how to write a public health research proposal

ORSD’s Proposal Toolkit

The Office of Research Strategy and Development’s Proposal Toolkit is a new PIN-protected online tool for investigators to find important information meant to support proposal development and funding strategies.  Examples of information to be found on the website include sample letters of support and other non-disciplinary grant templates, NIH paylines and research priorities, as well as HSPH-specific policies and processes. Faculty, research scientists, and post-docs can access curated lists of funding opportunities, links to funding search engines, and other resources to help in finding funding and developing proposals.

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Writing Research Proposals in the Health Sciences A Step-by-step Guide

• Zevia Schneider
• Jeffrey Fuller
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Well written, comprehensive and easy to use - definitely one I will recommend.

excellent book for healthcare students

Goes through the stages of a research proposal guiding students on the expected content for each section

lovely clear text, concepts clearly set out, an excellent introductory book for health science students

A useful resource to help level 3 students to develop their academic writing. This step by step guide provides clear guidance. Students have found this very useful

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Public Health Writing Guide

Teaching Excellence in Public Health | March 27th, 2018

The Public Health Writing Guide provides concrete strategies for improving your prose, increasing your productivity, and meeting the specific needs of your readers. Our goal is to provide you with some best practices that can be useful to you over the course of your career, any time you are looking for encouragement, structure, or advice about how to get started.

Specific Types of Public Health Writing

Are you feeling unsure about how to get started on a public health writing project? Are you unclear on the difference between a policy brief and a literature review?

Writing for specific audiences to achieve public health objectives is not limited by a single genre or purpose. The most common types of documents we need to write run a broad gamut that includes: emails, policy briefs, white papers, grant proposals, research protocols, scientific reports, articles for peer-reviewed journals, abstracts, scopes of work, standard operating procedures, budget justifications, public service announcements, op-eds, letters to the editor, blog posts, tweets, and the list goes on.

We have gathered resources for writing many different types of public health documents. Just click on the post-it notes for detailed suggestions.

POV: Public Health Writing and Deliberate Practice

Improving your writing skills is one of the most important things you can do as a public health professional. Professor Jennifer Beard shares her joys and challenges in developing her own writing skills as well as those of her students.

A note for public health teachers

Our students are often just learning about public health and realizing they will need to learn a new language, style, and organizational templates for different types of writing. This is as true for graduate students as it is for undergraduates. They often feel lost when we ask them to write a policy brief, and we feel lost because we expect them to know what that is. This Public Health Writing Guide is for you and your students.

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Grant Writing Guidance & Tips

Find and apply for federal grants at Grants.gov

CDC uses grants and cooperative agreements to fund public health programs that advance the agency’s public health mission to keep Americans safe and healthy where they work, live, and play. The resources below can help health departments navigate the federal grant writing process.

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How to prepare a research proposal in the health sciences?

Affiliations.

• 1 Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, España. Electronic address: [email protected].
• 2 Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, España.
• PMID: 33277051
• DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2020.07.028

Knowing how to properly prepare a research proposal is a real challenge - and being able to prepare an excellent research proposal is increasingly a requirement to compete for funding with assurances of success. With this in mind, we aim to share with the reader our experience (in many cases, unsuccessful) as applicants on the most important aspects of preparing a research proposal and securing its approval and funding. This article aims not only to list theoretical recommendations but also to share some personal and eminently practical suggestions on the following elements of a research proposal: the title, the abstract, the introduction, the objectives, the methodology, the work plan or schedule, the proposal's consistency and coherence, its viability, its applicability, the importance of the principal investigator and the research team, the proposal's limitations and alternatives, its budget, its references, and, finally, the research proposal's form or wording. In summary, a research proposal is a carefully written plan that includes all the scientific, ethical and logistical aspects of the study to be conducted. Writing a good research proposal requires considerable effort and a great deal of time, but it's worth it.

Keywords: Ciencias de la salud; Health sciences; Protocol; Protocolo; Proyecto de investigación; Research proposal.

Copyright © 2020 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

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Public Health Project Proposal Template

• Great for beginners
• Ready-to-use, fully customizable Subcategory
• Get started in seconds

In the world of public health, having a well-structured and comprehensive project proposal is essential for success. Whether you're tackling a community health initiative or conducting groundbreaking research, ClickUp's Public Health Project Proposal Template is here to guide you every step of the way.

With this template, you'll be able to:

• Clearly outline your project goals, objectives, and methodology
• Identify key stakeholders and establish effective communication channels
• Create a detailed timeline and allocate resources efficiently
• Monitor and evaluate project progress to ensure desired outcomes

No matter the scale or complexity of your public health project, ClickUp's template will help you craft a compelling proposal that sets you up for success. Start making a positive impact on public health today!

Benefits of Public Health Project Proposal Template

The Public Health Project Proposal Template is a valuable tool for organizations working in the field of public health. Here are some of the benefits it offers:

• Streamlines the proposal writing process, saving time and effort
• Provides a clear structure and format for presenting project ideas and goals
• Helps ensure that all necessary information is included in the proposal
• Increases the chances of securing funding by presenting a professional and well-organized proposal
• Facilitates collaboration and feedback from team members, improving the quality of the proposal
• Allows for customization to fit the specific needs and requirements of each project.

Main Elements of Public Health Project Proposal Template

ClickUp's Public Health Project Proposal template is designed to help you create and manage project proposals in the field of public health. Here are the main elements of this Whiteboard template:

• Custom Statuses: Use the "Open" status to indicate ongoing projects and the "Complete" status to mark finished projects, allowing you to easily track the progress of each proposal.
• Custom Fields: Utilize custom fields to capture important information related to your project proposals, such as budget estimates, project objectives, target population, and key stakeholders.
• Custom Views: Access two different views to effectively manage your project proposals. The "Project Proposal" view provides a comprehensive overview of all your proposals, while the "Getting Started Guide" view offers a step-by-step guide to help you kickstart your projects.
• Collaboration Tools: Collaborate with your team members by using features like comments, task assignments, and due dates to ensure smooth communication and timely completion of project proposals.

How to Use Project Proposal for Public Health

If you're working on a public health project proposal, using a template can help streamline the process and ensure that you include all the necessary information. Follow these six steps to effectively use the Public Health Project Proposal Template:

1. Define the problem

Start by clearly identifying the public health issue or problem that your project aims to address. Provide background information, statistics, and any relevant data to highlight the severity and impact of the problem.

Use the Docs feature in ClickUp to gather and organize all the necessary information about the problem.

2. Set project objectives

Outline the specific objectives you want to achieve with your project. These objectives should be measurable, realistic, and aligned with the overall goal of improving public health. Consider the desired outcomes, target population, and any specific metrics you plan to track.

Utilize the Goals feature in ClickUp to set and track your project objectives.

3. Develop a detailed project plan

Create a comprehensive project plan that outlines the specific activities, tasks, and timelines for each stage of the project. Break down the work into smaller, manageable tasks and assign responsibilities to team members.

Use the Gantt chart feature in ClickUp to visualize and manage your project timeline.

4. Determine the budget

Estimate the financial resources required to execute your project successfully. Consider all the necessary expenses, such as personnel, equipment, supplies, and any external services. Ensure your budget is realistic and aligns with the objectives and scope of your project.

Create custom fields in ClickUp to track and manage your project budget.

5. Identify stakeholders and partnerships

Identify the key stakeholders and potential partners who can contribute to the success of your project. This may include government agencies, non-profit organizations, community leaders, or other relevant entities. Clearly outline the roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder and describe how their involvement will support the project.

Use the Board view in ClickUp to visualize and manage your stakeholder and partnership relationships.

6. Review and finalize the proposal

Before submitting your project proposal, review it thoroughly to ensure clarity, coherence, and alignment with the template. Check for any spelling or grammatical errors and make sure all the necessary sections and information are included. Seek feedback from colleagues or mentors to improve the quality of your proposal.

Set up an Email integration in ClickUp to easily share and collaborate on the final proposal with your team and stakeholders.

By following these steps and utilizing the Public Health Project Proposal Template in ClickUp, you can create a comprehensive and compelling proposal that effectively addresses the public health issue at hand.

Sample Public Health Proposal: Combating Childhood Obesity

Below is an example of what your proposal may look like. In the template we provide , you can get a much more professional-looking version, but the bones should look something like this:

Introduction

Public health is a critical factor in building strong, thriving communities. This proposal is designed to address the rising rates of childhood obesity, a condition affecting an increasingly alarming number of children in our community. Implementing preventive strategies and targeted interventions, we aim to mitigate this issue and improve the overall health and wellbeing of our children.

Issue Statement

Childhood obesity has become a severe public health crisis domestically and internationally. The World Health Organization estimates that over 340 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 were overweight or obese in 2016. This condition predisposes children to an increased risk of developing various health problems and can negatively impact their overall quality of life.

Proposed Solution

To tackle this issue, we propose the following multi-pronged approach:

• Health Education Programs: Develop and implement health education programs in schools to promote healthy eating habits and regular physical activity.
• Community Facilities: Improve access to community facilities that support physical activity, like parks and sports centers.
• Policy Advocacy: Advocate for policies that promote access to healthy, affordable foods and limit the advertising of junk food to children.

Implementation Plan

The following steps will be taken to implement the solution:

• Collaborate with schools to integrate health education programs into the curriculum.
• Work with local authorities to improve the quality and accessibility of community facilities supporting physical activity.
• Lobby with policymakers and stakeholders to advocate for healthier food policy.

Implementing this health initiative will require a budget for resources, personnel, and possible third-party collaborations. The estimated budget for this project is $500,000 which includes $150,000 for health education programs, $200,000 for community facilities improvement, and $150,000 for policy advocacy operations.

By addressing the issue of childhood obesity, we can significantly improve the quality of life and future health outcomes for many children in our community. We look forward to seeking your approval and securing the necessary funding to implement this crucial public health initiative.

Get Started with ClickUp's Public Health Project Proposal Template

Health organizations and professionals can use this Public Health Project Proposal Template to streamline the process of creating and implementing public health projects.

First, hit “Get Free Solution” to sign up for ClickUp and add the template to your Workspace. Make sure you designate which Space or location in your Workspace you’d like this template applied.

Next, invite relevant members or guests to your Workspace to start collaborating.

Now you can take advantage of the full potential of this template to create impactful public health projects:

• Use the Project Proposal View to outline the purpose, goals, and objectives of the project
• The Getting Started Guide View will provide a step-by-step roadmap to help you kickstart your project with ease
• Organize tasks into two different statuses: Open and Complete, to keep track of project progress
• Update statuses as you complete tasks and milestones to monitor project milestones
• Collaborate with team members and stakeholders to gather input and make necessary changes
• Set up notifications to ensure timely completion of tasks and receive project updates
• Monitor and analyze project tasks to ensure maximum productivity

Related Templates

• Gift Giving Project Proposal Template
• Pig Farming Project Proposal Template
• Medicinal Plant Project Proposal Template
• Reading Intervention Project Proposal Template
• School Gymnasium Project Proposal Template

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How to write a research proposal in public health

The development of new medical treatments and cures would not happen without health research and the active role of research volunteers. Behind every discovery of a new medicine and treatment are thousands of people who were involved in health research. Thanks to the advances in medical care and public health, we now live on average 10 years longer than in the 1960's and 20 years longer than in the 1930's. Without research, many diseases that can now be treated would cripple people or result in early death. New drugs, new ways to treat old and new illnesses, and new ways to prevent diseases in people at risk of developing them, can only result from health research. The research proposal is an important step in developing a research project. In the first instance it helps you to further define your research question and enables you to demonstrate how you intend to go about answering that question. Secondly, the research proposal is able to give an overview of the research project so that other people understand the scope of the research, the significance of the research. This Paper attempts to provide the researchers, the various steps involved in formulating a health research protocol.

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Sample Masters Public Health Dissertation Proposal

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Critical Analysis of Factors Affecting Public Health Promotion: A Case Study of Saudi Arabia

This research will be conducted to fulfil the study’s aim to analyse the influence of public health on health promotion intervention within the case of Saudi Arabia as a developing country. To fulfil the research’s aim and objectives, the researcher will use a qualitative approach and secondary data sources regarding public health promotion intervention in Saudi Arabia.

The researcher will examine relevant secondary sources and then present a systematic overview of the literature to understand the impact of public health on the public health promotion intervention in the region of Saudi Arabia.

Introduction

From the overview of past literature, it can be found that there is an increased interest of researchers and practitioners concerning public health and its promotion (Baum, 2016). The information and know-how regarding public health are important because public health programs and public health interventions are based on this knowledge and research (Boulware et al., 2016).

Now, several different elements tend to impact public health and programs related to public health. The governmental and health organisations have shifted their focus from removing and preventing the disease towards the socio-economic, behavioural, and environmental factors that significantly impact public health (Wiene et al., 2017).

From the research point of view, there have been very few researches in the past that have been carried out in this regard. Different countries aim to improve public health by introducing effective programs and interventions (Watts et al., 2015). The health sector continually works towards ensuring that their public health-related goals are met efficiently to make a significant mark.

The promotion of public health is undeniably an essential aspect of public health. Several types of research have been carried out in this regard (Rosenbaum, 2011). Health promotion is carried out to raise awareness among the public regarding the negative consequences of a disease or notify the public regarding living a healthy lifestyle.

Health promotion is an expression in practical terms as a source that lets the public lead a productive life regarding social, economic, and individual perspectives. Health is a source for a routine life, not an object that can be ignored easily (Anderson et al., 2005). According to WHO, public health is a fundamental human right, and all individuals should have the right to get rudimentary resources (WHO, 2018).

The interventions for the promotion of public health are carried out to ensure that public health is not at stake and that the public is aware of the importance of their health (Nutley, Smith, & Davies, 2000). Through public health intervention, the government can control several health problems.

Regarding Saudi Arabia’s public health, WHO has notified that more than 60% of the population is inactive, which is quite alarming concerning the individuals’ health (WHO, 2011). Physical activity is of great importance because it mainly decreases the many common diseases like diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and heart disease.

It also prevents one of the major problems regarding health, i.e., obesity (Frohlich & Potvin, 2008). It has been established that with time, the health sector of Saudi Arabia has been experiencing growth. However, there are still specific problems faced (Almalki, FitzGerald, & Clark, 2011).

One of the major problems of the health sector of Saudi Arabia is that there is a language barrier among physicians, doctors, and patients. Although some research has been carried out in the context of public health and its impact on health promotion intervention, there is still a need for more research to evaluate public health in terms of promotion.

Yet, according to Sharaf (2010), social media platforms, particularly Twitter, have inculcated new prospects for definitely influencing audiences’ health at large. As Saudi Arabia is coined to be the country with the highest number of Twitter users, practitioners believe that Twitter can contribute to the propagation of health promotion ideas.

According to Mckenzie (2016), with the help of developing different health intervention promotion programs, public health is improving daily. The researcher needs to carry out more research to ensure that public health is impacted efficiently. The country’s major goal is to ensure that the public is provided with high-quality healthcare services.

The well-being of society is promoted. According to Peltzer (2011), the health care promotional campaigns and interventions are focused more on developed nations than developing nations. Several different factors tend to have a significant impact on the health promotion intervention. Socio-economic factors play a critical role in people’s lives, affecting each individual’s health in many ways.

Every country has its characteristics that dominate other factors compared to other places according to specific policies and particular laws. But few general ones can be easily recognised in all parts of the world.

Aim and Objectives

The present research’s main aim is to analyse the influence of public health on the health promotion intervention within the case of Saudi Arabia as a developing country. The objectives of the study are as follows,

• To study the concept and significance of public health interventions.
• To identify factors affecting health promotion interventions concerning public health in the case of Saudi Arabia.
• To analyse the influence of public health on the health promotion intervention in the case of Saudi Arabia.
• To suggest effective recommendations for improving the health promotion intervention from the influence of public health in Saudi Arabia.

Research Question

Based on the preliminary overview of the literature review on this topic, the research question that is going to be answered by this research is:

How can public health be determined through various factors affecting public health promotion in the context of Saudi Arabia?

Problem Statement

This research will be carried out to analyse the impact of public health on public health promotion intervention, specifically in Saudi Arabia. In terms of the public health of Saudi Arabia, the company is experiencing significant improvement; however, they are still lacking in providing high-quality health care advice through public health promotion intervention. One of the important problems prevalent in the region is a language barrier among physicians, doctors, and patients.

The Rationale of the Research

The study has established that certain researches have been carried out concerning public health and its impact on evaluating the health promotion intervention. This particular research is significant because it focuses on analysing how public health in the region of Saudi Arabia impacts their health promotion intervention.

There are not many academic types of research carried out on Saudi Arabia’s public health. This research will contribute positively towards the existing body of literature mainly inclined towards Western countries’ general health (Glanz & Bishop, 2010). One of the significant hindrances with the effective provision of public health to a country’s citizens is that there is no consistent framework of public health that promotes the evaluation of public health promotion intervention (Frieden, 2010).

This research is particularly significant because it will look into different factors that combine to form the public health of Saudi Arabia. Moreover, it will also address the issues faced by the country regarding the implementation and evaluation of their health campaigns. The major rationale behind this research is that there are very few research studies carried out.

Structure of the Research

The following study comprises five significant sections: introduction, literature review, methodology, findings and conclusion, and recommendations. The first chapter of the study highlights the research study’s topic, the research problem, aims and objectives of the study, rationale, and significance. It provides a brief introduction to the analysis.

The second chapter of this study was a literature review. In this chapter, the researcher identifies the study variables and includes different theories and backgrounds concerning the view and opinions of various researchers. It consists of a theoretical framework and the development of a hypothesis.

The third chapter of the study was methodology. This section identified the methods and techniques used in a research study to examine the results. Data collection methods and techniques are described in this chapter, along with ethical considerations and limitations.

The fourth chapter of the study was findings and analysis. This chapter analyses and evaluates the data obtained from different sources based on other techniques and methods. A significant portion of this section includes an analysis of results and discussion.

The last chapter of the study is the conclusion and recommendations. It concludes the entire research along with summarised findings of the study.

Literature Review

Public health intervention and promotion.

Public Health is known for inhibiting the disease, health promotions, healthily improving lifestyle, and systematised society effort.  The central focus is on the health betterment of the population and doing interventions to prevent disease. The protection, promotion, prolonging of public life, and betterment of society’s health are the main goals of public health (Brownson, 2017).

The progress in the social machinery by health promotions satisfies the people regarding maintenance and betterment of health. Better cure of advanced and severe diseases is required, specifically in developing countries. The interventions of Public health regarding the reduction in risk factors related to health are significant. The preventions are done of medicines to preserve or promote health and decrease the suffering when health is impaired (Gostin, 2016).

There are significant disciplines in which health sectors mostly perform to promote health. A healthy nutrient balances health and any disease, and reproductive health is taken care of the most because it includes mental, physical, and social health that should be healthy. In environmental health, the approach is to classify the particular biological or physical aspects that present all health risks.

It can be replaced and modified to protect people from it, like sanitisation of water, disposal of waste management, etc. (Frieden, 2010). The combination of health education and economics is beneficial for health promotions and their interventions. It helps in the substitution use of resources and their effective utilisation in the health service sector.

Many types of research have been done that focus on the distribution, frequency, biostatistics, and causes of disease. Such researches are an action to attain more information about the technical or scientific overview of public health. The health service sector management tries to work together and utilise the available resources to achieve the goal (Fleming, 2014).

Health promotion is the central part of public health, defined as the betterment of health in the population. It presents wide-ranging environmental and social conditions directed towards changing the negative aspects of such states to ease their effect on individual and public health. It enables individuals to elevate control over the factors of health and thus improve their health.

Contribution in health promotion is vital to endure promotions’ actions and efforts (Naidoo, 2016). Health promotion is an expression in practical terms as a source which let public to lead a productive life regarding social, economic and individual prospective because health is a source for a routine life, not an object that can be ignored easily.

It emphasises the physical capabilities of a person. WHO has recognised public health as a fundamental human right, and all individuals should have the right to get rudimentary resources (Lupton, 2014). The prospective health concept applies that the organisations that rule social, physical, and economic conditions should take responsibility for their activities in terms of their effect on the public and health (Leischik, 2016).

After the research many years, health promotion is now getting in trend. It became clear that health promotion interventions should be seen in the framework of difficult interrelationships encircling the public, societies, and health care sectors (Duplaga, 2015) and (Sitko, 2016). The approaches have found out that the effective interventions and consequent promotions that are in practice.

The interventions of health promotions should be for the betterment of local practice. The advanced interventions in public health lead to many issues and challenges regarding promotions. Interventions are commonly recognised by combining factors of a supplied intervention like theory and all with factors present in the local context such as funding etc. Interventions help a lot in controlling and preventing health problems (Kok, 2012).

Overview of Saudi Arabia’s Public Health Intervention and Promotion

The WHO reports show that 60% of the overall population of Saudi Arabia is physically inactive, which is not suitable for health at all.  According to recent studies, physical activity is one of the significant health-promoting practices (Kraus, 2015). Physical activity mainly decreases the many common diseases like diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and heart disease.

It also prevents one of the major problems regarding health, i.e., obesity.  It improves an individual’s mental health by decreasing depression and anxiety, showing the inverse relation of health outcomes with the amount of physical activity performed (Alahmed, 2017).

The health sector of Saudi Arabia has ranked the growth of health care services at the overall rate of care, due to which betterment has been seen in the health range of Saudi Arabia (Almalki, 2011).  Besides such improvements, the major issue in Saudi Arabia’s health sector is the language hurdle among the physician and their patients.   Many interventions have been taken to solve this issue by health promotions using posters, leaflets, or other ways (Vyas, 2012).

After facing constant failure, alternative techniques have been applied, i.e., spreading awareness by using promotional items in health promotions, which was beneficial to give important messages to the public (Al Aboud, 2013). It succeeds whenever implemented correctly, which was also seen in TB patients (Alahmed, 2017).

Factors Affecting Public Health Promotion Intervention

Public Health revolves around the study of highlighting the issues that affect human health. It focuses on the preventive measures of diseases and prolonging humans’ lives by bringing awareness through different campaigns and promotions that could improve the public’s health. The research has been done to work on the public health sector as it is one of the significant elements that influence any country’s environment.

It is also essential to look out for the reasons that can affect the promotions and interventions to maintain public health stability. Social determinants include the status and affiliations that determine health (Shaw, 2008). In socio-economic factors, social attributes play a critical role in people’s lives, affecting each individual’s health in many ways.

The socio-economic factors are one of the major influences for public health in any country, whereas; cultural factors are based on the thoughts and behaviours shared by a group of people in any country. Culture always has a significant impact on all aspects of life. It contributes to every individual in an integrated pattern of values and morals.

In political factors, government policies and programs also profoundly affect health interventions in many ways (Mackenbach, 2014). At the same time, national health factors are about taking account of public health to local needs and includes the development level for the entire health sector.

Income is one of the main features that can affect public health promotion. It is directly proportional to individuals’ health related to the amount of money that a person is earning. When the making is high, the health is automatically influenced better, but if it is low, it can affect the quality of the food you take or the health services that are not affordable (Abel-Smith, 2016).

It can also be described as an example that not everyone can afford to see experienced doctors of sickness or other major health issues due to their high fees.  It also goes in a way that they cannot purchase better foods to remain healthy. Income also influences the location one chose to live in as the surrounding influences health at a higher level. It can be perceived as lower earnings can lead to poorer health choices and increased health risks (Stoddart, 2017).

It is a crucial element that determines people’s social and economic position related to health outcomes. Education helps learn about the positive and negative aspects of health classified as better or poor health status. It elaborates the benefits of a healthy diet, increases the knowledge, and guides in making good choices compared to those who are not well educated or more aware of effective food products (Rosen, 2015).

The factor of employment contributes to health promotion intervention to enhance social status and self-esteem, leading to community life participation by bringing more opportunities that improve health and well-being. Career also surrounds being physically active or getting exhausted and tired due to long work hours that affect an individual’s health. The nature of the job is considered in this sector that can be classified as working at a farm, factory, chemicals or radiology, sports, and a proper organisation (Garthwaite, 2014).

Social Inequalities

There can be many cultures within a society, and it differs in views and norms that affect health in various ways. One major factor that developing countries face is social inequality which means all the people do not meet human needs. The lack of food, water, shelter, and clothing influences the health of the individuals. It affects the lifestyle and causes serious health problems as well. The easy access to these factors does create a difference in human beings’ lives as these are the most critical elements to survive (Berkman, 2014).

Early Marriages

Developing countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and others have some of the most disturbing factors that destroy a person’s health: early marriages. Children are forced to marry at the early stages in many rural areas in these developing countries, which is not suitable for their future health (García-Moreno, 2015). Since the people in rural areas are not so educated or aware of these things, it results in early pregnancies, labour complications, and severe infections that could lead to life-ending diseases.

Another factor that comes under the cultural environment is family. It means the number of people in a family that does make a difference at a greater rate. People in rural areas in developing countries usually have many children with very few gaps. They do not know the preventive measures or the effect of such fast pregnancies on health. Moreover, they also face financial issues due to less income, which cannot provide quality food and daily life necessities.

Poverty has been a critical factor in health determinants as it is directly linked with poor health. The less fortunate people are affected at so many levels that destroy their health. They are deprived of basic knowledge, money, and access to the services of health. Poor people cannot get treatment for diseases or see doctors due to a lack of money (Poverty and Health, 2014). Usually, only one member earns for the family that brings too much of a burden. Therefore, when everyday life’s basic needs are not easy for them to get, health is mostly the last thing to be given attention to for poor people.

Environment

The physical environment plays a great role in affecting people’s health positively or negatively. Clean air and water are two substantial means towards a healthy lifestyle. Lack of access to clean water and sanitation as well as polluted air develops major health issues. It also includes noise pollution, access to green and open space, transportation, housing, and food. Moreover, climate seasons influence the health of infants. They all are of equal importance in environmental conditions that directly affect health. Developing countries face air and noise pollution and the limited amount of clean water, which creates trouble for them, if not right away then in the future (Lü, 2015).

The living area of a person or improper untidy housing develops certain health conditions. Poor housing is associated with significant diseases like respiratory and skin infection, morbidity and mortality, and psychological effects. The overcrowded places usually do not consider a healthy lifestyle, whereas; homelessness develops sleep deprivation, mental health disorders, chronic stress, nutritional and psychic disorders.

Age and Gender

This has a significant part, like other factors, in determining health. People develop various health problems at different stages of life. For example, the diseases found in infants like pneumonia, diarrhoea, and skin rashes would not be quickly adopted by elders. In this manner, gender differences like men and women rarely have the same types of diseases. There are few common diseases found in women, like thyroid or kidney issues, whereas; men are mostly heart problems. This variance is the reason for distinctive lifestyles acquired by both of them.

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Influence of Public Health on the Health Promotion Intervention

Health Promotions has progressed a lot in the past years, but some of its procedures are limited due to the assessment methods (Peltzer, 2011). Research is much needed in the evaluation of health importance and interventions.  Health promotions focus on developing more significant results that create demanding and expensive interventions for both the physician and the patient.

Such interventions are being studied deeply using a high level of standardised protocols (McKenzie, 2016). The effectiveness of health promotions does not show the positive or negative outcomes of busy, understaffed public health clinics and huge health sectors (Baum, 2016).

The medical trend focuses on the surgical interference that gives instant outcomes. As compared to the health promotions, less research is done on their interventions. There is little research on interventions that report the population. The interventions that show adequate randomised trials results are not effective when applied to the common public (Schmidt 2015).

According to the RE-AIM model, the intellectualising is done on the general population’s health that affects the applied interventions in health promotions as five elements that include efficacy, implementation, learning, reach, and management (Ward, 2018).

When health sector interventions have been taken in health promotions, their main focus is constantly developing countries. Like in Malawi, it has been applied, and their outcome was good. Health promotions are also designed specifically for children and young people. It depends on the requirement of public health. It helps in dealing with the mortality or morbidity issue and others also (Eldredge, 2016).

Overall, developing countries show the interventions in health promotions, and their applications differ a lot according to sustainability and effectiveness. If the government supports health promotions rightfully, it puts a high level of impact on public health.

In Ethiopia, hygiene practices are very poor, and the sanitary situation is insufficient, resulting in the elevation of transmissible diseases in the population and worsen public health.  Health promotion interventions are done to spread knowledge and apply hygiene practices in rural schools of Ethiopia and improve their hygiene characteristics (Vivas, 2010).

Children were targeted for promotions because they are more approachable for adopting healthy attitudes by them it will spread among the families and community (Lopez-Quintero, 2009).

Brazil is also considered a developing country, in which health promotions have been implemented many times in the past and present. Currently, the major concern is heart diseases, hygiene, and unhealthy lifestyle issue. The health promotions did interventions for the betterment of living and unhealthy situation of people.

The infectious disease in Brazil was a high level of public health issue in the country before. Still, after many interventions regarding health promotions, including campaigns, such disease decreased from the government. Now circulatory diseases are the main reason for mortality. All of the issues needed basin sanitation awareness and health education.

The particular activities of health promotions include improving physical activity practices, reducing smoking, decreasing death and morbidity rate due to any disease or accident, reducing alcohol intake, adopting healthy habits, and inhibiting violence (Horta, 2017). Health promotion was also done in schools, leading to positive outcomes and a lot of betterment. The growth of the Brazilian Unified Health System has been influenced by Brazil’s public health sector (Ramos, 2014).

Research Methodology

Research philosophy.

Research philosophy describes the set of beliefs that the researcher has while carrying out the research. It provides the significance of how the data will be analysed and used in the research. The research philosophies are categorised into different types that can be used according to the researcher’s analysis and feasibility. The research philosophies that are commonly used in the study are positivism, interpretivism, and realism (Merriam and Tisdell, 2015)

The study in hand has used the interpretivism philosophy for conducting the research. This philosophy is based on the social sciences and focuses on the disciplines and the school of thought that the respondents carry out in the research. On the other hand, the positivism philosophy is based on realistic data and carries out the information found in reality.

The realism philosophy is commonly observed in scientific research and collects data based on experiments and scientific tests. The researcher may face problems with interpretivism philosophy because the respondents are not observed to provide justified opinions for theirs. The problems may also be faced in interpreting views carried out by the researcher (Teherani et al., 2015). Concerning the attitudes and behaviours, interpretivism philosophy is highly suitable for the research that is being observed.

The following study will use interpretivism to identify the impact of public health on health promotion interventions within Saudi Arabia because the research is purely based on qualitative analysis; therefore, interpretivism philosophy helps to understand the in-depth information about variables.

Research Approach

According to the study of Sekaran and Bougie (2016) research approach is stated as the pattern that has been selected for conducting the research. The research approaches are mainly divided into inductive and deductive approaches that provide research patterns to get significant results.

Both the approaches have their existence and vary based on the hypothesis and models used in the research. The inductive approach provides the research pattern that starts with observation and tests conducted by the researcher. It moves on to the identification of patterns used in the research and finalises the theory.

On the other hand, the deductive approach is based on the theory that has been selected. The researcher carries out the hypothesis and develops observations and tests for accepting or rejecting the idea based on the theory. The statement and tests confirm and reject the hypothesis that carries out the result of the research carried out.

For the research in hand, the approach that has been used is the deductive approach as it has used the theory that has been used before and has developed. The researcher has also conducted tests and observations to identify whether the hypothesis can be accepted or rejected. The deductive approach justifies the research carried out and is correct (Silverman, 2016). Moreover, the researcher may not lead to falsification and gets the justified results of the approaches used.

The following study will use the inductive research approach because the underlying factors of public health promotions and their impact on health promotion interventions were analysed through systematic analysis of information. The deductive approach provides a structured way of examining Saudi Arabia’s case to assess the impact.

Type of Investigation

Marshall and Rossman (2014) have identified three types of research investigation under which the research is carried out. The types of investigation methods used in the researches are exploratory, explanatory, and descriptive research. The experimental research refers to the explore the new techniques and phenomenon that has not been used before.

As the name identifies, it provides the significance of starting the research from the groundwork. Exploratory research is aimed to find something new and carry out the research in a new direction. Descriptive research tends to explore and explain the phenomenon in detail. It provides additional information regarding the topic and fills the missing part of the research. It carries out the gap analysis and gets the work done until the gap is filled (Lewis, 2015).

Another type of investigation method followed by the researchers is explanatory research. It is also known as causal research and determines the identification of cause and effect relationships. The explanatory research is determined to explain the phenomenon that has been used before in previous researches.

It explains the description of topics and determines the causes and effects of the particular topic on another (McCusker and Gunaydin, 2015). The following research is based on the cause and effect relationship, and hence the type of investigation used in the next study is explanatory research. The cause and effect relationship used in the explanatory research has provided the best fit for the relationship between the variables.

For the following study, the researcher will use the descriptive method of investigation to examine the relationship between public health and health promotion interventions. The explanatory study will provide information about how public health impacts the various health promotion activities.

Research Design

The studies of Choy, (2014) have determined the types of research design used in the following research. The design is categorised into three main types that are qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. All three types are used according to the needs and requirements of the selected topic. Qualitative research is dependent upon the collection of behavioural data.

The data is collected and analysed in the form of statements and descriptions used to carry out the results. Another commonly used research design is the quantitative method. The data is collected in numeric and numbers that are analysed using statistical tools and techniques. Another commonly used method is mixed (Merriam and Tisdell, 2015).

The following research will use qualitative research design methods to examine how public health affects health promotion intervention. Using the qualitative method, the researcher will shed light on the existing articles and journals collected by different researchers and scholars.

Data Collection Method

The identified data collection methods used in the researches are categorised into primary and secondary research. The researcher collects data from the respondents based on the primary and secondary methods of collecting data. Both the methods have their ways of collecting data. The data collection for the primary research is interviews, questionnaires, experiments, and observation.

On the other hand, is the data collected from previous studies. The research, based on secondary data, uses the information available on the internet and carries out the data analysis (Mertens, 2014).

The study in hand has used the primary method of data collection. The data has been collected based on the qualitative methods and has gathered the information from the primary sources, including questionnaire surveys, interviews, and first-hand observation of the researcher. The researcher has faced some constraints while carrying out the primary data that is limited time and cost used for the research. Respondents are not ready to provide detailed information regarding their feelings and practices (Silverman, 2016).

The data collection method selected for this study is the secondary method of data collection. The researcher will use the second method to conduct a systematic review and answer the study’s research questions. The study will also select articles from 2010 to 2018, and a health-related database will be used for examining the information.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion criteria refer to the characteristics of the study’s characteristics that are included in particular research. On the other hand, exclusion criteria refer to specific characteristics or elements that disqualify the subjects from being included in the research. The inclusion criteria of this research are different studies related to public health and public health promotion.

Majorly the studies taken into account are those carried out in the region of Saudi Arabia and other parts of the Middle East. The exclusion criteria for the research are the studies that do not belong to credible journals and publishers.

Sampling Method, Technique, and Sample Size

Sampling is an integral part of the research and determines the population selected for carrying out the research. The selected population for collecting the data is known as the sample. The sampling method is further divided into non-probability and probability sampling. Probability sampling provides an equal chance to all the sample population for getting the responses. On the other hand is the non-probability sampling does not provide an equal chance to all the respondents (Silverman, 2016).

The following study is based on non-probability sampling. The technique that has been used in the study is convenience sampling. The researcher has carried out the respondents’ information based on convenience for gathering data through a systematic review of articles and journals.  From 2010 to 2018, the articles will be selected for obtaining information about health promotions and interventions therefore, an article out from this domain will not be used.

Data Analysis Method

According to Smith, (2015), data analysis is a critical stage of the research process. The tool that has been used in the following research is thematic analysis because the study is based on qualitative techniques. The interviews gathered by the researcher and the observations have been analysed using the method of thematic analysis.

The thematic analysis is based on the pinpointing and examination of the patterns within the data that has been collected. On the other hand, the tool for quantitative analysis is SPSS. As the study is qualitative, so the data has been analysed using themes and defining them according to the research. The researcher will use content analysis to analyse the information obtained from different sources and critically examine the data about health promotion interventions, particularly in Saudi Arabia.

The researcher will conduct a systematic review through existing studies and with the help of a descriptive approach. A systematic literature review is going to be carried out in five steps (Khan et al. 2003). The research question has been framed in the first step, after which relevant publications regarding the research questions are identified. The next step covers the assessment of the quality of the study. The next step is related to summarising the evidence that has been collected. Lastly, the findings collected from different relevant articles are interpreted.

Ethical Considerations

It is an integral part of the research and identifies the researcher’s ethical considerations while carrying out the research. For the following research, the researcher has ensured the respondents that the data collected is valid and authentic. The confidentiality of the respondent’s information has been considered. The researcher has avoided any sort of unethical activity while carrying out the research.

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MEPs approved the creation of a European Health Data Space, improving citizens’ access to their personal health data and boosting secure sharing in the public interest.

On Wednesday, MEPs voted with 445 in favour and 142 against (39 abstentions) to approve the inter-institutional agreement on establishing a European Health Data Space. It will empower patients to access their health data in an electronic format, including from a different member state to the one in which they live, and allow health professionals to consult their patients’ files with their consent (so-called primary use), also from other EU countries. These electronic health records (EHR) would include patient summaries, electronic prescriptions, medical imagery and laboratory results.

The law will make it possible to transfer health data safely to health professionals in other EU countries (based on MyHealth@EU infrastructure), for example when citizens move to another state. It will be possible to download the health record free of charge.

Data-sharing for the common good with safeguards

Additionally, the Health Data Space would unleash the research potential of health data in an anonymised or pseudonymised format. Data including health records, clinical trials, pathogens, health claims and reimbursements, genetic data, public health registry information, wellness data and information on healthcare resources, expenditure and financing, could be processed for public interest purposes, including research, statistics and policy-making (so-called secondary use). Data could, for example, be used to find treatments for rare diseases, where small datasets and fragmentation currently prevent advances in treatments.

Secondary use will not be allowed for commercial purposes including advertising, assessing insurance requests or lending conditions or making job market decisions. Access decisions will be made by national data access bodies.

Robust privacy safeguards

The law ensures people will have a say in how their data are used and accessed. Patients will be able to refuse their health data being accessed by practitioners (except where this is necessary for protecting the vital interests of the data subject or another person) or processed for research purposes, apart from certain public-interest, policy-making or statistical purposes. Patients will also have to be informed each time their data are accessed, and will have the right to request corrections to incorrect data.

Tomislav Sokol (EPP, Croatia), Environment Committee co-rapporteur, said: "The Health Data Space can help us to leverage the data we have in a safe and secure manner, giving vital research into new treatments a major boost. It will prevent gaps in treatment by making sure health professional can access their patients’ records across borders. At the same time, opt-outs will ensure that patients have a say, and that the system is trustworthy. It will be a major step forward for digital healthcare in the EU."

Annalisa Tardino (ID, Italy), Civil Liberties Committee co-rapporteur, said: “The Health Data Space will boost everyone's access to healthcare. In future, doctors can be authorised to access their patients’ health records and laboratory results in other regions, or even other EU member states, saving money, resources and providing better cures. We also secured opt-outs to ensure that patients have a say in how their data are used. Although we would have preferred even stronger measures, we were able to find a position that can be accepted by a majority."

The provisional agreement still needs to be formally approved by the Council. Once published in the EU’s Official Journal, it will enter into force twenty days later. It will be applied two years after, with certain exceptions, including primary and secondary use of data categories, which will apply four to six years later, depending on the category..

By adopting the law, Parliament is responding to the demands of citizens put forward in the conclusions of the Conference of the Future of Europe. These include proposal 8(1), which explicitly recommended the creation of a health data space to facilitate exchanges, and proposals 35(7) and 35(8) on data and artificial intelligence.

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Teaching assistants routinely cover lessons in England and Wales, survey finds

Exclusive: Research shows extent to which schools are struggling to provide qualified teachers for every class

Hundreds of thousands of pupils in England and Wales are being educated “on the cheap” by low-paid teaching assistants (TAs) covering lessons for teachers who are off sick or have quit, according to new research.

A desperate teacher recruitment crisis, compounded by inadequate funding, means schools across the country are struggling to put a qualified teacher at the front of every class, unions say.

TAs – who earn as little as £14,000 with salaries rising to £21,000 for the most experienced – are being asked to plug the gaps for little or no extra pay. At primary level they describe being told to lead classes ranging from nursery to year 6, with just minutes to spare. In secondary schools, TAs are teaching subjects at GCSE level where teachers have left and not been replaced.

The use of TAs to supervise classes was introduced in 2004 in cases of unexpected teacher absence, to allow for supervision for limited periods. The current teacher shortage, as well increased levels of long-term sickness, means TAs are routinely being deployed as teachers, though national guidance states they should not “actively teach”.

Children with special educational needs (SEN) are among the worst-affected by the crisis, according to research by the public service union Unison . As TAs are increasingly asked to step in for teachers, many of the 1.5 million children with SEN they normally support are left to struggle in class on their own.

The survey of almost 6,000 TAs found two in five (39%) were covering classes for regular teachers for at least five hours a week – roughly the equivalent of one school day a week or half a term’s cover over a school year – while 15% said they were expected to teach entire classes for at least 11 hours a week.

“I don’t think parents have any idea how much of their children’s education is being delivered by unqualified teaching assistants,” one primary higher-level TA told researchers.

The research shows that the crisis is getting worse. Almost half (45%) of TAs who participated in the survey said they were teaching more classes than they did last year, while more than two-thirds (68%) said that it was having a negative impact on the quality of learning in their school.

A higher-level TA working in a secondary school in the north-east told the Guardian he had covered 448 lessons last year, and it would be more this year. “It can be anything,” he said. “French, maths, science, PE. I’m quite comfortable teaching maths and PE, but French and English I’m not so good at.

“Before Covid, when teachers were off, cover would come in, but it’s harder to find teachers since Covid. It’s sad for the kids. It’s sad for the school – they want the best for the kids, but half the time they can’t get anyone.”

Another TA, working in a primary school in the north-west, said: “When we were doing training, we were aware there would be occasional times – if a teacher goes home poorly – we might have to step in. But not to this extent. It all comes down to money. If schools were given a proper budget, there would be adequate support.”

TAs are particularly concerned about the consequences for children with SEN or additional learning needs (ALN). Four in five (81%) said that covering for teachers was having a negative impact on SEN and ALN provision in their school.

As a result, pupils were missing out on classroom support (63%) and intervention sessions (58%), while those with more complex needs who have an education, health and care plan were missing out on one-to-one support (52%).

The Unison head of education, Mike Short, said: “Schools’ budgets are so tight that, instead of getting in supply teachers to cover classes, heads are having to use teaching assistants on the cheap. This is neither right, nor fair.

“Parents will rightly assume their children are being taught by teachers, not teaching assistants. The government must ensure all schools have the budget and staff to provide the education they’re meant to deliver.

“This over-reliance on unsatisfactory stopgap measures and overburdening teaching assistants in this way has to stop.”

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Paul Whiteman, the general secretary of the school leaders’ union, the NAHT, said: “It is not right that teaching assistants should be asked to routinely cover classes but sadly sometimes schools have literally no other choice.

“Teaching assistants play a crucial role in our schools, particularly for pupils with additional needs, but we should not expect them to fulfil the role of the teacher.”

Pepe Di’Iasio, the general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders, added: “Without action from the government to address the teacher recruitment and retention crisis by improving pay, conditions, and school funding, it is difficult to see how things will improve.”

Parents are also concerned. One mother of two told the Guardian: “My daughter is in reception and has not had a teacher since coming back from the Easter holidays. We don’t know what’s happening. She’s been taught by a range of TAs – never the same person.

“She’s at the very foundation of learning, and she’s getting bored. The TAs are struggling to hold the class. It means the ones who are able are missing out, and the ones who are struggling are missing out too.”

Rob Webster, a researcher and expert on teaching assistants, said: “This study reveals the hidden costs of deploying teaching assistants to plug gaps in the teacher workforce. It disrupts support for pupils who need it, and prevents teaching assistants from doing their essential work.

“The special educational needs system in England is already at breaking point. Parents of children with additional needs will wonder what effect this considerable loss of teaching assistant capacity is having on their child’s provision. “The current situation is having a detrimental effect on teaching assistants’ workload and wellbeing too. Left unaddressed, it could exacerbate the existing recruitment and retention crisis facing schools.”

A Department for Education spokesperson said: “We have undertaken the biggest reform of training and development in a generation, and … recognise the key role teaching assistants play in supporting children and young people with SEND. We are developing practitioner standards for all frontline staff to help them identify and support the needs of these children.”

• Teacher shortages
• Special educational needs

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What Can You Do With a Medical Degree?

If you don't want to be a doctor who treats patients, options range from research and writing to consulting and counseling.

Different jobs with med degree

Getty Images

Doctors in the pharmaceutical research field may work for pharmaceutical companies, research organizations or regulatory agencies in medicine discovery, development and licensing.

Key Takeaways

• There are options aside from being a doctor who treats patients.
• An alternative career may require additional training or education.
• Medical schools prefer to admit students who will practice medicine.

After graduating with a medical degree, most doctors complete a full three-year residency training program. While it's possible for medical school graduates to earn a general medical license after completing a single postgraduate year and passing all three steps of the United States Medical Licensing Examination, clinical opportunities are extremely limited for those who don't complete residency and become board-certified.

Most doctors go on to become traditional clinicians, examining, diagnosing and treating patients.

For those who want to treat patients, the long list of medical and surgical specialties includes pediatrics, internal medicine, radiology, psychiatry, oncology, emergency medicine, anesthesiology, general surgery, plastic and maxillofacial surgery, ophthalmology and orthopedics.

Because a medical degree represents enormous financial and personal sacrifice, and pursuing a clinical career means years of rigorous training beyond medical school, most physicians expect to stay in clinical practice for decades. And while almost two-thirds of doctors say they’d still choose the profession if they had their career to do over, according to a 2023 survey by The Physicians Foundation, life as a clinician is not for everyone.

Dr. Steve Liggett, vice dean for research at the Morsani College of Medicine at the University of South Florida and associate vice president for research at USF Health, is a doctor who isn't in clinical practice. As a professor of internal medicine and of molecular pharmacology and physiology, he focuses on research and leads the USF Health Office of Research.

“To succeed in the nonclinical space is going to take additional training,” he says. “It's not really feasible, for example, to be a molecular biologist – which is what I am – and not having had any molecular biology training.”

Here are some careers you can pursue as a doctor, including some that don't require completing residency or additional training.

Pharmaceutical Research

Liggett says he sees doctors who have completed their clinical training move on, after just a few years of practice, to work in early clinical trials and drug development in the pharmaceutical industry.

"They really love it. They don't see as many patients, but they're really involved at the cutting edge of what's going to be the next generation of drugs that are going to come out, often in their specialty,” he says, “and so that is one of the more common paths that I've seen.”

Doctors in this field may work for pharmaceutical companies, research organizations or regulatory agencies in medicine discovery, development and licensing. Potential roles include medical adviser or medical science liaison officer, medical reviewer, clinical research physician, pharmacovigilance (drug safety) practitioner and medical affairs specialist.

Health care consulting is a common path for medical school graduates who move into a nonclinical career, says Dr. Daniel Clinchot, vice dean for education at the Ohio State University College of Medicine and a professor at Ohio State's Wexner Medical Center .

They may consult for corporations or insurance companies, he says, or use their knowledge of clinical care to help doctors and clinical health care facilities improve their business and management practices.

Other consulting roles include being an adviser to a medical startup company, working with a market research company, educating physicians on equipment or technology, or giving input on the operations of a hospital or health care system.

Teaching and Clinical Education

Medical schools rely on doctors who can teach for clinical rotations, where third- and fourth-year students learn from preceptors – and experts say schools across the U.S. are struggling to find them. Clinchot says most med schools prefer to hire teachers who have some clinical experience in addition to a medical degree.

Liggett says doctors who choose teaching typically provide didactic instruction for first- and second-year medical students, or bedside teaching with small groups.

"Medical schools are taking that very seriously and want full-time teachers," Liggett says, "and an M.D. could certainly do that.”

Public Health

Public health deals with population-level health problems, including causes, prevention and intervention.

“Some people get a master's in public health " after graduating from medical school, Liggett says, "and then they're able to be more of an epidemiologist and look at national trends, analyze data across states or across zip codes to try to understand environmental basis of disease or the way communicable diseases might be passed, for example.”

But there are public health roles for doctors beyond epidemiology. According to PublicHealth.org, physicians who transition to work in public health "may still provide individual clinical care, but they also devote more of their time to developing public health programs and initiatives. Their credentials as medical doctors uniquely qualify them to advise and author public health initiatives and provide community-wide medical advice and education."

Medical Writing

Medical writers communicate complex scientific and clinical data to diverse audiences. The field includes scientific writers, technical writers , regulatory writers, promotional writers, health care marketers and health care journalists, according to the American Medical Writers Association.

Per AMWA, there's growing demand for medical writers to produce continuing medical education materials, health care policy documents, scientific and medical journal articles , abstracts for medical conferences, magazine and newspaper articles, medical books, advertising materials, regulatory documents including U.S. Food and Drug Administration submissions, white papers and decision aids for patients.

Other Careers for Doctors

• Clinical informatics specialist
• Genetic counselor
• Forensic specialist
• Policy adviser
• Grant writer
• Health care benefits adviser

Choosing a Path

While there are many alternate careers for doctors who want to move away from clinical care, Clinchot says medical schools aim to admit students who will ultimately practice medicine – in part because the U.S. faces a serious doctor shortage that's expected to worsen as medical students and doctors struggle with debilitating stress, burnout and disruptive changes in health care practice.

The Association of American Medical Colleges estimates the U.S. could face a shortage of up to 86,000 doctors by 2036, and according to a June 2023 survey by Merritt Hawkins for The Physicians Foundation, 28% of doctors who responded said they would like to retire within the next year – up from 21% in 2022.

“Our entire curriculum and our career counseling is all geared towards clinical careers, so we don't even have a track within the M.D. program for nonclinical-related careers,” Clinchot says. “We have several tracks (including a track) for research that's a clinician scientist, so you're doing both clinical work and research. We don't have a track for students that just all they want to do is nonclinical work.”

Clinchot says most students – even those who choose not to complete a three-year residency – don’t stop at earning their medical degree.

“Most will go on for at least one year," he says, "because the one year of additional training after your M.D. degree gives you an ability to get a license to practice medicine."

That extra year is worth it for most, Clinchot says, since they've already devoted several years to medical school.

Should You Become a Doctor?

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Tags: medical school , doctors , graduate schools , education , careers , students

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FTC Announces Rule Banning Noncompetes

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Today, the Federal Trade Commission issued a final rule to promote competition by banning noncompetes nationwide, protecting the fundamental freedom of workers to change jobs, increasing innovation, and fostering new business formation.

“Noncompete clauses keep wages low, suppress new ideas, and rob the American economy of dynamism, including from the more than 8,500 new startups that would be created a year once noncompetes are banned,” said FTC Chair Lina M. Khan. “The FTC’s final rule to ban noncompetes will ensure Americans have the freedom to pursue a new job, start a new business, or bring a new idea to market.”

The FTC estimates that the final rule banning noncompetes will lead to new business formation growing by 2.7% per year, resulting in more than 8,500 additional new businesses created each year. The final rule is expected to result in higher earnings for workers, with estimated earnings increasing for the average worker by an additional $524 per year, and it is expected to lower health care costs by up to $194 billion over the next decade. In addition, the final rule is expected to help drive innovation, leading to an estimated average increase of 17,000 to 29,000 more patents each year for the next 10 years under the final rule.

Noncompetes are a widespread and often exploitative practice imposing contractual conditions that prevent workers from taking a new job or starting a new business. Noncompetes often force workers to either stay in a job they want to leave or bear other significant harms and costs, such as being forced to switch to a lower-paying field, being forced to relocate, being forced to leave the workforce altogether, or being forced to defend against expensive litigation. An estimated 30 million workers—nearly one in five Americans—are subject to a noncompete.

Under the FTC’s new rule, existing noncompetes for the vast majority of workers will no longer be enforceable after the rule’s effective date. Existing noncompetes for senior executives - who represent less than 0.75% of workers - can remain in force under the FTC’s final rule, but employers are banned from entering into or attempting to enforce any new noncompetes, even if they involve senior executives. Employers will be required to provide notice to workers other than senior executives who are bound by an existing noncompete that they will not be enforcing any noncompetes against them.

In January 2023, the FTC issued a  proposed rule which was subject to a 90-day public comment period. The FTC received more than 26,000 comments on the proposed rule, with over 25,000 comments in support of the FTC’s proposed ban on noncompetes. The comments informed the FTC’s final rulemaking process, with the FTC carefully reviewing each comment and making changes to the proposed rule in response to the public’s feedback.

In the final rule, the Commission has determined that it is an unfair method of competition, and therefore a violation of Section 5 of the FTC Act, for employers to enter into noncompetes with workers and to enforce certain noncompetes.

The Commission found that noncompetes tend to negatively affect competitive conditions in labor markets by inhibiting efficient matching between workers and employers. The Commission also found that noncompetes tend to negatively affect competitive conditions in product and service markets, inhibiting new business formation and innovation. There is also evidence that noncompetes lead to increased market concentration and higher prices for consumers.

Alternatives to Noncompetes

The Commission found that employers have several alternatives to noncompetes that still enable firms to protect their investments without having to enforce a noncompete.

Trade secret laws and non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) both provide employers with well-established means to protect proprietary and other sensitive information. Researchers estimate that over 95% of workers with a noncompete already have an NDA.

The Commission also finds that instead of using noncompetes to lock in workers, employers that wish to retain employees can compete on the merits for the worker’s labor services by improving wages and working conditions.

Changes from the NPRM

Under the final rule, existing noncompetes for senior executives can remain in force. Employers, however, are prohibited from entering into or enforcing new noncompetes with senior executives. The final rule defines senior executives as workers earning more than $151,164 annually and who are in policy-making positions.

Additionally, the Commission has eliminated a provision in the proposed rule that would have required employers to legally modify existing noncompetes by formally rescinding them. That change will help to streamline compliance.

Instead, under the final rule, employers will simply have to provide notice to workers bound to an existing noncompete that the noncompete agreement will not be enforced against them in the future. To aid employers’ compliance with this requirement, the Commission has included model language in the final rule that employers can use to communicate to workers. 

The Commission vote to approve the issuance of the final rule was 3-2 with Commissioners Melissa Holyoak and Andrew N. Ferguson voting no. Commissioners Rebecca Kelly Slaughter , Alvaro Bedoya , Melissa Holyoak and Andrew N. Ferguson each issued separate statements. Chair Lina M. Khan will issue a separate statement.

The final rule will become effective 120 days after publication in the Federal Register.

Once the rule is effective, market participants can report information about a suspected violation of the rule to the Bureau of Competition by emailing  [email protected] . 

The Federal Trade Commission develops policy initiatives on issues that affect competition, consumers, and the U.S. economy. The FTC will never demand money, make threats, tell you to transfer money, or promise you a prize. Follow the  FTC on social media , read  consumer alerts  and the  business blog , and  sign up to get the latest FTC news and alerts .

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