essay about summer in south africa

Unlock The Magic Of A South African Summer – An English Essay

A South African summer is a magical time. The days are long and lazy, the weather is warm and sunny, and the evenings are cool and perfect for spending time with family and friends.

One of the best things about summer is the food. Fresh fruit and vegetables are in abundance, and there are so many delicious recipes to try. From salads and BBQs to braais and potjies, there is something for everyone. And of course, no South African summer is complete without a few cold beers or glasses of wine.

So, if you’re looking for a summer that is

The Magic Of A South African Summer English Essay

The magic of a South African summer is something that cannot be put into words. From the beauty of the bushveld to the rolling hills of the Cape Winelands, the country is a stunning visual feast of natural beauty. The warmth of the sun, the sound of the birds singing, and the sound of the ocean crashing against the shore all combine to make a truly mesmerizing experience. During the summer months, the days are long and the nights are filled with stars, making it the perfect time to relax and watch the sunset over the horizon. The vibrant colors of the flora and fauna, the lush green grass, and the abundance of wildlife are a reminder of the joys of living in one of the most unique places on earth. A South African summer is a special time of the year, and one that will be treasured for a lifetime.

The Culture: Discussion of the culture and traditions that define the South African summer.

The summertime in South Africa is a season of vibrant culture and tradition. It’s a time of joyous celebration, of feasting and family reunions, and of revelling in the beauty of the African continent. From the rolling hills of the Kruger National Park to the bustling streets of Johannesburg, South Africa’s summertime is full of unique cultural experiences and traditions that make it truly magical.

The celebration of the summertime in South Africa starts with the Zulu Reed Dance Festival. This traditional ceremony is held each year in August, when thousands of Zulu women aged 16 and above come together to perform traditional dances and songs in honour of the Zulu King. It’s a time of reverence, celebration and unity, with the festival taking place in the heat of the summer sun.

Another unique feature of the South African summertime is the Umhlanga or Reed Dance Ceremony. This is performed each year in August by the Zulu people, who come together from far and wide to celebrate the new harvest and the coming of the new year. The women of the tribe wear traditional clothing and carry reeds to perform traditional dances and songs in honour of the Zulu King. The festival is a vibrant display of South African culture and tradition, with the whole event coming alive with the sound of singing, music and laughter.

Finally, no South African summertime would be complete without a visit to the beach. South Africa has some of the most beautiful beaches in the world , and they offer a great opportunity to relax and have fun. Whether it’s beach cricket, surfing, or simply soaking up the sun, the South African coastline offers a wealth of activities to enjoy during the summer months.

The Wildlife: Description of the vast and diverse wildlife that is native to South Africa.

Ah, the magical and captivating beauty of a South African summer! With its lush landscapes, diverse wildlife, and endless sunshine, it’s no wonder that so many people flock to the rainbow nation to experience the joys of life in the southern hemisphere. From the stunning beauty of the Cape Floral Kingdom to the vastness of the Kalahari Desert, South Africa is an absolute haven for nature lovers.

The wildlife of South Africa is one of the country’s most treasured natural resources. With its unique biodiversity, South Africa is home to a wide variety of wildlife species – from the big five (lion, leopard, rhino, elephant, and buffalo) to the smallest of birds and insects. The big cats of South Africa , such as lions and cheetahs, are some of the most iconic and beloved of these creatures, as well as the majestic African elephants that roam the grasslands and savannahs.

South Africa is also home to some of the most distinct and diverse bird species in the world. From the brightly coloured Lilac-breasted Roller to the soaring Fish Eagle, there is something to delight bird watchers of all ages. And if you’re looking for something a little different, then why not take a trip to the coast and explore the many species of seabirds, such as gannets, albatross, and cormorants.

Whether you’re looking to explore the wildlife of South Africa on land or in the sea, the country offers a wealth of experiences for the intrepid explorer. From the majestic wildlife of Kruger National Park to the stunning beauty of the Cape Town coastline , South Africa is an absolute must-visit destination for anyone looking to experience the magic of a South African summer.

The Landscape: Explanation of the stunning landscapes and sceneries South Africa has to offer.

Ah, the magical beauty of a South African summer! From the stunning mountain peaks of the Drakensberg to the rolling hills of the Eastern Cape, South Africa offers a wealth of breathtaking landscapes and sceneries that never cease to amaze. From the majestic Karoo to the lush beauty of the Garden Route, South Africa is a land of incredible diversity.

The Drakensberg Mountains, also known as the ‘Mountains of the Dragon’, are a spectacular sight. With soaring peaks, deep valleys, and stunning waterfalls, the Drakensberg is a hiker’s paradise. On a clear day, the views from the top are simply breathtaking.

The Eastern Cape is a stunning province with rolling hills, wooded valleys, and pristine beaches. Here, one can explore the rugged coastline and sandy beaches, or take a leisurely drive through the rolling hills. The Eastern Cape is a great place to experience the beauty of South Africa’s diverse wildlife .

The Karoo is a vast semi-desert region of South Africa . With its rugged terrain and sparse vegetation, the Karoo is an exotic landscape that is unmatched in its beauty and tranquility. The Karoo is home to a wide variety of plant and animal life, making it a haven for nature lovers.

The Garden Route is a lush coastal strip along the south-western coast of South Africa . Perfect for a road trip , the Garden Route is dotted with stunning vistas and unspoiled beaches. With its picturesque villages and scenery, the Garden Route is a great place to explore and relax.

South Africa is home to a wealth of stunning landscapes and sceneries. From the majestic Drakensberg Mountains to the lush beauty of the Garden Route, South Africa is a land of breathtaking beauty . Whether you are looking for an adventure or simply a tranquil escape, South Africa has something to offer everyone. So, why not come and experience the magic of a South African summer for yourself?

The Magic Of A South African Summer is a wonderful experience that everyone should experience at least once in their lifetime. The warm, sunny weather, the stunning scenery , and the friendly people make this a great place to visit. The only downside is that it is a bit hot and humid, but that is a small price to pay for the wonderful experience that is a South African summer.

Austin Finnan

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10 Reasons Why You Should Visit South Africa this Summer

Visit South Africa this Summer ~ South Africa hots up between October and February.

On the highveld the heat of summer South Africa comes alive with afternoon thunderstorms that leave the earth rank with a smell uniquely African.

By contrast, down in the Western Cape summer is when it’s least likely to rain, when the Winelands are at their best , and when the Atlantic is at its warmest because the heat of the sun and sand have left you gasping.

On the lowveld it’s when most antelope species have their babies, when the bushveld is at its most lush and when afternoon siestas are a necessity to counteract the soaring temperatures.

But these are not the only reasons why you visit South Africa this Summer.

Here are 10 reasons to visit South Africa this summer …

The slopes of table mountain.

Early light in Cape Town means you can find yourself climbing to the top of Table Mountain as early as 5 am, when the day is still, and the clouds less likely to converge on the table in an effortless tablecloth.

The long summer days are practically European in nature in Cape Town, but you’ll want to make the top long before the sun heats up as it can become scorching, and the climb is tough for those who aren’t regular hikers.

There are many routes to the top. The fastest, but most steep, is Plattekloof Gorge. Go with a guide.

Summer Music Festivals

Summer South Africa is the time to be out of doors and its music festivals are a highlight, although some of them fall just outside of official summer. We list the best three:

Rocking the Daisies – usually in early October, Rocking the Daisies is a three-day multi-sensory experience named after the flowers of the Namaqualand.

Held just outside the little town of Darling (about an hour’s drive from Cape Town) the festival offers a diverse line-up of entertainment to kickstart summer.

Up the Creek Music Festival – live music comes with comedy and riverside fun on the banks of the Breede River in February every year – 4 days, 50+ bands, one lilo! Get together and celebrate summer with another 3 000 people just outside Swellendam .

Ultra Music Festival is an annual outdoor electronic music festival event (named after Depeche Mode’s album, Ultra ) that happens in Cape Town either at the Cape Town Stadium or The Ostrich Ranch, and Johannesburg at the Nasrec Expo centre (the original was in Miami, Florida and there are others just like it around the world) in early March.

The Lighthouse route

There’s no official lighthouse route but summer is the best time of year to visit these 10 lighthouses on more treacherous parts of the coastline between Paternoster , on the West Coast, and Durban on South Africa’s east coast.

It includes lighthouses at Port Edward, Port Alfred , Port Elizabeth and Gansbaai.

Rock Climbing in the Craggy Cederberg

Another fabulous reason to Visit South Africa this Summer is the Cederberg . It’s quite usual to see hardened rock climbers, their odd mattresses on their backs, heading from the car park just inside the Cederberg Wilderness, less than three hours from the traffic jams of Cape Town.

The Cederberg, most notable for its rooibos tea production, is now considered of the world’s top 10 destinations for bouldering (no ropes or mattresses and fairly close to the ground).

Rocklands is a 20 square kilometre area full of boulders and rocks perfect for the sport. And climbers stay on farms, campsites and in guest houses close by.

Surfing off the coast of the Eastern Cape

With names similar only for their use of the word ‘bay’ – Stillbay Victoria Bay, Jeffreys Bay and Cape St Francis – the Eastern Cape’s warm waters, balmy summer South Africa days make for superb surfing.

If you include the Wild Coast – Haga Haga , Morgan’s Bay and Mdumbe (which, according to some, rivals JBay) then you can spend weeks driving and surfing in these parts.

The old-growth forests of the Garden Route

The Garden Route with its sumptuous vegetation wins hands down when it comes to natural beauty in summer South Africa.

The combination of the Outeniqua and Tsitsikamma indigenous forests with their unique blend of Cape Fynbos and Temperate Forest are awash with hiking trails and routes.

A perfect reason to Visit South Africa this Summer.

Overnight hikes in the caves of the Drakensberg

The Drakensberg is a huge expanse of mountain roughly three hours northwest of Durban. It’s so vast that it’s divided into two main parts – the Midlands and the high Drakensberg.

It’s not only incredibly beautiful, but it’s also best explored on foot down the craggy ravines and up the soaring peaks.

Multi-day hikes are best and you will sleep either in a cave or in a hiking tent on a mountain. The caves are great for shelter and incredible views.

You can plan your own hike (book accommodation here ), join a hiking club or hire a guide.

Viewing loggerhead & leatherback turtles

Between November and March the loggerhead and leatherback turtles come to South Africa’s northeast shores in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park .

The perfect reason to Visit South Africa this Summer – Hatchlings emerge roughly 70 days later and these you can see too, if you plan your trip around summer.

Tours at iSimangaliso (nov to mar), hatchlings emerge after 70 days (jan to mar).

Driving two of the world’s most dramatic coastal roads

Chapman’s Peak links Cape Town’s Hout Bay to Noordhoek on the Atlantic Ocean. Only 9 km in length its effortlessly undulating curves and bends make it one of the most picturesque drives in the world.

Clarence Drive or Route 44 is yet another spectacular coastal road linking Gordons Bay with Betty’s Bay, an easy day’s drive linking nature reserves, seaside towns, a botanical garden and hiking trails.

Migrant birds

Over one hundred bird species head to South Africa during summer , flying routes across the world that cause one only to marvel at how such tiny creatures can navigate such journeys, sometimes from as far away as the Arctic Circle.

In summer South Africa not only does the list of migrants far exceed expectations, but the breeding plumage of some of the birds just adds to the delight.

There is no one best place for birds. The country is full of nature reserves and areas that best provide viewing, and we can recommend Kruger National Park , iSimangaliso Wetland Park, and Nylsvley Nature Reserve .

Explore South Africa More

• South Africa Attractions
• Things to Do in South Africa

Visit South Africa this Summer …

Further Reading...

A Visit to Birds of Eden in Plettenberg Bay

The Heath in Plettenberg Bay

A Visit to Mossel Bay

Best places to stay on the south coast, south africa’s all-year-round beach destination, escape to these quiet places in south africa, sa-venues.com.

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Why We Love South African Summer: January in Cape Town From England to Cape Town

Monica Lewis 6 years ago in News

I know you don’t need an excuse to plan a surf trip this winter to escape the UK, but if you’re looking for one, here are 10 reasons to take advantage of the South African Summer…

1. The Weather

Let’s start in true British fashion and talk about the weather. The days are getting shorter, it’s time to say goodbye to fresh autumnal days and unwillingly welcome cold, windy winter. But this doesn’t have to be your routine for the next 4 months. Why not swap things up and chase the endless summer (even if it’s just for a bit)? South African summer runs from November-February, so expect beautifully hot, dry, sunny days. With average highs of 29° it’s too tempting to resist.

Let’s be honest, the waves are what we’re all here for. Due to Cape Town’s unique peninsula, throughout the South African Summer months, south easterly winds create amazing offshore conditions in the crystal blue waters of the Atlantic Coast. Then jump over to False Bay and you’ve got a whole new playground in the Indian Ocean. On the Cape Peninsula alone there are over 30 surf spots and waves for all abilities so everyone can get involved! Check out Wavescape for conditions.

3. Food and Drink

Everyone knows that when you’re on holiday you can eat whatever you like and it doesn’t count. South Africa takes eating and drinking to a whole new level, and for very reasonable prices. Famous for their Braai, a bit like a BBQ but better, you’ll have to experience to understand. Pair this with wine tasting in one of Cape Town’s many vineyards or a beer in the hot sun and you’ve got yourself the perfect evening. Make sure you get yourself to Noordhoek winery for a sundowner on a Thursday. You can thank me later.

4. Wildlife

You have traditional African animals on your doorstep and some unconventional ones too. Head Northeast for two hours and you’ll discover Aquila Private Game Reserve . These 10,000 hectares are home to the Big Five – Rhinos, Elephants, Lions, Leopards and Buffalo which were previously on the brink of extinction due to game hunters. Head to Aquila for a day trip or stay overnight for a whole new experience. Don’t miss the chance to see Zebras at the Cape of Good Hope as well. Now onto the unconventional African dweller, the penguin. Join the party at Boulders Beach and prepare to melt from their cuteness but never really shift the confusion of penguins in Africa.

As previously mentioned, the Cape of Good Hope is a great place to see Zebras, but even without this exotic animal it’s definitely worth going for the incredible views. Hiking up table mountain will take you a good 2 hours but you’ll be blown away by the beauty once you reach the top. Besides, you’ll be so surf-fit that that’s basically a walk in the park. Although, if you’re looking for a more cruisey walk and a beer whilst watching the sunset then head to Lion’s head for a spectacle.

It’s time to chill out again whilst watching some local sport and January is cricket season. At this point you’re either really excited or really not, there’s not really a middle ground when it comes to cricket. If it’s the latter then Newlands cricket ground might just change your mind. Imagine lazy days at a unique stadium with a mountain backdrop supporting the South African cricket team, the Proteas, it’s lush.

Photo credit: Sport 360

If sport isn’t your thing then check out the music scene. It’s not the first thing you think of but Cape Town is a buzzing city with a fix for every genre. From pop to rock, jazz to acoustic. There’s even the opportunity for an open mic night if you fancy it. Our favourite thing to do on a Sunday is head to the Kirstenbosch National Botanical gardens for a Sunday evening session. Set out a picnic in the shade of Table Mountain and enjoy. You’ll wish every day is a summer Sunday in South Africa.

For more music information check out Cape Town tourism

Photo credit: www.capetownetc.com

8. Community Projects

You’re imagining endless fun at this point, so why not give back to the community and share the love? Cape Town is home to some great charities and community projects that you won’t have to look hard to find something that interests you. Whether it’s building, education or teaching surfing, it’s covered. Check out Waves for Change for an insight into just one of the charities working to help the community in Cape Town.

“W4C provides a child-friendly mental health service to at-risk youth living in unstable communities. Through access to safe spaces, caring mentors, and a provision of weekly Surf Therapy sessions, W4C gives children skills to cope with stress, regulate behaviour, build healing relationships, and make positive life choices.”

We’ve skipped ahead a bit though. It’s obvious now that Cape Town has so much to offer, but you also need to get there first. This is where it all gets a little bit sweeter with flight prices. Normally a stress and big expense of your trip, but the beauty of Cape Town is that you can fly there direct from Heathrow or Gatwick in under 12 hours. No longer do you have to sit in an airport on a long layover trying not to look at the food you just can’t afford. Let’s double up on the good news too, it won’t cost you an arm and a leg. It’s cheaper than Indo and there are constant deals too. Check out Jack’s Flight Club – they love a good South Africa flight deal almost as much as we do!

10. The Potential for a Road Trip

You’ve made it here, you’ve experienced the epic lifestyle of Cape Town and your wanderlust cannot be contained. This amazing South African city is the perfect gateway to an epic road trip. Why not join us on an immense 10 week road trip travelling 1000 miles along the coast to Durban, exploring places you couldn’t even dream of and surfing world class surf spots such as Jeffreys Bay. You can even pass your surf instructor and lifeguard training along the way, setting you up for the ‘real world’ of work when you return – but it can hardly be classed as work when it’s living the dream.

How could we not love Cape Town?

Comment with your number one reason why you’d go to Cape Town!

If this sounds like your ideal winter destination then check out our Cape Town Surf Camp and please don’t hesitate to get in touch.

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Top reasons to visit south africa this summer.

Coastline for Days

When summer begins knocking in Southern Africa, the only place to find yourself is seaside. South Africa boasts some of the most spectacular coastline; spanning up the rugged west coast into Cape Town’s breathtaking peninsula through the Garden Route’s lush coastline with the towns of George, Knysna, Pletttenberg Bay and Tsitskikamma. Before you hit the Eastern Cape’s rural Wild Coast with its turquoise huts on hills and deserted beaches sporting cattle and Durban’s vibrant beaches and Northern Kwa-Zulu Natal’s diving havens.

There is a reason Cape Town is continuously voted the World’s Most Beautiful City. All you need to do is take a coastal drive along Chapman’s Peak with its 32 bends with nothing but ocean, mountains, and curves for days. Sunset picnics and coastal drives along Chapman’s Peak are a must. As is a tour of the peninsula where you hug every inch of the coastline and make your way to Cape Point Nature Reserve and behold the South Western most tip of Africa.

From the West Coast down to the Cape Peninsula, through the Garden Route and all the way to the Wild Coast and Durban, you’ll never be too far from breathtaking coastline.

Storytelling through Street Art on the city’s canvas

Take a sip of the city’s soul trials and triumphs by taking in the street art adorning the city’s canvas. In Maboneng, skate, cycle or walk your way past art studios, murals, markets, galleries and street art. Read more about our City Tours on foot on Lonely Planet here .

Get a taster of Johannesburg Street Art Scene :

Mountains and Trails to Trek

Sometimes we all just need to take a hike! Depending on your fitness level and experience you can embark on a half-day or full day hike in the Drakensberg , coastal trails along the Wild Coast or up the renowned Table Mountain. When things start heating up in South Africa’s summer, it’s always best to head up the mountains first thing in the morning or at sunset.

We love the coastal trails between the Wild Coast’s Hole in the Wall and Coffee Bay, the Tugela Falls and Sentinel Peak Drakensberg Hikes, Magaliesberg mountain adventures and Cape Town’s Lion’s Head, Platteklip Gorge and Constantia Nek. 

When it comes to mountain safety, always head up in a group, ensure you have enough snacks and water for the return trip and pack a warm jacket as Cape Town’s weather is highly unpredictable. 

Join CURIOCITY Cape Town’s Sunrise/Sunset Hikes or a contemplative hike from FARMHOUSE in Cradle of Humankind with Epic Hikes, Enquire here . 

South Africans

Sure we have incredible natural beauty but the real wealth of this nation lies in our people. With 11 official languages (Xhosa, Zulu, Ndbele, Tswana, English, Afrikaans to name a few), multiple cultures and races ranging from Black, White, Coloured, Indian and more, you’ll be visiting a country filled diverse tribes and people groups each with their own stories to tell, cuisine to share and colours of their cities to show you. We’re a warm and hospitable nation and strive to show visitors the very heart of who we are and we so look forward to welcoming you.

If there’s a place in South Africa where you can fully immerse in the beat of the city, it’s Maboneng in Johannesburg. Check into CURIOCITY Johannesburg and join in on the in-house games evenings, braai and dj evenings or sign-up for a city art tour, Soweto tour and explore the city on foot, on a bike or skateboard.

To book an immersive exploration in Maboneng or Johannesburg, email us here.

Beaches for everyone.

Longing to dip more than your toes in the ocean? Take your pick from the beaches on option for you to enjoy along South African’s coastline. Go snorkeling or diving in Rocktail Bay or Sodwana Bay, hire a surfboard and hits the waves alone (or with an instructor in Durban or Cape Town’s Muizenberg beach, Jeffrey’s Bay Main Beach or in Coffee Bay). 

Go kayaking in the quiet of the morning in Seapoint, Cape Town or along the West Coast’s Paternoster or try your hand at bodyboarding at the iconic Victoria Bay, George.

Enjoy daily dips at any one of Cape Town’s tidal pools from Camps Bay to the False Peninsula’s St James Beach, Dalebrook where you can ocean without the waves. And kids can further investigate the rockpools.

Our African is sun tends to catch new visitors unawares so remember to always protect your skin with sunblock and a hat. And try stay out of the sun during the hours of 11am-3pm.

Drink to that

South Africa, particularly the Western Cape Province boasts some of the best wine regions and fruits of the harvest in the world. From the Constantia Winelands right in the heart of Cape Town, to the iconic wine regions like Franschhoek, Stellenbosch, Paarl, there’s a wine for every tastebud. Craft beers, artisan gins and coffee roasteries have also all gained popularity over the last few years and can be enjoyed throughout the country especially in the main cities of Cape Town, Johannesburg and Durban.

Try a gin-making experience at the Radisson Red in Cape Town, a truly unique coffee experience at Truth Coffee and whisky tasting along with a gourmet 3-course meal (booking only) at Fox Street Studios in Maboneng and craft beer at Mad Giant in Blairgowrie.

Wellbeing while Travelling

When travelling to South Africa, there’s no need to forsake your dietary requirements or your well-being practices. Whether you’re vegan, vegetarian, banting or on the organic-only train, we’ve got you. 

CURIOCITY Cape Town hosts regular vegan pop-up dinners, weekly yoga classes in the park, beside the ocean or indoors as well as mindful creative walks for you to be present in your surroundings with a journal in hand. 

F ARMHOUSE in the Cradle of Humankind is designed and created with harmony and balance of body, mind and soul. With mindful hikes, breathwork sessions beside the waterfall and yoga and sound bathing on offer, this is the ideal space to unplug and rejuvenate.

To enquire about any of CURIOCITY’s Experiences or Stays in Cape Town, Johannesburg or the Cradle of Humankind, email [email protected]

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5 Reasons to Travel South Africa this Winter with CURIOCITY

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Afristay Blog

Top 4 reasons to visit South Africa during summer

South Africa, ever a tourist destination of note, provides one with a true African experience, with its melting pot of dynamic and diverse cultures and traditions to discover, uniquely individual cities and a landscape, wildlife and biosphere second to none.

And although it makes for pleasant and exciting travelling all year round, there’s no question that a South African summer is a glorious thing… Here are some of the top reasons this beautiful country during summertime:

1. Beach Beauties

South Africa has some of the best beaches in the world and although Cape Town and Durban in particular are famed for their beaches, the Eastern Cape and Garden Route regions have some glorious offerings too.

If you want to soak up the sun, try Durban’s South and North Beaches; Cape Town’s delightful Camps Bay, Clifton, Boulders and Llandudno beaches and Elandsbay in the West Coast; Port Elizabeth’s Hobie Beach; Jeffreys Bay’s Dolphin and Paradise Beaches; East London’s Gonubie Beach or the Garden Route’s Victoria Bay, Buffels Bay and Mossel Bay.

And of course, whether you find yourself encountering the Atlantic or Indian Ocean, sunny SA, with its oceans of contrast, is known for its surf and, although surfers brave the waters – even of the icy Atlantic, year-round – summer is the best time to catch a wave.

Surf at Durban’s Dairy beach, New Pier or Cave Rock at the Bluff; Cape Town’s Muizenberg, Kommetjie (Long Beach or the Kom) or if you’re brave enough, the Dungeons of Hout Bay (these produce some of the biggest waves on the African coastline) – or perhaps Jeffreys Bay (or J-Bay, as it’s fondly called) for some super tubing.

2.Game on… in the South African bushveld

Like many African countries, South Africa offers some of the world’s best game watching, with its wealth of long-standing and wonderfully well-loved game reserves, national parks and protected areas, dedicated to wildlife conservation, protection and appreciation.

Of course, everyone will tell you to head to the Kruger National Park – but please don’t forget about some of SA’s other wonderful game reserves.

KwaZulu Natal and the Eastern and Western Capes also have several top game reserves and national parks to visit.

South African National Parks (or SanParks) especially offers a wonderful selection of protected, yet public natural spaces, containing a vast number of wild animals, birds and flora to both educate and enchant you, as you discover more about South Africa.

3. Food, glorious food (and wine)

If you are looking for a food experience of note, then South Africa is your place. With so many different cultures and heritage roots, this country is blessed with the best in terms of local cuisine.

Try Durban for its Indian curries and famous bunny chows; Cape Town for its plethora of restaurants and eateries, serving international and local cuisines alike and for its lovely Cape Malay cooking – and of course, wherever you are in SA, you must enjoy a braai (like a barbeque, only better) with locals or tuck into some juicy shisa nyama (meat freshly prepared on an open street fire, often in township areas).

Other local delicacies include boerewors, samosas, rotis, Smileys and Walkie Talkies… see which best tantalises your taste buds and sets your stomach rumbling.

Of course, a trip to South Africa would not be complete without a visit to the Cape Winelands.

Well-known for its fine wine and beautiful wine estates, the Cape is blessed with the best. Wine-producing regions near or in Cape Town famed for their wine estates include: the Constantia Wine Valley, Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, Paarl and even Somerset West.

Further abroad, some two to three hours from Cape Town , small towns, found along South Africa’s iconic Route 62, like Ashton and Robertson are well-known for their wine, while if you head to Montagu, you can enjoy some special Muscadel (or Muscat), which is a red and white grape variety and is usually consumed as a sweet dessert wine.

While you’re visiting these wonderful estates, why not buy some take-home wine, explore a manor house and simply spend a day soaking up the stunning surroundings?

4.Natural beauty like no other

South Africa is a country blessed with some wonderful natural beauty and amazing attractions.

In the Cape, make a point of visiting the famous Table Mountain (a ride up in the cable car is a must but you can also hike up!), Oudtshoorn’s Cango Caves (a labyrinth of beautiful underground caves) and Cape Point, which is one of the most fiercely beautiful places you will encounter anywhere in the world.

In KZN, there’s no doubt that the uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park and the Midlands (reminiscent of England’s green countryside) are everyone’s top picks. But Oribi Gorge (a spectacular gorge home to more than 300 bird species and one of the world’s biggest bungee swings), Zululand and the Valley of a Thousand Hills are all worth exploring too.

For excellent travel deals, see Drakensberg accommodation  on Afristay.

Then, finally, Mpumalanga province is perhaps one of the most beautiful local regions, and is especially blessed with some awe-inspiring natural attractions. Find accommodation in Mpumalanga .

These include: Blyde River Canyon (the world’s largest green canyon), the Lake District (a grouping of majestic lakes, home to some 20,000 flamingos) and last but not least there’s God’s Window, where one is afforded a truly amazing, panoramic view out across the Lowveld, nearby mountains, rivers and the area’s many waterfalls too.

These are just some of the worthy reasons to visit South Africa during summertime although the favourable exchange rate and glorious, hot weather are always major draw cards too. May your travels to South Africa be safe, wonderful and memorable!

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Southern Africa’s summer has been wetter than normal: here’s why

Postdoctoral Fellow Climatology, University of the Free State

Disclosure statement

Sarah Roffe works for the Geography Department at the University of the Free State. She receives funding from the National Research Foundation of South Africa.

University of the Free State provides funding as a partner of The Conversation AFRICA.

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March marks the end of southern Africa’s 2021/2022 summer wet-season . Since its onset in October, most summer rainfall zone regions have experienced wetter than normal conditions.

Wetter conditions are positive for southern Africa’s rainfed agricultural activities and water reservoirs. But excessive rainfall has caused widespread flooding . This is in addition to flooding caused by tropical storm Ana , which made landfall in late January. And there is more to come: flooding will likely occur when tropical cyclone Batsirai – currently affecting the southern Indian Ocean – makes landfall.

These unusually wet conditions are the result of a weak La Niña event since December 2021 . This weather pattern typically brings above-average summer rainfall across southern Africa.

A La Niña event is one of three phases of a climate cycle called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) . The others are the El Niño and Neutral phases. These phases influence global atmospheric circulation and consequently global rainfall and temperature patterns. So the El Niño-Southern Oscillation is one of Earth’s most important climate phenomena.

What causes the La Niña event

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation is a naturally recurring phenomenon in which the ocean and the climate are related to each other. Every two to seven years, there are shifts in the temperature of the surface water of the tropical Pacific Ocean. There are also changes in the region’s east-to-west trade winds.

The Neutral phase, representing “normal” conditions, occurs almost half of the time. Sea surface temperatures are near-average and steady trade winds blow. The trade winds cause warm water to pile up in the western Pacific, while cool waters are drawn up from the bottom of the ocean to the eastern Pacific surface. Warm, moist air rises in the western Pacific, while in the eastern Pacific cool, dry air descends. This cycle of moving air is called the Walker Circulation . It pushes air over the equatorial Indian and Atlantic Oceans – which is one reason why the El Niño-Southern Oscillation makes an impact far away from the equatorial Pacific.

La Niña phases are basically enhanced Neutral phases. Trade winds blow harder, causing an expanded western Pacific warm pool and a more intense eastern and central Pacific cool pool. This causes a stronger sea surface temperature gradient which intensifies Walker Circulation.

El Niño phases are almost the direct opposite of La Niña phases. Trade winds weaken, or even reverse in direction, allowing warm waters to drift to the central and eastern Pacific. This eventually breaks down Walker Circulation.

The degree to which tropical Pacific Ocean waters deviate from average temperature determines the strength of La Niña or El Niño phases. That in turn determines their impact on global climate.

Influence on southern Africa’s weather

El Niño-Southern Oscillation phases have a regionally unique, although generally predictable influence on weather. For instance, while southern African summers typically have more frequent and heavier rainfall during La Niña events, southern USA regions usually experience the opposite conditions.

The current La Niña is the second event in two years. Impacts for this La Niña event are similar to last year, when southern African summer rainfall zone regions experienced a generally wetter and cooler than normal wet-season. This is the typical impact of a La Niña event. El Niño events typically have the opposite effects.

El Niño-Southern Oscillation phases influence the number of typical summer weather systems and where they form. That in turn influences rainfall and temperature patterns. Wetter and cooler conditions occur during La Niña phases because tropical temperate troughs – large rain-producing cloud bands – form more frequently and are located more eastward. Tropical lows – storms similar to very weak tropical cyclones – form more frequently and further south. Conversely, high-pressure systems – which promote hot, dry conditions – have reduced intensity and are located further south. The opposite occurs during El Niño phases.

Future outlook

El Niño-Southern Oscillation forecasts suggest the current weak La Niña should migrate to a Neutral phase during April-June . Southern Africa’s summer rainfall regions will likely continue experiencing wetter than normal conditions and additional flooding might occur.

Farmers, water managers and people generally should closely monitor daily weather forecasts and weather alerts issued by the meteorological bureau’s such as the South African Weather Service .

Looking beyond the current summer wet-season, it’s important to highlight the difference between climate variability and climate change. Southern Africa’s current above-average rainfall is a climate variability signal – a short-term fluctuation in average wet-season conditions. It will not necessarily cause an increase in the long-term wet-season rainfall average. Rather, the outlook under human-induced climate change suggests that southern Africa’s summer wet-seasons will likely become drier and shorter, but individual rainfall events may intensify .

Wet-season drought events may intensify and happen more often . These changes will have implications for long-term crop yield and surface water supply. Adaptation strategies need to account for this. Climate variability signals will, however, induce short-term implications, and to prepare for these seasonal forecasts need to be monitored.

Climate change will also likely have an impact on how El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycles behave and influence global climate. It’s not entirely clear exactly how the cycles will change. Some research suggests that El Niño and La Niña cycles may intensify, causing more intense impacts on global rainfall and temperature. El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycle changes are also expected to intensify current impacts on southern African summer wet-season periods.

• Agriculture
• Climate change
• Weather forecasting
• Extreme weather
• Tropical storms
• Indian Ocean
• Tropical cyclones
• Southern Africa
• El Niño Southern Oscillation

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8.3 Biomes (ESG9X)

In this section learners will focus on summarising the importance of terrestrial and aquatic biomes of Southern Africa. They will study how climate, soil and vegetation influence the organisms found in each. The location of the different biomes in South Africa will also be introduced.

The biosphere is divided up into a number of biomes . Biomes are regions with similar climate and geography. The key factors determining climate are average annual precipitation (rainfall) and temperature. These factors, in turn, depend on the geography of the region, such as the latitude and altitude of the region, and mountainous barriers. The specific conditions of biomes determine the plant and animal life found within them. The communities of plants, animals and soil organisms in a particular biome are collectively referred to as an ecosystem . Biomes can be aquatic or terrestrial .

Aquatic biomes (ESG9Y)

Water covers a major portion of the Earth's surface, so aquatic biomes contain a rich diversity of plants and animals. Aquatic biomes are divided into two main groups depending on the amount of salt present in the water: freshwater and marine biomes.

1. Freshwater

Freshwater biomes are defined by their low salt concentration, which is usually less than \(\text{1}\%\). Examples include: ponds, lakes, streams, rivers and wetlands.

2. Marine biomes

Marine bodies are salty, having approximately 35 grams of dissolved salt per litre of water (\(\text{3,5}\%\)). Marine biomes are divided into oceans, coral reefs and estuaries. The vegetation of the marine biomes consists of the different types of algae, which is one of the major sources of oxygen in the world. Green algae also play a role in the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Oceans : are very large marine bodies that dominate the Earth's surface and hold the largest ecosystems. The open ocean or sea covers nearly three-quarters of the earth's surface and contains a rich diversity of living organisms. Examples of animals in the ocean biome include whales, sharks, octopuses, perlemoen, crabs and crayfish. Figure 8.2 shows a typical ocean ecosystem.

Figure 8.2: Ocean ecosystem.

Coral reefs : are found in the warm, clear, shallow waters of tropical oceans around islands or along continental coastlines. Coral reefs are mostly formed underwater from calcium carbonate produced by living coral. Reefs provide food and shelter for other organisms and protect shorelines from erosion. South Africa has only one coral reef in the subtropical ocean waters north of Lake St. Lucia in northern KwaZulu Natal. Figure 8.3 shows a typical coral reef system.

Figure 8.3: Coral reef.

Estuaries : are partially enclosed areas of fresh water and silt from streams or rivers, which mix with salty ocean water. Estuaries represent a transition from land to sea and from freshwater to saltwater. Estuaries are biologically very productive areas and provide homes for a wide variety of plants, birds and animals. Figure 8.4 shows an example of an estuary system.

Figure 8.4: Knysna Estuary.

Marine biomes of South Africa

South Africa's long coastline stretches for over 3000 kilometres, from Namibia in the West to Mozambique in the East. There are a few key features to note about South Africa's coastline and marine biomes. South Africa's coastline is rugged, as rocky shores are exposed to high wave energy and the coastline generally experiences high wind for most of the year. There are up to 343 estuaries found along the coast, two thirds of which are found on East Coast between Cape Padrone in the Eastern Cape Province and Mtunzini in KwaZulu-Natal. The Eastern coastline receives the highest rainfall, mostly during summer.

South Africa's East Coast has relatively warm waters (20-25 degrees C), the West Coast receives colder Atlantic waters (9-14 degrees C), and the South Coast experiences intermediate water temperatures (16-21 degrees C). The cold Benguela Upwelling System on the South-West coast supports large numbers of marine animals. The warm Agulhas current off the East Coast has a smaller quantity of fish but a greater diversity of species. Abundant opportunities exist for tourism, recreation, food, export and associated economic development.

Terrestrial biomes (ESG9Z)

Terrestrial biomes occur on land and can be of many types. Examples include: thicket, tundra, forest, grassland and desert. Terrestrial biomes are usually classified based on the dominant vegetation, climate or geographic location. The location and characteristics of the various biomes is mostly influenced by climatic conditions such as rainfall and temperature.

South African Biomes (ESGB2)

The most recent classification of the terrestrial biomes in South Africa divides the region into the following eight biomes:

• Succulent Karoo

The biome regions in South Africa are mapped in Figure 8.5 .

Figure 8.5: Biomes of South Africa.

1. Grassland Biome

Location : grasslands are found on the Highveld.

Climate : they typically have summer rainfall of 400 mm to 2000 mm. Winters are cold, and frost can occur.

Soil and geography : in grasslands, the soil is red/yellow/grey or red/black clay. Grassland soil has rich fertile upper layers.

Flora : vegetation is mainly grass, but trees can grow on the hills and along river beds.

Fauna : many types of grass-eating herbivores can be found in this habitat, such as black wildebeest, blesbok and eland. Rodents are also common in grasslands which makes this biome an ideal hunting ground for birds of prey. The diverse plant species also support many plant-eating insects such as butterflies, grasshoppers, crickets and ants.

Figure 8.6: Grasslands are regions where the vegetation is dominated by grasses.

Figure 8.7: Grasslands are regions where the vegetation is dominated by grasses.

Burning of grassland

Compare and analyse the advantages and disadvantages of burning grassland.

Instructions

Using these resources, tabulate the advantages and disadvantages of burning grassland.

• Remember to cite your references correctly.

Activity: Burning of grassland

Below are a couple of advantages and disadvantages related to the burning of grassland. However, learners may also come up with different examples, and as long as they can cite their source, their answers should be accepted.

2. Savannah biome

Location : the Savannah biome is the largest biome in Southern Africa. It is found mainly in the western parts of Limpopo, the northern parts of the Northern Cape and Free State, the North West Province and KwaZulu Natal.

Climate : summers are hot and wet and the winters are cool with little or no rain. Frost occurs in winter.

Soil and geography : the soil consists of red/black clay or red/ yellow/ grey soil and is often sandy.

Flora : this biome is also known as the bushveld, where grasses are mainly found and regular fires prevent the trees from dominating. Herbaceous plants and woody plants can be found in different areas. Plants are able to withstand fire.

Fauna : big game species such as kudu and Springbok, lion, buffalo and elephant are found in the Savannah Biome. This is also a malaria-prone area.

Figure 8.8: Savannah biome.

Figure 8.9: Savannah biome.

3. Succulent Karoo biome

Location : the Succulent Karoo biome can be found along the west coast of the Northern Cape Province and the northern parts of the Western Cape Province.

Climate : this biome is hot in summer and cold in winter and the rainfall in this area is very low. Fog is common, and frost is seldom severe enough to cause damage.

Soil and geography : lime-rich, weakly developed soils, rocks and sand that is easily eroded.

Flora : forty percent of plant species found here are endemic to this biome. The Namaqualand region of this biome is famous for its colourful wild flowers. Succulent plants are able to live through dry seasons by using water stored in their leaves or stems.

Fauna : insects are common and the plants provide grazing for sheep and goats.

The word 'Karoo' comes from the Khoi word Karusa , which means dry, barren, thirstland. Karoo is an apt description for this arid region.

4. Nama Karoo

Location : the Nama Karoo is the second largest biome in South Africa. It forms the major part of the Northern Cape Province and the Free State.

Climate : it is regarded as a semi-desert area receiving very little rain. The summers are very hot and the winters are very cold and frost often occurs.

Soil and geography : soil occurring on rocks is weakly developed. The area is also characterised by sands and rocky and red clay, making erosion occur easily.

Flora : it is characterised by grassy dwarf shrub land.

Fauna : the flora provides good grazing for sheep and goats.

Figure 8.10: Nama Karoo found in the Northern Cape province.

5. Forest Biome

Trees are not only producers, but as a result of their size they also create a habitat for other species. The leaf cover of trees provides shelter for animals, while the bark and fissures in the trees also provide a habitat for insects. The leaf cover also creates a shady environment in which shade-loving, low-growing plants can flourish.

Location : the forest biome in South Africa occurs in patches, in areas such as Knysna of the Western Cape as well as KwaZulu Natal, the Eastern Cape, Limpopo and Mpumalanga.

Climate : some of these forests experience rain only in winter, while others get rainfall throughout the year.

Soil and geography : forests range in altitude from sea level to above 2000 metres, soil is drained and virtually all soil types are present.

Flora : forests are dominated by trees of which the Yellowwood is the largest. There are many herbaceous and bulbous plants that also occur.

Fauna : numerous insect species, birds ans small mammals such as bushpig, bushbuck and monkeys. The canopy is a perfect habitat for birds such as the Knysna Loeries, pigeons and eagle.

Figure 8.11: Forest biome.

Figure 8.12: Knysna Forest.

When leaves or fruit fall from the trees and collect at the feet of the trees, another series of organisms can appear. By breaking down organic material, decomposers such as microorganisms return the organic nutrients to the soil. Humus is formed in this way. Humus is dead organic material. Other creatures that live off decayed organic material, namely the detritivores, also promote this process of decomposition by breaking up dead plant matter into its component nutrients.

Poster project to illustrate the role players in a forest ecosystem

Bring pictures of animals, trees and other plants to class.

• The teacher will divide the class into groups.

Each group will prepare a poster to illustrate the mutual dependence of the trees, other plants and animals.

• Each group must present their poster to the rest of the class.

Answer the following questions / follow the instructions arising from the class discussion:

Supposing the tree on your poster was to fall over.

Which organisms would die?

Which organisms would move away?

Which organisms would increase in number?

Describe the role played by trees in an ecosystem.

Ecologically speaking, why is it bad practice to rake up leaves under trees?

Name three more examples where humans harm ecosystems.

Identify components of the ecosystem, including each trophic level. Represent this in the form of a diagram.

Project: Create a poster to illustrate the key role-players in a Forest Ecosystem

The answers to the questions will depend on the poster the learners have done. Each poster should have different answers to the questions.

If the tree falls:

The following organisms would die:

• Probably the tree itself, if it was still alive.
• Also young birds in nests in the tree.
• Anything on which the tree falls.

The following organisms would move away:

• Adult birds that were nesting or sleeping in the tree.
• Any animals that used the tree as a food source or habitat.
• Animals in the immediate vicinity of the tree (for a short while, anyway).

The following organisms would increase in number:

• Fungi and bacteria that would decompose the fallen tree.
• Ants and termites, that may use the dead tree as food source.
• Probably mosses and lichens that may grow on the surface of the tree.
• Smaller green plants in the area, as they would now get more sunlight.

The role played by trees in an ecosystem:

• Play a role in the gas balance of the atmosphere (remove \(\text{CO}_{2}\) and produce \(\text{O}_{2}\)).
• Form a habitat for many animals, e.g. squirrels, insects and birds.
• Many trees form fruits that act as a food source for animals, while leaves are eaten by herbivores. Nectar is eaten by bats, birds and insects.
• Provide shade and shelter against hail, sleet, snow and rain.
• Prevent soil erosion by holding back soil when it rains
• Thick stands of mangrove trees prevent much of the damage caused by tsunamis.
• They provide a screen against harsh winds
• Fallen leaves decompose to form compost, enriching the soil.
• Trees absorb much water and reduce surface runoff, allowing soil water sources to replenish slowly.
• There are several other learner-dependent answers.

Leaves should be left to decompose slowly, releasing nutrients into the soil. This provides fertiliser to enrich the soil with humus and recycles nutrients in nature.

Examples where humans harm ecosystems:

• Uncontrolled burning / accidental damage to ecosystems.
• Deliberate burning as a form of deforestation.
• Pollution in all its forms, including litter.
• Noise due to people, machines and vehicles unsettles animals.
• Planting invasive alien plants / not removing them from ecosystems destroys the natural species balance of an area.
• Monoculture removes biodiversity, e.g. on farms / golf estates

Learner dependent answer. This may be shown as a food pyramid.

The Fynbos contains approximately \(\text{75}\%\) of South Africa's rare and threatened plants.

Location : fynbos is the natural shrub found in the Western Cape of South Africa.

Climate : characterised by cold, wet winters and hot, dry summers (Mediterranean climate conditions).

Soil and geography : poor, acid and coarse-grained soil.

Flora : fynbos is widely known for its widespread biodiversity. Important plant types found in the fynbos include proteas, 'silver trees' and 'pincushions'. Plants growing here do not lose their leaves. Proteas have striking flowers. It has the highest fynbos variety in the world, with over 9000 species of fynbos found here.

Fauna : fynbos is home to many bird species, insects and small mammals.

Figure 8.13: Mountain Fynbos found in Western Cape.

The flora of the fynbos has a high degree of endemism . This is the ecological state of being specific to a geographic location such as an island, country or in this case, a defined biome such as the fynbos.

Fire is a necessary stage in the life-cycle of nearly all fynbos plants, and is common during the dry summer months. Many of the seeds germinate only after the intense heat of a fire. As proteas 'prepare' for the fire, they retain their seeds on the bush for at least a year, a habit known as serotiny .

The lowlands of the fynbos have been developed for agriculture and wine farming. Due to this, various species of fynbos have been threatened. For this reason, the fynbos region must be protected and preserved. It is a major tourist destination.

Discovering fynbos in South Africa

The astonishing richness and diversity of the Western Cape's natural resources is matched only by the resourcefulness and diversity of its many people. Historical patterns of unsustainable use of resources have led to the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) being listed as one of the world's threatened bioregions, and the scars are deeply etched in the land and its people.

Western Cape residents are exploring new and sustainable ways to value and benefit from these globally important assets.

South Africa's Cape Floristic region is legendary, and the unique nature of the fynbos biome has been celebrated by biologists, conservationists, development experts, and ecologist worldwide.

(Adapted from speech by Tasneem Essop the Western Cape Provincial Minister for Environment, Planning and Economic Development)

Write an essay on the fynbos biome and discuss the following aspects:

• What is the meaning of the term “fynbos”?
• Identify features of families/ indicator species that make up this vegetation type.
• Describe its ecological role in the environment.
• Describe the environmental impacts of destroying this type of vegetation.
• Describe the economical importance of fynbos for the people of the Western Cape.
• Describe management strategies involved in protecting it.

Your essay may be written or typed . Marks will be awarded for originality and own interpretation. Include a bibliography of three of more resources. No marks will be awarded for plagiarism.

Project: Learners to write an essay on the fynbos using the source information provided

Write an essay on the 'Fynbos' biome and discuss the following aspects.

Essay may be written or typed . Marks will be awarded for originality and own interpretation. Include a bibliography of three of more resources.

The exact content of such an essay cannot be specified and is up to the individual teacher. The following may serve as a guideline only:

Fynbos Biome

Fynbos is the natural shrubland or heathland vegetation occurring in a small belt of the Western Cape of South Africa, in coastal and mountainous areas with a Mediterranean climate. The soil is acidic and nutrient-poor, while the climate is marked by cold wet winters and hot dry summers. It is the smallest of the world's six floral kingdoms.

Indicator Species

Small, fine-leafed, low-growing and tough evergreen plants. Fynbos includes legumes and bulbous plants (like Watsonia spp. and chincherinchees), but the three main indicator groups are Ericas, Restios and Proteas .

Restios Restios are reed or rush-like plants. They are found in dense stands in areas of poor drainage. Being hardy, they are not grazed, but locals harvest them for thatching.

Ecological role

This biome can’t support large animals due to lack of enough nitrogen, but the area has many smaller animals like baboons, klipspringers, grysbok, dassies, mongooses and mice. Many endemic sunbirds are found here, also highly endangered butterfly species, like those whose larvae actually eat ants and live inside the ant colonies. The geometric tortoise, the world’s second rarest tortoise, is found only here, as well as several endangered frog species.

Biological impact of destruction

Again, possible answers vary widely. They should mention the loss of biodiversity, the threat to our natural heritage, possible cures for disease in plants that have not yet been studied scientifically, the loss of ecotourism and the jobs / income associated with this, the fact that extinction is forever and cannot be reversed, etc.

Economic impacts of this area for people

• Products such as rooibos tea and honeybush tea are grown here.
• Buchu plants provide oil for medicines and perfume.
• Many fynbos flowers are exported in fresh / dry form, as they last so long.
• Area provides recreational and relaxation opportunities.
• Huge numbers of research opportunities exist in the fynbos area.
• The natural beauty of the area cannot be overemphasised.
• There are several others – accept anything relevant.

Management strategy and Protection

• Removal of alien plants like pine trees, prickly pears, Australian blue gums and Acacia species.
• No developments like roads / power lines may happen here without approval.
• No agriculture will be allowed.
• No picking of flowers or removal of any plant parts.
• Encourage ecotourism to generate income and create jobs.
• Discourage the sale of curios, like shells of geometric tortoises for key rings.
• Several other relevant points may be accepted.

Below is a list of other miscellaneous facts that students may choose to include in their essays:

• Fynbos, meaning "fine bush", is a unique and strikingly beautiful group of flora endemic to a small section of the Western Cape of South Africa.
• Fynbos grows in a 100-to-200-km-wide coastal belt stretching from Clanwilliam on the West coast to Port Elizabeth on the Southeast coast. It forms part of the Cape floral kingdom, where it accounts for half of the surface area and \(\text{80}\%\) of the plant varieties.
• The fynbos in the western regions is richer and more varied than in the eastern regions of South Africa.
• Of the world's six floral kingdoms, this is the smallest and richest per area unit. The diversity of fynbos plants is extremely high, with over 9000 species of plants occurring in the area, around 6200 of which are endemic, i.e. they do not grow anywhere else in the world.
• Soil is made of rock and sandstone.
• Fire is required for seed germination and is also important to clear accumulated growth.
• Ants are important for seed dispersal and birds assist in pollination.
• Other animals found in the fynbos biome are the cape golden mole, geometric tortoise and ostrich.

No marks should be awarded for plagiarism.

Location : the thicket biome occurs along the coasts of KwaZulu Natal and the Eastern Cape.

Climate : thickets develop in areas where the rainfall is fairly high; however, there may be dry periods that prevent the vegetation from developing into forests.

Soil and geography : most thickets occur in river valleys.

Flora : the vegetation of this biome includes short trees, low intertwining shrubs and vines. There are no distinct layers of trees and shrubs, with many large open spaces found in the thicket biome. Thickets in the Eastern Cape are comprised of dense impenetrable vegetation dominated by spiny, often succulent trees and shrubs.

Fauna : examples of fauna found in thicket include kudu, monkey, bushbuck and elephant.

8. Desert Biome

Location : the Desert Biome is found largely in the Namib Desert along the coast of Namibia. The transition regions between deserts and grasslands are sometimes called semi-arid deserts.

Climate : deserts are dry areas where evaporation usually exceeds precipitation. Rainfall is low, less than 25 centimetres per year, and can be highly variable and seasonal. The low humidity results in temperature extremes between day and night. Deserts can be hot or cold. Hot deserts (e.g. the Namib and Kalahari) are very hot in the summer and have relatively high temperatures throughout the year and have seasonal rainfall. This combination of low rainfall and high temperatures keeps the air very dry, increasing its evaporating power.

Soil and geography : the soil consists mostly of sand, gravel or rocks.

Flora : deserts have relatively little vegetation.

Fauna : many insects and reptiles (lizards and snakes) occur in the desert biome.

Figure 8.15: Kalahari desert.

Did you know that most of the animals in the desert can live without water for a long time? They have adapted in many ways to do this. For instance, they can store water internally, take water out of their prey, or peck at succulents and suck out the water stored inside them.

Biomes Advertisement

Getting to know the biomes of South Africa.

• reference books

Study some advertisements for ideas.

You work for an Advertising Agency that is bidding for the account of a top travel agency. The bid includes designing a full page advert (A4) for the Getaway Magazine. Presentation, appeal and accuracy will therefore be of top priority.

The travel agency has specified that they would like the following to be included in the ad, which is geared towards people looking for a different and fascinating holiday in a specific biome :

• A region in the biome of your choice, including cities and/or towns worth a visit
• Climate (of interest to tourists)
• Well-known geographical features in the region
• Mention of some interesting wildlife (i.e. birds, animals, plants) that may be seen
• The name of the travel agency, with contact information

This is an optional activity that teachers may include if they want to. Assessment will be based on the fulfilment of the criteria given and may require the assistance of a member of the Language and /or Art department of the school, to ensure that the adverts are assessed for scientific accuracy, as well as artistic appeal and visual impact. It is recommended that a rubric be drawn up to guide assessment, such as the example given below. The teacher just ticks the relevant box and allocates the mark above that column:

Rubric to asses the biome poster

Total out of 25 marks:

Biome Poster

The following activity is to be done in groups of four

Brainstorm a suitable set of criteria for assessment for poster and verbal report

Select one biome from the list given and do the following:

Use suitable references to obtain as much information as possible on the plants and animals found in your selected biome.

Make notes about the climate, landscape, flora and fauna, stating how some of these are adapted to their environment.

Design an attractive poster to illustrate the landscape as well as the dominant plants and animals that make up a food chain.

Display your poster on the classroom wall and each person of the group is to give a verbal presentation on an aspect of the biome you studied.

Biome Project

It is suggested that a rubric similar to the above be drawn up for assessment of the project. Such rubrics go a long way in standardising the assessment for different projects and they ensure that learners are given adequate feedback about what was correct / wrong about their project.

All teachers who have learners in this grade should come together and have a brainstorming session themselves, deciding on what the criteria are they will assess and what aspects will be taken into account within each criterion. The more clearly the criteria and sub-topics are defined in the beginning, the better. This cannot be over-emphasised.

It should be made clear to learners that group work DOES NOT involve one or two members doing all the work and others sitting back as spectators. ALL of them have to get involved and make a contribution to the project. The teacher may ask that they allocate specific tasks, e.g.

ALL: Decide on which biome to select and compile the food chain at the end.

Person 1: Collect pictures and information on plants of the area.

Person 2: Collect pictures and information on animals of the area.

Person 3: Collect pictures and information on climate and landscape.

Person 4: Design the poster and put it together.

ALL: Each member gives a verbal report on one aspect of this biome (max 1-2 minutes each).

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South Africa for Kids

Here are some interesting facts about South Africa for kids which were chosen and researched by kids especially for kids.

South Africa Facts | Country Facts

• Population : 60 million people live in South Africa (2023)
• Capital city : Pretoria has 3 million inhabitants. Pretoria's nickname is "The Jacaranda City" due to the many jacaranda trees. In South Africa, the city is referred to as 'Tshwane' as the municipality changed its name in 2007. However, South Africa has three capital cities: Pretoria, Cape Town and Bloemfontein
• Name : Republic of South Africa  

• Government : Democracy
• Languages : 12 official languages: isiZulu, Afrikaans, English, isiXhosa, siSwati, Sesotho, Xitsonga, Sepedi, isiNdebele, Setswana, Tshivenda, sign language
• Religion : mainly Christians and Muslims, but also Jews and other faiths.
• Currency : 1 South African Rand (ZAR) = 100 Cents
• History : South Africa was colonised by British, Dutch suffered from Apartheid. Nelson Mandela came free from prison and became the first democratically elected leader in South Africa in 1994.

• National Symbols :  Protea (flower), Springbok (antelope) and others. Click here.
• Climate : Various climatic regions. Mostly mild to hot in summer, most of the days, cold nights, snowfall in winter.  Read more.
• President : Cyril Ramaphosa

South Africa for Kids  South Africa Geography

Sout h Africa is the southernmost country on the African continent. 

South Africa shares borders with six countries: Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe in the North, and Mozambique in the East, as well as with Eswatini and Lesotho.

South Africa encloses two landlocked African countries which are Eswatini (formerly called Swaziland) and Lesotho . Both these countries are kingdoms.

South Africa is about as big as the land area of France and Spain combined or twice the size of the state of Texas/ USA.

It takes a 12-hour flight from London/England to fly to Johannesburg or a 12-hour flight from Singapore and it takes more than 17 hours from New York/USA.

In South Africa, the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean meet off the Southern Cape coast. 

The southernmost point in South Africa is, however, at Cape Agulhas which is roughly 120 km/ 75 miles to the east of Cape Town. 

In the image to the right, however, you see Cape Point, the southernmost point of the Cape Peninsula.

South Africa for Kids Geography

South Africa has various mountain ranges such as the uKhahlamba-Drakensberg, the Magaliesberg or the Cederberg mountains.

There is a narrow coastal stretch and in the interior of the country, you will find a high plateau.

The highest mountain in South Africa is Mafadi Peak, which is on the border to Lesotho. Mafadi Peak is 3,450 m/ 11,319 ft high.

In the north of the country, you will find the Kalahari Desert which borders neighbouring countries Namibia and Botswana. The Kalahari is part of the 'highveld', the highlands of the country.

Johannesburg is the largest city of South Africa and lies on this plateau at 1,700 m/ 5,577 ft above sea level. However, most of the bigger cities such as Cape Town and Durban are located near the coast in low-lying areas.

The  longest river in South Africa is the Orange River  which forms also part of the border between Namibia from South Africa.

In the mountain ranges of the Drakensberg region, there is snow in winter and you even could go skiing in South Africa. Tiffindell is the most popular winter resort town. Sometimes also the higher mountain tops in the Western Cape near Cape Town receive some snow in winter. But there is no snow in the city or in the towns along the coastline. Although the snow might be enough for a snowball fight, it certainly is not enough to go skiing.

Did you know, t hat the Tugela Falls in South Africa are the second-highest waterfalls in the world?

The country name is often displayed as ZA which means  Z uid  A frica  and is Afrikaans for South Africa.

South Africa for Kids: South Africa Attractions

• Cape Town : Table Mountain, V&A Waterfront, beaches. More about Cape Town attractions here.
• Kruger National Park  for safaris and great wildlife viewing
• Sun City  near Pretoria for fun and games galore with amazing wave pool and lots of things to do for the whole family
• Addo National Park  near Port Elizabeth for elephant-spotting

• Durban  for surfing and great beaches and the KwaZulu-Natal midlands for some insights into South African history
• iSimangeliso  (formerly St Lucia Wetlands) for wildlife viewing and unspoilt nature
• Drakensberg Mountains  for hiking and nearby Lesotho for skiing in Africa

South Africa for Kids: Animals

Wildlife in South Africa is abunda nt. There are many species of antilope such as kudu, springbok, wildebeest, impala, oryx and gemsbok. When you go on safari you can see many other South African animals like lions, elephants, giraffes and monkeys.

South Africa is home t o the  African Penguins  and the Great White Sharks live in the ocean waters here too. Sometimes beaches are closed for bathing due to the sharks in the bays. Many beaches have shark nets. Remember to only swim in the sea where there are lifeguards on duty.

Whale watching is very popular in South Africa too and you will encounter an eno rmous sea life in South Africa when you go on a boat trip.

South Africa for Kids  South Africa People

South Africa is often calle d the 'Rainbow Nation', because there are so many different languages are spoken and different cultural traditions are lived. Below you see people of the Ndebele tribe.

South Africa is often calle d "The Cradle of Humankind", because archaeological artefacts, tools and human remains proof that people lived in the area more than 100,000 years ago.

The ancient San and the Khoi were the early African civilizations settling the Cape. There are only few descendants of the local San people living in remote areas in the Karoo desert and near the Cape West Coast.

The biggest South African population group, the Zulu, mainly live in rural settlements in KwaZulu-Natal, they even have a king.

Portuguese, Dutch, British, French and German explorers have traveled and populated southern Africa in the 17 th and 18 th century and therefore you can find many European influences in South Africa too.

Read more about the 11 official languages in South Africa and learn some fun South African slang words here.

Nowadays most of the people in South Africa live in or near the big cities: Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban and Cape Town. The rural areas are still very poor and also in the cities many people live in shantytowns or townships.

Johannesburg is the largest city and the main industrial and economic hub, while Cape Town and Durban are also large cities with more than 1 million inhabitants.

Did you know that in South Africa, cars drive on the left side of the road as they do in the UK and Australia? However, all distance and speed signs are in metres and kilometres and km/ hour and not as in England in yards and miles and miles/ hour!

South Africa for Kids Food in South Africa

The food the people eat in South Africa is very diverse. The South African staple food for the locals is 'mealies', which is corn, and seasonal vegetables, like potatoes, beans, carrots and peas.

South Africans love their meat and game meat such as kudu and springbok are common. However, most people eat beef, chicken, lamb and ostrich with their meals. The people in South Africa love a BBQ (here called 'braai') and almost every house has got a fireplace which is called 'braai-place'.

Typical South African food :

• bobotie : typica Cape Malay food containing rice, lamb and fragrant spices. Click to find a tasty easy-to-do bootie recipe.
• koeksisters : taste like donuts soaked in sticky sweet sauce. Yummy!
• mealie pap : corn porridge

• biltong : a cured and dried meat that is a typical South African snack and similar to beef jerky. Kids love to take this as snack to school.
• boerewors : Afrikaans for 'farmers sausage', is often put on the grill, formed in a curl (see image)

Read more about South African traditional food here.

Did you know that...?

… most people speak at least two or three languages, one of them usually English or Afrikaans.

… South Africa has really three capital cities. The powers are distributed between Pretoria, Cape Town and Bloemfontein. The parliament meets for six months in Pretoria and the other half of the year in Cape Town. 

We hope you enjoyed our information on South Africa for Kids.  Read also our top 15 South Africa facts even locals often do not know here.

Popular Pages

Resources: South Africa for Kids

• Central Intelligence Agency. "South Africa".  WorldFactBook . Last updated 8 March 2022. Last accessed 30 March 2022
• Nelson Mandela Foundation. "Mandela Day."  NelsonMandelaFoundation . Last accessed 30 March 2022
• South African History Online. People and Culture of South Africa. SAHistory.org. Last accessed 30 March 2022.
• South African Government. "Geography and Climate" gov.za. Last accessed 30 March 2022.

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Make sure to visit these fascinating South African attractions and venues:

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The magic of a South African summer!!!

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Descriptive Essay: My Country South Africa

South Africa is a country situated on the most southern tip of Africa cradled by the icy Atlantic Ocean on the west and the warm Indian Ocean on the south and east. The southernmost tip jutting out into the ocean is called Cape Aghulhas (Cape of Needles) and separates these two great oceans. To the north are Mozambique, Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe. South Africa encircles the independent kingdoms of Swaziland and Lesotho.

The 11 official languages are Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swazi, Tswana, Tonga, Venda, Xhosa and Zulu. The three most spoken first languages are Zulu (22.7%), Xhosa (16%) and Afrikaans (13.5%). English is the language of commerce and science and is the first language of 9.6% South Africans. There are also semi-official and unofficial languages.

The unofficial languages of the Khoikhoi and San are in grave danger of extinction. They are the aboriginal peoples of South Africa and are physically distinct with an ancient culture founded on hunter-gatherer societies.

The country is made up of nine provinces Western Cape, Northern Cape, Eastern Cape, North West, Limpopo, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumulanga and Free State. The main cities are Durban (coastal Kwazulu-Natal), Johannesburg (inland Gauteng), Cape Town (coastal Western Cape) and Pretoria (inland northern Gauteng).

Population and Size

South Africa takes up four percent of Africa’s landmass i.e. 1 221 040 square kilometers making it three times bigger than Texas and five times bigger than Britain. This area is populated by about 52 million people.

Our first peoples were the San and Khoikhoi established for thousands of years before the arrival of the Bantu-speaking tribes who were established hundreds of years before the Europeans. The Europeans were sent by the Dutch East India Company and arrived at the Cape in 1652 to build a fort and start a garden for ships on the eastern trading route. Eventually, this route also brought slaves to the Cape until slaves were freed in 1833.

The Afrikaans speaking Boers, descended mainly from Europeans, trekked north and east to establish the Boer republics of Orange Free State and Transvaal. They did not want to be under British rule. After diamonds were discovered in 1867, and gold in 1876, a war broke out between Boers and British. In 1902, the Boers were defeated and in 1910 South Africa became a Union of 2 British and 2 Boer colonies.

The ANC was founded in 1912 but in 1936 black South Africans were expunged from the voter rolls. In 1950, more than 1 million black South Africans were forced from cities to rural areas and poverty.

In 1961, South Africa became a republic under the white supremacist Nationalists and the country was gradually weakened by internal black opposition and international boycotts. In 1990, this led to de Klerk releasing Mandela from 27 years in prison. In a 1992 referendum, white South Africans voted to support de Klerk’s negotiations and in 1994 the ANC won the first democratic election and Mandela became president on 10 May.

My country has experienced a tragic history but today, all South Africans strive equally for a better future and to maintain democratic values e.g. the country is united in preventing current President Zuma from restricting freedom of speech. Our biggest challenge is reducing poverty but this is possible due to tourism, mineral wealth and Johannesburg being the thriving power-house of business on the African continent.

http://www.edusouthafrica.com/south-africa.html http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0107983.html http://www.factmonster.com/country/profiles/south-africa.html http://www.southafrica.info/about/history/521109.htm#.UzKlhqiSzxI

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Essay On The Magic Of South African Summer

South Africa is known for its intense summers. These summers are notorious for their scorching temperatures and unrelenting sun. But that doesn’t mean that the country can’t boast some amazing natural attractions in the warmer months.

Table of Contents

Throughout the summer, take a break from the heat and check out one of these top five southern African attractions:

1. cape town.

This illustrious city is home to some of the world’s most beautiful architecture, as well as world-renowned beaches. Spend your summer weekends exploring Victorian gardens or strolling along the picturesque shoreline of Table Bay.

2. Kruger National Park 

Home to some of the continent’s largest game reserves, Kruger National Park is a paradise for nature lovers of all levels of experience. If you have time, consider packing your camping gear and spending a night under the stars on one of the park’s many waterholes.

A jewel of wine country located in the heart of South Africa’s Western Cape, Paarl is renowned for its soaring wineries and gracious lifestyle. Sample classic red wines while savoring mouth-watering cuisine at one of Paarl’s many award

The South African Summer

The South African summer is a time for fun, relaxation, and friends. The weather is perfect for enjoying the outdoors, and there are plenty of activities to keep everyone entertained. From cultural events to festivals, there is something for everyone to enjoy in the summertime.

The best way to experience the South African summer is by spending time with friends. There are plenty of events and activities that can be enjoyed together, from barbecues to swimming pools. Some of the most popular places to spend a summer day include Cape Town’s Camps Bay, Hermanus’s Cliffs edge, and Knysna’s beaches.

South Africa has a wide variety of cultural events waiting to be explored during the summer months. From classical music concerts to theatre performances, there is always something new to experience. Some of the most popular culture events in Cape Town include the Table Mountain Festival and Franschhoek Fete Parade.

If you want to escape the heat, there are plenty of amusement parks open throughout the summer in Cape Town and Johannesburg. Thrill seekers will love Johannesburg’s Wild Coast amusement park while those looking for a more family-friendly experience may prefer Knopperswater waterpark in Cape Town or Lions Park in Durban.

The Weather in South Africa

South Africa has two seasons, summer and winter. The summer season typically lasts from December to February, while the winter season lasts from March to June. South Africa experiences a variety of weather conditions throughout the year. In the lowlands in the north, it is hot and dry all year round. In contrast, on the southern tip of Africa, near Cape Town, it can be quite cold all year round and rainy. The most extreme weather conditions in South Africa occur during thunderstorms and cyclones.

The Weather Channel offers useful information about weather conditions in various parts of South Africa at their website (www.weatherchannel.com). This website includes forecasts for each province as well as detailed information on temperature ranges, precipitation levels, wind speeds and direction, humidity levels and more.

The Best Places to Visit in the South African Summer

South Africa is known for its stunningly beautiful landscapes, but there’s so much more to see in the summertime. From vineyards and wineries to beaches and coral reefs, here are five of the best places to visit in the summer:

1) Cape Town

One of South Africa’s most popular destinations, Cape Town offers a wealth of attractions, including world-renowned beaches like Muizenberg and Clifton Beach. The city has plenty of nightlife options as well, making it a great place to spend a summer evening.

2) Hermanus

This small town on the Atlantic coast is home to some of South Africa’s most picturesque beaches, such as Sedgefield and Oyster Bay. It also has an interesting history dating back to 1836 when it was proclaimed a British colony.

3) Stellenbosch

A charming wine-producing town near Cape Town, Stellenbosch is home to some attractive wineries and lovely gardens. The town is also known for its lively arts scene and its annual festivals – be sure to check out one this summer!

4) Malmesbury

Known for its dramatic cliffs and turquoise waters, Malmesbury is another popular coastal town in the Western Cape province. It’s also home to several restaurants and hotels that offer stunning views of Table Mountain.

Standing at 1,600 metres (5,

What to Pack for a South African Summer Vacation

Summertime in South Africa is the perfect time to visit the country’s many attractions. From safari experiences to relaxing beach vacations, there are plenty of ways to enjoy the sunshine and relax after a long winter.

When packing for your trip, remember that summer temperatures can vary widely from city to city, so be prepared for everything from torrential downpours to scorching heat. Here are some essential items you’ll want to pack:

• Sunscreen and hats: Both UV radiation and hot weather can be harmful, so it’s important to use sunscreen and bring a hat if you’re going out during peak hours.

• A bathing suit: While most beaches in South Africa are public, some have designated areas for nudity or private swimming. Make sure you know the rules before hitting the water!

• Sunglasses: Even on cloudy days, bright sunlight can cause damage to your eyesight. Bring sunglasses with you wherever you go.

• Insect repellent: The African summer is full of insects! Bring along insect repellent- not only will it keep you safe from biting bugs, but also from pesky mosquitoes that can carry diseases such as malaria.

• A portable phone charger: This isn’t just a precaution- phones run out of juice quickly in hot weather, making it difficult to stay connected while on vacation. Pack a portable charger so you don’t have to waste time looking for an electrical outlet

How to Enjoy a South African Summer Vacation

South Africa is home to some of the most beautiful scenery in the world. The coasts are lined with sandy beaches, while inland areas boast stunning mountains and valleys. The best way to enjoy a summer vacation in South Africa is by taking a few different trips – you’ll be able to see so much more than if you just stick to one spot. Here are some tips for enjoying your South African summer vacation:

1. Rent an RV or campervan: This is the perfect way to explore all of the great areas around Cape Town and Johannesburg. You can stop wherever you like, and there’s no need to worry about finding accommodation on the road – just pull over when you want to sleep!

2. Go hiking: Hiking through gorgeous landscapes is a great way to spend a day outdoors. There are lots of trails throughout South Africa that will take you up into the mountains or down into the valleys below.

3. Take a boat trip: Cruising downriver on aboat is another fantastic way to experience South Africa’s stunning countryside. You can stop at any point for swimming, fishing, or just enjoying the peacefulness of nature.

4. Visit a vineyard: If wine isn’t your thing, don’t worry – there are also plenty of other things to do in vineyards around South Africa, such as hiking, biking, birdwatching, and tasting some delicious local wines!

South Africa has some of the best weather on the planet, and it doesn’t matter what time of year it is. If you’re looking for a weekend getaway with your loved ones, or if you just want to escape from the cold winter months, then look no further than South Africa – this country has something for everyone! Whether you’re in search of an amazing beachfront property or a farm that will let you experience the real African culture, there’s sure to be something that meets your needs and desires. From Cape Town to Pretoria and everywhere in between, there’s no stopping the summer love!

Beating the heat in South African cities: Lessons from a citizen science assessment

Mzukisi gwata, is’haaq akoon.

Hot air rises between densely packed homes in Alexandra, the township where Nelson Mandela spent his 20s. Iron roofs soak up the sun’s rays and few trees provide respite from the heat.

A short walk away in Sandton, breezes circulate between widely spaced homes and children play underneath mature tree canopy.

It is an ordinary summer’s day in South Africa’s largest urban area but for residents of these neighboring districts, the temperatures seem a world apart.

Like cities the world over, Johannesburg and Ekurhuleni have stepped up their actions in response to climate change. But city leaders went a step further: they engaged local residents in a citizen science campaign to map exactly which neighborhoods face the brunt of rising temperatures. 

More than 100 volunteers ventured out into the streets carrying heat stress monitors. The study, made possible by the National Treasury’s Cities Support Programme, the Swiss Secretariat for Economic Affairs, and the City Resilience Program, established striking facts about heat today and how it relates to historical legacies and future challenges.

Summer in the city: Heat meets history

Johannesburg and Ekurhuleni are part of Gauteng Province, an economic powerhouse region that produces some 35% of South Africa’s GDP. Arriving by plane, visitors often see thousands of blue-flowering jacaranda trees that were planted in the 1920s as residential suburbs expanded.

But the cities, like their populations, are a complex tapestry of influences. Among these are the legacies of apartheid spatial planning practices that left some neighborhoods lush, green, and spacious but others dense and bereft of trees.

Hundreds of readings taken by the campaign volunteers established a clear fact: heat exposure differs based on where you live.

Temperatures across most of the city are 3-4°C higher than in the nearby countryside, but in the hottest neighborhoods — primarily townships that have dense buildings, little vegetation, and where the majority of residents are black — the temperature differential reaches 6°C.

Forward-looking climate modeling showed that the inequalities could become even more acute. If global carbon emissions remain high, the number of hot nights per year is projected to rise from 10 to 40 by 2050 for much of Johannesburg and Ekurhuleni, but from 40 to 100 for its hottest neighborhoods. 

Indoor heat exposure is another concern: temperatures inside wood-frame, corrugated-iron homes were observed to be 15°C higher than in modern brick or concrete homes nearby.

Given the close link between night-time heat exposure and hospital admissions, cooler city spaces, health preparedness, and heatwave early warnings are necessary to avoid a potential doubling of heat-related mortality by end-century that would disproportionately affect residents of townships, the elderly, poor people, and those with health vulnerabilities like HIV and tuberculosis.  

Taking action: Cooler cities, safer people

So what can cities do to reduce heatwave risks? The campaign produced compelling evidence that actions by urban planners, neighborhood associations, health systems, and weather forecasters can protect citizens and infrastructure during heatwaves.

Bold actions to address heat impacts have already been set out in the Climate Action Plan (Johannesburg) and the Climate Change Response Strategy and Green City Action Plan (Ekurhuleni), which the newly collected evidence will help to further elaborate and concretize.

The campaign measurements confirmed the benefits of expanding green infrastructure in those neighborhoods that lack it: even a few large, shady trees provide sufficient heat stress reduction to make public spaces suitable for outdoor work or sports games during hot spells.

Thermal imagery confirmed that white-painted walls experience surface temperatures tens of degrees lower than dark-painted equivalents; such materials offer a "double win" of lowering temperatures while reducing cooling energy demand that places energy systems under strain.  

Driving progress through partnerships and science

With the world’s eyes on this week’s COP27 climate talks, where a short film summarizing this study will be shown, the campaign offers lessons to other cities that are strengthening heatwave preparedness. 

First, due care in measurement approaches is needed. There is no substitute for on-the-ground measurement of near-ground air temperature and humidity, the factors that directly translate into heatwave deaths and economic losses.

Second, focus on vulnerable people and the places where heat affects them. Mapping heat is essential to understanding and reversing historical inequalities that magnify the impacts of climate change on affected communities. It is also an essential step to devise effective protection measures, whether through increased vegetation, greener buildings, public health outreach, or heatwave alerts via text message, TV, or radio.

Third, strengthen the "action coalition." Preparing for tomorrow’s heatwaves will require many stakeholders at the table: from health authorities to transport agencies, planners to energy utilities. Citizen engagement in heat measurement helps deepen the partnership.

As global temperatures mount, cities urgently need scientific knowledge and energized partnerships for heat mitigation. Building on such information, climate action can help the citizens of Alexandra get through the next heatwave equally well as the citizens of Sandton.  

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