personal and social media may discourage independent critical thinking by

The impact of social media on critical thinking

by Open Minds Foundation | Uncategorized

Social media can be a wonderful thing, but it can also be a tool used to spread misinformation and disinformation by bad actors. With studies showing that around 80% of young people, aged 18 to 24, receive all of their news from social media , it is not surprising that research by YouGov indicates that people who use social media as a news source do not perform as well on the Misinformation Susceptibility Test (MIST) .

People who spend two hours or less of recreational time online each day are twice as likely to be in the highest-scoring category (30% vs. 15%) as people who spend 9 or more hours online per day.

Social media platforms such as X or Facebook, use algorithms to determine the content that is prioritised in your social media feeds. Unfortunately, disinformation and fake news are likely to be more sensational, outrageous, or attention-grabbing so get amplified, drowning out credible information and sources. People act based on the information they are exposed to, so when this information is false or misleading, disastrous results can ensue.

With news spreading quickly, it is difficult to separate fact from fiction in such an emotive and high-tension atmosphere. For example, there is a lot of noise on social media currently around the conflict happening between Israel and Hamas, with Elon Musk sharing accounts described as “ well-known spreaders of disinformation .”

But with social media being an everyday part of many people’s lives, how can you think critically and use it more effectively?

Use the SIFT method:

S: Stop to check for accuracy before you hit share. I: Investigate the source. Is it a reputable news outlet or account? F: Find better coverage. Are multiple outlets sharing the same story, where did this story originate from? T: Trace claims, quotes, and media to their original source

Try inverting the problem

It is also a good idea to deliberately diversify your sources or try the inversion technique .

Inversion thinking encourages us to deliberately approach information in a contrary way. By envisioning an alternative scenario, or ‘playing devil’s advocate’, to actively challenge our biases and finding alternative sources, it makes our reasoning much stronger. It helps us to determine fact from fiction and recognise how our own biases can stand in the way of us thinking critically.

How you can help us combat coercive control

• Developing critical thinking through play
• How individuals can avoid sharing mis- and disinformation
• The Martyr Complex and Conspiracy Theorists
• The global risk of misinformation and disinformation
• How to SCAMPER

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Social Media

MIT Sloan study finds thinking style impacts how people use social media

MIT Sloan Office of Communications

Feb 11, 2021

Critical thinkers share higher quality content and information than intuitive thinkers

CAMBRIDGE, Mass., Feb. 11, 2021 – Social media has become a significant channel for social interactions, political communications, and marketing. However, little is known about the effect of cognitive style on how people engage with social media. A new study by MIT Sloan Research Affiliate Mohsen Mosleh , MIT Sloan School of Management Prof. David Rand , and their collaborators shows that people who engage in more analytical thinking are more discerning in their social media use, sharing news content from more reliable sources and tweeting about more substantial topics like politics.

“It’s important to understand how people interact on social media and what influences their decisions to share content and follow different accounts. Prior studies have explored the relationship between social media use and personality and demographic measures, but this is the first study to show the connection with cognitive style,” says Rand.

Mosleh, a professor at the University of Exeter Business School, explains, “In the field of cognitive science, some argue that critical thinking doesn’t have much to do with our daily life, but this study shows that it matters – critical thinkers are better able to use social media in meaningful ways, which has become an important part of modern life.”

In their study, the researchers measure Twitter-users cognitive style using the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT), which is a set of questions with intuitively compelling but incorrect answers. For example, participants might be asked” If you are running a race and you pass the person in second place, what place are you in? The answer that intuitively comes to mind for many people is “first place,” however “second place” is the correct answer.

Mosleh points out that there is disagreement in the field of cognitive science about the relative roles of intuition and reflection in people’s everyday lives. Some say humans’ capacity to reflect is underused, and that critical thinking is mostly used to justify our intuitive judgments. Others maintain that critical thinking does have a meaningful impact on beliefs and behaviors and that it increases accuracy.

Their Twitter study confirmed that critical thinking has a significant impact on how users interact on social media. People in the sample who engaged in more cognitive reflection were more discerning in their social media use. They followed more selectively, shared higher quality content from more reliable sources, and tweeted about weightier subjects, particularly politics.

The researchers also found evidence of cognitive “echo chambers,” says Rand. “More intuitive users tended to follow similar types of accounts, which were notably avoided by more analytical users. They also tended to share content related to scams and sales promotions.”

He notes, “This study sheds light on how misinformation and scams are spread on social media, suggesting that lack of thinking is an important contributor to undesirable behavior. It also highlights the type of users at risk of falling for scams.”

As for the importance of cognitive style for everyday behaviors, Rand call this an “important new piece of evidence for the consequences of analytic thinking.”

Rand and Mosleh are coauthors of “Cognitive reflection correlates with behavior on Twitter,” along with MIT Research Associate Antonio Arechar and University of Regina Assistant Professor Gordon Pennycook,which was published in Nature Communications.

About the MIT Sloan School of Management

The MIT Sloan School of Management is where smart, independent leaders come together to solve problems, create new organizations, and improve the world. Learn more at mitsloan.mit.edu .

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How social media negatively affects our critical thinking

Yashvi Rawat , Staff Writer | September 24, 2021

Photo Courtesy of Shuttershock

It is no secret that social media is detrimental to everyone for many different reasons: from general internet safety, to causing insecurities or becoming a major distraction. However, the negatives of social media go even deeper than that. Social media can have a large impact on people’s perspectives, opinions and the way they view the world — especially teenagers.

In recent years, social media creators have done a really effective job of creating algorithms that can keep track of what you engage with, and provide more content based on your preferences and interests. This ensures that you continue using social media, since you are constantly being provided with content that interests you or that you agree with. Exposure to only one perspective can lead to what are called echo chambers, or situations in which one’s beliefs are constantly reinforced by the people around them, rather than hearing other opinions.

The problem with social media echo chambers is that they discourage critical thinking. By only being exposed to people who agree with you, you are prevented from considering other perspectives, which perpetuates close-minded attitudes. Since social media users are used to seeing content they agree with, the first opinion that they see on a new issue is the one they are most likely to agree with, despite not hearing opposing thoughts. The overarching issue is that people are content with being told what to think. Social media echo chambers are the most common and most harmful side effect of regular social media usage, especially in regards to political opinions. This in turn creates an increase in polarization, widening the gap between opposing sides.

Recently, the term “chronically online takes” has resurfaced on social media. This concept refers to opinions that only seem to exist online, and lack the support of real world experience. Usually, it takes the form of calling things problematic. A popular example is a Tiktok user who claimed that using elevators when you are able bodied is ableist. Another claim that went viral was that being attracted to anybody is problematic if it is non-consensual. Ironically, chronically online takes are problematic themselves, successfully undermining actual issues that should be called out. There has been an especially large surge of chronically online takes during COVID, as many teens spent a majority of their free time on social media.

This phenomenon is nowhere near unprecedented. Social media users have been falling victim to this cycle for years, but with the increase of social media engagement amongst younger audiences, this problem is only bound to get worse.

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Quinten Seghers ~ Sep 28, 2021 at 4:39 pm

I’d just say that teenagers should overcome these issues by taking everything they see on social media with a grain of salt. Instead of basing their opinions on what they see on social media instead they should base their views on their real-world experiences and conversations with people in real life! That’s the only thing they can realistically do besides getting off of social media entirely which is not feasible for most teens. These echo chambers are built into the design of social media apps. They automatically give you content based on what you like to see and hear. Sooo good luck to teens!

Anonymous ~ Sep 26, 2021 at 6:18 pm

Well put. These echo chambers are going to have a hugely detrimental impact on creativity in the long run. Unfortunately the social media companies, while fully aware of the damage they are causing, are deliberately using these strategies to increase engagement and revenue. How do you suggest teenagers overcome these issues?

Anonymous ~ Sep 25, 2021 at 4:02 pm

I often find myself falling prey to this! I think that it’s really useful to see opposing viewpoints. As painful as it is, I even read fox news sometimes.

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Critical Thinking 2021: Social Media’s Impact on Mental Health

In our annual survey on the state of critical thinking, the Reboot Foundation asked people about their use of and views on social media, particularly as it related to their mental health. In the survey, our research team also asked questions about reasoning, media literacy, and critical thinking. Our goal was to take the temperature of popular opinion about social media and to gauge what, if anything, people think should be done to change their relationship with it.

Key Findings: How Social Media Impacts Mental Health

• As social media use rises due to the pandemic, people are increasingly concerned about its impact on mental health. Over 60 percent of respondents said their social media use had gone up since the onset of COVID-19 lockdowns, while around half of respondents said they spend more than two hours a day on social media.
• Despite the general acknowledgment that social media is contributing to symptoms of poor mental health, a significant percentage of people aren’t willing to stop scrolling or to put down their screens.
• When it comes to the impact of social media on political discourse, the public is ambivalent. While many found social media damaging to their political reasoning, others thought they benefited from being exposed to new ideas online.
• Support for critical thinking skills remains nearly universal, with equally strong support for the teaching of critical thinking at all levels of education.

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Students’ Use of Social Media and Critical Thinking: The Mediating Effect of Engagement

• First Online: 01 October 2023

Cite this chapter

• Asad Abbas 2 , 3 ,
• Talia Gonzalez-Cacho 4 ,
• Danica Radovanović 5 ,
• Ahsan Ali 6 &
• Guillermina Benavides Rincón 3  

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The aim of this book chapter is to empirically explore the mediating role of students’ social media engagement and their ability to think critically. To achieve the aim of the study, we designed a Google Form online survey with questions related to (1) the use of social media, (2) engagement, and (3) critical thinking by the deployment of digital literacy skills. We collected data using convenience sampling techniques. Sixty-seven undergraduate Architecture and Civil engineering students from Tecnologico de Monterrey, Puebla Campus of Mexico volunteered to participate in the study. After data collection, we applied a mediation test by using the “medmod” module of Jamovi software. Results from the data analysis support all proposed hypotheses and also affirm that engagement is partially mediated between the use of social media and the critical thinking skills of undergraduate Architecture and Civil engineering students. Therefore, this study confirms that the use of social media-based course activities is helpful for university students to engage with other peers by deploying digital literacy skills to analyze, share, and communicate relevant information and knowledge about specific topics within the relevant course structure.

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Abbas, A., Gonzalez-Cacho, T., Radovanović, D., Ali, A., Rincón, G.B. (2024). Students’ Use of Social Media and Critical Thinking: The Mediating Effect of Engagement. In: Radovanović, D. (eds) Digital Literacy and Inclusion. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30808-6_7

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Does social media affect critical thinking skills?

The emergence of social media and the reliance on various platforms is increasingly impacting the way in which we interact with each other and the world as a whole. We know that our virtual network is oftentimes as important to us as our physical network and that the information we digest online is significantly influential, but is social media affecting our critical thinking skills? The answer is, yes. Although, for better or worse is the question.

To learn more about how social media is affecting our critical thinking skills and what you can do about it, continue reading.

How is social media affecting critical thinking skills?

In a nutshell, critical thinking skills refer to our ability to analyze, interpret, infer, and problem-solve. These skills typically present themselves in the order of identifying a problem, gathering the data relevant to that problem, analyzing the information we gathered, and making a decision or coming to a solution.

As you can imagine, critical thinking skills require time and mental investment. However, according to research conducted by Stanford University , social media may diminish the amount of mental capacity we spend on any one given problem or task. This is because frequent use of social media tends to interfere with daily interactions, forcing the user to try and split attention between two or more things at a time. This split attention leads to less effective concentration on each given thing, perhaps impacting critical thinking skills negatively.

In addition to the negative impacts of multi-tasking, social media tends to prey on emotion rather than reason. You can thank the algorithms behind your preferred platform for this, as these algorithms deliberately put information in front of you that is targeted to your interest and leanings in any easily digestible format. By seeing information that you already tend to agree with or favor more often than you see information that counters your beliefs, you are being denied the ability to gather all information, analyze appropriately, and come to a more well-informed conclusion.

In other words, you stop questioning. And when you stop questioning, you stop thinking critically.

Does social media affect the critical thinking skills of one group more than another?

The most susceptible to the cognitive and behavioral downfalls of social media use are youth and young adults because they are at an age when their emotional intelligence and critical thinking skills are still immature.

The young are particularly reliant on the positive feedback received through social media, which makes them less likely to be critical of information presented, as they do not want to appear like they are rocking the boat or going against their friends.

The case can be made that peer pressure and bullying are only exacerbated because of social media, which allows for a fear culture to grow in this space that makes sharing one’s opinions a risky move. After all, much of one’s social media presence is built upon being liked, and it would be unpopular to voice any divergent opinions.

Although the younger population is more susceptible to conforming to popular opinions, a 2019 Science Advances study showed that older people, those 65 years old and older, are four times more likely to spread misinformation on social media. Thus, proving that a failure to employ critical thinking skills when using social media is not isolated to the younger population. It is a problem shared by many.

Is there an upside to social media when it comes to critical thinking skills?

In contrast to some of the evidence that social media only harms critical thinking skills, social media, when used right, can be a powerful tool to strengthen one’s critical thinking skills.

With the wealth of information available and competing interests displayed on social media, these platforms can be a resource in developing the ability to scrutinize information and source additional facts to come to more well-informed decisions or more effective solutions to problems.

In order to do this, one needs to be resistant to accepting the first piece of information as the truth before having a chance to validate that information.

What can I do to strengthen my critical thinking skills on social media?

The overwhelming amount of information that is fed to us through social media platforms has made critical thinking skills that much more critical in today’s age. It may be an odd characteristic to cultivate, but skepticism will be your best friend when trying to strengthen your critical thinking skills on social media. And while you are practicing skepticism, there are a few things that you can do on social media today to help you get started:

• Look for credentials or other forms of credibility: One way in which you can tell if you are digesting a credible piece of information is to look at the source of that information. Does that person have credentials or other forms of credibility that lend to the validity of the information? If not, be skeptical, and do your own research.
• Examine the sources: If you are reading an article or blog post that you were directed to by social media, search the page for source links. If the information being presented is credible, the article or blog post will contain links to sources for that information. Better than just scanning for links to sources, you should actually click on those links to see what the sources are. Sources such as national or local newspapers, universities, and government agencies are dependable.
• Check your biases: We all have them, and taking a moment to check your biases when consuming information can go a long way in keeping your critical thinking skills sharp.

In a time when information is king and social media is a big player in spreading that information, it is essential to remain vigilant to the information we are taking in. Questioning what is presented as fact and utilizing the amazing tool that is the web to develop well-informed opinions is the key to honing your critical thinking skills on social media.

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Critical Thinking Is a Key to Repairing Our Social Fabric

Teaching critical thinking skill is imperative to regain our lost social values..

Posted November 30, 2020 | Reviewed by Matt Huston

The last four years seem to have frayed the social fabric of this country more than any period in my lifetime. Distrust of media, government, and each other is running high; passions are inflamed; and even close family relationships are suffering. As we move on from the Trump presidency, many people will be looking for ways to rebuild social trust. From my perspective, education , particularly education in critical thinking, must be part of the solution.

A series of surveys conducted by the Reboot Foundation (for which I work as an advisor) has found that people are generally pessimistic about the state of reasoning in this country. They seek out opposing viewpoints less than they should. They exhibit poor media literacy skills. They doubt that our education system is doing enough. Teachers, likewise, suggest that standardized testing, lack of materials, and the role of tech in their students’ lives have made teaching critical thinking more challenging.

And yet, having sharp critical thinking skills might be the most important 21st Century skill we teach our children.

How can we get students thinking more critically to ensure they are able to capably contribute to their communities? Three things can help, I think:

• Getting clear on exactly how critical thinking should be taught.
• Modeling civil political discourse for our students through a renewed commitment to civics.
• Prioritizing media literacy at every level.

How to Teach Critical Thinking

Too often of late, education has come to be seen as paint-by-numbers. Curriculums are mandated and one-size-fits-all. Requirements are imposed uniformly by state regulators. Test scores have taken on more and more significance, and thus more and more class time.

The result, too often, may be disempowered teachers, demotivated students, a lack of creative and open-ended exercises, and too little critical thinking. Students’ natural curiosity is too often diminished by “teaching to the test.” Now, don’t get me wrong. Rote learning has its place, but it can’t take the place of intrinsically motivated student-driven pursuits of knowledge, small-group inquiry exercises, and teacher-facilitated project-based learning.

At the same time, we have to be realistic. While the curricular framework should change, that will take time. Meanwhile, we need to help empower teachers who are working within it to nonetheless teach these more open-ended skills and foster intrinsic motivation .

Research strongly suggests that teaching critical thinking is best done within particular disciplines, closely integrated with content knowledge—not as an independent subject matter. This is good news because it means giving students better critical thinking instruction can be done without major changes to state or district rules and requirements. Instead, teachers can make subtle tweaks to their current classroom practices that will help guide students toward deeper thinking.

Take for example teaching critical thinking in science. Instead of science labs where students simply try to confirm known experimental results by following a “recipe,” science teachers can give them more open-ended projects, where students can make mistakes, reflect on what works, and become better acquainted with the scientific method first-hand.

Recommitting to Civics

As many commentators have noted in recent years, we seem to have lost the ability to talk to each other . Social media degrades political “debates” into vicious rhetorical battles that end with blocks and unfollows. Substantive discussions of the real problems facing the country are replaced by tweets and likes.

Civics was once thought to be the pillar of our education system. From the beginning, the central rationale for developing a universal public education system was to develop the knowledge, habits of mind, and commitment to liberal values necessary for democratic self-government.

Just 24 percent of students show themselves to be "proficient" in civics, according to the 2018 National Assessment of Educational Progress. This is not necessarily because civics is completely ignored in the curriculum. According to the National Education Association (NEA), “All 50 states require some form of instruction in civics and/or government, and nearly 90 percent of students take at least one civics class.” Rather, the problem, according to the NEA, is that rote memorization of facts about government is prioritized over actual civics activities, like mock debates, open-ended discussion, and community service.

Teaching civics without a robust critical thinking component is unlikely to address the problem. The Reboot Foundation recently published a guide for teachers on how to better teach critical thinking. It includes tips for how to conduct in-class debates, teach argumentative writing , and integrate content knowledge with deeper thinking.

The Importance of Media Literacy

Finally, recent upheavals have shown weaknesses in media literacy across the population. I don’t mean to point the finger or insult our collective intelligence . It’s understandable that a rapidly changing media environment—primarily the rise of partisan “news” outlets and algorithm-driven social media platforms—has posed serious challenges to our ability to process information and opinion.

But the response from our education system has thus far been too slow. Part of the problem is that this is something we’re all struggling with. It can be hard for teachers to feel like they’re in a good position to teach media literacy, especially when we often associate younger generations with being more “tech-savvy."

But tech-savviness does not translate to media literacy or even evidence-based practice and any teacher who can teach good general research skills can teach media literacy as well.

Teaching media literacy needs to start with reflection on the role media plays in all of our lives. Students will likely be eager to discuss issues like their own social media and smartphone use and worries about tech’s impact on attention spans. This will generate immediate buy-in and make it clear that media literacy is not a niche subject, but a core part of our lives.

The next step is to start reading media sources with a more critical eye. Teachers can foster good habits by modeling them: for example, showing students how to try to verify information by “ reading laterally ”—or opening up new browser tabs to see if news on one site is widely backed up or disputed on others. In-depth reading and research projects in middle and high school are also a necessary part of generating good investigative skills. Teachers can integrate media literacy into the projects by discussing issues like bias in information sources and the necessity of exposing oneself to information from a variety of viewpoints.

For all the upheaval of these last few years, it’s still an exciting time to be alive. Technology has improved life more than it’s hindered it; opportunities abound, even if they remain unfairly distributed; and it’s within our capabilities to solve big problems, like climate change and political polarization. But in order for the next generation of students to rise to these challenges and help make things better, they need to be able to think clearly and critically. We owe it to them to teach them how to do that, and to equip them with the tools and thinking habits necessary to change our trajectory.

Ulrich Boser is the founder of The Learning Agency and a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress. He is the author of Learn Better, which Amazon called “the best science book of the year.”

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Noam Chomsky Teaches a MasterClass on Critical Thinking & Media Literacy

in Online Courses | July 21st, 2023 Leave a Comment

“We now have to decide with­in a cou­ple of decades whether the human exper­i­ment is going to con­tin­ue or whether it’ll go down in glo­ri­ous dis­as­ter,” says Noam Chom­sky in a new inter­view on econ­o­mist Tyler Cowen’s pod­cast Con­ver­sa­tions with Tyler . “That’s what we’re fac­ing. We know answers, at least pos­si­ble answers to all of the prob­lems that face us. We’re not pur­su­ing them.” This came in response to one of Cowen’s stan­dard ques­tions, about the guest’s “pro­duc­tion func­tion”: that is, the meth­ods or sys­tems the guest uses to remain pro­duc­tive in their work. Such a line of inquiry is espe­cial­ly per­ti­nent in Chom­sky’s case, giv­en the famous­ly intense work sched­ule he main­tains as a pub­lic intel­lec­tu­al at the age of 94.

Recent­ly, that sched­ule has also involved shoot­ing a Mas­ter­class on I nde­pen­dent Think­ing and the Medi­a’s Invis­i­ble Pow­ers , whose trail­er appears above. In the course\ , Chom­sky “explores the dark side of media,” teach­ing us “to cut through pro­pa­gan­da, defend against manip­u­la­tion, and con­trol what you con­sume.”

Pro­pa­gan­da, manip­u­la­tion, and con­sump­tion are major themes of his work (one for­gets that he first became well-known as a lin­guist ), and he became pop­u­lar­ly asso­ci­at­ed with them thanks in large part to Man­u­fac­tur­ing Con­sent , the 1988 book he co-wrote with Edward S. Her­man. Of course, the media land­scape looked quite dif­fer­ent 35 years ago, and this Mas­ter­class — a class of prod­uct scarce­ly imag­in­able back then — offers him an oppor­tu­ni­ty to bring his views into the twen­ty-twen­ties.

“Social media tends to dri­ve peo­ple into self-rein­forc­ing bub­bles,” Chom­sky says in the trail­er. “It’s dri­ving peo­ple even to more extreme views.” This is the kind of lament one now hears aired three or four times before break­fast, but sel­dom from a fig­ure who’s been the­o­riz­ing about the under­ly­ing forces as long as Chom­sky has. Social media may offer an avenue of free­dom from the stan­dard suite of top-down main­stream nar­ra­tives, but it may also con­sti­tute just anoth­er “pow­er sys­tem,” which by its very nature seeks only “con­trol and dom­i­na­tion.” Encour­ag­ing the habits of crit­i­cal think­ing need­ed to resist such con­trol and dom­i­na­tion has long been essen­tial to Chom­sky’s project. And the stakes of that project, as he’ll sure­ly nev­er stop seek­ing plat­forms from which to tell the world, could hard­ly be high­er. Explore Noam Chom­sky Teach­es I nde­pen­dent Think­ing and the Medi­a’s Invis­i­ble Pow­ers here .

Note: If you sign up for a Mas­ter­Class course by click­ing on the links in this post, Open Cul­ture will receive a small fee that helps sup­port our oper­a­tion.

Relat­ed con­tent:

An Ani­mat­ed Intro­duc­tion to Noam Chomsky’s Ground­break­ing Lin­guis­tic The­o­ries

Noam Chom­sky Defines What It Means to Be a Tru­ly Edu­cat­ed Per­son

Noam Chom­sky on Chat­G­PT: It’s “Basi­cal­ly High-Tech Pla­gia­rism” and “a Way of Avoid­ing Learn­ing”

Noam Chom­sky Explains the Best Way for Ordi­nary Peo­ple to Make Change in the World, Even When It Seems Daunt­ing

An Ani­mat­ed Intro­duc­tion to Noam Chomsky’s Man­u­fac­tur­ing Con­sent and How the Media Cre­ates the Illu­sion of Democ­ra­cy

When Rage Against the Machine Inter­viewed Noam Chom­sky (1999)

Based in Seoul,  Col­in M a rshall  writes and broad­cas ts on cities, lan­guage, and cul­ture. His projects include the Sub­stack newslet­ter   Books on Cities ,  the book  The State­less City: a Walk through 21st-Cen­tu­ry Los Ange­les  and the video series  The City in Cin­e­ma . Fol­low him on Twit­ter at  @colinm a rshall  or on  Face­book .

by Colin Marshall | Permalink | Comments (0) |

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