the way a character thinks, but skip those kinds of thoughts for the most part. Give the reader thoughts that reveal the character and have bearing on the plot. Thoughts that up the emotional temperature for the reader.

In practical terms, try any of the following. But be selective: one option is likely to be a better choice than either of the others given the needs of a particular story and the effect you want or need to create.  Option #3, writing thoughts without italics, makes for the least intrusive read and is likely the best choice for most of today’s writers and for most genres . It may not be perfect for every story, genre, and set of circumstances, but it will work for many. Especially for stories with deep POV, that very intimate third-person point of view.

1.  Use italics and  thought tags

For traditional third-person narration, you can use italics to indicate a character’s thoughts or inner dialogue. This sends an unambiguous signal to the reader that what she’s reading is thought or inner dialogue and not spoken dialogue.

The use of italics for thoughts, however, can create a greater narrative distance , setting readers outside of the character and the events of the scene. The reader may feel herself an outsider to the character’s thoughts, reading them, as if they were reported to her, but not hearing or experiencing them for herself. Yet if that’s the effect you want/need to create, italics for thoughts is a valid choice.

Such a choice may be necessary if an omniscient narrator treats readers to thoughts from a variety of characters in the same scene.

Yet a thought tag alone, with no italics, may also meet your needs.

Pairing the thoughts with thought tags ( thought, wondered, imagined ) is helpful to identify the owner of a particular thought.

Montrose angled his head, taking in both Giselle and her sister behind her. They look nothing alike , he thought. He should have known Giselle was not Ariana. Also . . . Montrose angled his head, taking in both Giselle and her sister behind her. They look nothing alike , he thought. I should’ve known Giselle was not Ariana .

No need to write he thought to himself . The reader knows he’s not thinking to someone else. Unless, of course, we’re talking paranormal or sci-fi. In such cases, you might indeed need to tell us who Montrose is thinking to.

Note that the verb look is in the present tense. Because this is inner dialogue—words directed to the character from himself—verb tense can be past or present, even if the rest of the narrative is past tense.

2.  Use italics without dialogue tags

When you’ve made it clear who the viewpoint character is, you can use italics without the dialogue tags. Readers will understand that the viewpoint character is the one revealing his thoughts. This lessens the narrative distance, and the reader feels closer to the story events, less like the outsider observing events or reading a report of what someone thought.

Montrose tilted his head to get a clearer view of the hoyden behind Giselle. They look nothing alike . He dismissed the two of them with the flick of a wrist. And neither looks like my Margaret .

Use of italics allows the writer to treat thoughts as if the words are dialogue, as if the character is speaking to himself. So, we can use the present tense look rather than looked , even if the rest of the story uses narration in the past tense. The writer can also use I and me and we and our , even if the story is in the third person. Whatever you can do with spoken dialogue, you can do with a character’s inner dialogue.

3.  Don’t use italics or dialogue tags

This is likely the option most writers will use for most genres most of the time . Not always, but quite often. It creates the shortest narrative distance.

You can eliminate the use of and need for italics if you’re using first-person narration or deep POV in third-person narration. Since the reader knows and feels he’s in the character’s head, there’s no need to use italics to highlight character thoughts or dialogue directed to the character from himself.

You could throw in a thought tag every now and then for thoughts that aren’t italicized if you find it necessary—maybe the effect you need to create or a particular rhythm would make the tag necessary. But for the most part, a thought tag wouldn’t need to be included. The thought could just be blended into the surrounding text.

Note: Do note, however, that in stories with an omniscient POV, readers will need to be able to differentiate between thoughts of the omniscient narrator and the characters. This is especially true when the narrator is opinionated and when you share both the narrator’s thoughts and the thoughts of multiple characters in the same scene.

The following is an example of thoughts without italics from a third-person POV. In this example, the reader is not being told  Montrose’s thoughts, but actually hears them as Montrose thinks them.

Montrose tilted his head to get a clearer view of the hoyden behind Giselle. They looked nothing alike, these two women posing as his dead wife’s sisters. He dismissed both with a flick of his wrist. They also looked nothing like his sweet, sweet Margaret. Stupid, ignorant fool. Should have known better than to believe. Than to hope . . .

There is no doubt that Montrose is the one thinking these thoughts.

For first-person POV, there are not often instances when you’d even need to use a thought tag to identify a character’s thoughts, much less use italics for those thoughts. Yet one instance for using thought tags for first-person POV would be to create some narrative distance or to create the effect of the character reporting his thoughts to the reader, as if to an audience.

Still, most often the thoughts of a first-person narrator will blend seamlessly into the surrounding text—

I tipped my head to get a clearer view of the hoyden behind Giselle. They looked nothing alike, these two women posing as Margaret’s sisters. I waved them away. And they certainly didn’t favor my sweet Margaret. Stupid, ignorant fool. I should have known better than to believe. Than to hope . . .

Note that without the italics, I kept the verbs in the past tense to match the rest of the narration. This is a deliberate choice. It maintains consistency for the reader, keeps her from wondering why the writer changed from past to present tense.

With italics, the reader is given a signal to alert her to the inner thought. Without italics, there is no visual signal. Readers will understand that they’re reading thoughts, but a change to present tense in those thoughts—pushed up against past tense with the rest of the actions—may cause a hesitation for the reader. And you don’t want to do anything to pull the reader from the fiction.

This practice of switching verb tense only when using italics is a suggestion, not a hard rule. You’ve got options, and if you can make your story work by mixing present tense in your viewpoint character’s thoughts with past tense in that same character’s actions and do so without the visual aid of italics, try it. There’s nothing wrong with trying something.

Yet know that such a practice won’t be universally understood or accepted. Realize that you might lose your reader. And you definitely don’t want to make your reader hesitate, don’t want her wondering about the mechanics of story rather than being lost to the plot of story. Help the reader out.

While I wouldn’t want to say you can’t try something, my recommendation is to only switch tense in thought or inner dialogue if you use italics to highlight the thought.

I also counsel against using I , me , we , or our  in thoughts written without italics if you’re using a third-person POV. Without the signal of the italics, readers will think you’ve switched from third to first person mid-paragraph. Again, however, if you can make such an option work, try it.

Keep in mind—

While it’s certainly not required and you wouldn’t use the technique all the time—maybe not much of the time— consider putting thoughts and inner dialogue into a new paragraph , as if it were spoken dialogue. Yet even as dialogue can share a paragraph with action, so can thoughts. Treat inner dialogue as you would spoken dialogue. Separate the thoughts into a new paragraph if you want to create a wider narrative distance, yet keep thoughts in the same paragraph to narrow the narrative distance.

Never use quotation marks for thoughts , even if those thoughts are inner dialogue, a character talking to himself. Reserve quotation marks for speech that’s vocalized. Readers should be able to tell when a character is speaking inside his head and when he’s talking aloud, even if he’s the only person in the scene.

Plus, if you can cut back on distracting visuals, including unnecessary punctuation, do it.

Be consistent . Use the same method of conveying character thought and inner dialogue on the last page that you use on the first page. Consistency keeps the reader grounded in the fiction. Changes in method distract the reader.

I hope these tips are helpful as you look for ways to convey thoughts and inner dialogue.

If you’ve explored other options, let us know what you’ve seen or tried for yourself. What works for you? What doesn’t?

Let your fellow writers and editors know how you write inner dialogue and character thoughts.

Share your own tips about punctuating thoughts.

Let us know how you write good fiction.

On May 16, 2012, I made a couple of changes to the examples and their explanations. I hope the options are now clearer.

Related posts:

• Viewpoint Character and the Need to Choose Wisely
• Claustrophobia—Don’t Imprison Readers in a Character’s Head
• Narrative Modes in Fiction—Telling Your Story (Writing Essentials)

Tags: character , dialogue , thoughts     Posted in: Craft & Style , Grammar & Punctuation , Writing Tips

Posted in Craft & Style , Grammar & Punctuation , Writing Tips

208 Responses to “Inner Dialogue—Writing Character Thoughts”

This got me a bit confused, because you used a style that made your examples all appear in italic. There’s no italic-italic (or mezzogiorno-italic) to distinguish your inner dialogue from the rest.

Free indirect discourse may have some use, but becomes a confusion to many readers when

The character has thoughts rendered in italics. Here, using ital and also having an omniscient narrator relate his/her/its thoughts confuses and distracts. While many disagree, i feel its poor form.

The omniscient narrator intermittently takes of the POV of multiple characters. Some writers get away with this — and even use of ital for character thoughts to boot. This really gets my goat and confuses many readers.

Though Free indirect discourse is an “accepted” technique in both cases above, I strongly recommend against using it; use ital only for rendered thoughts. If one is stubbornly determined to use Free indirect discourse, consider no ital for thoughts or making sure Reader is less forced to pause & think about who’s thinking by using the technique in passages where the POV is crystal clear for Reader.

If I controlled the world, writers who used Free indirect discourse would have their ears flicked twice for ever instance. Who’s with me to create the Department of Writing Style, with regulators fully authorized to flick offenders’ ears?

I think you’re confused. Free indirect speech is a Third Person POV style. It’s to do with the narrative distance. It’s when you have Third Person with a First Person feel to it. It’s not Omniscient. Omniscient is a different POV and the techniques used are different. Here’s a link that might help clarify a few things about the POV https://www.helpingwritersbecomeauthors.com/omniscient-pov/

When free indirect speech is used “CORRECTLY”, the italics are the right choice to express the MC’s inner thoughts, and they don’t cause any confusion, at least they shouldn’t cause any confusion. Of course, there are some readers, that even when you spell everything out for them, they won’t get it. It can’t be helped.

For more info about Free Indirect Speech, you can read James Wood’s How Fiction Works (this is supposed to be in italics, but I can’t use them on this site).

With Omniscient, the narrator is the one telling the story, almost as a judge. The narrator is privy to all the characters’s thoughts and knows everything. The story is told in way that conforms with the author’s agenda. In omniscient, you can have the POV of a dog or another animal thrown in, if you want. Can the Omniscient narrator slip in inner thoughts as in third person close–maybe, but it’d probably come across as incongruous. Can anyone do it right? Maybe. Who knows!

I use free indirect speech, and I’ll be damned if I’m going to allow anyone to flick my ears, especially coming from people who don’t understand the technique. What makes you think you can tell writers how to write? Let’s support each other, mate. It’s hard enough for many of us to finish a first draft. We don’t need people regulating our writing styles.

Hajo, the italcs and roman fonts show up here on the article. Is it just on the e-mail version where some paragraphs are shown in all italics? I don’t know that I have control over that setup. I’ll have to check. Thanks for the heads-up.

True. I read the email version. All the indented paragraphs are italic there. Thanks

What would it look like if the character’s thought was a question?

You, your blog and this article are a godsend. Thanks so much for the very helpful tips and attention to all the questions. I have two. 1) I’m struggling a bit with paragraphs, especially in dialogue and narrative. How best should one continue the same paragraph including dialogue, while still using new paragraphs to indicate the change in speakers? For example;

My mother is sitting on the balcony, but she’s alone. There are no pointy heels punctuating the floor and Ma’s face is a crumpled handkerchief. “What happened, mom? Where’s Aunt Stella?” “I don’t know.” My mother looks down, her eyes red and wet. “Didn’t she call?” She just shakes her head.

Should the sentences following the dialogue be indented as new paragraphs or left as they are?

Question 2.

In dialogue, should titles like “Mom” be capitalized? Many thanks!

BG, I’m glad you’re finding something you can use.

Mom is a name as you’re using it, so yes, it gets capped. Sir or honey or sweetie wouldn’t get capped.

The lines after the dialogue look like new paragraphs in your example, but that may be a function of the comment. So . . .

My mother is sitting on the balcony, but she’s alone. There are no pointy heels punctuating the floor, and Ma’s face is a crumpled handkerchief.

“What happened, Mom? Where’s Aunt Stella?”

“I don’t know.” My mother looks down, her eyes red and wet.

“Didn’t she call?”

She just shakes her head.

Or try . . .

My mother is sitting on the balcony, but she’s alone. No pointy heels punctuate the floor, and Ma’s face is a crumpled handkerchief.

My mother looks down, her eyes red and wet. “I don’t know.”

Also, you’ve got mother, ma, and mom. How does the narrator think of her mother? My mother can be paired with either of the other options, but there’d be little reason to have all three words for mother, especially in a section this short. Does she think of her mother as Ma or Mom?

A bit more than you asked for, but I hope this helped. Use a new paragraph when a new speaker talks, even if that character has an action beat before the dialogue begins.

You are a lifesaver. Thank you so much. This is incredibly helpful. I”ll be back for more!

BG, you are most welcome.

I tried to reply to Bethy Hill, but Phil Huston keeps coming up. Anyway, here’s my question. I think I know the answer but I’m interested in hearing what others think. Here in Australia, we often call each other “mate”—as you probably know. Should this be capitalised? It isn’t a name, but it means more than just saying ‘How’re you going, friend?’

Thanks. A big help as my current WIP is in first person with plenty of inner dialogue.

Sheryl, I’m glad to have had something timely for you. Good luck with the WIP.

I think important to point out the topic discussed is inner monologue, which is one character voicing thoughts silently. The best example I can think of is Hemngway’s one character novel, The Old Man and the Sea.

Inner dialogue is a rare and challenging device used when within the head of one character, the voices of two entities have a dialogue. It could be a true conversation between the character and a spirit i.e. a deceased parent or mentor.

This was a key device that made Magic, the 1978 movie starring Anthony Hopkins movie, in which the his own dummy overtakes the mind of his ventriloquist.

Al, thanks for joining the discussion. I remember Magic . It’s one of the reasons I find certain kinds of dolls creepy. They did a great job with the movie.

While dialogue, monologue, and character thoughts are each different, I used the term here for any kind of character speech, whether that speech is between characters, is a character speaking aloud to himself or an object, or is a character speaking in his mind. Dialogue is a more commonly discussed fiction term than is monologue, so I hoped those searching for dialogue tips, no matter what their form, would be able to find and use the article.

Also, I’ve found that the meaning of dialogue has expanded beyond a conversation between two or more people. Dialogue in one sense is a reference to any of the spoken words in a piece of fiction. Thus we wouldn’t need to specify that a novelist writes both good dialogue and good monologue; dialogue by itself conveys our meaning.

But true inner dialogue—a conversation between two parts of the same person—that indeed would be fascinating.

Thanks for pointing out the classic definitions of dialogue and monologue.

I considered that some will regard my comment as overly picky. I did not mean to dilute your otherwise great discussion of monologue.

Your additional remarks flesh out the concept even further. Thanks for that.

The only real I had is how does inner dialogue look on a page? I did a story once with only one character for the first 2/3s of the story. He has an inner dialogue with his deceased father. I remember agonizing over how to express it. I think I punctuated it as though it was simple dialogue.

Hi Al, I don’t regard your comment as overly picky. I think it was spot-on! I was looking for such a distinction in the main article which, by the way, was fantastic and very helpful, Beth. (Thank you, Beth. As with your other articles, this one was well done!)

I am writing a sci-fi novel that involves advanced technology which allows characters to speak to each other telepathically, sharing thoughts and feelings. I also have several characters that speak their thoughts in the traditional sense of dialogue, not project them. Furthermore, the POV is first-person, so my main character can be doing all these things simultaneously: holding a vocalized conversation, sharing thoughts telepathically, and having an inner monologue for himself. Font-wise and punctuation-wise, it’s very challenging to say the least!

Obviously, I try to minimize the reader’s confusion by limiting the use of those mechanisms in a chapter. And I build up to it, not just lay it all on the reader at once and hope for the best. I have found that using italics to convey telepathic messages works well, with each new speaker getting a new paragraph, just as in spoken dialogue. Since the POV is first-person, I also have (I think) the choice of non-italicized font for direct narration by the first-person/main character and italicized font for his own inner thoughts (pep talks, satirical comments, self-doubts, snide remarks, whatever).

I do have one question for Beth. Perhaps it was answered elsewhere in the long comment section. If so, my apologies for not looking harder. The question regards long passages of italics. I saw you talk about this elsewhere in the comments. Thanks for that. But I need a clarification. If my first-person main character (MC) is “obtaining” a large bit of info (i.e., reading it, sensing it, feeling it) from a source that he is telepathically linked to, would you still NOT use italics?

At first, I used italics, but what you’ve written in the comments elsewhere has given me cause to change it to indented text, read like a collection of newspaper articles. This will help avoid the “eye strain” problem you mentioned. It’s about a page-and-a-half long, a lot of material that, by this time in the story, I owe to the reader (and her patience!), having hinted at all of it in previous chapters. The gravity of the situation is also expressed in the frankness of the articles the MC is reading/sensing/feeling. I think this is also what George Orwell did in the middle of “1984” when his MC reads the treatise “War is Peace” (or whatever it was actually called in the novel).

Think that’s still a better way to go?

Cheers and thanks for all the excellent help!

Richard, since it sounds like your character is actually reading material from another character and not exchanging dialogue with him or her, indenting on both sides sounds like a great option. Especially for something that goes longer than a page. I think you’ve chosen the best option. Treat the mental download just like a newspaper article or letter or diary entry.

Al, no worries. All discussion is good discussion.

Though we always want to get it exactly right, being consistent is sometimes the most important issue. If your character never spoke aloud to others, the reader probably wouldn’t have gotten confused, would not have assumed the character was talking aloud rather than thinking to himself. Yet, I still like reserving quotation marks for spoken dialogue.

But need sometimes trumps rules. And that’s part of what makes the written story so fascinating and unpredictable.

Thank you so much for this blog post. This topic had me so confused and now it’s all clear to me.

You are most welcome, Julieann. I’m glad the explanations helped.

I have two or more characters communicating mentally in my manuscript. I start a new paragraph every time and put it in italics should I also put it is quotation marks since they are talking to one another?

By the way thank you so much for this blog it is the most helpful thing i have found so far!

Misti, with all the paranormals and sci-fi that have come along, the need for writing mind-to-mind communication has increased. There’s no one standard yet, at least as far as I can tell.

But you definitely don’t want a lot of italics taking over your manuscript. Paragraph after paragraph of words in italics is simply hard on the reader. And you don’t want both italics and quotation marks. That’s just overkill.

Reserve quotation marks for spoken words. If you used them for thought and speech, readers wouldn’t know which it was. Also, let readers know right from the top that characters can mind-talk. And then keep that mind-talk brief.

Unless someone comes up with something we all can use and easily recognize, the best option for mind-talk at this time is still italics.

But just as you would break up spoken speech with action beats and action and description, break up mind speech as well. Don’t let any one character talk for pages. Breaking up the visual of all italics will give the reader a break. And giving characters more than mind-talk will give them a break.

Maybe another reader has a suggestion regarding this issue, something they’ve seen or tried.

A few of my reminders about mind-talk have to do with other issues that might come up. That is, how do you turn off the thoughts from others? Can your characters shut them off or are they bombarded by mind-talk constantly? How far can your characters mind-talk? That is, do they need phones or can they reach around the world with a thought? Or maybe they have to be in the same room with the other person. But why would that be so?

Just some issues to consider . . .

Great questions, Misti.

I know this is a bit late…

I’ve read books where characters hold telepathic conversations, but unfortunately I don’t remember exactly how. The books that come to mind belong to two different series: The Dresden Files and The Infernal Devices (how do you do italics?). In a couple of books of The Dresden Files(I don’t remember which ones exactly), Harry, the protagonist, has a demon inside him and he holds conversations with her inside his head. The demon can’t take possession unless Harry agrees to it, so she’s always tempting him. I don’t remember how Jim Butcher did it–I think he used italics–but it worked well. The same goes for The Infernal Devices. One of the protagonists, Will and his “parabatai”, Jem, communicate telepathically from time to time.

If I were trying to have characters communicating telepathically,I’d probably try a couple of things, but of course, it would all depend on my characters and how important and how often the telepathic exchanges occur. For instance, if my main character’s head is “invaded” by another character, I’d probably start by alerting the reader of the invasion… the pounding headache started again, and suddenly Chapra was in his head. “Hello, lover-boy.”(this would be in italics) Cassius shook his head. “Get the hell out of my head.”(italics) “Why don’t you make me(italics)?”

If my main character is going to initiate a telepathic talk,I’d also alert the reader… Cassius concentrated, “Chapra, listen… are you listening?(italics)”

Now, if the voice just pops in the head of the character, that’d be more challenging:

Cassius pulled Martabix toward him. “You are so beautiful–” “Don’t do it, Cass!” (italics)” Cassius shook his head and without realising it, he was shaking Martabix as well.”Get out of my head!” Martabix screamed and pushed him away. “My father was right. You are a frogging psycho!” “Wait, no. I wasn’t yelling at you…” Chapra’s laugh reverberated in his head. “That went well, lover boy.” (italics)

If it the telepathic conversations don’t happen all the time and there are other aspects of plot that are more important, then the telepathic conversations might be incorporated in the way I explained above. However, if the head conversations are the only way of communicating ,then I’d probably come up with a more inventive style. I might even try using a “fuzzy” font.

I’m sorry the italics option is greyed out and I couldn’t work out how to italicise. I hope this isn’t too confusing.

I have just found this site on searching for information about using punctuation when a character is sitting back and reliving in his thoughts a word by word converstaion he had with someone in the past. Would I be right in thinking that in this case puctuation would be the correct method

Margaret, I’m glad you found the blog. However, I’m not sure what your question is. Are you asking about quotation marks for a reply of a past conversation?

Thank you for coming back to me Beth. I am and have never been a writer of stories, but I am now making an attempt to write a short fan fiction story.I should have made myself more clear….Yes, I am looking at quotation marks. My main character is going back six years in his thoughts and is recollecting a word for word conversation he had with someone, and I am writing the conversation down word for word. But, as this was a conversation in the past, but being re lived in his mind now….I am not sure if I should use quotation marks in the conversation as if it is happening in his thoughts now.I hope this makes sense. I may be making a meal of this and perhaps the quotation marks should be there anyway. whatever way I am writing this into the story line.

I’m a first-time writer and I struggled with this topic. I googled all over and found your post to be BY FAR the best explanation. Succinct, clear, and just totally awesome. Someone on AbsoluteWrite had the same question, so I posted a link to your post and raved about it. I hope it’ll help him/her as much as it helped me. Thanks.

Thanks, Alex. I’m glad you found the information useful. And I like raving—thanks for the plug.

Thanks for your advice on how to write a character’s thoughts. I have one question though for which I cannot seem to find the answer. Do you insert a question mark into a thought? For example- is the following correctly punctuated? What is happening to me? he thought despairingly. (The thoughts would be in italics.) Thank you very much for your help!

Cindy, Chicago MOS (16th Ed. 6-67) says yes, use the question mark with direct questions in the middle of a sentence. I’m sure, however, that I’ve also seen such sentences without the question mark.

While the CMOS example is not italicized, I definitely like the question mark with italicized thought— What is happening to me? he thought.

Thank you so much Beth!

I’ve bookmarked this and will refer my friends! Thank you for clarifying much of which I knew internally, but was unable to articulate to my friend.

Riley, I’m glad you found this helpful.

This is a great explanation for using or not using Italics for your characters thoughts. I plan to use italics for remembering the past. Does that work

Thanks Toni

Toni, I wouldn’t recommend italics for remembering the past because you don’t want to overuse italics. If you give your readers a memory or flashback, that’s likely to last for more than a line or two. Italics are both noticeable and sometimes difficult to read. I’d reserve them for words, phrases, and short sections of thought. You don’t want to do anything that might slow the read for your readers and italics can do just that.

Help the reader out whenever you can.

I have the same question as Margaret Smith, which you didn’t answer here. My character is remembering something someone said to her. Example:

He’s never vague with his opinions, so what does “Yeah. It was fine.” really mean?

I’ve used quotes here, but I’ve also considered quotes with italics. And do you include the end punctuation?

Linda, you’ve got a couple of options, but let me address the last question first—no, you don’t include the period for the example you cited. Sometimes you don’t need to include the capital letter either.

Don’t use both quotation marks and italics—there’s no reason for both. Simple, if it’s clear, is almost always better.

If one character isn’t really quoting the other character’s words, you can use italics: He’s never vague with his opinions, so what does yeah, it was fine really mean?

Or you can use quotation marks, but I’d suggest not using a cap for yeah : He’s never vague with his opinions, so what does “yeah, it was fine” really mean?

No commas needed for either of these examples.

You could just as easily say: He’s never vague with his opinions, so when he said it was fine, what did he mean?

Or, to indicate a direct quote: He’s never vague with his opinions, so when he said, “Yeah, it was fine,” what did he mean?

Another option: He’s never vague with his opinions, so what did he mean when he said, “Yeah, it was fine”? (No period here after fine .)

Does that help?

Yes, that’s an above and beyond help. 🙂 Thank you.

Linda, I’m glad the examples were useful. I might have to copy some of this info to the article on punctuation in dialogue. It could come in handy there. Thanks for the questions.

How do you properly puncuate He said, she said and I said. I am having a debate with a friend as to what’s right and what’s wrong.

Correct: He said, “Look I will call you later.”

Incorrect: He said. Look I will call you later.

Does this apply to he said and I said?

Tracie, I’m not sure exactly what you’re asking. Your correct example is correct and your incorrect example is incorrect (though both need a comma after look ). This would be the same setup for any dialogue tag, no matter who was speaking. I’ve got a lot of examples in the article Punctuation in Dialogue . Let me know if it doesn’t answer your question.

What about punctuation with question marks in thoughts:

Is it: What was the use? he thought. – as it would be in quote dialogue OR What was the use, he had thought? OR, do you lose the question mark all together… What was the use, he thought.

That has always been my question too! I usually prefer this: Where have my keys gone? he thought. The thought,Where have my keys gone, is also in italics. But, Microsoft Word always corrects it to have NO question mark at all, just a comma. I’ve tried looking it up in The Chicago Manual of Style, but it really does not give a clear answer, at least one I could find. I think the most important thing to do is to be consistent, whatever punctuation you decide on. Hope this helps.

My main character is going back in her thoughts to a scene that happened hours ago. She is remembering word for word conversation and action she had with someone, and I am writing the conversation down word for word as she remembers. But, as this was a conversation in the past, but being re lived in her mind now. Is it best to just say, It was some time before she could find rest as her remembered what had occurred AND THEN just give the scene as though the reader is experiencing it, then have her come back from her thoughts? In this way, (3rd person) I would just give the scene from her perspective including action and conversation with quotes. Would this be the best way to handle?? Margaret Smith asked this last year and I can’t find an exact answer to this queston.

Seamus, I agree with Cindy that the question mark goes before the thought tag, just as it would go before a dialogue tag. You definitely don’t want it after the tag.

Yet, for such a sentence, you could also consider dropping the question mark and simply using a comma—de-emphasize the question part. Soften the feel of a hard question.

Would that be correct in terms of the traditional rules of punctuation? Maybe not enough for some of the sticklers. But would it be stylistically correct for your story? It might well be perfect for it.

In a related issue—I just finished reading a novel that used almost no question marks at all, not for any questions. It took me a while to get used to it, but then I felt what the writer had established with her choice. The characters asked a lot of questions, many rhetorical, and question marks would have cluttered the text, been a visual distraction.

Had I edited that book, I probably would have suggested using question marks for some of the characters. As we use different sentence constructions to differentiate our characters, we can also use different punctuation. Some characters would naturally emphasize the question as a question in their thougths and speech, even if others didn’t. It would be a way to accentuate those differences.

For your example, Seamus, the thought tag may or may not be necessary. If you’ve put readers into your character’s head, they’ll know such a question is his thought, making the thought tag unnecessary.

Dana, you have some options here.

If you want to show the conversation exactly as it happened, treat it like any other flashback. That way you can include setting details, the dialogue word for word, and the characters’ movements. Use quotation marks for the dialogue, just as you normally would. And introduce the flashback in a way that lets the reader know it’s a flashback and then bring the reader back to the present in a way that indicates that’s what is happening.

If, however, you want to show how the words from that conversation affect the character in the present—she’s tossing and turning and can’t sleep—you may just want to pull out a line or two of the conversation. The emphasis here is less on the whole conversation and more on how the character is reacting to what was said. If what she remembers is a short line or two, consider italics rather than quotation marks. An example—

Janelle couldn’t sleep, certainly didn’t want to dream now that her precious dreams had been shattered. Matthew had finally told her what he felt about her. My wife must be of one of the First Families, a woman of pedigree. She pounded her pillow and pounded again. You come from . . .

She knew her background, much, much better than he did. She’d heard the accusations since her first days in the capital. She pressed the pillow over her face, hoping to drown out not only his spoken words, but those he’d left in his thoughts. You come from trash. You are not worthy of my name.

You could also separate out his words in this manner—

Janelle couldn’t sleep, certainly didn’t want to dream now that her precious dreams had been shattered. Matthew had finally told her what he felt about her.

My wife must be of one of the First Families, a woman of pedigree.

She pounded her pillow and pounded again.

You come from . . .

She knew her background, much, much better than he did. She’d heard the accusations since her first days in the capital. She pressed the pillow over her face, hoping to drown out not only his spoken words, but those he’d left in his thoughts.

You come from trash. You are not worthy of my name.

You can, of course, always use quotation marks for the dialogue.

Janelle couldn’t sleep. Her conversation, her fight , with Matthew wouldn’t stop looping through her mind. She covered her eyes and ears, but she still saw his face, heard his words.

“My wife must be a woman of pedigree,” he’d told her, his face averted. “You come from . . .”

Trash. He’d almost said it, the epithet for all her kind. ————-

The best option for one story, for one scene, won’t be the best for another. Flashbacks always stop the forward motion of a story, but they get the job done. If the scene is powerful and necessary, show it in a flashback.

If what’s more important is the effect of an earlier scene on the present, consider pulling out only certain parts of it and playing up the impact on the character in the now.

Which would be more dramatic? Which would do a better job of raising conflict and tension? Which would be more revealing of character?

The good news is you have options. The bad news is that sometimes we don’t want options. There is no general right or wrong for this one. Try both and see what works for the story.

If this the kind of thing you were looking for?

Thanks a million! This is just the information I needed to figure it out. Regards! Dana

I’ve written and self published a novel wherein characters are possessed by demons, angels, and spirits. These characters interact on occasion but they all have their own agendas. There are also many conversations that take place internally between host and possessors. At times I can have two or three physical beings in one place but 4-6 different personalities engaged in conversation with the other characters as well as internal dialogue with their hosts.

I have taken to putting these internal dialogues between host and possessor between asterisks and anchoring the text to the character.

“I mean you no harm, human. Nor you, demon.” Uriazel spoke quickly to Alistair in his head. *Don’t acknowledge that you are possessed.* “No demon here, other than yourself, demon.” Alistair spoke aloud immediately. “Don’t attempt to play games with me human, I am not known for my patience.” Belial warned ominously. *He’s not lying.* Uriazel cautioned internally. *He’s quick to anger, and we’re not in fighting shape.* “What can I do for you, Prince Belial?” Alistair asked in a more diplomatic manner. “You can start by recognizing my act of truce and put your weapons away.” The Forbidden Prince stated. Alistair shrank his weapons back down into its bracelet form. “Fair enough.” “Who is the demon possessing you?” “I’m not possessed.” “How would you know who I am; were you not possessed? Also, I can smell him embedded within you, human.” The massive demon stated as he inhaled deeply. “Is that you Uriazel?” He asked as he recognized a familiar scent. *We’re had.* Uriazel spoke internally, then aloud. “Yes, it’s me, Prince Belial.”

My dilemma: I have started query letters to different agencies and I keep getting turned down. Now, I don’t believe that my writing is bad and I have received some input back from several agents. They say the same thing. “We’re afraid your project isn’t quite right for our lists at this time, but we encourage you to continue editing and querying other agencies.”

My gut tells me it’s because I don’t use italics for internal dialogue, but I don’t feel this will work with my situation of characters. Do you have any suggestions?

Chad, while I doubt that punctuation alone would keep a story from being accepted, your punctuation/font choice is unusual. Those you’ve sent it to may get the impression that since you hadn’t used traditional methods for conveying talk/thoughts, you also haven’t used other writing conventions. Consider sticking with italics for these characters thinking inside other characters. Or, since they do this a lot and you probably also have the characters thinking to themselves, consider quotation marks for the character-to-character thought. It really is conversation. You just need to make sure readers know who is think/speaking.

You do have some other issues in this example. The punctuation for the dialogue itself needs a review. Also, you typically don’t want to refer to one character by several names. With the high number of characters you no doubt have, I suggest you stick to one name for each one in a scene. You’ve got Belial , Prince Belial , the Forbidden Prince , and the massive demon referring to the same character in only a few lines. Readers will not know if you’re referring to the same character each time.

Also, who is the viewpoint character here? I assume it’s Alistair, since you’re showing us his thoughts. But then we have a line that shows Belial recognizing the scent of the demon. That’s a viewpoint violation that doesn’t belong in a scene from the Alistair’s POV. And does Alistair know Belial’s name before anyone mentions it?

Also, consider cutting the explanations in the dialogue tags. Let characters speak without qualifying how the words are spoken.

This example supposes that you’ve already explained that Alistair hears Uriazel in his head.

“I mean you no harm, human. Nor you, demon.” Uriazel cautioned Alistair, “Don’t acknowledge that you are possessed.” “No demon here, other than yourself, demon,” Alistair said. “Don’t play games with me, human. I am not known for my patience.” “He’s not lying,” Uriazel told Alistair. “He’s quick to anger, and we’re not in fighting shape.” “What may I do for you, Prince Belial?” Alistair asked. “You can start by recognizing my act of truce and put your weapons away.” Alistair shrank his weapons [plural] back down into its [singular] bracelet form. “Fair enough.” “Who is the demon possessing you?” “I’m not possessed.” “How would you know who I am; were you not possessed? Also, I can smell him embedded within you, human.” He inhaled deeply. “Is that you, Uriazel?” “We’re had,” Uriazel told Alistair before saying, “Yes, it’s me, Prince Belial.” ——– How does something like this sound to you?

Thank you for taking the time to look over my extensive question! The example I gave you probably wasn’t the best to throw out there as it takes place in the beginning of the fourth chapter. It was just a quick excerpt I grabbed out of the text to illustrate my dilemma. You did answer my question for me. Thank you! Now I have to sit down and figure out how to dial this back into the accepted norm…. Again, thank you for your time and feedback! ~Chad

My pleasure, Chad. Good luck with your changes.

Can you please help me out? I have a character who is at home remembering a converstation he had with police officers earlier on that day. Do I use italics for this or use normal dialogue with quotation marks? This is the first time readers will know of this conversation.

Any advice would be gratefully received.

Barry, you have a couple of ways of playing this.

If the character’s replaying the moment and the dialogue word for word, you can treat it like a flashback and use quotation marks for the dialogue. Show readers the scene as it happened—

The precinct had been crowded and noisy. When he’d caught the eye of both Tweedle Dee and Tweedle Dum, they’d aimed straight for him.

The sergeant pulled him aside and then, with a long sigh, he dragged him into a tiny office and slammed the door.

“You’re damned lucky to be alive.”

———–

But if he’s just remembering bits and pieces, you could use italics or quotation marks for the dialogue—

What had that sergeant said? “You’re damned lucky to be alive.”

What had that sergeant said? You’re damned lucky to be alive.

———-

I like italics for this short memory-dialogue, but when italics are used too often, they lose their effect and start to annoy. You wouldn’t want to use them for more than a line or so. If you’re going to write out the dialogue in full, use quotation marks.

Quotation marks are the standard punctuation for spoken dialogue, so you’re safe to use them for that purpose.

You can also use indirect quotations—

The sergeant had said he was damned lucky to be alive. He didn’t know if he was lucky, but being alive sure felt good.

————–

Thanks Beth. That did help A LOT! I’ve tried playing out the scene many different ways but none of them looked quite. . .right. You’ve made it look so simple; why couldn’t see it like that before?

Can I be a lad and ask one more thing?

What’s the best way to write dreams? To be italic or not to be italic? That is the question.

Thanks Beth. You’re not bad at this writing lark, are you!

Kind regards.

Thanks, Barry. I do love writing and editing and putting it all together.

There are for specific reasons to use italics in fiction, but using them for long passages of text is not encouraged. For one thing, it’s simply difficult and distracting to read long sections of text in italics.

Is it done? You bet it is. But that doesn’t mean using italics is the best choice.

I read a book a couple of weeks ago that used italics for long stretches of text. It was done for a particular purpose, and I recognized that as I was reading, but I found myself having to reread sentences or words because they just didn’t look right on the page. I also rubbed my eyes because the read was a bit of a strain. The font looked smaller in italics (thought I’m sure it wasn’t) and had they bumped up the font size, that might have eased my problems.

So, to answer your question, the recommendation is to stay away from italics for long sections of text whether that means dreams or flashbacks or even thoughts between mind-talking characters. (A publisher may choose italics for any of these purposes, of course. But that’s their decision. What you want to do is identify that the dream section is something other, something different from the surrounding text. And you want to make it easy to read.)

Roman text is sufficient for dreams. Simply introduce the dream as a dream and show when it begins and ends. You can do this by writing us into and out of the dream with words that indicate that the character is dreaming.

Or you can use the present tense in your dreams, giving them a feel different from the rest of your story (if you’re using past tense).

If you choose not to introduce the dream with words, set it up as a scene of its own, with scene breaks at both ends.

If your character dreams a lot or has nightmares that you want the reader to see, once you’ve shown one or two, readers will catch on to your setup, whatever it is, and know you’re presenting a dream. So you wouldn’t have to show a character falling asleep every time. Simply give us a scene break and introduce a recurring dream element—the character walking down a deserted street, the character being chilled or hearing her own footsteps echoing louder and louder as she walks, the image of a broken doll or a cloud-shrouded moon or the murmur of indistinct voices.

Readers are smart, so if you give them a hint, they know how to run with what you’ve provided.

Not be italic is my suggestion.

No italics then.

I know what you mean about italics making the print appear smaller. I reckon it’s an optical illusion.

Don’t know if you’re familiar with British crime writer, peter James but he sometimes writes whole chapters in italics! It sometimes seems like the words run into each other. Great writer though.

Anyway, I’ve used up way too much of your time.

I’m off to dreamland now (without italics).

Thanks for the advice. You’ve been a great help.

My pleasure, Barry. Take as much of my time as you need to.

That’s nice of you Beth, thanks. I need all the help I can get!

Thank you SO MUCH for the very clear explanation of when and how to use italics when portraying a character’s thoughts. The best explanation I’ve found.

Connie, you are welcome. We’ve covered a lot of related issues here in the comments, so I might need to do a Part Two on this topic.

My current problem is trying to figure out how to punctuate a paragraph in which a character is reading something to herself. If I just put quotes around the material being read, it looks like she’s reading it aloud. I’m wondering if single quotes would work. The paragraph which is from my upcoming novel The Heart of Applebutter Hill is: Block quote When he reached Abigail, Thornhammer pressed a stiff card into her hand. She fumbled with it and, after getting the Braille right-side up, read, ‘Professor Thornhammer’s Banned Four-Letter Words.’ Her heart raced in anticipation of the words he might have included, but the list was a simple one: ‘Like, Sure, very, fine and just.’ Block quote end Thanks for any suggestions.

Donna, you have some options, but using single quotation marks isn’t one of them unless you’re using rules for British English. American English doesn’t use single quotation marks in fiction except as a quote within a quote.

If you’re going to use the word read as you have, then using quotation marks is okay. So—

She fumbled with it and, after getting the Braille right-side up, read, “Professor Thornhammer’s banned four-letter words.”

Or you could use italics. But since you used the word read, the quotation marks do work. Think of read as equal to said in this case.

For the second section, I suggest neither quotation marks nor italics (though if I had to choose, I’d go with italics). But because this is just a list, you don’t need anything special.

If someone’s reading a paragraph or so of text, you can use quotation marks—think of it as quoting someone, though the character isn’t truly speaking. If the words are few and interspersed with comments from the character, use either quotation marks or italics, depending on how you introduce the text and how many or few words you’re reporting—

She had picked up the book, but had never gotten past the first line— Home wasn’t a place to live; it was a circus complete with animals, con men, and clowns.

. . . gotten past the words Home wasn’t a place to live; it was a circus complete with animals, con men, and clowns.

. . . gotten past Richardson’s opening. “Home wasn’t a place to live; it was a circus complete with animals, con men, and clowns.”

If your character is reading a lot of text—several pagragraphs or pages (though that could be very boring for the reader)—consider indenting on both left and right and not using italics or quotation marks. This simply sets the text off so the reader (if you’re submitting, this means agent or editor) knows that the text is something other than exposition or dialogue or action. With this choice, however, you do need to make clear when the text begins and ends. You can do that with line spaces and/or words that introduce the text at the beginning and then indicate, at the end, that the special text is finished

Using italics for a lot of text makes a tough read for the reader, so for submissions, try what I’ve suggested here. If the publisher wants to use italics for long sections of text, that’s their choice. What you’ll want to do is be consistent and clear.

Unfortunately, there’s no one option that’s always right because the circumstances, especially the amount of text, is different.

I think…as may have been said here in prior posts…that text being read by your POV should be offset and and blocked. Decide what margins will work for you…say one inch on both sides. That way it stands out from the regular text and lets the reader know that this text is different..usually preceded by narrative indicating that the reader is about to witness the POV read something.

However, it’s not necessary in most cases to have the reader witness the POV read directly from a book…because paraphrasing works just as well and better in some cases.

This article has certainly cleared up a sticking point in my own writing. Always having tete-a-tete discussions with my editing friend, I preferred using quotation marks in the middle of a paragraph and at the same time being annoyed that I could not develop consistency. I would use variation in different works. I will use the italics method, thanks to you, and begin new inner thoughts as new paragraphs. I think it should also blend in with my personal style development. Thank you, Beth.

I am a retired IT maven. I procrastinated for twenty years, but in January I started writing Dragon at 1600. I had 200 pages of the worst grammar possible. In high school and college when they said grammar, I said already got a gramma. So, I met some writers on the Writers Network (LinkedIN) and started getting major help. One genius, took me under her wings. She is tough. For the past month, I have re-written the first 7 chapters five times. My grammar will get better, but my tenses and must have narration was killing me. I have had three different prologues. Hell I love Clive Cussler. The prologue is now chapter 15, but chapter 1 is killing me. I want it to explode. So, yesterday was a really bad day for me. I was searching the internet for answers and got your site. Hello, and thank you. I just re-wrote chapter 1 this morning. I changed 70% of the narrative to dialogue. I was having a problem because Buck was all by himself. Oh my God. I looked around my office and said what can i do. Hey, I yell at my TV all the time. I’m a NY Met and NY Jet fan. I’m lucky the TV still works. Thoughts, what an interest concept. I’ll be damned, someones at the door. Next thing you know, the whole narrative, minus what was not needed… became dialogue. I read something the other day that hit me hard. Write your scene like someone is paying $300,000.00. for it. If its crap it gets cut. The movie is only two hours. Everthing has to count. I would love to SHOW you the before and after, but won’t waste your time. What I do want is more ideas and ways to make narrative into dialog. In the past two weeks I have read 6 books on writing. Yes they all helped, but your site woke me up. Thank you.

Stephen, you are welcome. I’m guessing that consistency is going to help not only the manuscript, but the way you approach your characters’ thoughts and their inner monologue. Keep in mind that if you’ve clearly shown the reader that they’re in the character’s head, hearing his thoughts, italics aren’t even needed. Or you might want to differentiate between passive thoughts and the self-directed thought-talk of your characters by not using italics for the first but using them for the self-directed thoughts.

Here’s to the change making a difference.

Gene, congratulations on your jump into writing. You’ve aleady begun the two best practices you could undertake at this point, as you begin your writing career—writing and studying the craft of writing. I’m glad you found something you could use here.

Of course I’m going to caution you to not go overboard the other way with your use of dialogue. How much action do you have in that opening chapter? Perhaps some of that 70% of the narrative that was changed to dialogue should be action instead? Finding the balance is part of the writing experience, and each story will have a different balance of elements. And you’ll find that your style will naturally tend to lean toward one of the elements at the expense of the others.

Thought and dialogue are vital, but so is action. If you want your opening to explode, light a match. But keep in mind that you’ve got to have an explosive of some kind attached, a situation that could explode. And sometimes you need to show the reader some of the setup, the reason why there’s a possibility of something explosive happening. You can play around with cause and effect, action and reaction, to see what works for the story’s needs. ———– Regarding action, even a character alone, as you pointed out from your own experience, can be active. A guy can reveal his rage or despair by throwing objects or kicking through walls. He can pound his fists into a floor again and again, until they’re bloody, as he tries to deal with the death of a lover or child. A psychopath could painstakingly put together a bomb, talking to himself all the while, as he readies the device for his next attack.

You didn’t specifically mention action, but these are a few reminders to give the reader a break from thoughts and dialogue. Too much of any one element—dialogue, action, thought, exposition or summary, or description—is too much.

As for ideas to make narrative into dialogue, one of the most effective is to make sure you’re writing scenes and not reports. Scenes mean people in specific places doing something. Sections of all thought all too often become a bodiless mind, and not a full character, thinking of past events. Reporting past events. In contrast, for a scene, characters need to interact with others, if those others are in the scene. But characters also need motion and interaction with props from the setting. And the passage of time should be clear. So a character is in an identifiable place, doing something, including talking to other characters, interacting with objects and moving around, as time advances in a recognizable way.

Even if a character goes on for a stretch simply thinking, readers should know where the character is and what he’s doing, even if the focus is on his thoughts. Where is Roger when he takes a trip down memory lane to think about the guy who mentored him in high school, the coach who set him on the right track? Is Roger sitting alone at a bar? Is he pacing in a hospital ER? Is he on a stakeout? And what’s the catalyst for his trip down memory lane? What event gets him thinking? People don’t simply willy-nilly start thinking of events or people from the past—something brings them to mind. Be sure that stimulus is clear.

So to show a detective lost to his thoughts of his ex-wife, the one he let dovorce him without a fight in order to protect her, readers could see the character tapping the steering wheel as he sits a stakeout. Readers should feel the wind shaking the car, the biting cold as it creeps in through the window that doesn’t close all the way. Readers should hear the crackling as the character shifts in his seat, smell the odor of drive-thru chicken and burgers from the bags piling up in the back seat. And readers could hear the detective make a report to his partner or dispatch and then watch as he fiddles with the ring he still wears. And then readers could listen in as the detective remembers events from the past.

But the present scene shouldn’t be forgotten and events and the reality of that present should interrupt the memories of the past. Coming back to the present scene will keep characters and readers grounded so neither are lost to memories and thoughts that play out only in a character’s head.

The suggestion, then, is to write scenes and not simply character remembrances.

Ways to convert narrative into dialogue (and action) would make for a good article. I’ll have to think about that one.

Thanks for joining the discussion, Gene. I’m sure your comment sparked ideas and questions for others.

Thank you Beth. Maybe explosive was the wrong word. This is my 6 draft of chapter 1. I want it dynamic, but I’m introducing my protagonist. I did not want the narrator doing it all. Some people told me it was too wordy. Here is what I’m talking about.

Buck believed America was a pretty damn good place to live. The US Constitution guaranteed that. He believed most people came here for that reason only. Some people— not just the rich— came to America for another reason. To bleed the red, white and blue for all it is worth. He was in his home office at his computer programming. He was making enhancements to his tracking system. The music was blasting through the computer speakers, his kind of music… It was another typical week for Buck, twelve to fifteen hour work days. This time around it was for America… not the man. Bruce Greenwood was getting his juices flowing. …That I’m proud to be an American, / where at least I know I’m free. / And I won’t forget the men who died, / who gave that right to me. Buck was retired now; he was finally done with the corporate bullshit. No more asshole bosses, who hired their even bigger asshole kids. There he was, poppa’s proud whatever… Mr. Vice President of just show the **** up to work.. The back-stabbing and the cry baby demands, yeah, Buck was done with that bullshit too. …And I gladly stand up, / next to you and defend her still today. / ‘Cause there ain’t no doubt I love this land, / God bless the USA. A special report on the news, caught Bucks attention. Look at them he thought, they seek any law that can benefit their cause. They exploited it, twisted and use creative interpretation, only to push their own agenda… bleed America dry. They spit on Old Glory, stomp on her, then burn her. Why… because they can? “Damn,” said Buck to the TV. “They fight the very rights, our brave men and women fought to defend. The rights that made America… the land of the free.” Lynyrd Skynyrd was now rocking on the system. Buck muted the sound on the TV. Yeah that’s right! / My Daddy worked hard, and so have I, / Paid our taxes and gave our lives / To serve this great country / So what are they complaining about… Buck didn’t like people who took and never gave. Worse, Buck hated traitors. “Buck are you here?” said Roy. “Sorry didn’t hear you come in. Got the music blasting.” “I have a couple of things I’m working on,” said Roy. “I want to add it to the system, see how it looks.” “Knock yourself out.” Roy Singh was Bucks partner, best friend and Swami. Hell, he was a genius and had three pussy PhD’s to prove it. “What are your plans?” said Roy. “I was thinking of swinging by Sarge’s. Have a few beers, complain a little and blow off some steam. Micky’s up in White Plains, pushing his new novel, The Saratoga Project.. I want to go see him. He gave me a couple of people to look into and I want Sarge to drive.” My hair’s turning white, / My neck’s always been red, / My collar’s still blue, / We’ve always been here / Just trying to sing the truth to you. / Yes you could say / We’ve always been, / Red, White, and Blue… Buck had met Micky on an IT Security project in Purchase, NY several years ago. Micky was his mentor. They worked together, played golf and were constant dinner and drinking companions. Micky gave more than half his life to America, he was legit, and got the whole God and Country meaning. He put five years in the Navy and another twenty in the Air Force… he was still involved. He parlayed his IT Security and Auditing background from the Air Force into a nice career. After he retired, he became a mega-millionaire author. …If they don’t like it they can just / get the HELL out! “Hey Roy, I’m out of here.”

First off… you don’t see that I used italics on the song words between the paragraphs. I want the reader to say… I’m with BUCK!

Gene, I’ve got some suggestions for you, but it may be a day or two.

Beth, Thank you for responding. what I had listed was the first page and a half of a 3200 word chapter. The rest of the chapter has a 55-45 blend of dialogue to narration maybe even 60% dialogue. I have been working hard at turning narration into dialogue if I can. I realize that some narrative maybe important to me but does not move the story along. I have my orignal draft so it’s not like It’s gone forever. Hell, some are memories from 30 years ago. Obviously, I didn’t forget them. I created an inside cover that will grab the reader, if political espionage and suspense is their thing. Also, in my first draft, I gave all the goodies away in the first 30 to 40 pages. Why read the rest, when you know how it’s going to end. This time around, I want them saying, “I’ll read one more chapter before I go to bed, maybe two.” I read a lot. Some books you just can’t put down. I love James Patterson, but one of his last books just didn’t do it. I just kept putting it down. This may also be, because I’m reading in edit mode so I’m not enjoying it. I write 8 to 10 hours a day and edit in between. I start at 6 am and stop around 8 pm. So when I finally want to read for fun, I’m spent. I will tell you one thing I have learned. There is nothing that compares to writing. It is the one thing in life that you totally control. My protagonist had just saved two Russian Scientists who were kidnapped. They were boring. I went to bed and dreamed about my book. When I woke up, they were not longer boring. I made them smarter and more beautiful. They are now part of Bucks team. Writing is more than fun. It’s the funnest. How that for the grammarians.

Gene, I didn’t intend to take so long to get back to you.

Writing in a way that makes the reader have to read just one more page is a perfect goal to strive for. We don’t want them stopping. Yes, we understand that they have lives, but if they have to be pulled away, that means they’re locked into the fiction.

Look down the comments list for a few suggestions on your earlier text.

Best article on internal dialog that I’ve read. Thank you.

My pleasure. And thank you.

Gene, how does this work for you?

Buck believed America was a pretty damn good place to live. The U.S. Constitution guaranteed that. He believed most people came here for that reason only. Some people—not just the rich—came to America for another reason. To bleed the red, white and blue for all it was worth.

He sat in his home office, programming at his computer, making enhancements to his tracking system. Music blasted through the speakers, his kind of music. It had been another typical week for Buck—twelve-to-fifteen-hour days. But this time around it was for America, not the man. Lee Greenwood’s iconic song had his juices flowing.

“I’m proud too, Lee.”

Buck, finally done with the corporate bullshit, had retired. No more asshole bosses who hired their even bigger asshole kids. There he was, papa’s proud whatever, Mr. Vice President of just-show-the-****-up-to-work. The back-stabbing and the cry-baby demands? Yeah, Buck had retired from that bullshit too.

Buck joined Lee, holding the long note near the end of the song far longer than Lee did and then laughing when he could finally catch his breath. A special report flashing on the TV caught Buck’s attention.

Look at them, he thought, seeking any law that can benefit their cause. They exploit it, twist it and use creative interpretation to push their own agenda to bleed America dry. They spit on Old Glory, stomp on her, then burn her. And why, because they can?

“Damn,” Buck said to the TV. “They fight against the very rights we fought to defend.” Stupid pr***s. Fighting against, weakening , the rights that made America the land of the free.

Lynyrd Skynyrd was now rocking on the system, singing about working hard and paying taxes. Buck muted the TV.

Buck had been raised to work hard, to do and contribute. His dad hadn’t been a slacker, and he wouldn’t allow any of his kids to slack off, to live off others. Buck had no respect for people who took and never gave. Of course, he hated traitors even worse.

“Buck, you here?”

He swiveled to see Roy standing in the doorway.

“Hey, didn’t hear you come in. Got the music blasting.”

“I got a couple of things I’m working on,” Roy said. “I want to add them to the system, see how it looks.”

“Knock yourself out.”

Roy Singh was Buck’s partner, best friend and Swami. Hell, he was a genius and had three pussy PhDs to prove it.

“What are your plans?” Roy asked.

“I was thinking of swinging by Sarge’s. Have a few beers, complain a little and blow off some steam. Micky’s up in White Plains, pushing his new novel, The Saratoga Project . I want to see him too. He gave me a couple of people to look into, and I want Sarge to drive.”

He turned down the final chorus of “Red, White and Blue.”

Micky was his mentor. Buck had met him on an IT security project in Purchase, NY, several years ago. They worked together, played golf and were constant dinner and drinking companions. Micky gave more than half his life to America, he was legit, and he got the whole God and country thing. He’d put five years in with the Navy and another twenty with the Air Force and was still involved. And he’d parlayed his security and auditing background into a successful career as a mega-millionaire author of political thrillers.

The American dream writ large.

“Hey, Roy, I’m out of here.” Buck shoved away from his desk, timing his words and his exit to Skynyrd’s final chords. Get the hell out indeed. ——————- A few general notes—

Lee Greenwood, not Bruce (who’s an actor)

Unless you got permission to use lyrics, you can’t quote them in books. There are some exceptions (public domain songs and not-for-profit scholarly books), but for the most part, steer clear of using someone else’s words, especially poems or song lyrics. Much of the song’s value is contained in a single line and writers don’t get to tap into someone else’s work to bolster their own. Use allusions to the song if you need to bring it to the reader’s mind, or mention the title. But keep in mind that readers don’t always have the same reactions to songs that you do. You may be introducing an element that doesn’t fit your intentions, but one you have no control over.

Was is a workhorse word, but you’ve used it 18 times in this little snippet. Cut some uses and substitute more specific verbs for others. That will strengthen images and the feel of the passage.

Try the more common order of Buck said rather than said Buck . It gives a story a more contemporary feel.

I cut some words, changed some around, made some punctuation changes. I may have missed on the intent of some phrases, since I don’t know the story, but I hope this gives you some ideas.

Beth, many thanks.

I was watching a movie with Bruce Greenwood in it, and without thinking put Bruce instead of Lee. The who said, said who, always got me. It’s automatic to write, he said, she said. I don’t know why I reverse it when using a name. Would you advise changing it for every ‘said’ tag. It’s probably a good exercise, for doing a full edit of my book anyway. Thank you on the ‘was’ also. It will make me think more, when writing. I sent letters to all the agents, whom I use songs, connected to their artists. They answered back within hours with a form to fill out. That’s when you never hear back from them. I like how you did it, and it makes sense. Be creative and stay away from problems. Thank you for showing me how to give the story impact. I noticed there were no spaces after the em-dash. I have the Chicago MOS, by my side and looked it up. I have some cleanup, on that too. I read somewhere, and didn’t mark it at the time, of a list of words, novice writers should watch for. Meaning there multiple usage. Do you know what I’m talking about. If so, I hope there is a list of alternates. I can’t say enough about your blog. Thanks!

I had another thought. You know, when we first learned how to drive, our parents taught us the pass the driving test. Then–they taught us how to stay alive. We write a MS to pass the test. Then what, someone makes it look good. They and fonts maybe. They do different paragraph spacing, etc. I looked back over the edit you did for me. I like the way it looks. Certain lines are double spaced to separate a paragraph. Like the, “I’m proud too, Lee.” But we’re not allowed to do that in a MS, can we do it after? Also, I had reworked the first chapter. When I decided to move my prologue to chapter 12, I realized there was information that had to be told sooner. So I moved it while I was waiting to hear from you. I wasn’t expecting, what you did for me. I combine it all and rewrote it. I think I have something now. YOU ARE THE BEST.

Gene, you wouldn’t have to change all said he to he said , but I’d recommend changing most.

There are all sorts of books and articles that talk about words to use or not use, but I’m not sure which you’re referring to. I’d check the Internet, see if you can’t find a couple of good lists.

As for format, there is a standard manuscript format, with first lines indented and no line spaces between paragraphs, so my presentation for your text wouldn’t be the way you’d format a ms. for submission. But the format I used is much easier on the eyes for online readers. Besides, it’s near impossible to indent with blog posts and comments.

I’m glad to have been of help. One other change you might consider is removing some instances of Buck’s name. He doesn’t need to be named so many times in those opening paragraphs.

Supposing you are writing 1st person narrative and your pov character relates what another character is thinking? How would you punctuate that? For example:

I didn’t move or say a word, knowing the cop was thinking, Just give me an excuse, please, and I’ll gladly rid this world of your worthless punk ass.

Would you use a comma just before the thought quote? Capitalize the first letter of the thought, as I did here? Use italics for the thought? Thanks.

James, I would suggest using italics for this. The comma is good, as is the capital J.

Or you could add the word what and use a colon or dash to introduce the cop’s supposed thought—

I didn’t move or say a word, knowing what the cop was thinking: Just give me an excuse . . .

You could italicize or not in this case; the colon or dash should serve as a strong enough indicator that this is the thought of another character, so italics are not required, though you may want to use them. Just be consistent with your choice.

Thanks for the question; it’s one that needed to be addressed. And it points out the fluidity of our options; there’s a lot that isn’t set in stone, and a writer can create different effects and a personal style with his choices.

Hi, I would just like to ask about the dialogue of a machine or computer. In my writing I have written:

My name and photo appear as a robotic female voice says access granted.

Do I need to use italics or commas or speech marks anywhere in the last bit of the sentence ? If you could help me that would be great!! Thanks

Tasha, typically you’d use quotation marks, just as for normal speech. Yet if you want to highlight that it’s not human speech, you could italicize; that would be a style decision. Will the computer talk a lot? Is she a character? If so, quotation marks might be your best option. They are the least confusing option.

So, yes, if you are actually quoting what the computer says, you will want formatting to make the quoted text stand out.

My name and photo appear as a robotic female voice says, “Access granted.”

My name and photo appear as a robotic female voice reports access granted.

You wouldn’t need quotation marks or italics if you wrote—My name and photo appear as a robotic female voice tells me access is granted.

Quotation marks for spoken speech is the best choice. But you do have options.

This was a very useful guide for me, thanks very much, now I feel happy entering a flash fiction competition.

Kim, you’re welcome. Good luck with your flash fiction.

I just wanted to say: You’re soooo helpful… Thanks!

My pleasure, Haydee.

Hi, I wonder if you could help me. My character is telling her story directly, and keeps jumping from past to present. How should I punctuate the past? Italics, or trust the reader to use their heads… I just feel it could get confusing for the reader without clear indication as it does jump back and fourth. (don’t judge all my punctuation and spelling this is purely a rough draft!)

Belmont, California: April 2008

I still believe he visited me that day with the intention of killing me in cold blood. My memory of it is so blurry yet so clear. Almost surreal. I am sure the figure behind him had been holding a gun as he had walked out of the room when the ringmaster had dismissed him. Then again it could have been the radiant artificial glare blinding me, playing tricks on my mind. An illusion to suit the story. If he had entered that day to assassinate me, then he had been right. I will regret spitting at him forever. It would have been the kindest mercy to have killed me so painlessly that day. But my emotions had got in the way. I allowed my anger to dictate my fate. Allowed my pride to take precedence. I was a fool. I fought them every step of the way. Believing somehow that I would conquer. I had starved myself for those several days of solitude. Attacked anyone who tried to come near me. It didn’t matter that I was shackled to the wall. What leeway I had was enough to kick scratch and bite. I was a wild animal in a cage. I may have been contained physically but emotionally I was completely unrestrained. That was at least until they changed me, or tried to. They had offered me an alternative. ‘Kuthi, are you aware what bribery is?’ The ringmaster chided from a safe distance, as I pulled at the chains to get at him. I wanted to beat him. Punch, scratch, spit – any physical abuse would have sufficed. I knew I was wasting energy, but I could not restrain my desire to physically assault anyone who threatened my freedom. Perhaps I believed they would let me go in defeat. Give up on trying to tame me. I had been so wrong. ‘If you are a good doggie I would listen very carefully… If you do not start to co-operate with us we will have to take matters a step further. We know where you live and we know who your family are.You have one warning’ He ended sounding so sure of himself. Despite his dark and evil threat I had laughed at him, looked him in the eye and laughed. ‘You have NO idea who my family are! Nor where they live. If you did, you wouldn’t have DARED treat me like an animal’ I threatened back with a menacing triumph, still yanking at my chains to get at him. ‘Believe what you will…. but I have every idea of who they are and where they live and I do dare to treat you however I see fit Kuthi. And if you do not learn to co-operate you will get your answer shortly’ He sounded almost sad for me as he closed his statement with a pained sigh and locked the door behind himself, leaving me with my own tortured thoughts again. Oh I had convinced myself they had no idea. How could they? Afterall I was really Audrina Grace Todd, not the Audrina Mary Fynn they would have found me to be on the passport in my bag. I thought back to the few other items I had packed and what they might have found. I had cautiously stored the photo’s and letters in America, in fear of being connected to the Todds in anyway. There was nothing sentimental in that bag, I had made sure of that. It was just clothes and about a thousand dollars to get me started. The rest of the money had been thrown at a get rich quick investment before I had left. Which, at the time, I had ciphered would have been complete flop – how wrong I had been. I poured a glass of amber liquid, what was it Scotch? I slugged it back thirstily – Rum, my own stamina surprised me as I replaced the empty glass back onto the table. I felt a slight dizzying warmth wash over my chilled bones as I tried to remember and forget how that week had ended. ‘I blame myself – entirely’ I looked at the camera to confirm my guilt. ‘This is something that could have been avoided… If only-’ I sniffed back my hurt and huffed amusement ‘I promised I wouldn’t use those words “if only” – then again I promised myself I wouldn’t feel, yet here I am crying and smiling all within the same moment.’ I shook my head in disbelief at it all. Another glass of the golden nectar was required. I took another large glass in a single go. ‘This is the part where I killed my father…’

at this point I would jump back into india 2006 (when and where is happened) and let loose with the story in its ”present” form….

Greatly appreciate your input.

I’m writing in Deep POV and would like to limit the use of italics as much as possible.

Regarding inner dialogue: Is it the use of I/me that dictates use of italics? Or is it the use of a present tense verb? What about inner dialogue that has an understood “I”?

For example: Lab today. Need to move.

Does the above example of inner dialogue need to be italicized?

Many thanks, Christina

Christina, you’ve hit the major reasons for using italics for a character’s inner dialogue—using I in a third-person narration and using present tense in a past tense story.

Cutting down on italics is great, because they can be bothersome for readers, but you also don’t want to throw readers by switching from third person to first or from past to present tense.

Without knowing the surrounding text, it’s difficult to give you an absolute answer, but if you read this as the character saying I need to move, you’d probably want to go with italics, even though the I is only implied.

Even if the character is instead talking to herself the way she would to another character—That’s it, that’s it. Focus, Libby. You need to move—italics are still probably necessary. (Though not in all instances.)

You can easily stay in deep POV using third person—Lab started in ten minutes, so she needed to get her butt in gear. But she’d much rather help herself to another cup of coffee.

The thing is, the rules are sliding a bit regarding this issue. The trend is toward fewer intrusions into the text, including italics and commas. I’ve read published works that switched from third person to first in thoughts and didn’t use italics to do so. It was noticeable, but not awful.

So nothing is set in stone, yet until it is, you may want to stick with the tried and true. If there’s any chance of a reader becoming confused, you want to prevent that. If there’s any chance you’ll annoy the reader with too much use of italics, you’ll want to prevent that too.

Short answer? I’d go with italics for now.

This is the best blog post! I’ve been struggling with how to properly punctuate for two characters who are having a telepathic conversation. They can channel each other. Often their conversations are brief. But it’s mixed with the MC’s actions while in a telepathic conversation with a character in another place. I’ve been using italics for the non-mc telepathic comments and not for my MC’s. However its still confusing my readers. What if I bolded or off set the non-mc telepathic comments and italicized the MC’s comments? Or would that be overkill?

You’ve got two sets of telepathic communications going on at the same time and one person is part of both of them, is that correct? You’ll want to treat all telepathic communication the same way. Just as we use quotation marks for all spoken words, you’ll want to use something identifiable for thought speech.

You won’t want to use bold—it’ll prove too distracting for readers. Can you use italics for all thought-talk? As long as you identify who is speaking to whom, you should be okay.

This need for additional ways to show communicating is an important issue. I’m not sure that I have an answer for you at this time, not one that will satisfy every consideration. Italics may be your best choice at this time.

do you use italics when writing about a dream

I’d say it depends. If the character describes the dream… “I had a dream. I was walking…” I wouldn’t put it in italics. If I were to have it as a scene and want to make sure the reader knows it’s a dream, I use italics. It’s also about style. I’ve read books were they don’t italicise dream scenes, and I still get it. Personally, I’d prefer italics.

Jess, Mar has some good advice.

If you’re only talking about the dream, not showing it, no italics are necessary.

If you show a dream playing out, you could use italics, but keep in mind that italics can be hard to read. How long is this dream? If it’s long or you’ll be showing several dreams, consider setting the dreams off as scenes of their own. You wouldn’t need the italics with the scene breaks. Do be sure, however, to note when the dream begins and when it ends.

Thank you Beth, this article is exactly what I’ve been looking for (smiley face…happy dance).

I’m glad it’s what you needed, Lyn. And I love happy dancing.

I know you that know how terrific you are, but it can’t be said enough. I wonder if you can give advice on how to introduce a bit of history into or after a scene. The characters are commenting on a certain fashion and political climate that was going on when the story takes place. The location is another country, thirty years in the past, and without this history knowledge, the reader wouldn’t get a full understanding of what the characters are talking about.

Hi, i have read your blog and found it really helpful, but i have flashbacks in my narrative as well as the character’s thoughts. would you have the thoughts in Italics and singluar quotation marks ‘ ‘ or would you have them in “. Thanks

Renee, we typically use italics for character thought, but not in all circumstances. If the thoughts are first person in a third-person story, then italics are probably what you want. You don’t want thoughts in quotation marks—save that for spoken words. For American English rules, the only time single quotation marks are used is inside double quotation marks, when someone is speaking quoted material (or something else that gets quotation marks). For British English rules, you can use single quotation marks rather than doubles, but reserve them for spoken words and some other rare uses.

Thank you so much for this! Very clear and concise.

My pleasure, Cyndi.

Something that I’ve seen other authors use (Galsworthy in Forsythe Saga for instance) is the single quote for the “spoken” thouht. Sense both vocalized and unvocalized speech are represented by a type of quotes there is a partial resemblence. It also limits italics to emphasis whether speech or thought.

An example: Stan said, “[italic]I[end italic] went to see Mildred yesterday.” He found her in her usual hostile mood. ‘I couldn’t [italic]believe[end italic] what she said.’

(Terribly writing, but it illustrates the possibilities.)

Matt, there are a couple of issues here.

The first is the difference between British English (BrE) rules and American English (AmE) rules. Galsworthy was a British writer, so it’s likely he followed BrE rules. For AmE, single quotation marks are only used inside doubles (and in a few other unusual cases). This rule has nothing to do with thoughts—in AmE, single quotation marks simply aren’t used except for specific situations.

Also, while quotation marks might have been used to show thoughts a lot more in the past (Galsworthy wrote about 100 years ago), the trend today is for fewer punctuation marks. If thoughts can be shown in other ways (we know they can be), then using those other ways is the first recommendation.

Also, we’re looking for ways to be clear with readers. If quotation marks are used solely for spoken words, readers don’t have to guess whether a line is thought or speech. The punctuation gives clarity from the first page.

Does that mean that all writers today follow these same recommendations? Not necessarily. You’ll still find some writers using quotation marks for thoughts. But they aren’t necessary and they could cause confusion.

Yet too many uses of italics can create another problem, thus the current practice of moving away from italics even for thoughts. Readers are getting used to seeing thoughts in roman type, so I’m guessing that will be the standard before long.

Yet writers always have options. And if a writer can make something work without causing new problems, then he’ll probably try it.

A good observation. Thanks for sharing it.

When writing one character’s dialogue and another character’s internal thoughts on the same idea, should these be treated as more than one character ‘speaking’ where each time I have dialogue from a new character, I begin a new paragraph? Or should both characters’ dialogue and thoughts be in the same paragraph?

Thank you. Love your blog.

Maria, this is one of those “it depends” situations. Often, even most of the time, you will put them in separate paragraphs, yes. But not always.

If the viewpoint character in a first-person story or a story using deep POV has a thought relating to another character’s words, you could put the dialogue and the thought into the same paragraph. It’s not a necessity, but it is a possibility. If readers know that any thought that’s not the dialogue of another character belongs to the viewpoint character, you could slip those thoughts between the sentences of dialogue of the other character. They aren’t true action beats, but they can serve the same purpose. So . . .

“I already told your sister yesterday.” The loser was smiling as he said it. “She’s a bit perturbed.” And he looked extremely pleased, the jerk. “I think she plans to write you out of the will.”

But this could just as easily be written . . .

“I already told your sister yesterday.”

The loser was smiling as he said it.

“She’s a bit perturbed.”

And he looked extremely pleased, the jerk.

“I think she plans to write you out of the will.”

The feel is different, the effect is different. It’s just one more option to create effects as you write.

You don’t want to use extended thoughts of the viewpoint character in the same paragraph as the dialogue of another character because, yes, that’s like putting the dialogue of two characters in the same paragraph. Multiple or obvious references the viewpoint character makes to him- or herself should also be separated into a different paragraph. Knowing what is too much would be a judgment call, but if there’s any doubt, separate the dialogue of one character and the thoughts of another—that would always be correct.

This next example shows the combined thoughts of one character and the dialogue of another in a way that doesn’t work . . .

“I already told your sister yesterday.” I contemplated murder when the loser grinned. “She’s a bit perturbed.” And I think I could get away with it. Poison in his coffee. His grin widened. Or maybe cutting his break lines. He was a lousy driver; no one would suspect. “I think she plans to write you out of the will.” XX

What does work . . .

“I already told your sister yesterday.”

I contemplated murder when the loser grinned.

“She’s a bit perturbed.”

And I think I could get away with it. Poison in his coffee.

His grin widened.

Or maybe cutting his break lines. He was a lousy driver; no one would suspect.

“I think she plans to write you out of the will.”

Again, you can always separate the two, but combining them in a way that works gives you another option.

I just had a question about a sort of, oversaturation, of the conscience in a work. I appreciate this article for the actual fundamentals of my work, but this question is more about the content than the basics of it.

What if the conscience were to become it’s own character. is there any way to really make it acceptable? I know it’s not something that has been done too often, but it’s something that I have been playing with in a couple of projects. With the most recent work I can see it working in my favor. My question is if it would be appropriate for this character that the conscience becomes was seen in both the main character’s dreams and real life? Or would this be overwhelming to the reader. The story can be maintained without the conscience, but I like the spice that she gives the main character, thus the reason for my question. I’m sorry if it’s confusing, but it’s something that I would really like to explore and I just wanted an outside opinion on it.

K., I see no reason you couldn’t try using a character’s conscience as a character. Treat it/him/her just as you would another character.

You wouldn’t want him taking over—is there a way the character can ignore him? Are there conditions under which he wouldn’t/couldn’t appear or make his presence known?

What’s the genre? The genre may affect how readers receive or don’t receive the conscience as a character, but otherwise, you should be able to try using it.

Did you have specific concerns about reasons why it wouldn’t work for your story?

I guess you could call it a science fiction-y love story. I never know how to properly put a story into a genre (but that’s for another day). But the reason I’m questioning it is because it’s something that almost always happens and when I was in my last fiction class I introduced it for a workshop and it was either completely loved, or hated, OR the character of the conscience was loved, but her presence was hated. So I removed it.

I’m working on a new work, but the reason for my concern is that this one has a lot to do with dreams. I’m thinking this combination of a dream world and a conscience in the real world might be a little overwhelming, don’t you think?

One thing I have noticed about this and other articles regarding interior monologue is that no one is addressing the issue of submission guidelines. I think anyone wanting to submit anything should first investigate the submission guidelines for their intended recipient to verify first what punctuation / type format is acceptable.

I am writing what I hope is the required format for TOR publishing, and their guidelines are quite clear:

http://us.macmillan.com/Content.aspx?publisher=torforge&id=255#ctl00_cphContent_ctl30_lblQuestion

under the topic: How do I submit writing to Tom Doherty Associates, LLC?

submitted text must be made up of consecutive pages and should end at the end of a paragraph, not in mid-sentence. Standard manuscript format means margins of at least 1 inch all the way around; indented paragraphs; double-spaced text; and Courier or Times Roman in 10 or 12 pitch. Please use one side of the page only and do not justify the text. Do not bind the manuscript in any way.

So. I look at that and I see no mention of punctuation, formatting, etc., of any kind, including the use or non-use of italics. Given what it takes to get hold of these people to find out anything else (and I haven’t), could we presume that the use of italics is okay, were we wanting to use that for small stretches of interior monologue, or do I really need to ask TOR?

Mark, you don’t need to ask TOR about italics for monologue. Using or not using italics for character thoughts is a style choice, not a standard formatting issue for submissions. So, yes, use italics for interior dialogue if that’s your choice. But do follow TOR’s guidelines for submissions. You can also check out this article on formatting a manuscript for submission , though you always want to go with the publisher’s guidelines if they differ from this standard format.

Publishers assume that most of your text will be roman, not italics, though they will expect italics for some words or phrases or situations. Simply make a decision for how you’ll write character thoughts and then be consistent throughout the manuscript. Publishers will have their own ideas of how they like to convey such interior monologue in a published book, so be prepared to be advised about such topics after they buy your story. Such a detail is likely to be covered in their house style sheet, even though writers do have opportunity to ask for exemptions. But because there are different options for this issue, it’s not something you’ll find as part of the submission guidelines. That is, even one publisher may not use one rule regarding italics for every style of book or genre. This is an item with leeway.

I don’t suggest contacting a publishing house to ask these kinds of questions—the information is on their website so they don’t have to deal individually with the same questions again and again. And they know formatting information is available online and in books and in writing groups. They expect writers to do a bit of homework before they submit.

Write a solid story. Rewrite and edit it. When it’s ready for submission, use standard formatting guidelines and submit according to the agent’s or publisher’s own guidelines. And then get to work on the next manuscript. You want to be a professional about your submissions, but don’t let questions about individual formatting issues get you unduly worried. Agents and publishers have seen lots of submissions, with all sorts of styles. As long as you keep to the general and expected standards, your submission should be fine.

Mark, The reason why you don’t see articles about interior monologue/dialogue addressing the issue of submission guidelines is because they are not mutually exclusive.

Interior monologue is just one of the many writing techniques used for adding dimension to a story, just like dream sequences and flashbacks. As with most writing techniques, interior monologue isn’t an essential part of writing or story-telling and it’s not an essential part of a submission either–unless it’s specifically stated, of course.

Submission guidelines are not rules on how to write your MS. They are instructions for writers who want to have their work considered for publication. From time to time, you might come across guidelines stating the publisher’s pet peeves in relation to writing mechanics, elements of writing, genre or whatever–MCSweeney’s, for instance, doesn’t want MSS with semicolons (I think)–but normally submission guidelines are more to do with things such as: format, word count, topic; the form of writing acceptable (poem, articles, short story…); the way of sending an MS (snail mail, email).

I wouldn’t advise asking TOR about the interior monologue punctuation etc. It would come across as lazy and amateurish. Asking to clarify something about their guidelines is okay, but asking them how you should format and punctuate your inner monologue or anything else isn’t. That’s like a carpenter asking his clients which tools he should use to build them their house. Grammar, punctuation and all that stuff are part of the craft of writing. It’s the writer’s job to know how to use them.

Submitting work is tough, especially if you’re new to it. However, if you want a chance at getting published, the most important thing is to make sure you have a well written and engaging piece. If you haven’t workshopped your MS yet, please do so. Find other writers who write in your genre, especially if they’re published, and ask them to critique your work. Also, before submitting, make sure you’re familiar with the stuff they publish.

Thanks so much for this. I have a question. in my WIP, there is this secne: Taylor looked around the room, seeing her teenage self reflected in the posters on the walls. The only thing that’s changed here is me she thought to herself as she moved into the middle of the room.

Does a comma need to be added after the inner thought?

Yes, add a comma for this purpose, Colleen.

Test this comment.

I am writing my first novel about an Indian woman in her fifties. I started the book and the first chapter is about celebrating her birthday. I am writing this story as myself as the narrator of the story. More than half of the story is in thoughts describing her initial days and the rest is her present situation. Sometimes I write about present and then swiftly enters my character in thoughts. Is it correct to write story with mix time, sometimes in thoughts, sometimes in present? I do get confused as how to enter in thoughts from the present time so that readers can understand where the character is actually. This is the first time I am trying my hand in writing novels, please help me.

Another related query for you on this topic. Mother and a son who have s strained relationship and who are both taciturn. They have a habit of communicating with expressions. Here is an example:

Joe gave her a sidelong glance that seemed to ask, “What makes you so sure?” She shrugged and made a gesture with her chin that seemed to answer, “I just know these things.”

Quotation marks? Italics? Nothing?

Temple, for these I’d consider what else is going on in the scenes and how often this happens. If the first question was the only one in the story, it’s likely I wouldn’t do anything special with the font. The answer, however, seems to ask for italics. I probably would not use quotation marks for either.

I was wondering how one would go about defining a conversation between two different characters that are outside of the narrator’s presence? This is an issue, with first person narratives that I struggle with. For instance, the main character, the narrator, is being discussed by two other characters. How would that conversation be related in the storyline?

Meagan, you’ve got to have more than one viewpoint character if you need to show events, including dialogue, that happen outside your first viewpoint character’s presence. Or you may have to forget about presenting that information.

You could always have someone report what they saw or heard to your narrator, but for the events to happen in real time, you’ve got to have a viewpoint character present. Or you need an omniscient narrator.

I have scenes with multiple conversation at once. One scene takes place in a classical ballroom sort of setting. My family of paranormals are surrounded by unsuspecting humans. The bride to be is talking to the eldest sibling of the paranormals. She’s trying not to be obvious about her sudden attraction to him since she is engaged to someone else. His sister is telepathically talking to him at the same time. Do you have advice on how to keep the two conversations distinguished. He is capable of verbal communication to the human and telepathic communication to his sibling at precisely the same time. I want to make it clear when he speaks verbally and telepathically at once without using unnecessary words to address who is saying what and to who since there are two different conversations taking place.

Tina, if you’ve got the two conversations going on at the same time, using quotation marks for the spoken one and italics for the thought one is probably your best bet. Use action beats and dialogue and thought tags only as necessary, but do use them so readers don’t get lost.

Ahhhh! I’m so happy I found this. I just wish I would have found it say, 5 years ago. I’ve been blogging for awhile and I’ve NEVER ever been sure how to write my thoughts. I’ve seen some use the single quotation (apostrophe?) as if it distinguishes it? Ha. I’ve got a lot of practice. This article is now bookmarked. Thanks again!

Cool beans. I’ve been intuitively doing it right.

I have a main character that is thinking about a specific dialog someone else said. The other person said, “How would you define love?”

Here’s the example: “How would you define love?” Her words echoed through my mind.

Now when my main character is thinking about this quote as above, do I use italics (since we are in MC’s head) and quote marks (since it was someone’s direct dialog/quote in the story) ? Or should I only use italics and no quotes?

Happyjbelle, if the character is hearing the memory, which is basically what you’ve written, go with italics. If the character thinks something such as the following, you could go with quotation marks—

“How would you define love?” she’d asked me.

I kept hearing her plaintive question— How would you define love?

We don’t typically use both quotation marks and italics for such a purpose.

I am writing a story in first person POV and the main character uses a form of telepathy to “speak” to another character. I am thinking that italics for these thoughts formatted like speech might work best, since two characters are thinking back and forth to one another. What do you think?

I have one question, and sorry if it was answered in the comments. How do you properly write a thought that is also a question, which is not the end of a sentence? For example

Looking up at the cave I wondered what ancient secrets it might hold? Could there be bones and tools and old indian artifacts in there? I wondered.

I want to use a thought tag “I wondered”. But should I use a question mark? If so, where?

Could there be bones and tools and old indian artifacts in there, I wondered?

Or do I use quotations?

“Could there be bones an tools and old indian artifacts in there?” I wondered.

Thanks, I find this very confusing.

Good questions, Alec.

There is no question mark for your first example. Although characters can wonder questions, wondering in itself is not a question.—Looking up at the cave, I wondered what ancient secrets it might hold.

At the same time, I wouldn’t use wondered twice. So perhaps—Looking up at the cave, I wondered what ancient secrets it might hold. Were bones and ancient Indian artifacts buried inside?

——-

You would include the question mark with a direct question—Could bones and Indian artifacts be buried inside? I wondered.

That would be the same as saying—Could bones and Indian artifacts be buried inside? I asked myself.

Note the placement of the question mark. It comes at the end of the question, not after the tag. This is the same format found in questions with dialogue tags.

You could argue, as a style choice, that under some circumstances, maybe when you want to play down the question, you could skip the question mark—Would it end soon, I wondered. Yet for the most part, do include a question mark since this is a question.

There’s no need to use quotation marks unless the character is speaking aloud. We can wonder out loud, so quotation marks might be necessary in some examples, but don’t use them for thoughts.

Keep in mind that you don’t need to include “I wondered” in first-person narration. You also don’t need to include a thought tag for many version of third-person POVs, especially deep POV. You can use a thought tag for variety or rhythm, but in these points of view, readers know the viewpoint character is thinking these thoughts. That is, any thought in scenes with such points of view belongs to the viewpoint character, and characters will know this. There’s no need for thought tags to identify the speaker; they are redundant.

I hope this answers your questions. Let me know if it doesn’t.

Alec, for some reason your question got inserted out of order. Please see my answer a couple of comments above this one.

Just found this forum while looking for some answers I need. My ms deals with some ancient gods and their oracle, the deities often speak telepathically, using internal dialogue. Sometimes the oracle replies verbally, for which I use the appropriate punctuation. Would the internal dialogue need quotation marks or speech marks? Or should I use italics? They do speak a lot, and I have been advised to use italics sparingly. My apologies if this has already been asked and answered, I’ve probably missed it.

Jen, italics is an option for mind-talk. You usually want to reserve quotation marks for spoken dialogue.

Are you saying they speak telepathically a lot? That would be a lot of italics. But you’ve got to differentiate between speech and thoughts somehow, and italics is one way to do it. And if you have characters with regular thoughts as well, you have to portray those in a way that readers will understand. If you can fold those thoughts into the text without calling attention to them—so no italics—using the techniques of deep POV, that would help differentiate at least some of the thoughts.

Italics is probably your best option. We do try to minimize the use of italics, but your situation is a bit unusual. And readers should be able to quickly understand what’s happening. Italics would be an instant signal that characters are talking mind to mind.

Where is this cloud thing your talking about?

One other thing that isn’t a MAJOR factor in this but might still be something worth considering (as it has come up a good number of times for me in the past few years), is how it will come out in an audio format. For example, a good number of Stephen King books choose to forego the “he thought” clarification in favor of just embedding the thoughts in the text itself. But when you’re listening to an audiobook and the character is engaged in a dialogue with someone, it starts to get messy when he is both talking out loud to someone while thinking thoughts in-between the spoken dialogue. As a listener, it usually makes me take a second or two to decipher between what he’s saying vs. thinking. Not that it makes it impossible to read, but that slight pause of confusion ends up removing me from the story just slightly enough to remind me that I’m listening to a book, not staying engrossed in a spellbinding story.

Mike, that’s a great observation. As you said, maybe this isn’t a major factor in deciding how to handle character thoughts, but it is a consideration.

I admit that I don’t listen to books—I get frustrated that I can’t get those narrators to talk any faster. But audio books do have an audience, and we should at least recognize that the listener’s needs might be different from those of a traditional reader.

I’m glad you brought up the subject.

I might have missed this, but I just throw thoughts right in behind dialogue sometimes. Is that correct?

“Hey, I got your message last night. You okay?” Man, sounded lost and a little spacey. “Yes. You still nee to be here by eleven-thirty. When you stop for the chicken, can you pick up some cilantro?” “Sure.” Wha…chicken? She didn’t say anything about chicken last night. “Now you’re doing it. Are you okay?” What’s his problem? “Yeah. How much chicken again?” That will work, clear it up without busting her. “Two pounds, breasts, get them butterflied if you can.” Jesus, how many times do I have to say this? “Cool. Eleven-thirty.” It must be that stuff they gave her for her foot. Anything stronger than Tylenol and she’ll go make the bathroom safe for guests. He grinned. Maybe a good time to drop some hints about how dirty my car is, see what happens. “You’ll never be here in time in you don’t hang up and get on it, Bobby. What are you thinking about.” “Nothing. You want any seasoning on that chicken I didn’t know anything about?” Ohhh…damn. Blew it. “You never listen to me, do you?” Now he’ll lie and say yes he does and it’s my pain meds. Jerk “Bobby? Are you still there?”

Is that acceptable form? I mean that’s a drop in example, but is that sort of thing considered okay?

I DO use quotes with thoughts, in place of italics, but not normal ones.

~Should I really be telling everyone this? Putting myself out there like this?~ I wonder even as I write.

By using Tidles (~) I make it clear that something is being said, but to one’s self, in the privacy of the character’s own head, as most of us do.

~Nothing ventured nothing gained I suppose.~

It also allows me to write mental speech on sites which do not support Italicized text, such as this one for example… When writing I have to include a brief note about this unconventional notation, but I hope to see it become the standard one day, and think that it doing so would be of benefit to all.

~There, I have done it, now to see what comes of it,~ I sighed inwardly.

I love this blog, and I have a question to contribute. What if a character is remembering the voice of a character who is now deceased? Consider the example below:

As she shivered in the dark, she heard her mother’s reassuring voice: “The cream always rises to the top.”

Is the way above correct? I tried it with italics, and the italics seemed a little distracting to me. In my current WIP, I have a couple of similar situations where the character will be recalling “specific” quotes from other characters. Not all will be from deceased characters, as in the case above.

Thanks in advance for your kind reply.

Great article, great website. I have a question re: punctuation of inner dialogue when using first person POV. 99% of the character’s internal dialogue is not in italics. Occasionally, though, I switch to “you” when the character berates herself internally. I do that to emphasize how messed up she is psychologically. She not only overthinks everything, she also has a self-hating side. I also use it when she gives herself internal pep talks. In these cases, I use italics because I’m switching from first person to second. I read elsewhere that I need to use italics because otherwise, the reader might think I’m addressing him/her (“Hey you, buck up!). Could you advise on best practices? I do this so sparingly that I could easily rewrite to eliminate the “you’s” if you think they’re off-putting. Thanks.

I tend to avoid writing ‘thought’ because maybe I read somewhere it wasn’t a good idea. I use ‘wondered’ on occasion. I’ll tag inner thought right behind dialogue. But here’s one where the character is doing her own call and response, playing the whole conversation to herself. I just plugged it in without popping a new line for every change. any thoughts?

“Deanna? Sweetheart?” Sunday morning coffee and “How are you feeling, dear?” Deanna knew how it would go. Oh I’m fine, How did you sleep, Really good, You were home early, It was a stupid movie and I wasn’t hungry and didn’t want to go to the Lantern or make out with him so I kept him off my boobs until the stop sign by Desley’s. Don’t be silly dear, it wasn’t that bad, was it? Yes mom, it was. Cups?

Phil, this probably isn’t clear enough. Maybe use an ellipsis after “how it would go” and include periods after the supposed words of each person so readers can see where each character stops.

You may also want to tell us outright which character has the first line—

I’d say I’m fine and Mom would ask how did you sleep.

Just some options. You might want to play with this a bit. Make sure readers know where the breaks between the (anticipated) words of each character fall.

Hello! I have a question regarding internal thought. I recently joined a critique group, and one of the women in the group shows her characters’ internal thoughts in bold-faced font. I have never seen this approach in any book I’ve ever read, but she says she has, and writing it that way–rather than putting the words in italics–keeps her from becoming confused. Is this a matter of personal preference? Would agents/editors correct her if she’s wrong? Does anything go these days in terms of writing style? It seems like many of the hard-and-fast rules I’ve learned about writing are being turned on their heads lately. 🙂

Take care, Laurie

Laurie, the other writer has seen bold fonts in a manuscript or in a published book? Unless this is something experimental, it’s not something a writer should be doing. We should be writing the words in ways that head off confusion rather than relying on punctuation to do that for us.

I don’t know anyone who would recommend bold for such a purpose. I don’t know anyone who’d recommend bold for any text in fiction outside of chapter headings.

Agents and editors would recommend changes if the manuscript got that far, but she really should take care of this before she submits to agents and editors. She should learn how to make the text do what she needs it to do.

While changes are always taking place, I don’t think the use of bold text in fiction has become an in-thing. Suggest that she rethink her use of bold. You’ll be doing her a favor.

I’m curious, do you think it’s possible to write a novel without sharing the character’s thoughts at all? Has it been done? I’m a huge fan of all sorts of storytelling, one of the greatest stories out there has to be Silent Hill 2, and for one of the most interesting reasons. You’re never flat out told what your character is thinking, instead his psyche is reflected into his environment. Each and every flaw, everything that haunts him, everything is reflected into the environment, allowing the player to come up with an interpretation. I’m not sure if this can reflect into a novel, and it may be a bit too experimental, but it’s just a thought. I was thinking somewhere along the lines of a limited third person book where there’s narration and you’re told the character’s actions as well as parts of what the character’s feeling through dialogue but never what he’s thinking unless you can decipher him.

Nyxato, stories told from the viewpoint of an omniscient narrator don’t have to delve into a character’s thoughts. The effect may be distancing, especially compared to the more typical style of today’s novels that brings readers close to a character’s thoughts, but it’s definitely possible to write such stories. The feel would be observational rather than participatory for the reader, but doable for a writer, for sure.

Thanks for the reply, especially on a rather old post. How well recepted do you think a novel told like that would be? Again, it’s highly experimental, something not usually looked up to with most things. I’m sure someone out there could pull it off, however.

Hello! I have a question regarding internal thought. I recently joined a critique group, and one of the women in the group shows her characters’ internal thoughts in bold-faced font. I have never seen this approach in any book I’ve ever read, but she says she has, and writing it that way–rather than putting the words in italics–keeps her from becoming confused. Is this a matter of personal preference? Would agents/editors correct her if she’s wrong? Does anything go these days in terms of writing style? It seems like many of the hard-and-fast rules I’ve learned about writing are being turned on their heads lately. 🙂 take care Regards.M.Hammad mob.no:03214311390

Hammad, we typically don’t use bold for anything other than chapter titles. If she needs to write the thoughts that way to keep from being confused, that’s okay for a work in progress. But if she’s confused, it’s likely that the reader will be too. And that’s not a good thing. She needs to write the thoughts in ways that aren’t confusing.

It’s not likely that any publisher will publish thoughts in bold. (However, I did just start reading a book with some odd bold text. I can’t remember what was bolded or why, but I definitely noticed. I’ll have to see the reason for the bold.) But even if a publisher uses bold, the writer shouldn’t. The words need to be able to stand on their own.

Early in the blog stream, Anna asked, “What if the thought is a question.” This comes up a lot in my writing because I do not italicize thoughts.

Here is an example.

What was Matthew thinking? she wondered. Does he have absolutely no clue how I feel about his brother? Of course he doesn’t. I never told him. “I’ll have to think about it, Sean, and . . . I feel certain my mother has something scheduled for me before I head back to Columbia, and—”

And, should I capitalize She wondered. In dialogue you would not capitalize the first word after the question mark. But it seems that CMS says that you would in this case.

You might say that I don’t need She wondered as it is evident that these are Penelope’s thoughts. Hmm.

Thanks. Brian The Perpetual Writer

I was wondering if inner dialogue/monologue in a first person novel is required in order to make the story more believable/better? Can one write a first person story without any inner dialogue?

Maggie, I’m not sure why your comment has appeared out of date order, but I hope you find this response.

A character doesn’t have to talk to himself, yet the ability to do so is one of the hallmarks of first-person narration. Is there a reason you wouldn’t want to hear what a character comments on, what he thinks of some other person or some event?

Are you intending to include some kind of thoughts, just not self-directed thought? You could do that, of course. But for first person, I probably wouldn’t suggest you skip all thoughts. If you’re showing readers that they have access to a character’s mind but then deliberately withhold thoughts, that’s a bit of a cheat. Readers will likely feel that they’re missing something.

Still, there is a difference between thoughts and thought-dialogue with a character giving himself pep talks or telling himself how foolish he’d been. What kind of inner dialogue did you want to omit and why? There might be some other options for you.

Can anyone help a relative novice; what is the best way to write a line of dialogue in a characters thoughts: my character is thinking about something his father once said to him when a child, it is just one line. Would I use italics &/or speech marks or not?

Ann, for a single line, italics would work well if you’re not using a dialogue tag and if you’re not using italics for the character’s other thoughts.

Dad’s words from that time I came home at three in the morning came to mind as I waited for John. Your mother and I can’t turn off the worry. Be courteous and give us a call next time. I’d need to try to be as calm and direct with John. If he ever got home.

My dad was pretty forgiving. But I still remember that time he’d said, “You’re in the house by midnight or you call at eleven fifty to tell me why you’re not or I’m coming to find you. Those are your only options.”

I hope that helps.

Thanks for your help, that is perfect!

I am still confused by this because you say to never use quotation marks for inner thought and yet when I look at CMOS it states: 13.41Unspoken discourse Thought, imagined dialogue, and other interior discourse may be enclosed in quotation marks or not, according to the context or the writer’s preference.

“I don’t care if we have offended Morgenstern,” thought Vera. “Besides,” she told herself, “they’re all fools.” Why, we wondered, did we choose this route? The following passage from James Joyce’s Ulysses illustrates interior monologue and stream of consciousness without need of quotation marks:

Reading two pages apiece of seven books every night, eh? I was young. You bowed to yourself in the mirror, stepping forward to applause earnestly, striking face. Hurray for the Goddamned idiot! Hray! No-one saw: tell no-one. Books you were going to write with letters for titles. Have you read his F?

Hi, I love your blog. You always have such good tips and ideas. I was just wondering what to do for memories of another person’s quotes. It’s not a flashback. It’s in 3rd person, and the POV character is angrily remembering what someone else said to him. It was originally written with the thoughts in italics, but I’m trying to get rid of that. I like the way its written though, and would hate to change the form. Do you have any way to help clarify which line is what without the italics?

He shook his head, trying to get Aaron’s angry words out. I hate you. He fell backward on his bed. Go away. He grabbed his pillow and put it over his face. You coward. He screamed. Too late now. Aaron would never forgive him. Jimmy had lost his only two friends. Forever. And it was all his fault. Jimmy, help me. He lay there, still. Not moving. Jimmy, help me!

Dadler, is there a particular reason you don’t want to use italics for this purpose? Pretty much your only choices here are quotation marks and italics. Readers need to know who is—or was—saying what, and paragraph breaks aren’t enough. We often use italics to indicate speech that’s being remembered by another character.

Also, if the character is “hearing” an earlier conversation between himself and another character or between two other characters, you may have to use a dialogue tag or an action beat once or twice to keep the speakers’ identities clear for the reader.

I’m trying to keep it consistent with how I have done inner dialogue in the rest of the WIP and i have not used italics anywhere else. He isn’t remembering the whole conversation. Lines of it are coming back to him between each action beat. The whole conversation happened a page or 2 earlier. But without the italics, it isn’t clear. I added quotes to the words he is remembering. But I don’t want to add quotes in the real story because it will be confusing with whats now and what he’s remembering.

He shook his head, trying to get Aaron’s angry words out. “I hate you.” He fell backward on his bed. “Go away.” He grabbed his pillow and put it over his face. “You coward.” He screamed. “Too late now.” Aaron would never forgive him. Jimmy had lost his only two friends. Forever. And it was all his fault. “Jimmy, help me.” He lay there, still. Not moving. “Jimmy, help me!”

I’m hoping this thread is still active. The comments are a bit old. I gained a lot from reading this; not just the answer I needed, but lots more.

I do have a question, if you don’t mid; What are your thoughts on not using quotation marks at all in a story? I’m reading one such novel at the moment. An acclaimed prize-winning novel, in fact! I thought it must have been some sort on editorial slip-up, but I found another of the same author’s works and it’s the just same.

I found it very hard to read, as I constantly had to re-read passages to make sure what was dialogue and what was narrative.

I can’t believe the publisher/editor let this through!

I hope you can help clarify a punctuation question – how do I handle a scene where two sides of a characters mind are arguing back and forth. Putting everything in Italics would not help clarify the situation as to whom is *speaking* in the characters thoughts, the actual character, or one of the two voices. – think angel and devil on the shoulders sort of scenario. Also there is a certain amount of foreign language phases in the book – these are also in Italics – any suggestions as to how to make it easier for a reader to understand which are thought and which are phrases? Thanks for any help you can give me.

I wonder if you could help me out on this one, ‘Why wasn’t Harry killed next, he continued to wonder.’

I can always pop in here and pick up something useful. Like when I get stuck in “felt” and “thought” land, the way it often drops in a draft. I discovered reading a Fifties Brit author (Edmund Crispin) that one way out of tags and distance is to simply write the thought in as direct a manner as possible. Saves time and you can manipulate dialog tempo with some interiority instead of the usual crutches.

“Indeed?” His enthusiasm for Barber’s intellect dropped further. How could the man purvey such rancid sexism as ‘education’? “And you listened to him, did you?” “No sir. My mother says that’s man pig talk.” “Your Mother is quite correct.” And her language a good deal more useful than the need to carry a dictionary around to follow Barber’s loathsome pendantics.

That was impromptu but you get the drift. The more we get out of the story’s way the better for everyone.

So thanks, Beth! PH

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I do consider all the ideas you’ve introduced to your post. They are really convincing and will certainly work. Nonetheless, the posts are too brief for starters. May you please lengthen them a bit from next time? Thank you for the post.

Thanks so much for this great post! I am still a bit confused… I am writing in first person POV with lots of inner dialogue sprinkled throughout. However, each chapter jumps between past and present. I understand all spoken dialogue needs to be in present tense. But for the chapters written in past tense what is the best way to add inner monologue. For example: in a convesation between the POV and her father: “So, what are your plans now,” Dad asked. “Not sure. Was thinking I could start photography classes. They were always too expensive in LA.” I’d love to be a wedding photographer. Maybe I could be good enough for people to pay my way to Bali or Hawaii. All the great destination wedding spots. But then again I’d always have to work Saturday nights. So maybe not. Maybe a baby photographer. Or maybe I should just open a bakery.

What do you think is the preferred method for this? I would appreciate any and all help!

Miranda, if the scene is past tense, that means a character’s thoughts should also be in past tense, unless she’s talking directly to herself (and only briefly to herself). Yet for first-person narration, since the character is already the one doing the talking and thinking, there’d be no reason to switch tenses for her to talk to herself. In this case her thoughts and the narration are the same thing and should be consistent.

The narrator is either in the past or the present as she narrates the story, and verb tenses should reflect that. (Keep in mind that some of your verbs will be in the same form whether the story is past or present.)

Two examples, past first—

I ran into the room, eager to talk to Dad.

“So what are you plans now?” he asked.

I wanted to be a wedding photographer, one good enough that customers would pay my way to Bali or Hawaii.

I run into the room, eager to talk to Dad.

“So what are you plans now?” he asks.

I want to be a wedding photographer, one good enough that customers will pay my way to Bali or Hawaii. ———

You’d maintain past or present in both action and thought unless your character, in her present, is reflecting on something that happened at another time and she interjects her present thoughts into her narration of past events. I don’t think that’s what you intended with this example, but I want to be sure, just in case.

The way your narrator’s thoughts are written here, they’re present tense, which doesn’t go with a past-tense narration for other events. Is she narrating the story as it happens or telling us what has already happened? Once you decide that, the choices for actions and thoughts should fall into place.

I hope this helps but if not, let me know.

For thought process, Larry, it seems best to trust reader intelligence. Only use speech marks for the words actually spoken by characters – otherwise it looks a mess and confuses the reader.

Sometimes you have to move from narrative to thought-process, and it’s best not signalled by a change of typeface, inverted commas or any enactment narrative.

Anybody know what to do with a character’s thoughts that include possible future dialogue? For example:

He’s going to propose. What should I say? Is it acceptable to say, “Maybe?” I mean, he’s probably been mulling it over for months. But I only get five seconds? Who am I kidding? Five seconds would be an insult. Etiquette dictates I should squeal enough to hyperventilate, and sing out “Yes” before the velvet cube pops open. It says, “I love you, and I’ll still marry you even if there’s a hideous, heart-shaped ring hiding in that box.”

Do I keep “Maybe” and “Yes” and “I love you, and I’ll….” all in quotation marks?

Miranda, I wouldn’t put maybe and yes in quotation marks. Single words including yes and no typically don’t need quotation marks in this kind of situation unless you’re actually writing dialogue.

As for the full sentence, yes, put that one in quotation marks. Or you could even try italics. But quotation marks would be perfectly appropriate.

I’ll make one suggestion regarding it if I may. When you write It says, what is it referring to? Try being specific so you can direct the reader.

That quick response says . . . That excited response . . . The excited answer . . . The excitement of such an answer says . . .

Thank you for this, this has helped me to decide what to do in my wip. I’ve gotten rid of most of the thoughts in italics. (One or tow several chapters apart for when I think it needs it.) If your having other writers critique your work make sure to tell them why your not putting the thoughts into italics or they’ll beat you over the head that you should. >_<

do you still have to put ” ” if the main character is not speaking

Good point, Darkocean. It’s a good idea to fill in readers/critiquers with special considerations. Yet at the same time you don’t want to burden them with too much information. Tell them what they need to know, but then sit back and let them enjoy the read.

(Sorry about not replying sooner I loose track of time when writing. 89k words now 🙂

-Nods- Yes definitely. It’s a little different on his writing site I go to for help. My main pet peeve is they still are trying to get me to put all the inner thoughts into italics and the last one told me all thoughts always have to get a new line. So now I’m at the point of just thanking them and ignoring when they say to do that. -sigh-

Do you have a posting that is to do with grounding characters and scene setting? like describing where the characters are and such? I like giving descriptions, I just dislike doing stuff like the insides of buildings and such (to me it’s boring, I tend to skim that stuff when reading as ugg it’d go on for paragraphs, yawn.) Do I have to put that stuff in? I have some here and there where I think it’s important, a sentence, a paragraph or so and then I move on. Am I being to skimpy? (It’s a dark fantasy adventure.)

Thank you if you answer my questions.

DarkOcean, congratulations on your word count.

You do need to include setting details, but you don’t have to write paragraphs about the insides of buildings or rooms. There are many ways to include setting details.

Setting details are important for a couple of reasons. You want readers to be able to picture the fictional world. And you want to make sure that your story fits the world in which it takes place. Including a few details about setting will help the reader experience the story world.

Setting makes a story unique. So a story that takes place in the Manhattan of today won’t be the same story that takes place in 1870 in Houston or in 1930 in Hong Kong. A story with the majority of scenes in alleys and bars at night will be much different from a story that takes place in the offices of a prosperous international company by day.

So, yes, do include setting details. But don’t think you have to stop the story to point them out.

Have a character note the gargoyles on the squat building he’s entering—he may pause as he enters, mentally comparing this building to the modern skyscrapers to the right and left of it.

A character might pick off the dead flowers from a plant outside the front door as he or she goes home at night. You can imply that no one’s been taking care of the yard or that there’s been a drought. Or maybe you’re implying that the character is a perfectionist.

A character might notice the scent of sour laundry or burning cookies. Another character might trip over items on the floor or even trip over the uneven ground.

One character might have to move piles of papers just to sit down while a character in another story might worry about sitting down on a white sofa in his muddy jeans.

Have your characters react to and interact with setting; that’s one way to make it real as well as useful. And you don’t have to go on and on about the details unless a character would notice them.

Also, remember that setting is more than buildings and scenery. Era, cultural elements (laws, politics, religion, art, media), and geography are all part of the setting. Use a variety of setting details in your story.

I do have a couple of articles on setting. Click on setting in the tag cloud in the right sidebar.

Make your stories feel real by making the story world feel real, as if the characters actually live and work and play in it.

Oh, wow thank you 😀 I have a question what about when characters are talking are action beats, props and inner thoughts enough or do I have to make my character look around the room? I try to keep her focused on what matters to her and or what she notices. (Well some times it’s hard not to notice something like say an explosion coming from outside.)

This is the new setting i’ve put in:

She crouched down and breathed slow focusing on her heart rate, slowing it. The the soft pink petals from the tree she was under floated to the ground. The streets were carpeted with them. People sat under the trees, chatting-ignorant. The petals did little to calm her, as she alone knew they created a false sense of serenity. She shivered, though this had nothing to do with the shade.

She worked her way towards the back end of the city, where the elite lived their houses of white washed walls decorated with painting of the spirits. A group of thirty people filled this area as they watched a juggler tossed several loafs of bread one after the other.

Merryn craned her neck at the towering homes that had long horned fire spirits near the roofs. The horns for the fire spirit, encased in a circle of flame for protection, glaring at would be attackers, while other houses had the spirit of water. Three fish heads facing each other, the tails joined forming a circle around with their bodys. Along the edges of the houses the blue foam waves just crested over the doorway, offering peace and blessings to those who resided or visited.

All the homes of this wealthy section, were decorated with ordinate carvings of the other spirits. She had no time to find her spirits and pray not now. Besides, Olenus knew she loved them all and that’s what mattered. The spirits were forgiving, with most things.

She padded closer, her footsteps, but of a whisper, her outline but a shadow. The hidden spell absorbed the darkness around her, wrapping her. She weaved between the alleyways to avoiding the sunlight and going around the few people that where still scattered near the castle. After weaving between them she stopped to crouch near the outer castle wall.

It still needs work but I think it’s better then before. The problem is I hate it when I’m reading a book and an author goes on to describe everything. Like the the walls, furniture, the draperies, rugs to the stained glass windows. I get bored and skip ahead. It feels like filter to me.

Thank you for explaining this, it’s hard to know how much to put in sometimes and I tend to go with the minimal. (The above is actually way more then I usually put in.)

Okay I will thanks ^-^

Zack, where do you mean? Only use quotation marks for a character’s dialogue.

Hello all! I am writing a novel that has a character frequently communicating mentally with a voice in his head. In your opinion, what is the best way to show this? For now I have been using Italics for the voice and single quotations for the character’s response like this:

(italics)That is the single worse idea you have ever come up with–including that time with the rubber chicken.(italics) ‘Hey! You’re not being fair. After all we’ve come up with way worse ideas than that chicken.’ (italics)Don’t you drag me down to your level! (italics)

Would it be better to use italics for both? I feel like this way the ‘voices’ are easier to differentiate.

Terra, I don’t have an answer for you, but I’ve got to say, I love the chicken dialogue. It made me smile.

This might sound like a rubber-chicken idea, but you can always have it all in italics, but indent the voice-in-his-head another notch, so it’s clear that there’s two inner voices…

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What this handout is about

Used effectively, quotations can provide important pieces of evidence and lend fresh voices and perspectives to your narrative. Used ineffectively, however, quotations can clutter your text and interrupt the flow of your argument. This handout will help you decide when and how to quote like a pro.

When should I quote?

Use quotations at strategically selected moments. You have probably been told by teachers to provide as much evidence as possible in support of your thesis. But packing your paper with quotations will not necessarily strengthen your argument. The majority of your paper should still be your original ideas in your own words (after all, it’s your paper). And quotations are only one type of evidence: well-balanced papers may also make use of paraphrases, data, and statistics. The types of evidence you use will depend in part on the conventions of the discipline or audience for which you are writing. For example, papers analyzing literature may rely heavily on direct quotations of the text, while papers in the social sciences may have more paraphrasing, data, and statistics than quotations.

Discussing specific arguments or ideas

Sometimes, in order to have a clear, accurate discussion of the ideas of others, you need to quote those ideas word for word. Suppose you want to challenge the following statement made by John Doe, a well-known historian:

“At the beginning of World War Two, almost all Americans assumed the war would end quickly.”

If it is especially important that you formulate a counterargument to this claim, then you might wish to quote the part of the statement that you find questionable and establish a dialogue between yourself and John Doe:

Historian John Doe has argued that in 1941 “almost all Americans assumed the war would end quickly” (Doe 223). Yet during the first six months of U.S. involvement, the wives and mothers of soldiers often noted in their diaries their fear that the war would drag on for years.

Giving added emphasis to a particularly authoritative source on your topic.

There will be times when you want to highlight the words of a particularly important and authoritative source on your topic. For example, suppose you were writing an essay about the differences between the lives of male and female slaves in the U.S. South. One of your most provocative sources is a narrative written by a former slave, Harriet Jacobs. It would then be appropriate to quote some of Jacobs’s words:

Harriet Jacobs, a former slave from North Carolina, published an autobiographical slave narrative in 1861. She exposed the hardships of both male and female slaves but ultimately concluded that “slavery is terrible for men; but it is far more terrible for women.”

In this particular example, Jacobs is providing a crucial first-hand perspective on slavery. Thus, her words deserve more exposure than a paraphrase could provide.

Jacobs is quoted in Harriet A. Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, ed. Jean Fagan Yellin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987).

Analyzing how others use language.

This scenario is probably most common in literature and linguistics courses, but you might also find yourself writing about the use of language in history and social science classes. If the use of language is your primary topic, then you will obviously need to quote users of that language.

Examples of topics that might require the frequent use of quotations include:

Southern colloquial expressions in William Faulkner’s Light in August

Ms. and the creation of a language of female empowerment

A comparison of three British poets and their use of rhyme

Spicing up your prose.

In order to lend variety to your prose, you may wish to quote a source with particularly vivid language. All quotations, however, must closely relate to your topic and arguments. Do not insert a quotation solely for its literary merits.

One example of a quotation that adds flair:

President Calvin Coolidge’s tendency to fall asleep became legendary. As H. L. Mencken commented in the American Mercury in 1933, “Nero fiddled, but Coolidge only snored.”

How do I set up and follow up a quotation?

Once you’ve carefully selected the quotations that you want to use, your next job is to weave those quotations into your text. The words that precede and follow a quotation are just as important as the quotation itself. You can think of each quote as the filling in a sandwich: it may be tasty on its own, but it’s messy to eat without some bread on either side of it. Your words can serve as the “bread” that helps readers digest each quote easily. Below are four guidelines for setting up and following up quotations.

In illustrating these four steps, we’ll use as our example, Franklin Roosevelt’s famous quotation, “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”

1. Provide context for each quotation.

Do not rely on quotations to tell your story for you. It is your responsibility to provide your reader with context for the quotation. The context should set the basic scene for when, possibly where, and under what circumstances the quotation was spoken or written. So, in providing context for our above example, you might write:

When Franklin Roosevelt gave his inaugural speech on March 4, 1933, he addressed a nation weakened and demoralized by economic depression.

2. Attribute each quotation to its source.

Tell your reader who is speaking. Here is a good test: try reading your text aloud. Could your reader determine without looking at your paper where your quotations begin? If not, you need to attribute the quote more noticeably.

Avoid getting into the “they said” attribution rut! There are many other ways to attribute quotes besides this construction. Here are a few alternative verbs, usually followed by “that”:

Different reporting verbs are preferred by different disciplines, so pay special attention to these in your disciplinary reading. If you’re unfamiliar with the meanings of any of these words or others you find in your reading, consult a dictionary before using them.

3. Explain the significance of the quotation.

Once you’ve inserted your quotation, along with its context and attribution, don’t stop! Your reader still needs your assessment of why the quotation holds significance for your paper. Using our Roosevelt example, if you were writing a paper on the first one-hundred days of FDR’s administration, you might follow the quotation by linking it to that topic:

With that message of hope and confidence, the new president set the stage for his next one-hundred days in office and helped restore the faith of the American people in their government.

4. Provide a citation for the quotation.

All quotations, just like all paraphrases, require a formal citation. For more details about particular citation formats, see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . In general, you should remember one rule of thumb: Place the parenthetical reference or footnote/endnote number after—not within—the closed quotation mark.

Roosevelt declared, “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself” (Roosevelt, Public Papers, 11).

Roosevelt declared, “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”1

How do I embed a quotation into a sentence?

In general, avoid leaving quotes as sentences unto themselves. Even if you have provided some context for the quote, a quote standing alone can disrupt your flow.  Take a look at this example:

Hamlet denies Rosencrantz’s claim that thwarted ambition caused his depression. “I could be bounded in a nutshell and count myself a king of infinite space” (Hamlet 2.2).

Standing by itself, the quote’s connection to the preceding sentence is unclear. There are several ways to incorporate a quote more smoothly:

Lead into the quote with a colon.

Hamlet denies Rosencrantz’s claim that thwarted ambition caused his depression: “I could be bounded in a nutshell and count myself a king of infinite space” (Hamlet 2.2).

The colon announces that a quote will follow to provide evidence for the sentence’s claim.

Introduce or conclude the quote by attributing it to the speaker. If your attribution precedes the quote, you will need to use a comma after the verb.

Hamlet denies Rosencrantz’s claim that thwarted ambition caused his depression. He states, “I could be bounded in a nutshell and count myself a king of infinite space” (Hamlet 2.2).

When faced with a twelve-foot mountain troll, Ron gathers his courage, shouting, “Wingardium Leviosa!” (Rowling, p. 176).

The Pirate King sees an element of regality in their impoverished and dishonest life. “It is, it is a glorious thing/To be a pirate king,” he declares (Pirates of Penzance, 1983).

Interrupt the quote with an attribution to the speaker. Again, you will need to use a comma after the verb, as well as a comma leading into the attribution.

“There is nothing either good or bad,” Hamlet argues, “but thinking makes it so” (Hamlet 2.2).

“And death shall be no more,” Donne writes, “Death thou shalt die” (“Death, Be Not Proud,” l. 14).

Dividing the quote may highlight a particular nuance of the quote’s meaning. In the first example, the division calls attention to the two parts of Hamlet’s claim. The first phrase states that nothing is inherently good or bad; the second phrase suggests that our perspective causes things to become good or bad. In the second example, the isolation of “Death thou shalt die” at the end of the sentence draws a reader’s attention to that phrase in particular. As you decide whether or not you want to break up a quote, you should consider the shift in emphasis that the division might create.

Use the words of the quote grammatically within your own sentence.

When Hamlet tells Rosencrantz that he “could be bounded in a nutshell and count [him]self a king of infinite space” (Hamlet 2.2), he implies that thwarted ambition did not cause his depression.

Ultimately, death holds no power over Donne since in the afterlife, “death shall be no more” (“Death, Be Not Proud,” l. 14).

Note that when you use “that” after the verb that introduces the quote, you no longer need a comma.

The Pirate King argues that “it is, it is a glorious thing/to be a pirate king” (Pirates of Penzance, 1983).

How much should I quote?

As few words as possible. Remember, your paper should primarily contain your own words, so quote only the most pithy and memorable parts of sources. Here are guidelines for selecting quoted material judiciously:

Excerpt fragments.

Sometimes, you should quote short fragments, rather than whole sentences. Suppose you interviewed Jane Doe about her reaction to John F. Kennedy’s assassination. She commented:

“I couldn’t believe it. It was just unreal and so sad. It was just unbelievable. I had never experienced such denial. I don’t know why I felt so strongly. Perhaps it was because JFK was more to me than a president. He represented the hopes of young people everywhere.”

You could quote all of Jane’s comments, but her first three sentences are fairly redundant. You might instead want to quote Jane when she arrives at the ultimate reason for her strong emotions:

Jane Doe grappled with grief and disbelief. She had viewed JFK, not just as a national figurehead, but as someone who “represented the hopes of young people everywhere.”

Excerpt those fragments carefully!

Quoting the words of others carries a big responsibility. Misquoting misrepresents the ideas of others. Here’s a classic example of a misquote:

John Adams has often been quoted as having said: “This would be the best of all possible worlds if there were no religion in it.”

John Adams did, in fact, write the above words. But if you see those words in context, the meaning changes entirely. Here’s the rest of the quotation:

Twenty times, in the course of my late reading, have I been on the point of breaking out, ‘this would be the best of all possible worlds, if there were no religion in it!!!!’ But in this exclamation, I should have been as fanatical as Bryant or Cleverly. Without religion, this world would be something not fit to be mentioned in public company—I mean hell.

As you can see from this example, context matters!

This example is from Paul F. Boller, Jr. and John George, They Never Said It: A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, and Misleading Attributions (Oxford University Press, 1989).

Use block quotations sparingly.

There may be times when you need to quote long passages. However, you should use block quotations only when you fear that omitting any words will destroy the integrity of the passage. If that passage exceeds four lines (some sources say five), then set it off as a block quotation.

Be sure you are handling block quotes correctly in papers for different academic disciplines–check the index of the citation style guide you are using. Here are a few general tips for setting off your block quotations:

• Set up a block quotation with your own words followed by a colon.
• Indent. You normally indent 4-5 spaces for the start of a paragraph. When setting up a block quotation, indent the entire paragraph once from the left-hand margin.
• Single space or double space within the block quotation, depending on the style guidelines of your discipline (MLA, CSE, APA, Chicago, etc.).
• Do not use quotation marks at the beginning or end of the block quote—the indentation is what indicates that it’s a quote.
• Place parenthetical citation according to your style guide (usually after the period following the last sentence of the quote).
• Follow up a block quotation with your own words.

So, using the above example from John Adams, here’s how you might include a block quotation:

After reading several doctrinally rigid tracts, John Adams recalled the zealous ranting of his former teacher, Joseph Cleverly, and minister, Lemuel Bryant. He expressed his ambivalence toward religion in an 1817 letter to Thomas Jefferson:

Adams clearly appreciated religion, even if he often questioned its promotion.

How do I combine quotation marks with other punctuation marks?

It can be confusing when you start combining quotation marks with other punctuation marks. You should consult a style manual for complicated situations, but the following two rules apply to most cases:

Keep periods and commas within quotation marks.

So, for example:

According to Professor Poe, werewolves “represent anxiety about the separation between human and animal,” and werewolf movies often “interrogate those boundaries.”

In the above example, both the comma and period were enclosed in the quotation marks. The main exception to this rule involves the use of internal citations, which always precede the last period of the sentence. For example:

According to Professor Poe, werewolves “represent anxiety about the separation between human and animal,” and werewolf movies often “interrogate those boundaries” (Poe 167).

Note, however, that the period remains inside the quotation marks when your citation style involves superscript footnotes or endnotes. For example:

According to Professor Poe, werewolves “represent anxiety about the separation between human and animal,” and werewolf movies often “interrogate those boundaries.” 2

Place all other punctuation marks (colons, semicolons, exclamation marks, question marks) outside the quotation marks, except when they were part of the original quotation.

Take a look at the following examples:

I couldn’t believe it when my friend passed me a note in the cafe saying the management “started charging $15 per hour for parking”!

The coach yelled, “Run!”

In the first example, the author placed the exclamation point outside the quotation mark because she added it herself to emphasize the outrageous nature of the parking price change. The original note had not included an exclamation mark. In the second example, the exclamation mark remains within the quotation mark because it is indicating the excited tone in which the coach yelled the command. Thus, the exclamation mark is considered to be part of the original quotation.

How do I indicate quotations within quotations?

If you are quoting a passage that contains a quotation, then you use single quotation marks for the internal quotation. Quite rarely, you quote a passage that has a quotation within a quotation. In that rare instance, you would use double quotation marks for the second internal quotation.

Here’s an example of a quotation within a quotation:

In “The Emperor’s New Clothes,” Hans Christian Andersen wrote, “‘But the Emperor has nothing on at all!’ cried a little child.”

Remember to consult your style guide to determine how to properly cite a quote within a quote.

When do I use those three dots ( . . . )?

Whenever you want to leave out material from within a quotation, you need to use an ellipsis, which is a series of three periods, each of which should be preceded and followed by a space. So, an ellipsis in this sentence would look like . . . this. There are a few rules to follow when using ellipses:

Be sure that you don’t fundamentally change the meaning of the quotation by omitting material.

Take a look at the following example:

“The Writing Center is located on the UNC campus and serves the entire UNC community.”

“The Writing Center . . . serves the entire UNC community.”

The reader’s understanding of the Writing Center’s mission to serve the UNC community is not affected by omitting the information about its location.

Do not use ellipses at the beginning or ending of quotations, unless it’s important for the reader to know that the quotation was truncated.

For example, using the above example, you would NOT need an ellipsis in either of these situations:

“The Writing Center is located on the UNC campus . . .”

The Writing Center ” . . . serves the entire UNC community.”

Use punctuation marks in combination with ellipses when removing material from the end of sentences or clauses.

For example, if you take material from the end of a sentence, keep the period in as usual.

“The boys ran to school, forgetting their lunches and books. Even though they were out of breath, they made it on time.”

“The boys ran to school. . . . Even though they were out of breath, they made it on time.”

Likewise, if you excerpt material at the end of clause that ends in a comma, retain the comma.

“The red car came to a screeching halt that was heard by nearby pedestrians, but no one was hurt.”

“The red car came to a screeching halt . . . , but no one was hurt.”

Is it ever okay to insert my own words or change words in a quotation?

Sometimes it is necessary for clarity and flow to alter a word or words within a quotation. You should make such changes rarely. In order to alert your reader to the changes you’ve made, you should always bracket the altered words. Here are a few examples of situations when you might need brackets:

Changing verb tense or pronouns in order to be consistent with the rest of the sentence.

Suppose you were quoting a woman who, when asked about her experiences immigrating to the United States, commented “nobody understood me.” You might write:

Esther Hansen felt that when she came to the United States “nobody understood [her].”

In the above example, you’ve changed “me” to “her” in order to keep the entire passage in third person. However, you could avoid the need for this change by simply rephrasing:

“Nobody understood me,” recalled Danish immigrant Esther Hansen.

Including supplemental information that your reader needs in order to understand the quotation.

For example, if you were quoting someone’s nickname, you might want to let your reader know the full name of that person in brackets.

“The principal of the school told Billy [William Smith] that his contract would be terminated.”

Similarly, if a quotation referenced an event with which the reader might be unfamiliar, you could identify that event in brackets.

“We completely revised our political strategies after the strike [of 1934].”

Indicating the use of nonstandard grammar or spelling.

In rare situations, you may quote from a text that has nonstandard grammar, spelling, or word choice. In such cases, you may want to insert [sic], which means “thus” or “so” in Latin. Using [sic] alerts your reader to the fact that this nonstandard language is not the result of a typo on your part. Always italicize “sic” and enclose it in brackets. There is no need to put a period at the end. Here’s an example of when you might use [sic]:

Twelve-year-old Betsy Smith wrote in her diary, “Father is afraid that he will be guilty of beach [sic] of contract.”

Here [sic] indicates that the original author wrote “beach of contract,” not breach of contract, which is the accepted terminology.

Do not overuse brackets!

For example, it is not necessary to bracket capitalization changes that you make at the beginning of sentences. For example, suppose you were going to use part of this quotation:

“The colors scintillated curiously over a hard carapace, and the beetle’s tiny antennae made gentle waving motions as though saying hello.”

If you wanted to begin a sentence with an excerpt from the middle of this quotation, there would be no need to bracket your capitalization changes.

“The beetle’s tiny antennae made gentle waving motions as though saying hello,” said Dr. Grace Farley, remembering a defining moment on her journey to becoming an entomologist.

Not: “[T]he beetle’s tiny antennae made gentle waving motions as though saying hello,” said Dr. Grace Farley, remembering a defining moment on her journey to becoming an entomologist.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Barzun, Jacques, and Henry F. Graff. 2012. The Modern Researcher , 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, Joseph Bizup, and William T. FitzGerald. 2016. The Craft of Research , 4th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Gibaldi, Joseph. 2009. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers , 7th ed. New York: The Modern Language Association of America.

Turabian, Kate. 2018. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, Dissertations , 9th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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How to Quote in an Essay: A Step-by-Step Guide with Examples

Have you ever found yourself staring at a perfect quote, unsure of how to incorporate it into your essay? Quoting effectively is a skill that every student should master, as it adds credibility and depth to your arguments. However, it can be a daunting task to navigate the intricacies of quoting in an essay.

Fear not! In this blog post, we will guide you through the art of quoting, providing you with practical tips and examples to help you seamlessly integrate quotes into your writing.

The Importance of Quoting in an Essay

Quoting plays a crucial role in enhancing the quality of your essay. It serves two main purposes: establishing credibility and adding depth to your arguments. By incorporating quotes from reputable sources , you demonstrate that your ideas are supported by experts in the field. This helps to build trust with your readers and strengthens your overall argument.

Additionally, quoting allows you to provide evidence and examples that support your claims. It adds weight to your arguments by showcasing the thoughts and opinions of others who have studied the topic extensively. This not only adds depth to your essay but also helps to validate your own ideas.

To effectively use quotes in your essay, consider the following tips:

1. Choose quotes from credible sources: Ensure that the quotes you include are from reputable experts, scholars, or well-known publications.

2. Integrate quotes seamlessly: Avoid simply dropping quotes into your essay without any context. Instead, introduce the quote, provide a brief explanation, and then analyze its significance in relation to your argument.

3. Use quotes to support your own ideas: Quotes should be used to enhance and strengthen your own arguments, not replace them. Use quotes strategically to provide evidence and examples that support your claims.

4. Provide proper citation: Always include proper citation for any quotes you use. This not only gives credit to the original source but also helps your readers to locate the information if they wish to explore it further.

Different Types of Quotes

When it comes to incorporating quotes into your writing, it’s important to understand the different types and how to use them effectively. Let’s explore three common types of quotes: direct quotes, indirect quotes, and block quotes.

Direct quotes

These are exact words or phrases taken directly from a source and enclosed in quotation marks. They provide the reader with the original wording and are useful when you want to emphasize a specific point or capture the author’s unique expression.

Here is a good example from the economist article ‘The Economics of Thinness’ :

Today the perfect body is the “weasel bod”, says one Los Angelena, who is surrounded by women seeking physical perfection. 

Indirect quotes

Also known as paraphrasing , indirect quotes involve rephrasing someone else’s words in your own writing. They convey the same meaning as the original quote but are not enclosed in quotation marks. Indirect quotes are useful when you want to summarize or restate information from a source while maintaining your own voice.

In addition, they help you avoid over-reliance on quotes and demonstrate your understanding of the material. This is why you should only be quoting the most impactful sentences or phrases and give preferance to paraphrasing in all the other cases.

Here is a good example from the article exploring the relation between beauty standarts and women’s socio-economic mobility that quotes the research we have just mentioned:

The economist recently investigated the correlation between thinness and wealth – particularly for women – and the findings are rather striking. ‘The Economics of Thinness’  sheds light on the alarming correlation between body weight and financial prosperity. The study highlights that thinner women, on average, earn more than their heavier counterparts.

Block quotes

Block quotes are used when you want to include a longer quote of four or more lines. They are indented from the main text and do not require quotation marks. Block quotes are typically used to highlight significant passages or when the exact wording is crucial.

For example, if you were analyzing a poem, you might include a block quote from a poem to showcase the poet’s use of imagery and symbolism. Block quotes from a book or an article are only suitable in longer research papers or a thesis and should not be used in college essays.

How to Incorporate Quotes into Your Writing

When incorporating a quote into an essay, it is important to use signal phrases or introductory clauses to introduce the quote. These phrases serve as a way to smoothly integrate the quote into the text and provide context for the reader. Some common signal phrases include “according to,” “as stated by,” “in the words of,” and “as noted by.”

Additionally, introductory clauses can be used to introduce a quote, such as “In his/her article, [author name] argues that…” or “As [author name] explains,…” It is important to choose a signal phrase or introductory clause that fits the tone and style of the essay, while also accurately reflecting the source of the quote.

50 signal phrases to introduce a quote download PDF

Punctuating quotes correctly is crucial for maintaining clarity and accuracy in your writing. Remember to place quotation marks at the beginning and end of the quote, and use appropriate punctuation within the quote itself. For instance, if the quote ends with a question mark or exclamation point, include it within the quotation marks. If the quote is a complete sentence, place the punctuation inside the quotation marks as well.

Analyzing and Explaining Quotes

Analyzing and explaining quotes is a crucial step in any academic writing . It helps provide context, analyze the significance, and link them to your thesis statement . Here are some tips to effectively accomplish this:

1. Provide context and analysis:

• Introduce the quote by briefly explaining the background or the source;
• Analyze the quote by breaking it down and examining its key elements;
• Discuss the implications or interpretations of the quote within the context of your topic.

2. Explain the significance of quotes:

• Highlight why the quote is important in supporting your argument or providing evidence;
• Discuss how the quote contributes to the overall understanding of your topic.

3. Link quotes to your thesis statement:

• Clearly state how the quote supports or relates to your thesis statement,
• Connect the ideas presented in the quote to the main argument of your paper,
• Show how the quote strengthens your position or helps you make a persuasive case.

Avoiding Common Pitfalls

When it comes to quoting, the important question in not only how to quote in an essay, but also how much to quote. Here are three key pitfalls to avoid:

1. Overusing quotes: While incorporating quotes from reputable sources can enhance your arguments, it is important not to rely too heavily on them. Instead, strive for a balance between your own analysis and supporting evidence from experts. Quote only the most relevant and impactful sentence to strengthen your point.

2. Misquoting or misinterpreting sources: Accuracy is paramount when citing sources. Misquoting or misinterpreting can lead to misinformation and weaken your argument. Always double-check your quotes and ensure they align with the original context.

3. Failing to cite properly: Proper citation is essential to acknowledge the work of others and avoid plagiarism . Failing to cite can result in severe consequences, including academic penalties. Familiarize yourself with the appropriate citation style for your discipline and consistently apply it throughout your writing.

Final Thoughts

Quoting is an essential tool in essay writing. It helps to establish credibility and adds depth to your arguments. By incorporating quotes from reputable sources, you can enhance the quality of your essay and provide evidence to support your claims. Remember to choose quotes wisely, integrate them seamlessly, and provide proper citation to ensure the effectiveness of your essay.

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Quoting and Paraphrasing

Download this Handout PDF

College writing often involves integrating information from published sources into your own writing in order to add credibility and authority–this process is essential to research and the production of new knowledge.

However, when building on the work of others, you need to be careful not to plagiarize : “to steal and pass off (the ideas and words of another) as one’s own” or to “present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source.”1 The University of Wisconsin–Madison takes this act of “intellectual burglary” very seriously and considers it to be a breach of academic integrity . Penalties are severe.

These materials will help you avoid plagiarism by teaching you how to properly integrate information from published sources into your own writing.

1. Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed. (Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 1993), 888.

How to avoid plagiarism

When using sources in your papers, you can avoid plagiarism by knowing what must be documented.

Specific words and phrases

If you use an author’s specific word or words, you must place those words within quotation marks and you must credit the source.

Information and Ideas

Even if you use your own words, if you obtained the information or ideas you are presenting from a source, you must document the source.

Information : If a piece of information isn’t common knowledge (see below), you need to provide a source.

Ideas : An author’s ideas may include not only points made and conclusions drawn, but, for instance, a specific method or theory, the arrangement of material, or a list of steps in a process or characteristics of a medical condition. If a source provided any of these, you need to acknowledge the source.

Common Knowledge?

You do not need to cite a source for material considered common knowledge:

General common knowledge is factual information considered to be in the public domain, such as birth and death dates of well-known figures, and generally accepted dates of military, political, literary, and other historical events. In general, factual information contained in multiple standard reference works can usually be considered to be in the public domain.

Field-specific common knowledge is “common” only within a particular field or specialty. It may include facts, theories, or methods that are familiar to readers within that discipline. For instance, you may not need to cite a reference to Piaget’s developmental stages in a paper for an education class or give a source for your description of a commonly used method in a biology report—but you must be sure that this information is so widely known within that field that it will be shared by your readers.

If in doubt, be cautious and cite the source. And in the case of both general and field-specific common knowledge, if you use the exact words of the reference source, you must use quotation marks and credit the source.

Paraphrasing vs. Quoting — Explanation

Should i paraphrase or quote.

In general, use direct quotations only if you have a good reason. Most of your paper should be in your own words. Also, it’s often conventional to quote more extensively from sources when you’re writing a humanities paper, and to summarize from sources when you’re writing in the social or natural sciences–but there are always exceptions.

In a literary analysis paper , for example, you”ll want to quote from the literary text rather than summarize, because part of your task in this kind of paper is to analyze the specific words and phrases an author uses.

In research papers , you should quote from a source

• to show that an authority supports your point
• to present a position or argument to critique or comment on
• to include especially moving or historically significant language
• to present a particularly well-stated passage whose meaning would be lost or changed if paraphrased or summarized

You should summarize or paraphrase when

• what you want from the source is the idea expressed, and not the specific language used to express it
• you can express in fewer words what the key point of a source is

How to paraphrase a source

General advice.

• When reading a passage, try first to understand it as a whole, rather than pausing to write down specific ideas or phrases.
• Be selective. Unless your assignment is to do a formal or “literal” paraphrase, you usually don?t need to paraphrase an entire passage; instead, choose and summarize the material that helps you make a point in your paper.
• Think of what “your own words” would be if you were telling someone who’s unfamiliar with your subject (your mother, your brother, a friend) what the original source said.
• Remember that you can use direct quotations of phrases from the original within your paraphrase, and that you don’t need to change or put quotation marks around shared language.

Methods of Paraphrasing

• Look away from the source then write. Read the text you want to paraphrase several times until you feel that you understand it and can use your own words to restate it to someone else. Then, look away from the original and rewrite the text in your own words.
• Take notes. Take abbreviated notes; set the notes aside; then paraphrase from the notes a day or so later, or when you draft.

If you find that you can’t do A or B, this may mean that you don’t understand the passage completely or that you need to use a more structured process until you have more experience in paraphrasing.

The method below is not only a way to create a paraphrase but also a way to understand a difficult text.

Paraphrasing difficult texts

Consider the following passage from Love and Toil (a book on motherhood in London from 1870 to 1918), in which the author, Ellen Ross, puts forth one of her major arguments:

• Love and Toil maintains that family survival was the mother’s main charge among the large majority of London?s population who were poor or working class; the emotional and intellectual nurture of her child or children and even their actual comfort were forced into the background. To mother was to work for and organize household subsistence. (p. 9)

Children of the poor at the turn of the century received little if any emotional or intellectual nurturing from their mothers, whose main charge was family survival. Working for and organizing household subsistence were what defined mothering. Next to this, even the children’s basic comfort was forced into the background (Ross, 1995).

According to Ross (1993), poor children at the turn of the century received little mothering in our sense of the term. Mothering was defined by economic status, and among the poor, a mother’s foremost responsibility was not to stimulate her children’s minds or foster their emotional growth but to provide food and shelter to meet the basic requirements for physical survival. Given the magnitude of this task, children were deprived of even the “actual comfort” (p. 9) we expect mothers to provide today.

You may need to go through this process several times to create a satisfactory paraphrase.

Successful vs. unsuccessful paraphrases

Paraphrasing is often defined as putting a passage from an author into “your own words.” But what are your own words? How different must your paraphrase be from the original?

The paragraphs below provide an example by showing a passage as it appears in the source, two paraphrases that follow the source too closely, and a legitimate paraphrase.

The student’s intention was to incorporate the material in the original passage into a section of a paper on the concept of “experts” that compared the functions of experts and nonexperts in several professions.

The Passage as It Appears in the Source

Critical care nurses function in a hierarchy of roles. In this open heart surgery unit, the nurse manager hires and fires the nursing personnel. The nurse manager does not directly care for patients but follows the progress of unusual or long-term patients. On each shift a nurse assumes the role of resource nurse. This person oversees the hour-by-hour functioning of the unit as a whole, such as considering expected admissions and discharges of patients, ascertaining that beds are available for patients in the operating room, and covering sick calls. Resource nurses also take a patient assignment. They are the most experienced of all the staff nurses. The nurse clinician has a separate job description and provides for quality of care by orienting new staff, developing unit policies, and providing direct support where needed, such as assisting in emergency situations. The clinical nurse specialist in this unit is mostly involved with formal teaching in orienting new staff. The nurse manager, nurse clinician, and clinical nurse specialist are the designated experts. They do not take patient assignments. The resource nurse is seen as both a caregiver and a resource to other caregivers. . . . Staff nurses have a hierarchy of seniority. . . . Staff nurses are assigned to patients to provide all their nursing care. (Chase, 1995, p. 156)

Word-for-Word Plagiarism

Critical care nurses have a hierarchy of roles. The nurse manager hires and fires nurses. S/he does not directly care for patients but does follow unusual or long-term cases. On each shift a resource nurse attends to the functioning of the unit as a whole, such as making sure beds are available in the operating room , and also has a patient assignment . The nurse clinician orients new staff, develops policies, and provides support where needed . The clinical nurse specialist also orients new staff, mostly by formal teaching. The nurse manager, nurse clinician, and clinical nurse specialist , as the designated experts, do not take patient assignments . The resource nurse is not only a caregiver but a resource to the other caregivers . Within the staff nurses there is also a hierarchy of seniority . Their job is to give assigned patients all their nursing care .

Why this is plagiarism

Notice that the writer has not only “borrowed” Chase’s material (the results of her research) with no acknowledgment, but has also largely maintained the author’s method of expression and sentence structure. The phrases in red are directly copied from the source or changed only slightly in form.

Even if the student-writer had acknowledged Chase as the source of the content, the language of the passage would be considered plagiarized because no quotation marks indicate the phrases that come directly from Chase. And if quotation marks did appear around all these phrases, this paragraph would be so cluttered that it would be unreadable.

A Patchwork Paraphrase

Chase (1995) describes how nurses in a critical care unit function in a hierarchy that places designated experts at the top and the least senior staff nurses at the bottom. The experts — the nurse manager, nurse clinician, and clinical nurse specialist — are not involved directly in patient care. The staff nurses, in contrast, are assigned to patients and provide all their nursing care . Within the staff nurses is a hierarchy of seniority in which the most senior can become resource nurses: they are assigned a patient but also serve as a resource to other caregivers. The experts have administrative and teaching tasks such as selecting and orienting new staff, developing unit policies , and giving hands-on support where needed.

This paraphrase is a patchwork composed of pieces in the original author’s language (in red) and pieces in the student-writer’s words, all rearranged into a new pattern, but with none of the borrowed pieces in quotation marks. Thus, even though the writer acknowledges the source of the material, the underlined phrases are falsely presented as the student’s own.

A Legitimate Paraphrase

In her study of the roles of nurses in a critical care unit, Chase (1995) also found a hierarchy that distinguished the roles of experts and others. Just as the educational experts described above do not directly teach students, the experts in this unit do not directly attend to patients. That is the role of the staff nurses, who, like teachers, have their own “hierarchy of seniority” (p. 156). The roles of the experts include employing unit nurses and overseeing the care of special patients (nurse manager), teaching and otherwise integrating new personnel into the unit (clinical nurse specialist and nurse clinician), and policy-making (nurse clinician). In an intermediate position in the hierarchy is the resource nurse, a staff nurse with more experience than the others, who assumes direct care of patients as the other staff nurses do, but also takes on tasks to ensure the smooth operation of the entire facility.

Why this is a good paraphrase

The writer has documented Chase’s material and specific language (by direct reference to the author and by quotation marks around language taken directly from the source). Notice too that the writer has modified Chase’s language and structure and has added material to fit the new context and purpose — to present the distinctive functions of experts and nonexperts in several professions.

Shared Language

Perhaps you’ve noticed that a number of phrases from the original passage appear in the legitimate paraphrase: critical care, staff nurses, nurse manager, clinical nurse specialist, nurse clinician, resource nurse.

If all these phrases were in red, the paraphrase would look much like the “patchwork” example. The difference is that the phrases in the legitimate paraphrase are all precise, economical, and conventional designations that are part of the shared language within the nursing discipline (in the too-close paraphrases, they’re red only when used within a longer borrowed phrase).

In every discipline and in certain genres (such as the empirical research report), some phrases are so specialized or conventional that you can’t paraphrase them except by wordy and awkward circumlocutions that would be less familiar (and thus less readable) to the audience.

When you repeat such phrases, you’re not stealing the unique phrasing of an individual writer but using a common vocabulary shared by a community of scholars.

Some Examples of Shared Language You Don’t Need to Put in Quotation Marks

• Conventional designations: e.g., physician’s assistant, chronic low-back pain
• Preferred bias-free language: e.g., persons with disabilities
• Technical terms and phrases of a discipline or genre : e.g., reduplication, cognitive domain, material culture, sexual harassment

Chase, S. K. (1995). The social context of critical care clinical judgment. Heart and Lung, 24, 154-162.

How to Quote a Source

Introducing a quotation.

One of your jobs as a writer is to guide your reader through your text. Don’t simply drop quotations into your paper and leave it to the reader to make connections.

Integrating a quotation into your text usually involves two elements:

• A signal that a quotation is coming–generally the author’s name and/or a reference to the work
• An assertion that indicates the relationship of the quotation to your text

Often both the signal and the assertion appear in a single introductory statement, as in the example below. Notice how a transitional phrase also serves to connect the quotation smoothly to the introductory statement.

Ross (1993), in her study of poor and working-class mothers in London from 1870-1918 [signal], makes it clear that economic status to a large extent determined the meaning of motherhood [assertion]. Among this population [connection], “To mother was to work for and organize household subsistence” (p. 9).

The signal can also come after the assertion, again with a connecting word or phrase:

Illness was rarely a routine matter in the nineteenth century [assertion]. As [connection] Ross observes [signal], “Maternal thinking about children’s health revolved around the possibility of a child’s maiming or death” (p. 166).

Formatting Quotations

Short direct prose.

Incorporate short direct prose quotations into the text of your paper and enclose them in double quotation marks:

According to Jonathan Clarke, “Professional diplomats often say that trying to think diplomatically about foreign policy is a waste of time.”

Longer prose quotations

Begin longer quotations (for instance, in the APA system, 40 words or more) on a new line and indent the entire quotation (i.e., put in block form), with no quotation marks at beginning or end, as in the quoted passage from our Successful vs. Unsucessful Paraphrases page.

Rules about the minimum length of block quotations, how many spaces to indent, and whether to single- or double-space extended quotations vary with different documentation systems; check the guidelines for the system you’re using.

Quotation of Up to 3 Lines of Poetry

Quotations of up to 3 lines of poetry should be integrated into your sentence. For example:

In Julius Caesar, Antony begins his famous speech with “Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears; / I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him” (III.ii.75-76).

Notice that a slash (/) with a space on either side is used to separate lines.

Quotation of More than 3 Lines of Poetry

More than 3 lines of poetry should be indented. As with any extended (indented) quotation, do not use quotation marks unless you need to indicate a quotation within your quotation.

Punctuating with Quotation Marks

Parenthetical citations.

With short quotations, place citations outside of closing quotation marks, followed by sentence punctuation (period, question mark, comma, semi-colon, colon):

Menand (2002) characterizes language as “a social weapon” (p. 115).

With block quotations, check the guidelines for the documentation system you are using.

Commas and periods

Place inside closing quotation marks when no parenthetical citation follows:

Hertzberg (2002) notes that “treating the Constitution as imperfect is not new,” but because of Dahl’s credentials, his “apostasy merits attention” (p. 85).

Semicolons and colons

Place outside of closing quotation marks (or after a parenthetical citation).

Question marks and exclamation points

Place inside closing quotation marks if the quotation is a question/exclamation:

Menand (2001) acknowledges that H. W. Fowler’s Modern English Usage is “a classic of the language,” but he asks, “Is it a dead classic?” (p. 114).

[Note that a period still follows the closing parenthesis.]

Place outside of closing quotation marks if the entire sentence containing the quotation is a question or exclamation:

How many students actually read the guide to find out what is meant by “academic misconduct”?

Quotation within a quotation

Use single quotation marks for the embedded quotation:

According to Hertzberg (2002), Dahl gives the U. S. Constitution “bad marks in ‘democratic fairness’ and ‘encouraging consensus'” (p. 90).

[The phrases “democratic fairness” and “encouraging consensus” are already in quotation marks in Dahl’s sentence.]

Indicating Changes in Quotations

Quoting only a portion of the whole.

Use ellipsis points (. . .) to indicate an omission within a quotation–but not at the beginning or end unless it’s not obvious that you’re quoting only a portion of the whole.

Adding Clarification, Comment, or Correction

Within quotations, use square brackets [ ] (not parentheses) to add your own clarification, comment, or correction.

Use [sic] (meaning “so” or “thus”) to indicate that a mistake is in the source you’re quoting and is not your own.

Additional information

Information on summarizing and paraphrasing sources.

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). (2000). Retrieved January 7, 2002, from http://www.bartleby.com/61/ Bazerman, C. (1995). The informed writer: Using sources in the disciplines (5th ed). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Leki, I. (1995). Academic writing: Exploring processes and strategies (2nd ed.) New York: St. Martin?s Press, pp. 185-211.

Leki describes the basic method presented in C, pp. 4-5.

Spatt, B. (1999). Writing from sources (5th ed.) New York: St. Martin?s Press, pp. 98-119; 364-371.

Information about specific documentation systems

The Writing Center has handouts explaining how to use many of the standard documentation systems. You may look at our general Web page on Documentation Systems, or you may check out any of the following specific Web pages.

If you’re not sure which documentation system to use, ask the course instructor who assigned your paper.

• American Psychological Assoicaion (APA)
• Modern Language Association (MLA)
• Chicago/Turabian (A Footnote or Endnote System)
• American Political Science Association (APSA)
• Council of Science Editors (CBE)
• Numbered References

You may also consult the following guides:

• American Medical Association, Manual for Authors and Editors
• Council of Science Editors, CBE style Manual
• The Chicago Manual of Style
• MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

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How to Use Quotation Marks

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Using Quotation Marks

The primary function of quotation marks is to set off and represent exact language (either spoken or written) that has come from somebody else. The quotation mark is also used to designate speech acts in fiction and sometimes poetry. Since you will most often use them when working with outside sources, successful use of quotation marks is a practical defense against accidental plagiarism and an excellent practice in academic honesty. The following rules of quotation mark use are the standard in the United States, although it may be of interest that usage rules for this punctuation do vary in other countries.

The following covers the basic use of quotation marks. For details and exceptions consult the separate sections of this guide.

Direct Quotations

Direct quotations involve incorporating another person's exact words into your own writing.

• Quotation marks always come in pairs. Do not open a quotation and fail to close it at the end of the quoted material.

Mr. Johnson, who was working in his field that morning, said, "The alien spaceship appeared right before my own two eyes."

Although Mr. Johnson has seen odd happenings on the farm, he stated that the spaceship "certainly takes the cake" when it comes to unexplainable activity.

"I didn't see an actual alien being," Mr. Johnson said, "but I sure wish I had."

When quoting text with a spelling or grammar error, you should transcribe the error exactly in your own text. However, also insert the term sic in italics directly after the mistake, and enclose it in brackets. Sic is from the Latin, and translates to "thus," "so," or "just as that." The word tells the reader that your quote is an exact reproduction of what you found, and the error is not your own.

Mr. Johnson says of the experience, "It's made me reconsider the existence of extraterestials [ sic ]."

• Quotations are most effective if you use them sparingly and keep them relatively short. Too many quotations in a research paper will get you accused of not producing original thought or material (they may also bore a reader who wants to know primarily what YOU have to say on the subject).

Indirect Quotations

Indirect quotations are not exact wordings but rather rephrasings or summaries of another person's words. In this case, it is not necessary to use quotation marks. However, indirect quotations still require proper citations, and you will be committing plagiarism if you fail to do so.

Many writers struggle with when to use direct quotations versus indirect quotations. Use the following tips to guide you in your choice.

Use direct quotations when the source material uses language that is particularly striking or notable. Do not rob such language of its power by altering it.

The above should never stand in for:

Use an indirect quotation (or paraphrase) when you merely need to summarize key incidents or details of the text.

Use direct quotations when the author you are quoting has coined a term unique to her or his research and relevant within your own paper.

When to use direct quotes versus indirect quotes is ultimately a choice you'll learn a feeling for with experience. However, always try to have a sense for why you've chosen your quote. In other words, never put quotes in your paper simply because your teacher says, "You must use quotes."

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Put a Quote in an Essay

Home / Blog / How To Put A Quote In An Essay (with Examples)

Introduction

When writing an essay , it is essential to incorporate quotes from reputable sources to support your arguments and ideas. However, knowing how to use quotes effectively is crucial in maintaining the flow and clarity of your essay. This blog will discuss the proper ways to put a quote in an essay with examples.

Why Use Quotes in an Essay?

Quotes are used in an essay to support or reinforce the writer's arguments and ideas. They provide evidence for your claims and demonstrate that your argument is backed up by research and authority. Incorporating quotes also helps to provide context and depth to your writing and can add a unique perspective to your essay.

Types of Quotes

There are two types of quotes you can use in your essay: direct quotes and indirect quotes.

Direct Quotes: Direct quotes are the exact words used by the source that you are quoting. When using direct quotes, you need to use quotation marks and indicate the source.

Example: According to John Smith, "The Earth is round."

Indirect Quotes: Indirect quotes are a paraphrase of the original source. When using indirect quotes, you do not need to use quotation marks.

Example: John Smith claims that the Earth is round.

How to Put a Quote in an Essay

When using quotes in an essay, there are several rules that you need to follow to ensure that your writing is clear, accurate, and appropriate. Here are the steps to follow:

Step 1: Choose a Relevant Quote

Before you start writing your essay, identify the quotes that you want to use to support your arguments. Ensure that the quotes you select are relevant, reliable, and add value to your essay.

Step 2: Introduce the Quote

Introduce the quote by providing context and indicating who the source is. This will help the reader understand the significance of the quote and its relevance to your argument.

Example: According to Jane Doe, a renowned climate scientist, "Climate change is the biggest threat facing humanity."

Step 3: Use Quotation Marks

When using a direct quote, use quotation marks to indicate that you are using the exact words of the source.

Example: According to Jane Doe, "Climate change is the biggest threat facing humanity."

Step 4: Provide the Source

Provide the source of the quote, including the author's name, the title of the book or article, and the page number. This will help the reader find the source if they want to read it.

Example: According to Jane Doe, a renowned climate scientist, "Climate change is the biggest threat facing humanity." (Doe, The State of the Climate, p. 25)

Step 5: Punctuate Correctly

Punctuate the quote correctly by placing the comma or period inside the quotation marks, depending on whether it is a part of the quote or your sentence.

Step 6: Explain the Quote

Explain the significance of the quote in your own words. This will help the reader understand how the quote supports your argument.

Example: Jane Doe's quote highlights the urgency of addressing climate change as it poses a significant threat to human survival.

Step 7: Cite Your Sources

Ensure that you cite your sources correctly using the citation style specified by your instructor or the style guide for your discipline.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Using Quotes in an Essay

Using quotes in an essay can be tricky, and many students make mistakes that can impact the quality of their writing. Here are some common mistakes to avoid when using quotes in an essay:

Failing to provide context: It is essentialto provide context when using a quote in an essay. Failure to do so can confuse the reader and make the quote appear out of place. Always introduce the quote and provide some background information about the source and why you are using the quote.

Overusing quotes: While quotes can add value to your essay, it is essential not to overuse them. Use quotes sparingly and only when necessary. Overusing quotes can make your writing appear lazy, and it may give the impression that you are not confident in your own ideas.

Incorrectly citing sources: Always cite your sources correctly using the citation style specified by your instructor or the style guide for your discipline. Failure to do so can lead to accusations of plagiarism , which can have serious consequences.

Misquoting or altering a quote: When using a direct quote, it is essential to use the exact words of the source. Do not alter the quote or misquote the source as this can distort the meaning and accuracy of the quote.

Failing to explain the quote: When using a quote, it is important to explain its significance and how it supports your argument. Failure to do so can make the quote appear irrelevant and disconnected from your essay.

Examples of Quotes in an Essay

Here are some examples of how to use quotes in an essay:

Example 1: Argumentative Essay

Topic: Should students be required to wear school uniforms?

Quote: "School uniforms promote a sense of unity and equality among students, and they help to reduce instances of bullying based on clothing." (Johnson, School Uniforms, p. 10)

Explanation: The quote supports the argument that school uniforms can have a positive impact on student behavior and reduce instances of bullying. It is introduced with the source and provides context for the argument.

Example 2: Persuasive Essay

Topic: The importance of recycling

Quote: "Every ton of paper that is recycled saves 17 trees, 7,000 gallons of water, and 463 gallons of oil." (Environmental Protection Agency)

Explanation: The quote provides a powerful statistic that supports the importance of recycling. It is introduced with the source, and its significance is explained in the following sentences.

Example 3: Expository Essay

Topic: The history of the American Civil War

Quote: "Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." (Lincoln, Gettysburg Address)

Explanation: The quote is an iconic line from Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, which is a significant event in American history. It is introduced with the source, and its significance is explained in the following sentences.

Incorporating quotes in an essay can add depth, context, and authority to your writing. However, it is important to use quotes effectively and appropriately. Always choose relevant and reliable quotes, introduce them with context, use the correct punctuation, explain their significance, and cite your sources correctly. By following these guidelines, you can effectively use quotes in your essay and improve the quality of your writing.

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Graduate Writing Center

Source blending: paraphrasing, quoting, and summarizing - graduate writing center.

• Why Cite: A Writer's Perspective
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Source Blending

What is source blending.

Source blending is the skillful incorporation of paraphrasing, quoting, and summarizing source material into your papers, and it takes more practice and structure than throwing bananas, berries, and protein powder into your next smoothie.

For example, let’s say you’ve found a credible source that supports your argument. Now what?

• Do you paste that passage into your document, surround it with quotation marks, add a citation, and call it a day?
• Or would it be better to stick to your own words, rephrasing the author’s thoughts in a way that is most suited to your discussion?
• Do you (or your readers) even need all this verbiage?

For help answering these questions, peruse the links and guidance below.

Short Takes: Citation Principles, Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting

These Graduate Writing Center video tutorials offer a concise overview of essential source-blending skills:

• Core Principles of Correct Citation
• Summarizing
• Paraphrasing
• Signal Phrases

Source Blending: A Demonstration

Here's an example of the range of ways in which you can employ source blending—in this case, using text from Warren Berger's  A More Beautiful Question (New York: Bloomsbury, 2014; citations are in Chicago Author-Date style):

• Quoting: Warren Berger (2014) suggests that "it can be a relief to know that, in coming up with fresh ideas, we don't have to invent from scratch; we can draw upon what already exists and use that as raw material. The key may lie in connecting those bits and pieces in a clever, unusual, and useful way, resulting in . . . smart recombinations" (103–4).  
• Paraphrasing: According to Warren Berger (2014), new ideas are often not products of pure invention, unrelated to anything that has come before, but instead arise from familiar knowledge. The newness of new ideas, he proposes, frequently lies in the way in which they recontextualize and repurpose that familiar knowledge.   
• Summarizing: Although it may seem counterintuitive, one way to create new knowledge is to use what we already know, but use it in a new context or application (Berger 2014).

Note that it's often useful to move back and forth in a single sentence between material from the source (whether summarized, paraphrased, or quoted) and your own language and ideas: 

• Mixed: Warren Berger (2014) explains that "fresh ideas" might not actually be so fresh (103). Combining pieces of previous knowledge "in a clever, unusual, and useful way" leads to "smart recombinations" that allow old ideas to spark new ones (Berger 2014, 103–104).

How can I learn more about blending sources into my writing?

• " Paraphrasing and Quoting for All Citation Styles " (Thesis Processing Office (TPO) handout; scroll down) defines summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting, provides guidance on when to choose which technique, and gives examples of best practices and proper formatting.
• " Plagiarism Prevention 101 " (NPS video, ca. 30', from Foundations of Academic Writing) recognizes students' need to cite, quote, paraphrase, and summarize a potentially wide range of sources in their writing and gives tips on using sources to develop better arguments and the basics of avoiding plagiarism.
• " Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting: A Guide to Doing it Right! " (Genesee Library video, 14:12) provides guidance on when to paraphrase, summarize, or quote as well as step-by-step instructions on how to (and now not to) paraphrase.

Source Blending Links

Using Signal Phrases

• GWC video (8:54): " Signal Phrases "
• TPO handout (scroll down): " Using Signal Phrases Effectively "
• GWC workshop: " Debating with Your Sources: They Say/I Say "

Source Blending and iThenticate

• TPO infographic: " Interpreting iThenticate "
• GWC handout: " Plagiarism Prevention & iThenticate " (link in introduction)

Additional Resources

• Webpage: " Quotation, Paraphrase, Summary, and Analysis , " George Mason University Writing Center
• Book:  Writing with Sources: A Guide for Students ,  2nd ed., Gordon Harvey, Hackett Publishing

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How to Put a Quote in an Essay

Last Updated: November 28, 2022 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Christopher Taylor, PhD and by wikiHow staff writer, Danielle Blinka, MA, MPA . Christopher Taylor is an Adjunct Assistant Professor of English at Austin Community College in Texas. He received his PhD in English Literature and Medieval Studies from the University of Texas at Austin in 2014. There are 11 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 2,637,140 times.

Using a direct quote in your essay is a great way to support your ideas with concrete evidence, which you need to support your thesis. To select a good quote , look for a passage that supports your argument and is open to analysis. Then, incorporate that quote into your essay, and make sure you properly cite it based on the style guide you’re using.

Sample Quotes

Incorporating a Short Quote

• For instance, let's say this is the quote you want to use: "The brown leaves symbolize the death of their relationship, while the green buds suggest new opportunities will soon unfold."
• If you just type that sentence into your essay and put quotes around it, your reader will be disoriented. Instead, you could incorporate it into a sentence like this: "The imagery in the story mirrors what's happening in Lia's love life, as 'The brown leaves symbolize the death of their relationship, while the green buds suggest new opportunities will soon unfold.'"

• "Critic Alex Li says, 'The frequent references to the color blue are used to suggest that the family is struggling to cope with the loss of their matriarch.'"
• "According to McKinney’s research, 'Adults who do yoga at least three times a week have lower blood pressure, better sleeping patterns, and fewer everyday frustrations.'"
• "Based on several recent studies, people are more likely to sit on the park benches when they're shaded by trees."

• You still need to use quotation marks even if you're only quoting a few words.
• If you're in doubt, it's best to be cautious and use quotes.

• For example, let’s say you used the quote, “According to McKinney’s research, ‘Adults who do yoga at least three times a week have lower blood pressure, better sleeping patterns, and fewer everyday frustrations.’” Your commentary might read, “This shows that yoga can have a positive impact on people’s health, so incorporating it into the workplace can help improve employee health outcomes. Since yoga makes employees healthier, they’ll likely have reduced insurance costs.”

• When you use a paraphrase, you still need to provide commentary that links the paraphrased material back to your thesis and ideas.

Using a Long Quote

• The reader will recognize that the material is a direct quote because it's set off from the rest of the text. That's why you don't need to use quotation marks. However, you will include your citation at the bottom.

• "In The Things They Carried , the items carried by soldiers in the Vietnam war are used to both characterize them and burden the readers with the weight they are carrying: The things they carried were largely determined by necessity. Among the necessities or near-necessities were P-38 can openers, pocket knives, heat tabs, wristwatches, dog tags, mosquito repellent, chewing gum, candy cigarettes, salt tablets, packets of Kool-Aid, lighters, matches, sewing kits, Military Payment Certificates, C rations, and two or three canteens of water." (O'Brien 2)

Variation: When you're citing two or more paragraphs, you must use block quotes, even if the passage you want to quote is less than four lines long. You should indent the first line of each paragraph an extra quarter inch. Then, use ellipses (…) at the end of one paragraph to transition to the next.

• Your block quote will use the same spacing as the rest of your paper, which will likely be double-spacing.

• For example, “According to Li, “Rosa is the first sister to pick a rose because she’s the only one who’s begun to move on after their mother’s death” might become “According to Li, “Rosa is the first sister to pick a rose because she’s … begun to move on after their mother’s death.”
• Don’t eliminate words to change the meaning of the original text. For instance, it’s not appropriate to use an ellipsis to change “plants did not grow faster when exposed to poetry” to “plants did … grow faster when exposed to poetry.”

• For example, let’s say you want to use the quote, “All of them experienced a more relaxed, calmer disposition after doing yoga for 6 months.” This doesn’t tell the reader who you’re talking about. You could use brackets to say, “All of [the teachers in the study] experienced a more relaxed, calmer disposition after doing yoga for 6 months.”
• However, if you know the study is talking about teachers, you couldn’t use brackets to say, “All of [society experiences] a more relaxed, calmer disposition after doing yoga for 6 months.”

• If you don't explain your quote well, then it's not helping your ideas. You can't expect the reader to connect the quote back to your thesis for you.

• For instance, you may prefer to use a long block quote to present a passage from a literary work that demonstrates the author's style. However, let's say you were using a journal article to provide a critic's perspective on an author's work. You may not need to directly quote an entire paragraph word-for-word to get their point across. Instead, use a paraphrase.

Tip: If you’re unsure about a quote, ask yourself, “Can I paraphrase this in more concise language and not lose any support for my argument?” If the answer is yes, a quote is not necessary.

Citing Your Quote

• An MLA citation will look like this: (Lopez 24)
• For sources with multiple authors, separate their names with the word “and:” (Anderson and Smith 55-56) or (Taylor, Gomez, and Austin 89)
• If you use the author’s name in your lead-in to the quote, you just need to provide the year in parentheses: According to Luz Lopez, “the green grass symbolizes a fresh start for Lia (24).”

• An APA citation for a direct quote looks like this: (Ronan, 2019, p. 10)
• If you’re citing multiple authors, separate their names with the word “and:” (Cruz, Hanks, and Simmons, 2019, p. 85)
• If you incorporated the author’s name into your lead-in, you can just give the year and page number: Based on Ronan’s (2019, p. 10) analysis, “coffee breaks improve productivity.”

• For instance, a Chicago Style citation will look like this: (Alexander 2019, 125)
• If you’re quoting a source with multiple authors, separate them with the word “and:” (Pattinson, Stewart, and Green 2019, 175)
• If you already incorporated the author’s name into your quote, then you can just provide the year and page number: According to Alexander, “the smell of roses increases feelings of happiness” (2019, 125).

• For MLA, you'd cite an article like this: Lopez, Luz. "A Fresh Blossom: Imagery in 'Her Darkest Sunshine.'" Journal of Stories , vol. 2, no. 5, 2019, p. 15-22. [17] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source
• In APA, you'd cite an article like this: Lopez, Luz. (2019). A Fresh Blossom: Imagery in "Her Darkest Sunshine." Journal of Stories , 2(5), 15-22. [18] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source
• For Chicago Style, your article citation would look like this: Lopez, Luz. "A Fresh Blossom: Imagery in 'Her Darkest Sunshine.'" Journal of Stories 2 no. 4 (2019): 15-22. [19] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source

Selecting a Quote

Tip: Quotes are most effective when the original language of the person or text you’re quoting is worth repeating word-for-word.

• If you’re struggling to explain the quote or link it back to your argument, then it’s likely not a good idea to include it in your essay.

• Paraphrases and summaries work just like a direct quote, except that you don’t need to put quotation marks around them because you’re using your own words to restate ideas. However, you still need to cite the sources you used.

Community Q&A

• Always cite your quotes properly. If you don't, it is considered plagiarism. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

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• ↑ https://www.ursinus.edu/live/files/1160-integrating-quotespdf
• ↑ https://lsa.umich.edu/sweetland/undergraduates/writing-guides/how-do-i-incorporate-quotes-.html
• ↑ https://helpfulprofessor.com/quotes/
• ↑ https://advice.writing.utoronto.ca/using-sources/quotations/
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_formatting_quotations.html
• ↑ https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext
• ↑ https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_formatting_and_style_guide.html
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_articles_in_periodicals.html
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/periodicals.html
• ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/quotations/

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To put a quote in an essay, incorporate it directly into a sentence if it's shorter than 4 typed lines. For example, you could write "According to researchers," and then insert the quote. If a quote is longer than 4 typed lines, set it off from the rest of the paragraph, and don't put quotes around it. After the quote, include an in-text citation so readers know where it's from. The right way to cite the quote will depend on whether you're using MLA, APA, or Chicago Style formatting. For more tips from our English co-author, like how to omit words from a quote, scroll down! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Academic Skills: Writing: Reusing Your Work and Citing Yourself

As you progress in your Walden program, you may find that you research and write about a topic more than once. This is typical as you engage with key concepts and specialize in your field of study. See the information and best practices on this page to ensure you follow APA citation guidelines and Walden policy if you plan to reuse past written work.

Your Published Writing

If you have published your writing outside of the Walden classroom—in a journal or even in a local newsletter or blog—and would like to reuse portions of it or refer to the findings or ideas in that work, you will need to cite yourself.

Follow APA’s guidelines for citing and referencing published works.

Your Previous Coursework

If you are considering reusing your previously submitted Walden coursework in a new course or term, review the following best practice and policy sections.

Best Practices for Reusing Work

• During your studies at Walden, you may write on the same topic for a second, third, or fourth time; regardless, your writing should reflect new approaches and insights into that topic to demonstrate intellectual growth.
• Your writing submitted for previous Walden courses will show up in the Turnitin Similarity Report when reused. Contact your faculty if you plan to reuse your work to avoid concerns about possible plagiarism. Additionally, you could cite your unpublished writing (see How to Cite Your Unpublished Work below).
• Your faculty for your current course can guide you about whether reusing your previous writing seems appropriate for a particular assignment or writing task.

Walden University’s Policy on Reusing Work

The following comes from the Walden Student Code of Conduct :

Walden Students’ Use of Their Own Scholarly Work

• Students may reuse their work without an expectation that previously awarded grades or credit will attach to the new assignment. Any work previously published by the student must be appropriately cited if reused. 
• Field Experience Exception: Any assignments or documentation submitted related to field experience (work, hours, client or patient logs, etc) must be new, current, accurate, and relate to clients or patients seen during the term and in direct reference to the assignment.

How to Cite Your Unpublished Work

Although not required in the policy above, in rare instances, you may need to or want to cite your unpublished Walden coursework.

If you cite or quote your previous work, treat yourself as the author and your own written document as the source. For example, if Marie Briggs wanted to cite a paper she wrote at Walden in 2022, her citation might look like this:

Briggs (2022) asserted that previous literature on the psychology of tightrope walkers was faulty in that it "presumed that risk-taking behaviors align neatly with certain personality traits or disorders" (p. 4).

And in the reference list:

Briggs, M. (2022). An analysis of personality theory [Unpublished manuscript]. Walden University.

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• The Northwest Passage, or Why You Should Cite Yourself Only Sparingly (blog post)
• To Cite Yourself or Not Cite Yourself (blog post)

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Table of Contents

Ai, ethics & human agency, collaboration, information literacy, writing process, inserting or altering words in a direct quotation.

• CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 by Nancy Lewis

What punctuation should be used when words are inserted or altered in a direct quotation?

When writers insert or alter words in a direct quotation, square brackets—[ ]—are placed around the change. The brackets, always used in pairs, enclose words intended to clarify meaning, provide a brief explanation, or to help integrate the quote into the writer’s sentence.  A common error writers make is to use parentheses in place of brackets.

How are square brackets used around clarifying or explanatory words?

Let’s look at an example:

Quotation with brackets used correctly around a clarifying word:

“It [driving] imposes a heavy procedural workload on cognition that . . . leaves little processing capacity available for other tasks” (Salvucci and Taatgen 107). [1]

Note : Brackets are placed around the inserted word in this example to let the reader know that ‘driving’ clarifies the meaning of the pronoun ‘it.’

Quotation with parentheses incorrectly used in place of brackets:

“It (driving) imposes a heavy procedural workload on cognition that . . . leaves little processing capacity available for other tasks” (Salvucci and Taatgen 107).

Note : Parentheses are used incorrectly in place of brackets in this example, making the inserted word look like it could be part of the original text.

Let’s look at another example:

Quotation with brackets used correctly around an explanatory insert:

“[D]riving is not as automatic as one might think; in fact, it imposes a heavy procedural workload [visual and motor demands] on cognition that . . . leaves little processing capacity available for other tasks” (Salvucci and Taatgen 107).

Note : Brackets are placed around the inserted words in this example to provide further explanation of the “procedural workload” discussed in the original text.

“[D]riving is not as automatic as one might think; in fact, it imposes a heavy procedural workload (visual and motor demands) on cognition that . . . leaves little processing capacity available for other tasks” (Salvucci and Taatgen 107).

Note : Parentheses are used incorrectly in place of brackets in this example, making the inserted words look like they are part of the original text.

How are square brackets used to help integrate a quote properly?

Original direct quotation beginning with an upper case letter:

“The heavy cognitive workload of driving suggests that any secondary task has the potential to affect driver behavior” (Salvucci and Taatgen 108).

Integrated quotation with brackets used correctly to indicate a change in letter case:

Salvucci and Taatgen propose that “[t]he heavy cognitive workload of driving suggests that any secondary task has the potential to affect driver behavior” (108).

Note : Brackets are placed around the lower-case letter ‘t’ to indicate that the letter case has been changed. The quotation is introduced by a signal phrase, which makes the quote an integral part of the writer’s sentence; as a result of this syntactical change, the upper case ‘T’ in the original is changed to a lower case letter.

Original direct quotation written in the past tense:

“Not coincidentally, drivers have been increasingly engaging in secondary tasks while driving” (Salvucci and Taatgen 68).

Note : The authors’ words appear in the past tense in the original text.

Quotation with brackets used correctly to indicate a change in verb tense:

“Not coincidentally, drivers [are] increasingly engaging in secondary tasks while driving” (Salvucci and Taatgen 68).

Note : Brackets are placed around the word ‘are’ to indicate that the verb has been changed to the present tense, which is the preferred tense for most writing in MLA style. The past tense is preferred for APA style writing. 

A word of caution : Bracketed insertions may not be used to alter or add to the quotation in a way that inaccurately or unfairly represents the original text. Quite simply, do not use bracketed material in a way that twists the author’s meaning.

Bracket Use: Quick Summary

[1] Salvucci, Dario D., and Niels A. Taatgen. Multitasking Minds . Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) . Web. 20 Feb. 2012.

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NPR defends its journalism after senior editor says it has lost the public's trust

David Folkenflik

NPR is defending its journalism and integrity after a senior editor wrote an essay accusing it of losing the public's trust. Saul Loeb/AFP via Getty Images hide caption

NPR is defending its journalism and integrity after a senior editor wrote an essay accusing it of losing the public's trust.

NPR's top news executive defended its journalism and its commitment to reflecting a diverse array of views on Tuesday after a senior NPR editor wrote a broad critique of how the network has covered some of the most important stories of the age.

"An open-minded spirit no longer exists within NPR, and now, predictably, we don't have an audience that reflects America," writes Uri Berliner.

A strategic emphasis on diversity and inclusion on the basis of race, ethnicity and sexual orientation, promoted by NPR's former CEO, John Lansing, has fed "the absence of viewpoint diversity," Berliner writes.

NPR's chief news executive, Edith Chapin, wrote in a memo to staff Tuesday afternoon that she and the news leadership team strongly reject Berliner's assessment.

"We're proud to stand behind the exceptional work that our desks and shows do to cover a wide range of challenging stories," she wrote. "We believe that inclusion — among our staff, with our sourcing, and in our overall coverage — is critical to telling the nuanced stories of this country and our world."

NPR names tech executive Katherine Maher to lead in turbulent era

She added, "None of our work is above scrutiny or critique. We must have vigorous discussions in the newsroom about how we serve the public as a whole."

A spokesperson for NPR said Chapin, who also serves as the network's chief content officer, would have no further comment.

Praised by NPR's critics

Berliner is a senior editor on NPR's Business Desk. (Disclosure: I, too, am part of the Business Desk, and Berliner has edited many of my past stories. He did not see any version of this article or participate in its preparation before it was posted publicly.)

Berliner's essay , titled "I've Been at NPR for 25 years. Here's How We Lost America's Trust," was published by The Free Press, a website that has welcomed journalists who have concluded that mainstream news outlets have become reflexively liberal.

Berliner writes that as a Subaru-driving, Sarah Lawrence College graduate who "was raised by a lesbian peace activist mother ," he fits the mold of a loyal NPR fan.

Yet Berliner says NPR's news coverage has fallen short on some of the most controversial stories of recent years, from the question of whether former President Donald Trump colluded with Russia in the 2016 election, to the origins of the virus that causes COVID-19, to the significance and provenance of emails leaked from a laptop owned by Hunter Biden weeks before the 2020 election. In addition, he blasted NPR's coverage of the Israel-Hamas conflict.

On each of these stories, Berliner asserts, NPR has suffered from groupthink due to too little diversity of viewpoints in the newsroom.

The essay ricocheted Tuesday around conservative media , with some labeling Berliner a whistleblower . Others picked it up on social media, including Elon Musk, who has lambasted NPR for leaving his social media site, X. (Musk emailed another NPR reporter a link to Berliner's article with a gibe that the reporter was a "quisling" — a World War II reference to someone who collaborates with the enemy.)

When asked for further comment late Tuesday, Berliner declined, saying the essay spoke for itself.

The arguments he raises — and counters — have percolated across U.S. newsrooms in recent years. The #MeToo sexual harassment scandals of 2016 and 2017 forced newsrooms to listen to and heed more junior colleagues. The social justice movement prompted by the killing of George Floyd in 2020 inspired a reckoning in many places. Newsroom leaders often appeared to stand on shaky ground.

Leaders at many newsrooms, including top editors at The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times , lost their jobs. Legendary Washington Post Executive Editor Martin Baron wrote in his memoir that he feared his bonds with the staff were "frayed beyond repair," especially over the degree of self-expression his journalists expected to exert on social media, before he decided to step down in early 2021.

Since then, Baron and others — including leaders of some of these newsrooms — have suggested that the pendulum has swung too far.

Author Interviews

Legendary editor marty baron describes his 'collision of power' with trump and bezos.

New York Times publisher A.G. Sulzberger warned last year against journalists embracing a stance of what he calls "one-side-ism": "where journalists are demonstrating that they're on the side of the righteous."

"I really think that that can create blind spots and echo chambers," he said.

Internal arguments at The Times over the strength of its reporting on accusations that Hamas engaged in sexual assaults as part of a strategy for its Oct. 7 attack on Israel erupted publicly . The paper conducted an investigation to determine the source of a leak over a planned episode of the paper's podcast The Daily on the subject, which months later has not been released. The newsroom guild accused the paper of "targeted interrogation" of journalists of Middle Eastern descent.

Heated pushback in NPR's newsroom

Given Berliner's account of private conversations, several NPR journalists question whether they can now trust him with unguarded assessments about stories in real time. Others express frustration that he had not sought out comment in advance of publication. Berliner acknowledged to me that for this story, he did not seek NPR's approval to publish the piece, nor did he give the network advance notice.

Some of Berliner's NPR colleagues are responding heatedly. Fernando Alfonso, a senior supervising editor for digital news, wrote that he wholeheartedly rejected Berliner's critique of the coverage of the Israel-Hamas conflict, for which NPR's journalists, like their peers, periodically put themselves at risk.

Alfonso also took issue with Berliner's concern over the focus on diversity at NPR.

"As a person of color who has often worked in newsrooms with little to no people who look like me, the efforts NPR has made to diversify its workforce and its sources are unique and appropriate given the news industry's long-standing lack of diversity," Alfonso says. "These efforts should be celebrated and not denigrated as Uri has done."

After this story was first published, Berliner contested Alfonso's characterization, saying his criticism of NPR is about the lack of diversity of viewpoints, not its diversity itself.

"I never criticized NPR's priority of achieving a more diverse workforce in terms of race, ethnicity and sexual orientation. I have not 'denigrated' NPR's newsroom diversity goals," Berliner said. "That's wrong."

Questions of diversity

Under former CEO John Lansing, NPR made increasing diversity, both of its staff and its audience, its "North Star" mission. Berliner says in the essay that NPR failed to consider broader diversity of viewpoint, noting, "In D.C., where NPR is headquartered and many of us live, I found 87 registered Democrats working in editorial positions and zero Republicans."

Berliner cited audience estimates that suggested a concurrent falloff in listening by Republicans. (The number of people listening to NPR broadcasts and terrestrial radio broadly has declined since the start of the pandemic.)

Former NPR vice president for news and ombudsman Jeffrey Dvorkin tweeted , "I know Uri. He's not wrong."

Others questioned Berliner's logic. "This probably gets causality somewhat backward," tweeted Semafor Washington editor Jordan Weissmann . "I'd guess that a lot of NPR listeners who voted for [Mitt] Romney have changed how they identify politically."

Similarly, Nieman Lab founder Joshua Benton suggested the rise of Trump alienated many NPR-appreciating Republicans from the GOP.

In recent years, NPR has greatly enhanced the percentage of people of color in its workforce and its executive ranks. Four out of 10 staffers are people of color; nearly half of NPR's leadership team identifies as Black, Asian or Latino.

"The philosophy is: Do you want to serve all of America and make sure it sounds like all of America, or not?" Lansing, who stepped down last month, says in response to Berliner's piece. "I'd welcome the argument against that."

"On radio, we were really lagging in our representation of an audience that makes us look like what America looks like today," Lansing says. The U.S. looks and sounds a lot different than it did in 1971, when NPR's first show was broadcast, Lansing says.

A network spokesperson says new NPR CEO Katherine Maher supports Chapin and her response to Berliner's critique.

The spokesperson says that Maher "believes that it's a healthy thing for a public service newsroom to engage in rigorous consideration of the needs of our audiences, including where we serve our mission well and where we can serve it better."

Disclosure: This story was reported and written by NPR Media Correspondent David Folkenflik and edited by Deputy Business Editor Emily Kopp and Managing Editor Gerry Holmes. Under NPR's protocol for reporting on itself, no NPR corporate official or news executive reviewed this story before it was posted publicly.