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Proposal for the Management of Solid Waste Generated in a University Campus: A Case Study

The Sustainable City XV

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Purpose – The concept of sustainability has been gaining importance globally due to the growing environmental concerns and rising support from the nations to conserve the planet. Particularly for a country like India, this approach is highly relevant for combating the increasing stress on different sectors of the society due to the growing population. Solid waste management is an important sector that requires an immediate attention in the current context. Implementation of integrated sustainable waste management approach minimizes the waste and provides economic benefits, through best suitable method for managing the waste. In the present scenario, it is difficult for local bodies to apply this approach throughout the country due to diverse conditions and financial constraints. However this approach can be implemented through decentralization of solid waste management by the local bodies at a small scale. Technical institutes have a greater role to play in the society by nurturing the young minds about the need and ways to develop a sustainable society. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The study area discussed in this paper is Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology situated on Agra-Mumbai national highway, Guna district, Madhya Pradesh, India. It covers an area of 125 acres and houses a population more than 3,000. The present work discusses about the development of strategic plan for sustainable waste management on the campus through the characterization and analysis of waste samples collected from academic buildings, hostels, mess, shopping complex and residential areas for beneficial utilization. Findings – The study revealed that potential benefits such as biogas generation from organic waste, resource optimization through 3R concept (reduce, reuse and recycle) from paper, plastics, cardboard, glass, metals, etc. could be derived by adopting suitable waste management strategy. Originality/value – The present work discusses the feasible options for the efficient utilization of the components of solid waste through integrated solid waste management system. The university with its diverse nature of wastes generated from academic buildings, hostels, mess, shopping complex and residential areas; provides a good opportunity to understand the options for sustainable waste management on the campus for wider applications.

Solid waste management is everybody’s concern. Every individual is a producer of waste that is why in the University all contributors of waste were involved in the study. Production of wastes is one thing, the type of waste produced is another, especially, solid waste and yet the produced waste is managed is another issue. The study used mixed methods through questionnaire and interviews to gather data on status, practices, needs, and opportunities of solid waste management. The findings revealed that the status of solid waste in the University in terms of its types are biodegradable, non-biodegradable and recyclable; with regards to the quantity of waste produced every day, during weekdays an average of 50 bags, where bag has a dimension of 100 square centimeters, Saturdays an average of 20 bags and Sundays about 10 bags. There is a disposal area, where all the waste bags are dumped, with a total area of 200 sq. meters, tools such as shovel, spade, cart, and rake are used and segre...

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research proposal on liquid waste management

Management of hospital radioactive liquid waste: treatment proposal for radioimmunoassay wastes

María Sancho , ,
José Miguel Arnal ,
Gumersindo Verdú-Martín ,
Cristina Trull-Hernandis ,
Beatriz García-Fayos
Instituto Universitario de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
Received: 31 May 2021 Accepted: 13 September 2021 Published: 16 September 2021
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Radioactive liquid wastes are produced at hospitals from diagnostic and therapeutic applications of radionuclides. The most usual management of these wastes is temporary storage at the hospital for radioactivity decay and, then, discharge into sewage if not other pollutants are present in waste, always after authorization of the corresponding institution. In some cases, radioactive wastes have other hazards, such as chemical or biological ones, which can be more dangerous than radiological hazard, and do not allow direct discharge into sewage in spite of decaying activity below the clearance level. Therefore, these wastes have to be treated and condition before discharge in spite of activity decay below discharge limit. This is the case of liquid wastes from radioimmunoassay (RIA), a laboratory technique that allows to determine human substances in very low concentrations (below 10 -12 g/mL), like hormones, using 125 I as radionuclide. This study summarizes the usual management of radioactive liquid wastes from hospitals, including conventional and recent treatments applied. Furthermore, based on experimental results obtained with real RIA wastes, this work exposes a proposal of treatment with ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membranes, and determines the most suitable application of this treatment according to radiological and operational considerations.

radioactive waste ,
membranes ,
ultrafiltration ,
reverse osmosis

Citation: María Sancho, José Miguel Arnal, Gumersindo Verdú-Martín, Cristina Trull-Hernandis, Beatriz García-Fayos. Management of hospital radioactive liquid waste: treatment proposal for radioimmunoassay wastes[J]. AIMS Environmental Science, 2021, 8(5): 449-464. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2021029

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Figure 1. Flow diagram of the pilot plant used in the experiments
Figure 2. Evolution of permeate flux in the UF stage
Figure 3. Evolution of permeate flux in the first RO pass

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Circularity in waste management: a research proposal to achieve the 2030 Agenda

Rocío gonzález-sánchez.

Department of Business Administration (ADO), Applied Economics II and Fundaments of Economic Analysis, Rey-Juan-Carlos University, Madrid, Spain

Sara Alonso-Muñoz

María sonia medina-salgado, associated data.

Data was retrieved from Web of Sciences database.

Waste management is the main challenge in the transition away from the linear "take-make-dispose" economy. Incorporating the principles of circularity in waste management would facilitate the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. This paper aims to provide state-of-the-art research about circular waste management in the fulfillment of the 2030 Agenda. For this purpose, bibliometric analysis by VOSviewer and SciMat software is used to define the evolution and to detect research trends. Based on the main gaps identified in studies, a research agenda to guide for further opportunities in this field is suggested. The results obtained four clusters that address sustainable industrial infrastructure, biological waste management, recycling in developing countries and recovery processes. Four research propositions are established, focusing on plastic waste management and generation trends, circular municipal waste management, more sustainable landfill management, and enablers such as indicators and legislation. The transformation towards more bio and ecological models requires social, regulatory and organizational tools that consider the best interests and capacity of companies, public authorities and consumers. In addition, policy implications are considered.

Introduction

Circular economy (CE) is a regenerative and restorative system, which allows the conservation of the value of raw materials by breaking with the concept of end-of-life of products, minimizing waste and emissions and increasing efficiency, through recycling, reusing, and remanufacturing, among others (Ellen MacArthur Foundation 2017 ). This paradigm represents a further step towards sustainability supported by its three fundamental pillars—economic, environmental and social sustainability (Muñoz-Torres et al. 2018 ). The circular system is based on the principle of material balance, seeking regeneration of natural systems, which implies the minimisation of waste and pollution. In this way, changes already begin to emerge in the design phase (Foschi et al. 2021 ) and go beyond the production system, reaching the development of new patterns of consumption and use by maintaining or reusing products and materials (Vanapalli et al. 2021 ). From an environmental economics point of view, it implies that all material or waste streams must be considered (Andersen 2007 ). Products have a longer lifetime, new applications and are reintroduced into the production system, closing the loop. The social aspect is fundamental to this, and coordination and cooperation with suppliers and customers must be facilitated (Martín Martín et al. 2022 ). In addition, making this new paradigm shift requires a new behavioural and cultural framework.

Waste management involves the transportation, collection, processing, disposal or recycling of waste materials, originating from industries, manufacturing processes and municipal solid waste. This process or system presents one of the main challenges in the transition towards circular business models (Smol et al. 2020 ). CE involves a waste management system that combines changes in the entire supply chain (Johansen et al. 2022 ), from designers and choice of materials to operators and recycling issues (Salmenpera et al. 2021 ).

Circular waste management comprises both the reduction in the generation of residual and household waste, but also the reintroduction of these wastes back into the production system. This reduction is achieved through the eco-design of products, by reducing waste generated in transport, by conserving material value through recycling and by achieving a longer lifetime of products (Salmenpera et al. 2021 ). Once the waste has been generated, it must be incorporated into the production system from the CE, either by using parts or as a source of energy through the reintroduction of biological waste, thus closing the material flow cycle (Zeller et al. 2019 ).

Although interest in waste management research, applying the principles of circularity, is growing, it is necessary to know state-of-the-art research trends in this area. Previous bibliometric or analytical method studies have analysed the relationship between “circularity and “waste” or “waste management” but from a different perspective to the research conducted. Recent studies have provided a qualitative view of the relationship but from very specific aspects -considering a type of waste, a geographical area or time period or one of the dimensions of sustainability-. Some research focuses on one type of waste such as Tsai et al. ( 2020 ) who analyse the link between municipal solid waste and the circular economy or Sundar et al. ( 2023 ) who examine e-waste. Ranjbari et al. ( 2021 ) examines the application of circularity in waste management, including the “closed loop” concept, up to 2020. Circular economy and closed-loop material cycles are deeply connected; however, the concept of closed-loop material cycles arose with the beginning of industrialization (Kara et al. 2022 ). Negrete‑Cardoso et al. ( 2022 ) considers “circular economy” to be related to “waste” and its impact on the post-Covid period. Chioatto and Sospiro ( 2023 ) discuss European economic policy issues that have promoted waste management from a circularity perspective. From a systematic literature review approach Di Vaio et al. ( 2023 ) analyse the accountability and management accounting practices of waste management related to the circular economy.

Our study presents three differentiating contributions with respect to previous studies. Firstly, we focused specifically on “circular economy” and “waste management” from a holistic perspective considering environmental, economic and social aspects. Secondly, by considering the year 2021 in the period under study, this includes one of the years with the most research on the effect of COVID-19 on waste management. The unprecedented increase of waste generated by this pandemic requires further research to enable the construction of a comprehensive circular economy model (Ranjbari et al. 2023 ). Thirdly, we established a relationship between our results and their contribution to the fulfilment of the 2030 Agenda. Although previous work has recognised the contribution of circular waste management to the 2030 Agenda (Di Vaio et al. 2023 ), a full analysis of the contribution of research by specific targets has not been carried out. Further than considering the main topics of the 2030 Agenda in the different clusters obtained, this paper establishes the relationship between the Sustainable Global Goals (SDGs) associated with waste management and the different research streams found.

The purpose of this study is to provide state-of-the-art research on the relationship between circular economy and waste management. This bibliometric analysis examines the historical evolution of research and identifies trending themes to uncover the conceptual building blocks of this field. Moreover, is setting out a research agenda about future opportunities for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers. This paper contributes to filling the existing gap on scientific literature for guiding research in the implementation of circular waste management, which is fundamental to achieving the goals outlined in the 2030 Agenda. Hence, considering the current scientific literature, we propose the following research questions:

RQ1. How does the scientific literature structure on waste management and circular economy align with the 2030 Agenda?
RQ2. What are the central topics and patterns within this research field?
RQ3. What are the main research trend topics in the domain?
RQ4. What is the research proposal on the relationship between circular waste management and the 2030 Agenda?

The paper is divided as follows: following the introduction, the literature overiew on waste management and 2030 Agenda is covered, then the methodology section is presented, describing the different phases of the process. The bibliometric results are exposed as productivity measures, considering the historical evolution of documents published in the field of waste management and circular economy and the most representative journals by authors sorted by institution, country, number of documents published and total citations. Through co-occurrence analysis, using VOSviewer software and SciMat software which displays strategic diagrams and clusters with the main motor, research topic trends in the field were identified whether basic, emerging or disappearing, and developed or isolated themes. Finally, discussions and conclusions within a research agenda are presented.

Waste management and Sustainable Development Goals

Waste generation has increased significantly in recent years in relation to consumer patterns, activities and lifestyles. Therefore, waste management is of great environmental value (Martín Martín et al. 2022 ). Inappropriate waste generation has negative environmental, social and economic impacts in terms of damage to biodiversity and pollution, human health problems and the costs involved, respectively. Coping with the costs of environmental and social impacts must be considered worse than developing new and more efficient waste management systems (Sharma et al. 2021 ). To reduce these negative effects, the introduction of sustainable and circular issues to manage waste generation, and the collection of waste throughout the life cycle of products is required (Tsai et al. 2021 ). This need has been accentuated by recent crises in areas such as health, safety and energy during 2021 and 2022 (Vanapalli et al. 2021 ; Gatto 2022 ; Mišík 2022 ). However, these adverse historical events provide an opportunity for reflection, forcing governments and businesses to promote long overdue energy and ecological transition policies and practices (Gatto 2022 ; Mišík 2022 ). Given the need to consolidate this trend, the implementation of circularity enhances sustainability and requires a new vision in waste management (Minoja and Romano 2021 ).

In 2015 the United Nations adopted Agenda 2030 as a roadmap to achieving higher levels of sustainability, striving towards satisfying its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with the commitment of public actors, industry and society (Schulze et al. 2022 ). Several theories have been used in the literature to analyse these SDGs. Resource-based theory regarding natural resources is widely studied to examine waste practices that protect the environment (Agyabeng-Mensah et al. 2021 ). Due to the environmental impacts, some of the theories focus on pro-environmental attitudes and behaviour, such as social-practice theory (Munir 2022 ) and the theory of planned behaviour (Goh and Jie 2019 ). Regarding the association between SDGs and supply chains, a redesign towards sustainable practices is required. Transactions and economics theory have highlighted the need for changes to the decision-making process during production cycle stages to achieve sustainability goals. In addition, stakeholder and agency theories enable the achievement of SDGs, since both the collaboration and the alignment of interests in fulfilling the 2030 Agenda are required (Agrawal et al. 2022 ).

The relationship between waste management and the 2030 Agenda is closely linked, as it affects many SDGs. It is therefore essential that this relationship be studied. According to SDG 2, the listed items of: ‘end hunger, achieve food security, improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture’ require, among other factors, the minimisation of food loss and food waste to achieve efficient and sustainable agricultural production. Similarly, factors such as increasing food availability or achieving more resilient food systems would facilitate this goal (Wieben 2016 ). SDG 3, ‘Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages’, in order to reduce illness linked to water, pollution and hazardous chemicals by means of smart waste management (Fatimah et al. 2020 ). SDG 6 ‘ensure access to water and sanitation for all’ aims to reduce the percentage of untreated wastewater and increase recycling and reuse (Tortajada 2020 ). SDG 7 ‘ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy’ proposes increasing the use of renewable energy and facilitating access to research on clean energy, including renewable sources (Taifouris and Martín 2023 ). SDG 9 ‘build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation’ advocates for the modernisation and conversion of industries towards cleaner and more sustainable models as they are required to use resources more efficiently and rationally (Dantas et al. 2021 ). SDG 11 ‘make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable’ focuses on building more sustainable cities, with particular attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management. This also implies resource efficiency and waste generation-collection services (Sharma et al. 2021 ). SDG 12, ‘ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns’ seeks to achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources. This goal emphasises the importance of reducing different types of waste throughout the life cycle of a product or service through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse activities (Principato et al. 2019 ). With regard to agro-food waste, a reduction of both food losses and food waste in the production and supply chains is proposed. SDG 13, ‘take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts’, can affect waste treatments relevant to their environmental impact through using greener and cleaner technologies, such as anaerobic digestion (Kakadellis et al. 2021 ). SDG 14, ‘conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources’ is also linked to plastic waste management, according to marine pollution minimisation. SDG 15, ‘sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss’ can be mitigated by protection and restoration, avoiding landfill waste. Finally, SDG 17 ‘revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development’, can be enhanced owing to waste treatment development, enabled by new treatments technologies (Sharma et al. 2021 ).

SDGs achievement is a priority and takes on even greater importance considering the fact that eight years prior to the deadline set in the 2030 Agenda, some reports show that we are still far from meeting most of the goals. The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) estimates that around 35% of employment is a direct result of food systems and the promotion and implementation of sustainable practices in the food system -including food waste and loss- which is still low, referring to unfulfilled SDG 2 (Torero 2020 ). Uncollected waste is one of the major issues. In terms of municipal solid waste management, proper collection is key, as mismanagement of these services can lead to dumping into waters, which directly affects SDG 6 achievement (Sharma et al. 2021 ). To enable both sustainable energy and industrialisation a transition towards the use of renewable and cleaner energy is necessary. Waste can be adopted as an energy resource, such as biomass waste and pyrolysis (Moya et al. 2017 ). However, fossil fuels are still strongly present in several industries, which negatively impact on SDG 7, 9 and 11. Waste management systems’ disruptions in relation to current situations -COVID-19 pandemic and supply crisis- have minimised recovery and recycling activity. For instance, the plastic waste proliferation caused by the pandemic resulted in both water and air pollution, due to poor and non-effective waste management. Thus, SDG 12, 13 and 14 premises are failing (Sharma et al. 2021 ). This also adversely affects halting biodiversity loss and the land degradation (SDG 15). In addition, there are advances in waste treatment thanks to new technologies which are starting to be implemented. For instance, anaerobic digestion and waste-to-energy technologies (Moya et al. 2017 ), but their application is still scarce, not satisfying SDG 17. Consequently, there is an urgent need to take additional measures to facilitate the implementation of the various sustainable measures included in the plan.

Methodology

This study combines a bibliometric analysis carried out by VOSviewer and SciMat software, and an in-depth literature review of the articles published during the year 2021. Figure 1 shows the phases of this work: Phase 1) data collection, phase 2) bibliometric analysis, and phase 3) systematic literature review and research agenda.

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Methodological process

Data collection

In the first phase, documents from the Web of Science Core Collection database were collected from the period 2009 up to September 2021. The keywords used were ‘circular economy’ and ‘waste management’. This generated a total of 1.395 papers. Then, it was selected articles by topic, which includes title, abstract and authors’ keywords. retrieving 966 documents. Thereafter, we sorted the data into groups of Social Sciences Citation Index, Science Citation Index Expanded, Arts and Humanities Citation Index, taking only articles into consideration, reaching a total sample of 576 articles that were extracted and including in this analysis after a double checked in order to eliminate inconsistences.

Bibliometric analysis

Bibliometric methodology identifies research trends providing the knowledge structure about a specific field. By examining recent published articles, network analysis shows emerging fields (Hettiarachchi et al. 2022 ). In the second phase, bibliometric approach was performed using VOSviewer and SciMat software to understand the latest trends in the fields of waste management and circular economy. VOSviewer is more visual and allows for the examination of co-occurrence, analysis of authors, institutions and countries (Van Eck and Waltman 2010 ). In this paper, SciMat completes VOSviewer analysis since it carries out the co-occurrence analysis in time periods and the evolution of these periods can be seen on an evolution map. Additionally, SciMat illustrates strategic diagrams which uncover the main research themes (Cobo et al. 2012 ). Furthermore, it allows one to observe the clusters of each keyword, making the analysis more complete and comprehensive.

Following on from this, VOSviewer conducts a citation analysis of the most representative journals and the most prolific authors and from here, a co-occurrence analysis is displayed. Via the SciMat tool a co-word analysis is also developed, displaying the strategic diagrams and clusters with relevant keywords, divided up into three periods according to the number of documents published, years 2009–2019 (Period 1), 2020 (Period 2) and 2021 (Period 3).

In the third and last phase, a literature review of the articles related to circular economy and waste management is carried out, in accordance with 51 documents from the motor themes of the SciMat analysis in the third period, during the year 2021, to determine the latest trends and research in the field. Finally, a research agenda is exposed regarding trending topics analysed in this work.

Bibliometric results and productivity measures

Figure 2 shows the historical evolution of documents published in the field of waste management and circular economy from 2009 to September 2021, considering a total sample of 576 articles. Waste management towards circularity is gaining momentum in academia according to the number of documents published in the field since 2015, coinciding with ‘The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’ (United Nations 2015 ). In addition, other European strategies and legislative challenges took place, such as ‘Communication on closing the loop. An EU action plan for the Circular Economy’ (European Commission 2015 ) and ‘Communication on a monitoring framework for the Circular Economy’ (European Commission 2018 ) considering waste management as one of the main challenges in the transition to circular business models.

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Historical evolution of publications in the field of waste management and circular economy

Table Table1 1 shows the ten most representative journals sorted by number of total documents published and citations. These journals represent 60,25% of the total sample formed by 132 sources. The Journal of Cleaner Production is the most influential with 79 articles published in the field of circular economy and waste management, and a total of 1.343 cites. It should be noted that almost all sources belong to the "environmental sciences" category. None of the most cited journals belong to the social sciences.

Most representative journals and authors’ institution and countries sorted by number of documents and total number of citations

R ranking, N number of documents, % from the total sample of documents (N = 576), TC total number of citations

The most influential authors are sorted by number of documents published and total citations, indicating the institutions and country which they work in, and the h-index –impact and productivity measure-. The most prolific author is Navarro Ferronato from the University of Insubria in Italy with 9 papers published and a total of 129 cites, followed by Vicenzo Torreta (8, 129) from the same institution. The prevalence of Italian researchers is in line with the country's overall recycling rate for all types of waste which reaches 68%, well above the EU average (57%) published in the “Third Report on the Italian circular economy in 2021” (ENEA 2021 ). Additionally, in 2020 several legislative decrees came into force that facilitated the implementation of EU directives on waste and the circular economy.

Institutions include the University of Hong Kong whose role in integrated and sustainable waste management is significant both at the research level (Hossain et al. 2021 ) and practical level in running the campus and encouraging waste reduction and recycling among all stakeholders (The University of Hong Kong 2021 ).

Research trend topics in the field

Co-occurrence analysis by vosviewer software.

Co-occurrence analyses the most frequent keywords in a research field regarding their jointly mention, represented by clusters (Callon et al. 1983 ). This method is widely used to identify research trend topics about a particular subject area according to the keyword frequency (Donthu et al. 2021 ). The closer two items are from each other, the higher the connection. Accordingly, those keywords with a higher association appear closer.

This analysis used the full counting network technique which points the total number of occurrences a concept appears in all documents. The normalisation parameter method with association strength was performed by VOSviewer, to normalise the link strength between keywords (Van Eck and Waltman 2010 ).

Performing the analysis, different occurrence thresholds have been used to observe the network structure. VOSviewer software permits to perform a data cleaning to visualise a map created by text data merging terms using a thesaurus file (Van Eck and Waltman 2010 ). In our co-occurrence analysis we created a thesaurus to merge different keywords referring to the same item, such as ‘LCA’ and ‘life cycle assessment’, or ‘municipal solid waste’ and ‘municipal-solid waste’. Finally, a minimum of 13 occurrences of a keyword has been chosen from 2.868 words. 41 keywords met the threshold that represents the main items of each cluster. The keywords are divided up into main four groups of clusters coloured in red, green, blue and yellow in Fig. 3 . The red cluster named ‘Industrial ecology and more sustainable infrastructure’ -SDG 9- focuses on the circular economy and industrial ecology with the aim of making industrial buildings and construction and demolition waste more sustainable, and on the challenges and barriers posed by these new models. The green cluster ‘Waste management through biological and assessment processes’ -SDGs 6, 7, 11 and 12- links the food waste and municipal solid waste and how anaerobic digestion and biogas can achieve a reduction in the use of energy and low emissions. Water treatment is associated with optimisation through new technologies. These studies use the life cycle assessment as a main tool for measurement. Sustainable development and recycling, considering indicators and behaviors in developing countries are shown in the blue cluster named ‘Sustainable development and recycling in developing countries’ -SDG 12-. Finally, the cluster in yellow studies the need to establish new policies and designs that would allow for improved waste management through resource recovery, such as the extension of producer responsibility beyond the sale of the product or service. It is therefore titled ‘New procedures for the recovery of resources’ -SDG 12-.

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Co-occurrence analysis of keywords by vosviewer

Strategic diagrams and motor themes by SciMat software

Science mapping analysis displays how items from a particular field are linked to each other, determining the evolution and cognitive structure (Small 1999 ). In this study, keywords are the items used. The bibliometric mapping tool used to show the strategic diagrams is SciMat software. From the set of documents, it generates a knowledge base, in this case, the relationships between keywords are stored following a co-occurrence analysis. SciMat software grouped by plural to find similar items during the de-duplicating process (Cobo et al. 2012 ). For instance, keywords such as system and systems.

SciMat tracks a longitudinal framework that analyses the conceptual and intellectual evolution of a field. The normalisation measure chosen was the equivalence index. And to obtain the scientific map and the associated clusters and subnets, the clustering algorithm method followed was simple centers algorithm. The analysis is performed dividing the sample into three periods: period 1 with a total of 214 articles of year 2009 up to year 2019, period 2 with 155 articles of the year 2020, and period 3 with 189 articles of the year 2021. From a sample of 2,819 words, a total of 77 words have been considered, selecting only keywords with a minimum of 10 associated documents. As can be seen in Fig. 4 , the stability index (0.99 and 0.99) indicates that there is a balance between the number of words from one period to the next.

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Overlapping map. Periods 1, 2 and 3 by scimat software

The evolution map shows the results of the longitudinal analysis. The thick lines show the clusters that share a main theme, and the dashed lines are those that share themes other than the main theme (Cobo et al. 2012 ). In the first period the motor theme is circular economy, while in the second period the focus is on municipal solid waste.

Figure 5 shows the difference between periods 1 and 2, from the more general to the more specific, with municipal solid waste oriented towards sustainable development -SDG 11-. In the third period focus returns to circular economy, with more dispersion apparent than in period 2, yet more specificity, as the number of clusters expands again. The massive generation of plastic waste generated during COVID-19 (Khoo et al. 2021 ; Vanapalli et al. 2021 ) could explain the interest in municipal solid waste management during period 2 and the emergence of concepts with plastics management in period 3. As a result, an evolution from the first period can be observed, with a strong focus on the implementation of circular economy and energy generation towards a circular economy centered on municipal solid waste.

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Evolution map. Periods 1 and 2 by scimat software

This analysis is focused on the third period to gain better attention about the recent evolution of this field. Figure 6 shows a strategic diagram of Period 3 (year 2021) with four quadrants of the main thematic nodes according to the co-word analysis performed by SciMat. The strategic diagram displays the motor themes: ‘circular economy’, ‘life cycle assessment’ and ‘China’, developed thereafter, the basic themes: ‘recovery’ as a very specific and underdeveloped topic, it suggests a strategy towards circularity that is beginning to be considered, because many policies were only focused on promoting recycling (Ghisellini et al. 2016 ). The emerging or disappearing themes: ‘generation’, an emerging theme related to e-waste which is working on the reuse of products -SDG 12-, but circular economy is not applied in-depth. Regarding sustainable development and waste management, the environmental impacts are still a very large gap in the literature; ‘plastic waste’ is an emerging theme for circular economy, and it is studied within the pyrolysis and recycling process and new designs to improve the circularity -SDG 9 and 12-. ‘Sector’ appears as an isolated theme from circular economy, the literature is very cohesive in density due to its links with waste management case studies in different industries -SDG 9-.

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Strategic diagram. Period 3 (2021) by scimat software

Based on Fig. 6 ‘circular economy’, ‘China’ and ‘life cycle assessment’ appear as motor themes. These keywords present high density and centrality, thus they have been intensively and highly studied in literature. Which is why the following analysis is focused on them. ‘Circular economy’ is linked with ‘sustainability’ and ‘sustainable development’ according to the origin of circularity (Ghisellini et al. 2016 ). Likewise, the keyword ‘recycling’ relates to circular economy as a part of 3Rs principles, due to circular policies and their focus on recycling practices and strategies rather than other options -SDG 12-. ‘Municipal solid waste’ and ‘management’ is one of the most developed topics in the studies analysed and published during 2021 towards circular economy -SDG 11-.

‘China’ is a pioneering country in the implementation of circular economy policies, and strategies based on sustainability (Lieder and Rashid 2016 ). From a broad CE perspective, the country has incorporated these schemes due to the country’s rapid industrialisation and its growing efforts in research (McDowall et al. 2017 ). Indeed, the country is the largest producer of municipal solid waste (Wang et al. 2021 ) increased by COVID-19 (Vanapalli et al. 2021 ) and given its large industrial sector. The country is developing research that allows it to establish symbiotic relationships, to find new ways of using resources or converting waste into energy -SDG 7, 9 and 11-. It would be framed within the so-called industrial symbiosis, defined as the process by which waste from one industry or industrial process is converted into raw material for another (Provin et al. 2021 ).

‘Life cycle assessment’ appears far removed from circular economy, focusing more on waste demolition and construction management (Ahmed and Zhang 2021 ; Lu et al. 2021 ) -SDG 9-, and on plastic waste generation (Hossain et al. 2021 ; Pincelli et al. 2021 ).

Review analysis

A systematic literature review was performed, considering the core documents with highest impact –those that appear at a minimum two nodes (Cobo et al. 2012 )- from SciMat report. Selecting those articles from the three clusters that are presented as motor themes for period 3 (year 2021): ‘circular economy’, ‘China’ and ‘life cycle assessment’. Firstly, it was considered those papers with at least one citation (N = 51). Secondly, an in-depth analysis of those articles was carried out, compiling findings and future research lines of the 20 leading articles by number of citations (Table (Table2) 2 ) according to the SciMat core documents.

Findings and future research lines of the main articles related with circular economy and waste management during year 2021

TC total number of citations

Citation analysis is a measurement widely used that considers a paper highly cited as relevant in a field (Zupic and Cater 2014 ), enabling us to evaluate the influence of a research topic. Also is used as a tool to detect emerging and research trends (Chen 2006 ).

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) -SDG 11- is one of the main topics. Many of the papers related are case studies such as Vardopoulos et al. ( 2021 ) which developed a Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model to evaluate and assess the Municipal Solid Waste practices in Greek municipalities. Abou Taleb and Al Farooque ( 2021 ) concentrate on full cost accounting in 27 Egypt councils designing pricing model ‘Pay-As-You-Throw (PAYT)’ for municipal waste recycling. Wielgosinski et al. ( 2021 ) performed an analysis of the Polish municipal solid waste management through a balance model for assessing the impact of increasing the level of recycling, whilst Istrate et al. ( 2021 ) studied the municipal solid waste management in Madrid with a material flow analysis. Similarly, Tong et al. ( 2021 ) analyses the solid waste management system and the cause-effect relationship of households in Vietnam. Di Foggia and Beccarello ( 2021 ) highlighted the fact that the waste management chain in Italy focuses on waste-to-energy plants, calculating market measures towards circularity. In addition, in the region of Brescia, Italy, Bertanza et al. ( 2021 ) examined the evolution of municipal solid waste evolution with mass flow analysis of medium firms. Solid waste management in Brazilian universities is explored in the Nolasco et al. ( 2021 ) paper, which developed a qualitative-quantitative analysis, identifying factors of university campus waste management.

Plastic waste management is greatly studied in connection with circularity practices in many of the articles published during 2021, such as the case studies carried out by Foschi et al. ( 2021 ) on the Emilia Romagna plastic waste recycling system, following the European Commission Plastic Strategy. Similarly, Wu et al. ( 2021 ) outlines how Taiwan achieves circular economy in plastic waste from an industrial level, owing to collective bricolage. Some of the papers outline COVID-19 and the excessive use of plastics, coinciding with the most cited article of the sample (Vanapalli et al. 2021 ) which address COVID-19 plastic waste generation and the use of more sustainable technologies. The Khoo et al. ( 2021 ) paper provides recommendations for adopting effective plastic waste management due to excessive use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pikon et al. ( 2021 ) shows the influence of COVID-19 on waste management from an economic impact perspective, highlighting the changes in municipal solid waste during the pandemic in the Polish market. Furthermore, increasing attention is being paid to biodegradable plastics as an alternative to conventional plastics. Ghosh and Jones ( 2021 ) examine upcoming trends, potential future scenarios, and the material value chain perspective of biodegradable plastics, whilst Kakadellis et al. ( 2021 ) categorizes qualitative data about biodegradable plastic strategies in United Kingdom -SDG 12-.

In the studies examined, the management of food waste is also analysed -SDG 11 and 12.- Zarba et al. ( 2021 ) analyses the Italian agri-food effectiveness towards circular economy regulatory; Provin et al. ( 2021 ) examines the reuse of food industry waste for the manufacture of biotextiles in the framework of the circular economy and the SDGs. This inter-industry collaboration would be part of the industrial symbiosis referred to above -SDG 9-.

In a similar vein, and related to SDG 9, the last process analysed by the most cited studies is the pyrolysis process, which allows thermal degradation of waste, associated with landfill mining, extracting valuable materials from the remains of materials deposited in landfills (Jagodzinska et al. 2021 ). Martínez ( 2021 ) discusses the opportunities and challenges of pyrolysis in Latin America.

This section is based on the results obtained from the bibliometric clusterisation, and the review of the 20 most cited articles. The number of articles published in the field have increased since 2015, corresponding to the United Nations Agenda 2030 and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals focused on improving and achieving education, health, economic growth and reducing inequality, as well as preserving forests and oceans (United Nations 2015 ). It is also remarkable to note the growth between years 2019 and 2021 due to new strategies and worldwide circular policies implemented in the field of waste management, such as the ‘Circular Economy Action Plan for a greener and more competitive Europe’ based on the prevention of waste and seeking improved local waste and raw material management (EU 2020 ; Camana et al. 2021 ). Although the "Agenda 2030" or "SDG" themes were not found in any of the clusters, the rest of the themes are closely related to their fulfilment. Moreover, circular waste management not only contributes to several SDGs, but also creates synergies between the goals.

A significant trend in the literature has focused on waste recycling (SDG 11 and 12), which is essential, yet insufficient if sustainable production and consumption is to be achieved by 2030. The main research topics analysed in the articles published during year 2021 focus on (1) Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) with the design of new municipal waste recycling models such as the Pay-As-You-Throw (PAYT) pricing model (Abou Taleb and Al Farooque 2021 ), (2) the importance of plastic waste (Khoo et al. 2021 ) and its recovery as a tool in the implementation of circularity principles (Ferreira et al. 2021 ), increased by the generation of plastic waste during the COVID-19 pandemic (Khoo et al. 2021 ), and (3) the reduction of food waste or its application in bio-textiles (Provin et al. 2021 ) or as an energy source -SDG 9 and 11-.

Going one step further should be considered in achieving further targets of this goal. On the one hand, a reduction in waste generation and a search for more sustainable disposal options for waste that cannot be recycled are required, e.g., through new processes such as waste pyrolysis (Jagodzinska et al. 2021 ) -SDG 9-. On the other hand, extending the lifetime of products by finding additional, new uses for them, eliminating planned obsolescence or repairing the product at a cost lower than buying a new product (Ghisellini et al. 2016 ) -SDG 12. Complementarily, waste generated in one sector can be used as a raw material in another sector or as a source of energy in the case of organic waste -SDG 7 and 9-.

Research agenda

The research agenda provides guidance to scholars in future related-research directions. The agenda is based on the previous in-depth analysis of the 20 articles included in the review. Considering the analysis and the ensuing discussion, the following proposal is put forward for the circular management of waste management to accelerate the fulfilment of the 2030 Agenda. Moreover, this could fill gaps and give opportunities for further development. Figure 7 collects the research agenda propositions.

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Research agenda propositions diagram

New trends in plastic waste management and generation (SDG 12)

One of the most researched materials in the most cited papers is the use of plastic -6 of the 20 papers analyse this issue-. Firstly, because of the significant increase in waste associated with it after COVID-19 (Vanapalli et al. 2021 ; Khoo et al. 2021 ). Secondly, because of the need to progressively replace it with other materials such as biodegradable plastics, which implies the use of renewable raw materials. In short, solutions must be proposed to current plastic waste, the quantity of which threatens the habitat of numerous species, and measures must be taken to curb its expansion and offer alternatives in sustainable materials.

It is worth noting that no studies have been found that analyse the legislative challenges associated with the progressive elimination of plastic in products such as bags or single-use items.

Proposition 1: To deepen new trends in plastic waste management and generation.

New pathways in the circular management of municipal waste (SDG 7, 9, 11 and 12)

The second line of the proposal relates to circular municipal waste management -SDG 11-, a topic of great interest in recent research (Abou Taleb and Al Farooque 2021 ), growing due to recent global crises. However, the approach that has analysed this topic focuses mainly on waste recycling.

A broader focus is needed, considering other alternatives such as the reduction of waste generation, reuse and the use of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW) as a raw material or energy source in other sectors. Compared to incineration, which is highly polluting if the organic waste is mixed with other types of waste, there are more sustainable and energy-efficient alternatives such as anaerobic digestion (Kakadellis et al. 2021 ) -SDG 7-. This requires consumer awareness and training –SDG 12- in waste separation, adequate facilities for the process and greater cooperation between industries (Foschi et al. 2021 ; Vanapalli et al. 2021 ) For the latter option, it is recommended that tools such as industrial symbiosis be explored in greater depth -SDG 9-.

Proposition 2: To expand the alternatives towards more sustainable options in municipal waste management with the cooperation of consumers and industries.

Towards more sustainable landfill management (SDG 7, 9 and 11)

In contrast to traditional landfill management, new infrastructures, treatments and smart technologies are proposed to improve recycling and waste disposal. Among them, (1) the construction of waste-to-energy plants makes it possible to burn solid waste to power electricity generators (Di Foggia and Beccarello 2021 ) –SDG 7-; (2) pyrolysis process for thermal degradation of waste, reducing waste accumulation (Jagodzinska et al. 2021 ) –SDG 11- or (3) Industry 4.0 can be applied in waste treatment -SDG 9- for more efficient technique of separation models in waste management addressing circular economy practices (Wang et al. 2021 ). This line of research has a profound relationship with municipal waste management, given the importance of municipal waste in current landfills.

Proposition 3: To improve the operation and efficiency of landfills through new infrastructures, treatments and technological tools.

Establishment of enablers in the implementation of circularity: Design of indicators and development of legislation (SDG 12)

Optimising waste management processes requires the establishment of measurement indicators. These indicators should be of a different nature and go beyond the economic or environmental quantification of targets. They should include social aspects such as awareness raising (Loizia et al. 2021 ; Van Straten et al. 2021 ). Additionally, along with technological and economic tools, the creation of a legislative framework is a critical factor in the implementation of circularity in waste management operations (Salmenpera et al. 2021 ; Woodard 2021 ).

Proposition 4: Establishment of measurement and policy enablers.

Conclusions

Circular waste management focuses on reducing the amount of waste generated and reintroducing the waste, once treated, as new material or energy in production, keeping the material in a cyclical flow within the same or another sector (Demirbas 2011 ; Salmenpera et al. 2021 ). It, therefore, implies reaching a new level of treatment, complementing the recycling option with a holistic view of the problem. The application of circularity principles in waste management can contribute significantly to the fulfilment of the 2030 Agenda, as it impacts several of the SDGs -6, 7, 9, 11 and 12-.

According to the research questions presented, the scientific literature structure of the field of waste management and circular economy (RQ1) has been analysed, showing that the most productive sources come from the field of environmental sciences, which conditions the main topics investigated and shows a clear lack of attention to social sciences. The most prolific authors come from two countries with a strong interest in environmental research in general and waste management in particular—Italy and China. In the case of China, this is due to its strong productive fabric and a prominent role in the generation of waste from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Concerning RQ2, four clusters have been obtained related to industrial ecology -SDG 9-, waste management from the application of bio-based processes -SDGs 6, 7, 11 and 12-, water treatment, sustainable development and recycling in developing countries -SDG 12- and the cluster on new procedures for the recovery of resources -SDG 12-.

To conduct analysis of the central topics and the patterns we used SciMat software, dividing the articles published in the field into three periods (2009–2019, 2020 and 2021) showing the scientific literature development, as can be seen in the evolution map (Fig. 5 ). The motor themes showed in the strategic diagram of the third period are circular economy, life cycle assessment and China; recovery is a basic theme; the emerging themes are generation and plastic waste; and sector is a developed theme. Referring to RQ3, the results provided from the systematic literature review are in line with the central topics pointed out previously. Many of the studies published during 2021 pertain to motor themes circular economy and China, and to plastic waste as an emerging theme.

The most cited articles and the previous bibliometric analysis have shown the great interest generated among scientists in the management of urban waste and plastic waste, which has increased in the last two years in relation to sanitary waste. The circular economy means that recycling is not enough in the management of this waste. In addition to the reduction in the generation of waste, the incorporation of the "bio" concept in its treatment, which allows fibres, bioplastics and other biomaterials to be obtained, has been added. Along the same lines, the treatment of food waste allows it to be converted into animal feed, biofuels or even textiles. However, among the most cited articles, no research related to the use and recycling of wastewater was found -SDG 6-. Further research is needed to enable its use for biomass production or as a source of nutrients for micro-organisms of interest (Kaszycki et al. 2021 ).

The establishment of three research propositions completes this research (RQ4). In this way, it is crucial to develop three fundamental aspects. First, the use of new technologies to meet the various needs raised. Secondly, a new approach to urban waste management is required. And thirdly, to develop research from a holistic perspective that will require the use of theories and sciences from the environmental, social and economic fields.

Theoretical contributions

The results of this study offer academic contributions about circular waste management. Among the theoretical contributions is the establishment of state-of-the-art research on waste management linked to the circular economy, which will guide future research and fill existing gaps. To offer the most complete research review possible, a mixed methodology—bibliometric and systematic review of the most cited recent research—has been used. A bibliometric analysis was carried out with two software tools, taking advantage of the potential of both. Using complementary software validates the analysis results. In addition, this article provides a framework for research as a guiding point in waste management.

Thus, lack of social research is a major drawback that requires urgent incorporation of new social or multidisciplinary studies. It can be considered that social and economic issues have not been sufficiently addressed in the literature. None of the clusters obtained have these dimensions as their motor theme. Dropping SDGs such as 8 -decent work and economic growth-.

Practical contributions

A guideline for practitioners about circular waste management is required. Findings reveal the need for a reference framework for scholars, practitioners and institutions.

This article implies practical contributions for governments to achieve a transition towards more circular waste management. The research shows the technical feasibility of substituting certain materials, mainly plastic, or applying techniques that allow a step beyond recycling. It is necessary to focus on actions based on recovery, reduction, remanufacturing and redesign of plastic waste to fill this gap (Olatayo et al. 2022 ). Highlight the policy spillover effect, which means that support for some public fees—for example, plastic bag fees—may imply greater support for other environmental policies related to waste reduction (Thomas et al. 2019 ). This could facilitate positive transitions towards environmental behavioural changes. In addition, public–private coordination is required in the implementation of new legislation (Foschi et al. 2021 ).

The significant "bio" trend has spread to different types of waste and sectors. Thus, the circular management of waste will require the development of infrastructures, technologies and processes oriented to its application, which means waste management with less environmental impact, but also a generation of value of the product derived from the waste. This value can be manifested in new products -whether or not related to the original sector of the product from which the waste is derived- or renewable and sustainable energies (Ferreira et al. 2021 ; Kaszycki et al. 2021 ). For this, these processes require the establishment of cooperation tools between industries in such a way that we can establish symbiosis between them (Provin et al. 2021 ).

Limitations and future research lines

Addressing the limitations of this study, it’s worth underscoring the fact that WoS was the exclusive Database used to retrieve the final sample under analysis, and only articles published in English are studied, other languages were not considered. Despite the use of VOSviewer to display the co-occurrence analysis, the interpretation of the results is subjective, in accordance with the papers reviewed. In future works, other software can be combined such as CiteSpace or HistCite to visually create scientific maps.

Regarding future research lines, the following aspects are considered a research agenda in the field of waste management and circular economy. The need to incorporate into waste management from a circular perspective such as: circular bioeconomy models, the construction of more robust eco-efficiency indicators to improve measurement and comparison between regions, and the consideration of new processes and techniques in the management of urban, food and plastic waste. Research is also required to manage waste in the construction and demolition of buildings and infrastructures from a sustainably innovative standpoint.

The challenges facing waste management in meeting the 2030 Agenda are considerable. Circular economy facilitates the pathway but is not a miracle tool. The contribution of companies and industries requires the collaboration and awareness of consumers. To this end, public institutions must generate policies, regulations and incentives that create the most favorable framework possible. Having already surpassed half of the set timeframe towards meeting the SDG targets, urgent measures are required, and the Academy must lend its support in this regard.

Authors’ contribution statements

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Conception or design of the work: Rocío González Sánchez and Sara Alonso Muñoz. Data collection: Rocío González Sánchez and María Sonia Medina Salgado. Data analysis and interpretation: Rocío González Sánchez and Sara Alonso Muñoz. Drafting the article: Rocío González Sánchez and Sara Alonso Muñoz. Critical revision of the article: Rocío González Sánchez and Sonia Medina Salgado.

Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This paper has been supported by Project PID2021-124641NB-I00 of the Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain).

Data availability

Declarations.

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Municipal solid waste management in Ethiopia; the gaps and ways for improvement

Published: 29 September 2020
Volume 23 , pages 18–31, ( 2021 )

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Fiseha Bekele Teshome 1

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This study aimed at examining solid waste management systems in Ethiopia, identifying the gaps, and exploring ways for improvement. Expansive literature surveys of journal articles, official reports, state-issued pamphlets, critical review of laws and policies were used to elicit information. Case studies provided insight into challenges while investigations into the waste management system of countries with a better system were made to draw comparisons and pinpoint areas of improvement. The average waste generation (0.32 kg/capita/day) was found to be within the limit of waste generation for low-income countries: however, there is an annual increase in waste generation by 5%. The waste is dominated by organic biodegradables which accounted for 67.4%. Crude open dumping without pre-treatment and traditional open burning of wastes are common practices. only 5% of waste is recycled in an unsafe informal way. The current waste management system can be described by 3 I’s (Irregular, inadequate, and inefficient) which denote sporadic and inconsistent collection, low coverage, technical frailties, and lack of enforcement of laws, respectively. Hence, implementing the new system proposed in this study should be a priority. Political will, institutional reform, finance, and most importantly change in behavior are necessary to ensure sustainable waste management.

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Introduction

Relevance and state of knowledge.

Solid waste in developing nations is referred to as the everyday items used and discarded as garbage [ 8 ]. In the Ethiopian context, we refer to solid waste as items used and thrown away by individuals, households, hotels, small businesses, and institutions. These include: garbage (paper, packaging plastic bottles, furniture) food scraps, clothing, manure, batteries, appliances and paints. Economic development, urbanization and population growth have led to an increase in the quantity and complexity of generated waste, especially in developing countries [ 41 , 29 ]. Regardless of the rise in the volume of waste generated, the performance of the solid waste management system is very poor in Ethiopia. Ngoc and Schnitzer [ 35 ] anticipated that, in an attempt to speed up the pace of development, emerging nations may not pay adequate emphasis to solid waste management. This is exactly what happened in Ethiopia, while everybody is busy preaching about industrial development, solid waste management issue has not been given adequate attention. The entire solid waste management system comprises: waste generation, segregation, storage, collection, transport, disposal, processing, and recovery [ 5 ]. However, waste management in Ethiopia has focused mainly on the collection and disposal of solid waste, and implementing the entire functional elements of solid waste management remains a dream. The recommendations in the past by organizations as well as scholars have been far from significance because of failure to assimilate local situations and they are disconnected from ground reality and lack implementation brief [ 10 , 29 , 37 , 39 , 41 ]. Furthermore, the recommendations need to establish an implementation brief in which they could be applied to solve problems. Thus, this study examined a solid waste management system, identified the challenges, and forwarded realistic recommendations with the implementation brief.

Conceptual framework

The conceptual framework for this study (Fig. 1 ) is formulated considering the UNDP theoretical view towards effective solid waste management. Solid waste management is a complex task that incorporates technical, political, institutional, social, and financial aspects [ 42 ]. Previous studies in Ethiopia investigated the problems in a scattered manner and dissipated the solution from problems and also failed to mainstream the role of stakeholders. This study believes solid waste management is a complex issue, the problems in waste management are a cumulative sum of factors from each component (technical, political, institutional, social, and financial) and the solution is integrated solid waste management that connects factors to each stakeholder and seeks a coordinated effort. The stakeholders are part of the constraints in waste management. Hence, each stakeholder has a role to play to rectify its challenge and most challenges are to be addressed by the collaboration of stakeholders. The municipality coordinates the joint effort of stakeholders including waste producers, public and private, Environmental Protection Authority. Council of Environmental affairs in the legislature who frame environmental laws are part of stakeholders responsible for political issues relevant to waste management. The political will, behavioral change, finance, and institutional reform can ensure sustainable integrated waste management in Ethiopia.

Conceptual framework of the study

Materials and methods

Description of the study area.

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is situated in northeast Africa. The country covers an area of 1.1 million km 2 and its location extends 3–15° North latitude a–nd 33–48° East longitude. The government is a federal parliamentary with 9 regions and two city administrations. The population is estimated at 102.4 million with an annual population growth rate of 2.5% [ 38 ]. According to the World Banks’s report [ 46 ], there is a high urbanization rate in Ethiopia diversifying the economy and it has created havoc that resulted in unemployment, crime, and most of all grubbiness. In most of the country’s urban areas, there is a huge hole between the demand and supply of utility services particularly waste management.

Data sources and collection

An expansive literature survey of research articles, official reports, state-issued pamphlets, international, national, and local laws provided necessary data. Previous literature on waste management of Ethiopia was investigated to identify gaps. Policy option prospects and recommendations by academicians and organizations, such as the World Bank, African Development Bank, World Health Organization (WHO), and UNEP, were critically examined in relevance to local suitability and implementation brief. Recorded documents were reviewed to explore approaches to waste management. The review of unpublished written documents also supplemented the data. Investigation to get experience from waste management in selected countries believed to have a better waste management system was also executed.

Data analysis

The tips for gathering, reviewing, and analyzing data by M. Katherine McCaston, HLS Advisor [ 31 ] were followed to make sense of the data. Determination of quality of the data or information that has been gathered was carried out by identifying the purpose of information, detecting the potential level of bias, attempt to ascertain the credentials of the data source, and pinpoint the intended audience. Moreover, the temporal and spatial extent of data was also considered to determine its relevance to the purpose of the current study. A systematic summary and comparison analysis methods were employed to elicit meaningful and relevant information from the data (Fig. 2 ).

Methodological framework of the study

Results and discussion

Waste generation and composition.

The current global waste generation figure is about 2.01 billion tonnes per year and it is expected to rise to 3.4 billion in 2050 [ 46 ]. The total waste generation in Ethiopia is estimated from 0.6 to 1.8 million tons/year in rural areas and 2.2–7 million tons/year in urban areas [ 12 ]. According to EPA [ 12 ], the per capita waste generation in Ethiopia ranges from 0.17 to 0.48 kg/person/day for urban areas and from 0.11 to 0.35 kg/capita/day for rural areas. The study conducted by Molla et al. [ 33 ] in SNNPR, Amhara, Oromia, and Tigray revealed that the overall household generation rate was 0.32 kg/capita/day. According to Ali and Eyasu [ 4 ], there is an annual increase in waste generation by 5% in Ethiopia. The waste generation rate in Ethiopia (Fig. 3 ) is among the lowest (Germany 325–350 million tons/year, [ 19 ]; Nigeria 43.2 million tons/ year [ 40 ]. Out of the total waste generated in different cities of Ethiopia, 67.4% is organic biodegradable waste (Table 1 ). This complements the investigation by Hoornweg et al. [ 24 ], who stated that 50% of waste comprises organic material in developing countries. The composition of solid waste in Ethiopia has increased its proportion of plastics and packaging materials due to a change in lifestyle [ 37 ].

Diagramatic description of the current waste management system in Ethiopia [ 36 ]

Waste collection and disposal

A study by UNDP [ 41 ] in four major cities of Ethiopia (Table 2 ) revealed that only 46, 48, 54, and 50% of the wastes generated are properly collected and disposed of, hence, half of the generated waste is left uncollected or disposed of in unauthorized areas. The performance of solid waste handling, recycling, and disposal systems remains very much poor in Ethiopia [ 11 , 39 ]. A very small tiny proportion of waste is recycled through informal, unregulated, and unsafe ways [ 4 ]. Waste is often burned by households in open and uncontrolled ways to get rid of the waste. African development bank group reported that the open burning of waste is widely practiced by more than 50% of the population in Ethiopia. Recycling is not well-practiced and it is at a primitive level in Ethiopia due to the absence of formal structure and regulation. Kofoworola [ 25 ] reported a similar case in Nigeria.

Ethiopia and the ambitious targets

The African Union Commission has called on African cities to grow waste recycling industries and commit to recycling 50% of the waste they generate by 2023 [ 6 ]. However, Ethiopia is far away from achieving the target as its cities including the capital recycles only 5% and there is no sign of industrial development in waste recycling. Ethiopia is struggling to meet its objective of collecting over 80% of the overall generated waste and ensure saniatation by 2030.

Legal and Institutional framework

Environmental Policy provisions of Ethiopia by Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) address waste management in three different articles, namely article 3.7, 3.8 and 3.9 (Table 3 ). City’s Waste Management Authority and Sanitation, Beautification, and Parks Development Authority (SBPDA) is responsible for street sweeping, waste collection, transport, disposal, and the overall system of waste management [ 14 , 18 ]. The national policy on waste management released in February of 2007 is the Solid Waste Management Proclamation no. 513 (Table 4 ). The proclamation aims to tackle the adverse impacts and enhance benefits from solid wastes and implement solid waste management action plans [ 15 ]. It comprises 19 articles that address solid waste management system from collection to transport recycling and disposal.

Private involvement in waste management

Private involvement in waste management is crucial because municipalities are becoming unable and incapable to provide enough sewerage services due to the increasing amount of waste generation [ 11 , 39 ]. Private involvement in Ethiopia is limited but in large cities, the private sector has a contract agreement with the municipality to collect and dispose of waste (Table 5 ). The largest private institutions collect waste from households, hotels, and institutions and dispose at the disposal site, however, small cooperatives collect waste from households (mostly in areas municipalities do not cover waste collection) and transport it to nearby transfer stations.

Currently, there is a formalization of the small informal enterprises but the policy changes at local government level and over-dependency of the microenterprises on public sector made the process difficult; hence, most of them continue to be informal, but they have some kind of collaboration with the municipality [ 30 ]. The collection coverage by municipalities covers only half of the population and in some towns even less than half [ 39 , 44 ]. The small informal collectors play a crucial role in covering those residents not covered by the municipality collection, However, they showed bias by ignoring the very poor households [ 30 ]. Hence, formalization should have helped to make these enterprises more responsible. The informal small enterprises communicate with the municipality to identify areas not covered by the collection program they transport it to the place where the municipalities can pick and transport easily to the disposal site. This collaboration is important as it increases waste collection coverage, saves resources, and time the municipalities are supposed to spend on a house to house collection.

Enterprises in waste management are not a priority by the government as the large banks only permit credit for enterprises in export, construction, and other sectors [ 22 ]. The financial sources of the existing private companies are either own capitals, friends and families, social institutions, such as Ikub (A small social system of saving money in a group in which members collect their share in turn through a lottery system), and development associations (Table 5 ). Lack of finance and the absence of legal provisions are mentioned as the constraint of private involvement in the waste management sector of Ethiopia [ 32 ]. UNDP [ 41 ] blamed the absence of incentive systems and insufficient cost recovery for limited involvement of the private sector in waste management of the country.

Waste management in Ethiopia

The waste management system Ethiopia includes waste generation, collection, transport, recycling, and disposal (Fig. 4 ).

Current waste generation in kg/capita/day of some cities in Ethiopia [ 4 , 13 , 10 , 29 ]

Challenges of solid waste management in Ethiopia

Technical constraints, absence of waste segregation.

If segregation exists in Ethiopia, it is only small-scale segregation of recyclable waste materials for informal recycling [ 13 ]. Only a few people separate saleable and exchangeable wastes for their advantage and most of the waste is not separated by households because of lack of awareness and in some cases negligence [ 12 ] ; [ 45 ]. Ethiopian solid Waste Management proclamation, Article 11.1 says the households are responsible for the segregation of waste but due to lack of enforcement, the laws serve only paper values.

Constraints in waste collection and transportation

In Ethiopia, only 40–50% of the waste produced is collected [ 42 ]; [ 39 ]. The waste collection system does not cover all residences (does not cover poor communities). Only half of the waste producers are fully covered [ 39 ]. In some towns, the coverage is even less than half [ 44 ]. The collection is irregular, as sometimes the collection service is once a week, sometimes time twice a week, and to the worst might not even happen once in a week [ 23 ].The problem of transportation is the lack of trucks to empty the central collection containers and transport the waste to disposal sites. In some cases, the vehicles for waste management are used for other purposes [ 44 ]. The Solid Waste Management proclamation, Article 13.2 of Ethiopia mandates the urban administrations to set the standards to determine the skills of drivers and equipment operators and prevent overloads of solid waste, however, the implementation of the proclamation is yet to be seen and felt.

Problems in the waste disposal and Management

The disposal sites are established without careful investigation and consideration of the impact. The waste generated in households is dumped together without any sort of segregation. Some of the hazardous wastes are also disposed of with the municipal solid wastes [ 23 ]. The dumpsites are not soil-covered and fenced to reduce health problems and environmental pollution [ 44 ]. Open burning of the wastes is done by households and the municipalities to just get rid of the waste under any conditions. Incineration is a waste management system used to generate energy and reduce the weight of the waste under-regulated and controlled atmosphere [ 45 ]. In Ethiopia, incineration is almost none-existent. The Repi waste to energy incineration plant project in Addis Ababa was built to generate 50 MW of electricity, but it has failed due to economic, material, and technological feasibility reasons. The project is located at an open dumpsite in Addis Ababa and inaugurated in 2018. Having received significant media coverage at the regional and international level, the project required about 2.6 billion Eth. Birr. It was applauded as an environmentally friendly investment which should be replicated by other countries in Africa. However, it proved to be a misguided investment with the initial decision-making process. There are basic prerequisites for the technology to be economically viable. The major prerequisite is the domestic waste produced has to consist of energy-rich combustible waste. There should also be efficient waste segregation and collection infrastructures. Ethiopia, particularly Addis Ababa where the Repi incineration plant located does not meet the basic prerequisite and does not fulfill operational requirements [ 9 ]. The waste produced in the city has less calorific value, the wastes are not segregated at the source to have suitable ones for incineration and there is no advanced technology. The project proved to be misguided and unsuccessful due to high technical, financial, and operational costs. Overall, the technical challenges of waste management in Ethiopia are very complicated and expose the distance that the country should strive towards the better achievement (Fig. 5 ).

Technical constraints of waste management in Ethiopia (own, figure)

The 3 I’s that summon waste management in Ethiopia

Table 6 is adapted from what a waste global review of solid waste management originally by the World Bank Group and later updated by Daniel and Perinaz [ 7 ]. The report is acclimated to update the current situation in Ethiopia and analyze in a comparative way to developed countries to show the huge gap. In terms of the waste management system, the 3 I’s (irregular, inadequate, and inefficient) can best explain the waste management system of Ethiopia. Irregular denotes the collection frequency and transportation which is sporadic and inconsistent, inadequate represents low coverage of waste collection, gaps in transportation and finance while inefficiency determines technical frailties and lack of enforcement mechanisms for waste management regulations.

Financial constraints

The financial constraint in the waste sector of Ethiopia emanates from a single root cause that is a low priority given to the waste management sector. Besides limited finance, the planning and management of financial resources are very poor which results in the halt of services and the disintegration of waste management [ 39 ]. According to Nigatu et al. [ 37 ], the waste sector is less attractive to the officials; hence, they do not allocate sufficient budget. The absence of service charges is another problem. For instance, in Germany, the households pay a waste service charge but in Ethiopia, there is no formal waste service charge. Little service charge exists in some cities but only if the waste collector is a private company. The service charge is not regulated by law and decided by the negotiation between the households and the collector hence, it is voluntary, so the service charge by private companies is not sufficient to cover service costs [ 26 ]. The major financial constraints of the waste sector in Ethiopia are described in Fig. 6 .

Summary of financial constraints of solid waste management in Ethiopia (own, figure)

Social Constraints

According to Mesfin and Muktar [ 29 ], the low level of awareness is manifested in the community, officials, private, and decision-makers. On the contrary, Fenta [ 13 ] stated that public awareness of solid waste management has increased significantly. Awareness remains a problem, however, the major problem is attitude because people who are very much aware of waste issues are not managing their waste. Abel [ 1 ] and Demos [ 34 ] reported the same cases in Nigeria and India, respectively. Apathy or the feeling of not much emotion to waste management is a big constraint resulted in a low willingness to pay for waste services in Ethiopia (Fig. 7 ). Another social constraint related to awareness and attitude in Ethiopia is the low social status given to solid waste workers [ 37 ]. In the survey conducted by Getinet [ 21 ], 67% of waste workers in Addis Ababa noted that their salary is insufficient and beneficiaries have a negative attitude towards them.

Major social constraints of solid waste management in Ethiopia (own, figure)

Political and institutional gaps

According to UNEP [ 43 ], prevention is arguably the best of all alternatives because, if waste is not generated, it does not need to be managed. However, the existing waste proclamations in Ethiopia neglected waste prevention. According to the Federal Negarit Gazeta [ 16 ], the waste management proclamation no. 513/2007 article 4.1 states that urban administrations have to create suitable conditions for investments in waste management, so far the lack of investments in waste management sector is evident due to incapability of the urban administrations to execute the proclamation [ 42 , 11 ]. The solid waste management proclamation article 5.1 (Table 7 ) declares the responsibilities to be shared by lower administrative units [ 4 ]. Nevertheless, it is the municipalities that are doing everything in waste and the lowest administrative units have not been able to bear on their responsibilities due to poor institutional setup. In article 4.2, the proclamation mandates the urban administration to permit any concerned body to engage in solid waste management activities, yet bureaucracy to get licenses and corruption mind set up of some officials restrain investors from participation.

Table 8 describes the overall waste management challenges in Ethiopia, concerning stakeholders, proposed solutions, and implementation brief.

Proposed waste management system

To propose this waste collection method, the experience from Germany particularly the city of Bonn is considered. In Bonn, every household has four bins black, green, blue, and yellow bins and the waste has to be sorted according to the material it contains. In Ethiopia, the wastes generated, the composition and treatment are different from Germany so, considering those situations and awareness of the people to waste segregation, the following management system is proposed for implementation (Fig. 8 ). The major justifications for proposing the new system are:

Absence of waste segregation at the source of waste

Inadequate, irregular and inefficient collection service

Indiscriminate waste disposal and its adverse environmental consequences

The increasing waste generation and non-progressive waste management service

Environmental pollution control and waste management proclamations of Ethiopia.

The proposed new waste management system (own, figure)

Implementation brief

The proposed system will have the following scenarios and implementation brief (Fig. 9 ).

Reduced waste generation

Awareness creation for households. The awareness creation activities should be continuous to help the households bear on their responsibilities.

Regular pick and transfer of waste: municipalities transport system should be standardized considering the Solid Waste Management proclamation, Article 13.2.

Composting: composting facilities should be updated and new technologies should be adopted.

Ensure waste segregation at source: Provision of waste segregation bins at least three for every household with different colors that can be easily understood.

Green: Biodegradable organic wastes

Yellow: Non-biodegradable wastes (mixed wastes)

Red: recyclable wastes

Street bins for each street with green, yellow, red mark to store segregated wastes.

Central containers at different locations under sub-cities with three colors each receiving different wastes. Urban administration should insist on the municipality for guaranteeing the collections of solid waste from bins with sufficient frequency. Formal collaboration with informal small enterprises to enhance the collection coverage is crucial here and the formalization of private small informal enterprises should be done. Increasing the involvement of large private companies is also important.

Build sanitary landfills. Sanitary landfills with lining, leak detection, leachate control systems should be built.

Regulations on service charges should be standardized . An average figure that takes in to account the income of the majority should be set for waste services.

Waste recycling, treatment, recovery: Implement the Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation, Article 5.1 which states that the urban administration shall ensure appropriate recycling, treatment, and disposal of wastes.: The road map for implementation of the proposed waste management system is described in Fig. 10 .

Implementation brief for the new proposed waste management system (own, figure)

Road map for implementation of the proposed waste management system (own, figure)

Conclusion and recommendations

Several constraints are hindering Ethiopia from achieving sustainable waste management. An informal and unregulated system of recycling means there is only 5% waste recycled. There is a low per capita waste generation rate but no organized program for waste reduction at the source. The overall waste collection is below 50%. Despite the high potential of compost with large organic waste, composting is practised informally and on a small scale. Open burning of waste is practiced by more than half of the population in uncontrolled ways to get rid of the waste. The common practice is crude open dumping of wastes without any treatment and disposal sites often receive a mixture of hazardous wastes. In addition to deficiencies in the budget due to the absence of service charge, the waste collection represents most of the available budget and only a small proportion is allotted for disposal.

The waste management system of Ethiopia can be elucidated by 3 I’s (Irregular, inadequate, and inefficient) irregular signifies the sporadic and inconsistent collection and transportation while inadequate denotes low collection coverage. On the other hand, inefficient represents the technical flaws and lack of enforcement of waste management proclamations. So far, waste prevention is not given adequate emphasis. Despite boasting one of the best possible laws and policies on paper, the country has no implementation mechanisms. Observed significant increase in public awareness towards solid waste management poses a question of attitude as a basic and important social constraint. From the absolute ineffectiveness of the existing waste management system, it will be a step forward to attempt and implement a new improved, realistic, and integrated waste management system.

Recommendations

The recommendations of previous investigations in Ethiopia regarding waste management are very hypocritical and unrealistic. Almost every recommendation suggested waste segregation but none of them demonstrated ways for implementing segregation at source. Wherefore, this study established an implementation brief of waste segregation based on legal provisions. Thus, the provision of at least three segregation bins to each household should make segregation practical. Besides, Article 11.1 which says the households are responsible for the segregation of waste should come to force after the provision of bins. Another usual recommendation is awareness creation activity. This study recognizes a lack of awareness in a small portion of the population but attitude and apathy towards waste management are major problems. Hence, awareness-raising and creating and enforcing the code of conduct should lead to better achievement. The municipality waste collection coverage covers half of the population hence, collaboration with small informal private enterprises to enhance collection coverage should be prioritized.

An increase in the municipality budget was suggested as a solution to financial constraints. However, this study found that the absence of service charge is a major problem in the waste finance sector of Ethiopia. Thus, a service charge figure that considers the average income of citizens should be standardized and enforced. Formalization of waste recovery and recycling should be a priority as the real situation shows that the recycling of waste is informal. The past investigations proposed sanitary landfills with leakage control and fences to reduce the socio-economic impacts of disposal sites. Yet, the disposal of wastes without treatment remains a major problem. Therefore, waste segregation at the disposal site, and treatment should better fix the disposal site problem. Previous studies proposed composting as an alternative to waste disposal and explained it as a simple option to be practised. This study agrees with compost as an option however, only large-scale composting would bring a sustainable solution. Municipal solid wastes in Ethiopia are heterogeneous in their composition, rapidly biodegradable, putrescible, mostly nonhazardous, and available in large quantity; hence, carefully controlled Organic gasification to manage leaching of harmful chemicals should be seriously considered as a viable option to take off pressure from dumpsites while contributing to energy recovery.

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Teshome, F.B. Municipal solid waste management in Ethiopia; the gaps and ways for improvement. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 23 , 18–31 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01118-y

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Assessing the Impact of Solid Waste Management, the Case of Assosa Town, in Benishangul Gumuz Region, Western Ethiopia

Mekonen Hunde Geletu

Department of Geographic Information Science, College of Social Science and Humanities, Assosa University, Assosa, Ethiopia

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Background: The collection, transportation, recycling, resource recovery, and disposal of solid waste produced in urban areas constitute the complex activity known as solid waste management (SWM). The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate how solid waste management has affected the case of Assosa Town in the Benishangul-Gumuz region. Methods: Research designs were used in this study mixed research design, according to Creswell (2005). Both primary and secondary data sources were used. Samples were selected using purposive sampling and simple random techniques. The total number of HH 1489 out of these Using Yamane (1967) formula sample size determination 400 households was selected. The data collected from both primary and secondary sources were analyzed using SPSS software version 20 the result was analyzed via descriptive statistics. Result: Findings of the study revealed that the major sources of waste are produced Garbage from households 120 (30%) Plastic (Highland); 90 (23%), Restaurants/Hotel; 85 (21%) Market places; 53 (14%), and Offices; 45 (12%) respectively. The major types of solid waste in Assosa town are about 305 (76%) Household Hazardous waste, 75 (19%) Commercial Waste, and 20 (5%) Construction and demolition respectively. The major effects of solid waste in Assosa town are about 225 (56%) Infectious diseases (common cold), Environmental Problems 130 (33%) and 45 (11%) Block water drains respectively. Conclusions: Systems for handling solid waste should be established and improved in order to reduce the issues in the study area. The town has poor practices for managing municipal solid waste. Therefore, recommended that the municipal create proper infrastructure and prepare proper disposal sites where municipal solid wastes can be disposed. Organizing youth groups in small and micro businesses for solid waste management activities is also important, as is raising awareness among the local populace.

Solid Waste Management, Municipality, Assosa

Mekonen Hunde Geletu. (2022). Assessing the Impact of Solid Waste Management, the Case of Assosa Town, in Benishangul Gumuz Region, Western Ethiopia. International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment , 7 (5), 107-113. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijeee.20220705.12

Mekonen Hunde Geletu. Assessing the Impact of Solid Waste Management, the Case of Assosa Town, in Benishangul Gumuz Region, Western Ethiopia. Int. J. Econ. Energy Environ. 2022 , 7 (5), 107-113. doi: 10.11648/j.ijeee.20220705.12

Mekonen Hunde Geletu. Assessing the Impact of Solid Waste Management, the Case of Assosa Town, in Benishangul Gumuz Region, Western Ethiopia. Int J Econ Energy Environ . 2022;7(5):107-113. doi: 10.11648/j.ijeee.20220705.12

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This project will be evaluated by the following points :

This project will seek to cooperate with potential stakeholders who engage in similar capacity building activities, such as Policy Partnership on Science, Technology, and Innovation (PPSTI), Policy Partnership on Women and the Economy (PPWE), as well as academics and relevant international organizations. PO will coordinate with aforementioned fora to ensure critical inputs to this projects. The collaboration between fora and relevant organizations will avoid duplication of work, and bring benefits through combining expertise and sharing knowledge. Experts from APEC and non-APEC stakeholders including relevant international organizations will be invited as workshop speakers to share their experience.

APEC projects that were previously implemented has resulted in fruitful outputs in waste management and renewable energy separately, such as policy review, dialogues, and issue mapping; yet community-based waste management to renewable energy has not come into attention within APEC. We will build upon related APEC initiatives, such as “Guidebook for the Development of Sustainable Cities Focusing on Resource Circulation and Waste Management” as one of the references to develop recommendations for decision makers.

1) This workshop be a meeting place of ideas and opportunities for APEC Economies for collaboration. It may bring about further cooperation on capacity building program, research, and replication of the community-based waste to energy initiatives.

2) Project Report will offer recommendations for further actions and identify collaboration opportunities between key actors. Project Report will be uploaded to APEC website and disseminated to APEC economies and beneficiaries.

3) Evaluation Survey will be carried out and consisting of sex-disaggregated data. The result will be included in Project Report and will serve as a reference for future initiatives on their own gender equality targets.

PO responsible for the project is Dian Prasomya Ratri, Section Head of Regional Cooperation in the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Indonesia. She was graduated from Master of Energy and Environmental Management, University of Twente and has been in charge of regional cooperation activities of the Ministry since 2017. She will be responsible for managing contractors and/or specialists.

Her contact number is +62 (0)815 7535 1175 and her email address is [email protected] / [email protected].

Contractor:

Project Overseer allocates the funding to hire a contractor to organize the workshop. The contractor’s support will comprises substantive and logistical matters. This will be crucial to ensure the workshop can run well so that the planned outputs are materialized to achieve the objectives. Contractor’s will work in total of 300 working hours with the main scope of services below:

- Drafting, revising and finalizing agenda of workshop including elaboration of each session; and nominating potential speakers. This includes coordinating with APEC economies’ to ensure that the issues addressed in this workshop correspond to their needs and interest.

- Note taking during the workshop implementation, moderate the breakout session, presenting recommendations.

- Supervision over set-up and operation of workshop related equipments.

- Designing, carrying out, and analyzing ex-ante and ex-post survey for the participants, and Evaluation Survey to assess the workshop participants’ satisfactory level of activities and presenters.

- Write the Project Report.

The allocation of work hours for contractor per task as follows:

b. Clerical support

Project Overseer allocate APEC’s funding to contract clerical support to assist PO in administrative manners. This service will be in a single contract with Contractor above, but Clerical support will work alongside/in the office of PO for practical reasons. They will work in total of 200 working hours with the scope of works:

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3. PET waste management monitoring: Community internship students must also monitor the weight of PET plastic that will be sold to the recycling company so that sales and income from this activity are controlled. 3.5 Management proposals of the solid waste Two main axes were addressed: "Cultural Change Program" and "Solid Waste Management".
PDF Oromiya National Regional state Bishoftu City Administration
According to information obtained from the Bushoftu health bureau, the per-capita solid waste generation rate is estimated at 0.186kg/c/d. The total daily solid waste generated from domestic source is, therefore, estimated at 27,900kg/day. Table-1.3: Residential solid waste generation rate, Feb. 2005.
Management of hospital radioactive liquid waste: treatment proposal for
This study summarizes the usual management of radioactive liquid wastes from hospitals, including conventional and recent treatments applied. Furthermore, based on experimental results obtained with real RIA wastes, this work exposes a proposal of treatment with ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membranes, and determines the most suitable ...
Circularity in waste management: a research proposal to achieve the
Abstract. Waste management is the main challenge in the transition away from the linear "take-make-dispose" economy. Incorporating the principles of circularity in waste management would facilitate the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. This paper aims to provide state-of-the-art research about circular waste management in the ...
PDF Proposal of Wastewater Treatment Process and Design for Soap Industry
Proposal of Wastewater Treatment Process and Design for Soap Industry International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research Volume.03, IssueNo.10, May-2014, Pages: 2052-2057 pathogenic micro-organisms continued but at higher levels. The degree of treatment can be determined by comparing the
Municipal solid waste management in Ethiopia; the gaps and ways for
Waste collection and disposal. A study by UNDP [] in four major cities of Ethiopia (Table 2) revealed that only 46, 48, 54, and 50% of the wastes generated are properly collected and disposed of, hence, half of the generated waste is left uncollected or disposed of in unauthorized areas.The performance of solid waste handling, recycling, and disposal systems remains very much poor in Ethiopia ...
PDF Solid Waste Management Project
Dr Kalpana Sankar Chief Executive Officer Hand in Hand Tamil Nadu. Contact Hand in Hand. Address: Hand in Hand 270 Vandavasi Road Chinna Kancheepuram Periyar Nagar Kancheepuram District 631 503 Tamil Nadu. Phone: Fax: E-mail: India +91-(0)44-272 670 65 +91-(0)44-272 693 01 [email protected].
Liquid waste management: The case of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Only 53(27%) households received solid waste management services by municipality waste collectors weekly but 18(9%), 29(15%), and 12(6%) households received solid waste management services within ...
Assessing the Impact of Solid Waste Management, the Case of Assosa Town
Background: The collection, transportation, recycling, resource recovery, and disposal of solid waste produced in urban areas constitute the complex activity known as solid waste management (SWM). The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate how solid waste management has affected the case of Assosa Town in the Benishangul-Gumuz region. Methods: Research designs were used in this study ...
PDF Office of Environmental Management U.S. Department of Energy
B3.6 SMALL-SCALE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, LABORATORY OPERATIONS, AND PILOT PROJECTS ... (See full text in regulation) The proposal fits within a class of actions that is listed in Appendix A or B to 10 CFR Part 1021, Subpart D. To fit within the classes of actions listed in 10 CFR Part 1021, Subpart D, Appendix B, a proposal must be one that ...
Proposals
A community-based waste management is an alternative to overcome or minimize waste accumulation in sites managed by the local government. The local government approach to waste management has always consisted of three parts; collection; transporting and disposal at the Final Garbage Disposal Sites (FGDSs).

Proposal for the Management of Solid Waste Generated in a University Campus: A Case Study

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Circularity in waste management: a research proposal to achieve the 2030 Agenda

Sara Alonso-Muñoz

Introduction

Waste management and Sustainable Development Goals

Methodology

Data collection

Bibliometric analysis

Bibliometric results and productivity measures

Research trend topics in the field

Strategic diagrams and motor themes by SciMat software

Review analysis

Research agenda

New trends in plastic waste management and generation (SDG 12)

New pathways in the circular management of municipal waste (SDG 7, 9, 11 and 12)

Towards more sustainable landfill management (SDG 7, 9 and 11)

Establishment of enablers in the implementation of circularity: Design of indicators and development of legislation (SDG 12)

Conclusions

Theoretical contributions

Practical contributions

Limitations and future research lines

Authors’ contribution statements

Data availability

Municipal solid waste management in Ethiopia; the gaps and ways for improvement

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Introduction

Conceptual framework

Materials and methods

Data sources and collection

Data analysis

Results and discussion

Waste collection and disposal

Ethiopia and the ambitious targets

Legal and Institutional framework

Private involvement in waste management

Waste management in Ethiopia

Challenges of solid waste management in Ethiopia

Constraints in waste collection and transportation

Problems in the waste disposal and Management

The 3 I’s that summon waste management in Ethiopia

Financial constraints

Social Constraints

Political and institutional gaps

Proposed waste management system

Implementation brief

Conclusion and recommendations

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Assessing the Impact of Solid Waste Management, the Case of Assosa Town, in Benishangul Gumuz Region, Western Ethiopia

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