Water-Borne Diseases
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- Kinga Szálkai 3
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Introduction
In the field of health security, adequate, safe, and accessible water supplies and satisfactory sanitation are of key importance. “Pure water is the world’s first and foremost medicine,” says a Slovakian proverb, and the sentence has a similarly important meaning in its reversed form: contaminated water as the transmitter of water-borne illnesses is one of the leading causes of death globally.
Between 1980 and 2015, the average annual number of deaths due to water unsafe for human health amounted to 780,000 – dwarfing the number of deaths as a consequence of natural disasters (63,000) and in conflicts (75,000) (Ligtvoet et al. 2018 , p. 38). According to the estimations of the World Health Organization (WHO), the overall number of people who die in diarrheal diseases per year totals 1.5 million, among whom 502,000 people die of diseases related to contaminated drinking water. Cases related to the lack of sanitation and hand hygiene expand this number to 842,000, including...
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Kinga Szálkai
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Péter N. Marton
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Szálkai, K. (2023). Water-Borne Diseases. In: Romaniuk, S.N., Marton, P.N. (eds) The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74319-6_562
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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74319-6_562
Published : 16 February 2023
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Water borne diseases: exploring the causes, symptoms, and prevention .
Are you aware that the water you drink, cook with, or swim in could potentially put your health at risk? Waterborne diseases pose a significant threat to public health worldwide, and understanding their causes, symptoms, and prevention is crucial. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the ins and outs of waterborne diseases, equipping you with the knowledge to protect yourself and your loved ones.
From contaminated water sources to inadequate sanitation systems, we’ll delve into the various factors that contribute to the spread of these diseases. Additionally, we will uncover the common symptoms to lookout for, as early detection is key to effective treatment. But it’s not all doom and gloom – we will also provide practical tips on prevention and hygiene practices that can significantly reduce the risk of waterborne diseases.
Whether you’re a concerned parent, a traveler, or simply want to stay informed about potential health risks, this article is a must-read. Stay hydrated and stay healthy by understanding waterborne diseases and how to keep them at bay.
Common waterborne diseases and their causes
Waterborne diseases are caused by the ingestion of contaminated water or by coming into contact with contaminated water sources. There are several common waterborne diseases that pose a threat to human health. One such disease is cholera, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Cholera outbreaks are often associated with poor sanitation and contaminated drinking water.
Another prevalent waterborne disease is typhoid fever, caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. This disease is primarily transmitted through the consumption of food or water contaminated with feces from an infected individual. Hepatitis A, caused by the hepatitis A virus, is yet another waterborne disease that spreads through contaminated water or food.
It’s important to note that waterborne diseases can also be caused by parasites. For instance, Giardia lamblia is a parasite that can be found in contaminated water sources and causes a diarrheal illness known as giardiasis. Similarly, Cryptosporidium parvum is another parasite that can contaminate water and lead to a gastrointestinal illness called cryptosporidiosis.
Understanding the causes of these waterborne diseases is crucial in implementing effective prevention measures. By addressing the root causes, we can work towards ensuring clean and safe water sources for everyone.
Symptoms and effects of waterborne diseases
Recognising the symptoms of waterborne diseases is essential for early detection and prompt treatment. The symptoms can vary depending on the specific disease but commonly include diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, and fatigue. In severe cases, dehydration can occur, leading to further complications.
Waterborne diseases can have a significant impact on individuals and communities. Besides the physical symptoms, these diseases can result in economic burdens due to medical expenses and lost productivity. Particularly in developing countries with limited access to healthcare, the consequences of waterborne diseases can be devastating.
Furthermore, certain waterborne diseases can have long-term effects on an individual’s health. For instance, hepatitis A can cause liver damage, while giardiasis may lead to malabsorption and nutrient deficiencies. It is crucial to address the symptoms early on and seek appropriate medical attention to prevent complications and long-term health issues.
The importance of clean water and sanitation
Clean water and proper sanitation are fundamental to preventing waterborne diseases. Unfortunately, millions of people around the world still lack access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation facilities. Contaminated water sources and inadequate sanitation systems contribute to the spread of waterborne diseases, particularly in impoverished communities.
To combat this issue, it is essential to prioriti s z e investments in water and sanitation infrastructure. Access to clean water should be a basic human right, and governments and organi s z ations must work together to ensure its availability to all. Implementing effective water treatment methods, improving sanitation facilities, and promoting hygiene practices can significantly reduce the prevalence of waterborne diseases.
Prevention and control measures for waterborne diseases
Prevention is key when it comes to waterborne diseases. By adopting simple yet effective measures, individuals can reduce their risk of contracting these diseases. One of the most important prevention methods is to ensure the consumption of safe and clean water. This can be achieved by using water filters or purifiers, boiling water before consumption, or relying on bottled water from trusted sources.
In addition to safe water practices, practicing good hygiene is crucial in preventing the spread of waterborne diseases. Regular handwashing with soap and water, particularly before handling food, can significantly reduce the risk of contamination. Proper sanitation practices, such as the use of clean and well-maintained toilets, also play a vital role in preventing the transmission of waterborne diseases.
Furthermore, raising awareness about waterborne diseases and educating communities about prevention measures is essential. Health campaigns and educational programs can empower individuals to take proactive steps in safeguarding their health and the health of their communities.
Safe water practices at home
Ensuring safe water practices at home is essential for protecting your family’s health. Start by regularly cleaning and disinfecting water storage containers to prevent the growth of bacteria and other pathogens. It’s also important to regularly inspect and maintain plumbing systems to prevent any potential contamination.
When it comes to drinking water, consider investing in a reliable water filter or purifier. These devices can effectively remove contaminants and ensure the water you consume is safe. If using tap water, remember to run it for a few seconds before using it for drinking or cooking to flush out any stagnant water that may contain impurities.
Additionally, practicing proper food hygiene is crucial in preventing waterborne diseases. Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before consumption, and ensure that meat and seafood are thoroughly cooked to eliminate any potential pathogens.
Water treatment methods to prevent waterborne diseases
Water treatment plays a vital role in preventing waterborne diseases on a larger scale. Various methods can be used to treat water and remove or kill harmful bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Some common water treatment methods include chlorination, filtration, and UV disinfection.
Chlorination is a widely used method that involves adding chlorine to water to kill bacteria and viruses. Filtration systems can effectively remove small particles, bacteria, and parasites from water. UV disinfection utili s z es ultraviolet light to destroy the genetic material of microorganisms, rendering them harmless.
It’s important to note that the choice of water treatment method depends on the specific water source and the contaminants present. Different methods may be more suitable for different situations, and it is essential to consult experts or authorities to determine the most effective treatment approach.
Role of government and organizations in preventing waterborne diseases
Governments and organi s z ations play a crucial role in preventing waterborne diseases. They have the responsibility to ensure access to clean water and proper sanitation for all citizens. This involves investing in infrastructure development, implementing regulations and standards, and monitoring water quality.
Government agencies should collaborate with local communities to identify areas in need of improved water and sanitation facilities. By providing funding and support, governments can help communities build and maintain water treatment plants, sanitation systems, and hygiene facilities.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international bodies also play a significant role in combating waterborne diseases. These organi s z ations often work on the ground, providing resources, expertise, and education to communities in need. Through their efforts, they contribute to improving access to safe water sources, promoting hygiene practices, and raising awareness about waterborne diseases.
Global initiatives and efforts to combat waterborne diseases
Waterborne diseases are a global concern, and several initiatives and efforts are underway to combat this issue. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) include targets to ensure access to clean water and sanitation for all by 2030. This global commitment highlights the importance of addressing waterborne diseases as part of the broader goal of sustainable development.
Furthermore , organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF work extensively to improve water and sanitation conditions worldwide. These organizations provide technical support, conduct research, and advocate for policies and strategies that prioritize clean water and sanitation.
In addition to international efforts, local initiatives led by communities and individuals can also make a significant impact. By advocating for clean water and sanitation, participating in clean-up activities, and supporting organi s z ations working in this field, individuals can contribute to the global fight against waterborne diseases.
Importance of awareness and action to prevent waterborne diseases
Waterborne diseases pose a significant threat to public health, but they are preventable. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and prevention measures associated with these diseases, individuals can take proactive steps to safeguard their health and the health of their communities.
Clean water, proper sanitation, and good hygiene practices are essential in preventing the transmission of waterborne diseases. Governments, organisations, and individuals all have a role to play in ensuring access to clean water sources, improving sanitation facilities, and raising awareness about the importance of prevention.
Stay informed, stay aware, and take action to prevent waterborne diseases. Together, we can create a world where clean water is accessible to all, and the risk of waterborne diseases is significantly reduced. Let’s prioritise the health and well-being of communities worldwide by combating waterborne diseases at their source.
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Detecting and Investigating Waterborne Diseases and Outbreaks
By collecting data on the types of water, water systems, settings, and agents (what spreads the disease) that are linked to waterborne illness, we improve our understanding of waterborne illnesses and can better guide future prevention efforts.
Although we generally enjoy safe and healthy drinking and recreational water in the United States, waterborne diseases still pose a threat to our health and productivity. We interact with water in many ways during our day-to-day activities. Drinking and household, recreation and leisure, industry, agricultural, and medical uses are just a few examples of our daily interactions with water.
Water contaminated with germs, chemicals, or toxins can lead to waterborne illness if you drink it, breathe it in, or it touches your skin, eyes, ears, or other mucous membranes. A waterborne disease outbreak occurs when two or more people get the same illness from the same contaminated water. Public health officials have been tracking waterborne disease in the United States for more than 100 years, and CDC has been overseeing waterborne disease and outbreak tracking since 1971.
Tracking Disease
Surveillance is the term for tracking illness and injury. Surveillance data help guide efforts to reduce and prevent future outbreaks. Waterborne disease surveillance data have supported national efforts to develop drinking water regulations and have provided guidance for recreational water activities, such as CDC’s Healthy Swimming program.
The national Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System (WBDOSS) collects data on waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water, drinking water, and environmental and undetermined exposures to water. The system collects data on the number of outbreak-associated illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths; agents; implicated types of water; water systems; and water settings. WBDOSS also collects information on single cases of waterborne illness caused by certain types of chemicals or germs.
For an event to be defined as a waterborne disease outbreak
- Two or more people must be linked epidemiologically by time, location of exposure to water, and type of illness, and
- This epidemiologic evidence must implicate water as the probable source of illness.
- Environmental evidence implicating water as the source of infection (for example, water samples testing positive for germs) can strengthen evidence in a public health investigation, but the investigation must find an epidemiologic link between the illnesses and water for an event to be considered a waterborne disease outbreak.
- Importance of Outbreak Investigations
- Investigating and Reporting Waterborne Disease Outbreaks
- Outbreak Investigation Tools and Resources
- Role of Public Health Departments
- Learning From Outbreaks
- Drinking Water
- Healthy Swimming
- Water, Sanitation, and Environmentally-related Hygiene
- Harmful Algal Blooms
- Global WASH
- WASH Surveillance
- WASH-related Emergencies and Outbreaks
- Other Uses of Water
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Cryptosporidium. 13 species - C. hominis and C. parvum predominant in humans. Self-limiting abdominal pain and diarrhea (1 week on average); can be prolonged and severe in immunosuppressed. Large waterborne outbreaks, and outbreaks associated with visiting farms and contact with animals.
Yet, the water we use for drinking, swimming, and even cooling high-rise buildings can be safer. About 7.2 million Americans get sick every year from diseases spread through water. CDC's first estimates of the impact of waterborne disease in the United States cover illnesses tied to all types of water use. They detail how many waterborne ...
The. most common waterborne diseases in Nigeria. include Cholera, Dracunculiasis, Hepatitis, and. Typhoid [ 27]. Cases of water borne diseases. linked to contaminations of drinking water with ...
The objective of this assignment was To enlist the risk factors of water-borne diseases Water is essential for life and is very important to use safe drinking water to prevent water-related diseases. Typically water-related diseases are categorized into four classes: (1) Water-borne (caused by bacteria, viruses, and protozoans)
It was reported that 80% infectious diseases are water borne (Pons et al., 2015), such as cholera, typhoid fever (Fazal-ur-Rehman, 2019), gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, vomiting, skin and kidney ...
This review combines water-borne disease outbreak epidemiology with known pathogen behaviors illustrated in a conceptual model and highlights the need for quantitative modeling approaches to measure the sometimes counteracting effect of climate change on infection risks . For example, summer droughts could concentrate pathogens due to lower ...
Exposure to contaminated water can lead to adverse health effects from waterborne illnesses. Swimming or fishing in polluted water sources and consumption of affected seafood are the most common pathways of exposure. Some common water-related illnesses are diarrhea, giardiasis, dysentery, typhoid fever, E. Coli infection, and salmonellosis.
Lack of clean water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are major causes for the spread of waterborne diseases in a community. The fecal-oral route is a disease transmission pathway for waterborne diseases. [citation needed] Poverty also increases the risk of communities to be affected by waterborne diseases.For example, the economic level of a community impacts their ability to have ...
1. Introduction. Water-borne diseases (WBDs) are infectious diseases, such as cholera, shigella, typhoid, hepatitis A and E, and poliomyelitis, that are transmitted to humans through contaminated water [].These infections are caused by a number of bacterial, viral, and parasitic organisms where there is inadequate sanitation, hygiene, and safe water for drinking, cooking and cleaning [].
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) refer to water-borne disease as an "illness that occurs after consumption or use of water intended for drinking (potable), or the ingestion or use of recreational water. Recreational water includes pools, spas, water park water, and fresh and marine surface waters" (Jamul 2007, p. 264).
Nausea. Vomiting. Diarrhea. Muscle cramps. Prevention and Treatment. Cholera is a waterborne illness that's easily prevented when traveling. Wash your hands often, only eat foods that are completely cooked and hot (no sushi), and only eat vegetables you can peel yourself, like avocados, bananas, and oranges.
Water treatment methods to prevent waterborne diseases Water treatment plays a vital role in preventing waterborne diseases on a larger scale. Various methods can be used to treat water and remove or kill harmful bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Some common water treatment methods include chlorination, filtration, and UV disinfection.
While most studies were specifically focused on waterborne disease(s), water-related vector-borne disease(s) or water-based toxin(s), several studies investigated multiple categories at the same time (Fig 2A). There was also diversity in the types of animal species sampled across the studies (Fig 2B). Animal categories included: marine and ...
Water borne disease is responsible for millions of deaths worldwide every year. Within both developed and developing countries the demand for clean drinking and bathing water is ever increasing and the control of water borne disease is therefore of extreme importance. The book first addresses the magnitude of the problem, with subsequent chapters on specific diseases including Crytosporidiosis ...
Results The study finds the prevalence of water borne disease among the elderly is more in the rural (22.5%) areas compared to the urban counterparts (12.2%) due to the use of unimproved water ...
A waterborne disease outbreak occurs when two or more people get the same illness from the same contaminated water. Public health officials have been tracking waterborne disease in the United States for more than 100 years, and CDC has been overseeing waterborne disease and outbreak tracking since 1971. Tracking Disease
Non-diarrhoeal water-borne diseases • While most water-borne pathogens cause diarrhoeal disease, a few important water-borne diseases affect other parts of the body: • Typhoid fever is caused by ingestion of Salmonella typhi bacteria in food or water and affects about 17 million people each year, causing some 600,000 deaths. • Hepatitis ...
The first case of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was reported in Ethiopia in 1985. In 1988-1989 a water borne outbreak was detected in a military camp where 93% of icteric hospitalized patients were infected with HEV. Its case fatility rate is higher in pregnant women (23%) than in the general population (11%).(28).
analysis of water sources and water borne diseases. head was not read and the r MATERIALS AND METHOD determined as per Daniel (cited in Ebenezer et al, 3.1 Study Area water borne diseases were sought from the existing Bayelsa state (N05o 07∣ 13.8∣∣ and longitudes E006o 18∣ 04.5) is located in the southernmost part of Nigeria. It
Water borne diseases Article. 22 April 2024 Volunteers are Helping to Reach the Most Vulnerable in this Community Welfare Assistance Committee (CWAC) volunteers are bridging the gap between Government programmes and the local community ensuring the most vulner Read the story ...
Death due to water-borne diseases is widespread in Bangladesh, particularly among children. Anthropogenic sources such as untreated industrial effluents, improper disposal of domestic waste, agricultural runoffs are the main contributors regarding water pollution. A total water pollution status of this country, as well as the sources of this ...
grounding in emerging infectious disease, particularly the ecology and evolution of emerging infectious disease. This course provides an overview of human infectious diseases. After an initial look at how epidemics grow, each week will focus on a different mode of transmission (e.g. air borne, food and water, sexual interactions) and associated
The occurrence and resurgence of water-borne diseases in Kalahandi is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the district. Material and Method: Data on incidences of Acute Diarrhoeal Disease ...