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This page describes the Academic Word List (AWL), giving information on what the AWL is , as well as a complete list of all words in the AWL . The list is rather static. More dynamic tools for understanding and using the AWL words can be found in other sections of the website, namely the AWL highlighter and gapfill maker , AWL tag cloud and gapfill maker , the AWL finder , and a vocabulary profiler . Other pages also contain information on how to use word lists as well as more detailed information on the main different word lists available for academic study .
The Academic Word List (AWL), developed by Averil Coxhead at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, contains 570 word families which frequently appear in academic texts, but which are not contained in the General Service List (GSL) . When compiling the list, the author found that the AWL covers around 10% of words in academic texts; if you are familiar with words in the GSL, which covers around 80% of words in written texts, you would have knowledge of approximately 90% of words in academic texts. The words in the AWL are not connected with any particular subject, meaning they are useful for all students.
The 570 word families of the AWL are divided into 10 lists (called sublists) according to how frequent they are. Sublist 1 has the most frequent word families, sublist 2 the next most frequent word families, up to sublist 10, which has the least frequent. Each sublist contains 60 word families, except for sublist 10, which only has 30.
The list below contains all 570 headwords in the AWL, along with sublist number, and related word forms. All words contain hyperlinks to the Wordnet dictionary , hosted on this site (definitions open in an alert box on the same page).
There is a downloadable copy of this list , with study guidance, in the vocabulary resources section .
Check out the Quizzes section for exercises to practise using words in the AWL.
Below is a complete copy of the Academic Word List. It shows headwords, sublist, and individual word forms. There are hyperlinks giving definitions. There is an alternative version of the list, with frequency information for individual word forms , on another page.
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Like the website? Try the books. This extract from Unlock the Academic Wordlist: Sublists 1-3 contains all sublist 1 words, plus exercises, answers and more!
Author: Sheldon Smith ‖ Last modified: 05 March 2024.
Sheldon Smith is the founder and editor of EAPFoundation.com. He has been teaching English for Academic Purposes since 2004. Find out more about him in the about section and connect with him on Twitter , Facebook and LinkedIn .
The AWL highlighter allows you to highlight words from the AWL (Academic Word List) in any text you choose.
The Academic Word List (AWL) contains 570 word families which frequently appear in academic texts.
The Academic Collocation List (ACL) is a list containing 2,469 of the most frequent and useful collocations which occur in written academic English.
Academic vocabulary consists of general words, non-general academic words, and technical words.
Resources for vocabulary contains additional activities and information (requires users to be logged in).
Learning vocabulary depends on knowing how much to learn, the type of vocabulary to study, and how to study it properly.
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Posted by Rene Tetzner | Nov 9, 2021 | PhD Success | 0 |
6.3.11 Latin Abbreviations
Standard Latin abbreviations do not normally require definition when they are used in formal scholarly prose, but some of them are misused with a surprising frequency, presumably because their precise meanings are not fully understood by authors or are not considered carefully enough in relation to the context. The format of many of these abbreviations can vary in terms of capitalisation, font (roman or italic) and punctuation depending on the guidelines followed and the version of English (British or American) used. In a few cases, the abbreviations can be confusing for the reader and tend to be used a great deal less in the early twenty-first century than they were in the past; in others, the abbreviations are best avoided in the running text of a thesis, but can be freely used in notes, parenthetical material and other ancillary matter. The list below provides acceptable forms and variants of a number of the most common Latin abbreviations along with definitions and some brief notes on their use. While drafting and proofreading your thesis, you should ensure that each Latin abbreviation you use is formatted in an acceptable way, that the abbreviation chosen for each term is distinct from other abbreviations in your thesis (from similar English abbreviations, for example), that each abbreviation takes a consistent form throughout the thesis and that the punctuation and other elements associated with each abbreviation are consistent as well.
PRS Tip: Confusion is all too possible if the abbreviations you use in your thesis are not completely accurate and recorded with absolute precision and consistency. I have already mentioned the distinction (a full stop) between the abbreviations for ‘Saint’ and ‘Street,’ but a couple more examples will illustrate the potential for ambiguity and the importance of attending to each and every detail associated with abbreviations and their use, no matter how small or insignificant those details may seem. The first is the ‘#’ symbol (referred to as the number, pound or hash sign) which is often used in American English to indicate ‘number.’ Given the potential (and desire) for an international readership for most theses, this symbol should be avoided as a general rule, because it does not usually mean ‘number’ in Britain, for instance, and has other meanings depending on the context: it is used, for example, as a symbol in linguistics, music and proof correction, on telephone keyboards (the ‘pound key’) and, more recently, in hashtags for social networking and the like. Therefore, the standard Latin abbreviation ‘no.’ (plural ‘nos.’) is a much better choice. The abbreviation ‘MS’ also has more than one meaning, so the meaning intended in any particular situation needs to be specified via the format of the abbreviation and the way in which it is used in a sentence. ‘MS’ as an initialism means ‘multiple sclerosis’ and is read as individual letters, so it should be used with ‘an’ when an indefinite article is required (an MS patient). ‘MS’ in exactly the same form also means ‘manuscript’ (technically, the Latin manuscriptum ), however, and while the plural ‘MSS’ clearly indicates this meaning, identifying what is represented by the singular form depends upon context and the fact that it is pronounced as the word ‘ manuscriptum /manuscript,’ so is preceded by ‘a’ when an indefinite article is needed (a MS). To complicate matters further, ‘MS’ can also be used to abbreviate ‘Master of Science,’ though in this case alternate forms can be used to specify that meaning – ‘M.S.,’ ‘MSc’ and ‘M.Sc.’ In addition, when the same abbreviation uses an initial capital only – ‘Ms’ (or ‘Ms.’) – it is a social title preferred by many women because it does not determine marital status as ‘Mrs’ or ‘Miss’ does. Finally, ‘ms’ using all lowercase letters abbreviates ‘millisecond.’ With the last three forms there is much less potential for confusion, of course, but in all cases clarity is determined by extremely careful usage, so this abbreviation is a good reminder of the fact that abbreviations are only as effective as their use is accurate, consistent and precise. If you are having difficulties formatting and integrating abbreviations into your prose or are simply unsure that your own use of abbreviations achieves the precision it should, do send your thesis chapters to PRS, where professional academic and scientific proofreaders can ensure that your use of abbreviations (and other elements in your writing) is just what it should be.
To Graduate Successfully
This article is part of a book called "PhD Success" which focuses on the writing process of a phd thesis, with its aim being to provide sound practices and principles for reporting and formatting in text the methods, results and discussion of even the most innovative and unique research in ways that are clear, correct, professional and persuasive.
The assumption of the book is that the doctoral candidate reading it is both eager to write and more than capable of doing so, but nonetheless requires information and guidance on exactly what he or she should be writing and how best to approach the task. The basic components of a doctoral thesis are outlined and described, as are the elements of complete and accurate scholarly references, and detailed descriptions of writing practices are clarified through the use of numerous examples.
The basic components of a doctoral thesis are outlined and described, as are the elements of complete and accurate scholarly references, and detailed descriptions of writing practices are clarified through the use of numerous examples. PhD Success provides guidance for students familiar with English and the procedures of English universities, but it also acknowledges that many theses in the English language are now written by candidates whose first language is not English, so it carefully explains the scholarly styles, conventions and standards expected of a successful doctoral thesis in the English language.
Individual chapters of this book address reflective and critical writing early in the thesis process; working successfully with thesis supervisors and benefiting from commentary and criticism; drafting and revising effective thesis chapters and developing an academic or scientific argument; writing and formatting a thesis in clear and correct scholarly English; citing, quoting and documenting sources thoroughly and accurately; and preparing for and excelling in thesis meetings and examinations.
Completing a doctoral thesis successfully requires long and penetrating thought, intellectual rigour and creativity, original research and sound methods (whether established or innovative), precision in recording detail and a wide-ranging thoroughness, as much perseverance and mental toughness as insight and brilliance, and, no matter how many helpful writing guides are consulted, a great deal of hard work over a significant period of time. Writing a thesis can be an enjoyable as well as a challenging experience, however, and even if it is not always so, the personal and professional rewards of achieving such an enormous goal are considerable, as all doctoral candidates no doubt realise, and will last a great deal longer than any problems that may be encountered during the process.
If you are interested in proofreading your PhD thesis or dissertation, please explore our expert dissertation proofreading services.
Rene Tetzner's blog posts dedicated to academic writing. Although the focus is on How To Write a Doctoral Thesis, many other important aspects of research-based writing, editing and publishing are addressed in helpful detail.
October 1, 2021
October 2, 2021
October 3, 2021
October 4, 2021
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
Published on September 14, 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on April 16, 2024.
A thesis is a type of research paper based on your original research. It is usually submitted as the final step of a master’s program or a capstone to a bachelor’s degree.
Writing a thesis can be a daunting experience. Other than a dissertation , it is one of the longest pieces of writing students typically complete. It relies on your ability to conduct research from start to finish: choosing a relevant topic , crafting a proposal , designing your research , collecting data , developing a robust analysis, drawing strong conclusions , and writing concisely .
You can also download our full thesis template in the format of your choice below. Our template includes a ready-made table of contents , as well as guidance for what each chapter should include. It’s easy to make it your own, and can help you get started.
Download Word template Download Google Docs template
Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes
Thesis vs. thesis statement, how to structure a thesis, acknowledgements or preface, list of figures and tables, list of abbreviations, introduction, literature review, methodology, reference list, proofreading and editing, defending your thesis, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about theses.
You may have heard the word thesis as a standalone term or as a component of academic writing called a thesis statement . Keep in mind that these are two very different things.
Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:
See an example
The final structure of your thesis depends on a variety of components, such as:
Humanities theses are often structured more like a longer-form essay . Just like in an essay, you build an argument to support a central thesis.
In both hard and social sciences, theses typically include an introduction , literature review , methodology section , results section , discussion section , and conclusion section . These are each presented in their own dedicated section or chapter. In some cases, you might want to add an appendix .
We’ve compiled a short list of thesis examples to help you get started.
The very first page of your thesis contains all necessary identifying information, including:
Sometimes the title page also includes your student ID, the name of your supervisor, or the university’s logo. Check out your university’s guidelines if you’re not sure.
Read more about title pages
The acknowledgements section is usually optional. Its main point is to allow you to thank everyone who helped you in your thesis journey, such as supervisors, friends, or family. You can also choose to write a preface , but it’s typically one or the other, not both.
Read more about acknowledgements Read more about prefaces
An abstract is a short summary of your thesis. Usually a maximum of 300 words long, it’s should include brief descriptions of your research objectives , methods, results, and conclusions. Though it may seem short, it introduces your work to your audience, serving as a first impression of your thesis.
Read more about abstracts
A table of contents lists all of your sections, plus their corresponding page numbers and subheadings if you have them. This helps your reader seamlessly navigate your document.
Your table of contents should include all the major parts of your thesis. In particular, don’t forget the the appendices. If you used heading styles, it’s easy to generate an automatic table Microsoft Word.
Read more about tables of contents
While not mandatory, if you used a lot of tables and/or figures, it’s nice to include a list of them to help guide your reader. It’s also easy to generate one of these in Word: just use the “Insert Caption” feature.
Read more about lists of figures and tables
If you have used a lot of industry- or field-specific abbreviations in your thesis, you should include them in an alphabetized list of abbreviations . This way, your readers can easily look up any meanings they aren’t familiar with.
Read more about lists of abbreviations
Relatedly, if you find yourself using a lot of very specialized or field-specific terms that may not be familiar to your reader, consider including a glossary . Alphabetize the terms you want to include with a brief definition.
Read more about glossaries
An introduction sets up the topic, purpose, and relevance of your thesis, as well as expectations for your reader. This should:
In other words, your introduction should clearly and concisely show your reader the “what, why, and how” of your research.
Read more about introductions
A literature review helps you gain a robust understanding of any extant academic work on your topic, encompassing:
A literature review is not merely a summary of existing work. Rather, your literature review should ultimately lead to a clear justification for your own research, perhaps via:
Read more about literature reviews
Your literature review can often form the basis for your theoretical framework, but these are not the same thing. A theoretical framework defines and analyzes the concepts and theories that your research hinges on.
Read more about theoretical frameworks
Your methodology chapter shows your reader how you conducted your research. It should be written clearly and methodically, easily allowing your reader to critically assess the credibility of your argument. Furthermore, your methods section should convince your reader that your method was the best way to answer your research question.
A methodology section should generally include:
Read more about methodology sections
Your results section should highlight what your methodology discovered. These two sections work in tandem, but shouldn’t repeat each other. While your results section can include hypotheses or themes, don’t include any speculation or new arguments here.
Your results section should:
Additional data (like raw numbers or interview transcripts ) can be included as an appendix . You can include tables and figures, but only if they help the reader better understand your results.
Read more about results sections
Your discussion section is where you can interpret your results in detail. Did they meet your expectations? How well do they fit within the framework that you built? You can refer back to any relevant source material to situate your results within your field, but leave most of that analysis in your literature review.
For any unexpected results, offer explanations or alternative interpretations of your data.
Read more about discussion sections
Your thesis conclusion should concisely answer your main research question. It should leave your reader with an ultra-clear understanding of your central argument, and emphasize what your research specifically has contributed to your field.
Why does your research matter? What recommendations for future research do you have? Lastly, wrap up your work with any concluding remarks.
Read more about conclusions
In order to avoid plagiarism , don’t forget to include a full reference list at the end of your thesis, citing the sources that you used. Choose one citation style and follow it consistently throughout your thesis, taking note of the formatting requirements of each style.
Which style you choose is often set by your department or your field, but common styles include MLA , Chicago , and APA.
Create APA citations Create MLA citations
In order to stay clear and concise, your thesis should include the most essential information needed to answer your research question. However, chances are you have many contributing documents, like interview transcripts or survey questions . These can be added as appendices , to save space in the main body.
Read more about appendices
Once you’re done writing, the next part of your editing process begins. Leave plenty of time for proofreading and editing prior to submission. Nothing looks worse than grammar mistakes or sloppy spelling errors!
Consider using a professional thesis editing service or grammar checker to make sure your final project is perfect.
Once you’ve submitted your final product, it’s common practice to have a thesis defense, an oral component of your finished work. This is scheduled by your advisor or committee, and usually entails a presentation and Q&A session.
After your defense , your committee will meet to determine if you deserve any departmental honors or accolades. However, keep in mind that defenses are usually just a formality. If there are any serious issues with your work, these should be resolved with your advisor way before a defense.
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The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5–7% of your overall word count.
If you only used a few abbreviations in your thesis or dissertation , you don’t necessarily need to include a list of abbreviations .
If your abbreviations are numerous, or if you think they won’t be known to your audience, it’s never a bad idea to add one. They can also improve readability, minimizing confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your reader.
When you mention different chapters within your text, it’s considered best to use Roman numerals for most citation styles. However, the most important thing here is to remain consistent whenever using numbers in your dissertation .
A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical first steps in your writing process. It helps you to lay out and organize your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.
Generally, an outline contains information on the different sections included in your thesis or dissertation , such as:
A thesis is typically written by students finishing up a bachelor’s or Master’s degree. Some educational institutions, particularly in the liberal arts, have mandatory theses, but they are often not mandatory to graduate from bachelor’s degrees. It is more common for a thesis to be a graduation requirement from a Master’s degree.
Even if not mandatory, you may want to consider writing a thesis if you:
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
George, T. (2024, April 16). What Is a Thesis? | Ultimate Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 12, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/thesis/
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Additional resources.
UNO graduate program requirements include an electronic version of the thesis, thesis-equivalent project, Ed.S. field project, or dissertation (collectively referred to as ETDs). An ETD is a document expressed in a format simultaneously suitable for machine archives and worldwide retrieval. Preparation of the ETD may be done using most word processor or document preparation systems that incorporate relevant multimedia objects. The ETD has many benefits including:
The Culmination of Your Dedicated Graduate Work: Master's Thesis or Ed.S. Field Project A master's thesis, thesis-equivalent project, or Ed.S. field project provides the opportunity for students to acquire first-hand experience in research or creative activities with the supervision of experienced faculty. A thesis (or thesis-equivalent project) is equivalent to six credit hours; and the Ed.S. field project is equivalent to three credit hours.
The Culmination of Your Scholarly Work in Graduate School: Doctoral Dissertation
The doctoral dissertation should make a creative contribution to knowledge in the field while also demonstrating mastery of relevant resources and methods. Given the diverse nature of the fields in which dissertations are written and the wide variety of topics that are explored, it is impossible to designate an ideal length for the dissertation. A long dissertation is not necessarily better than a shorter one since the value and scale of the dissertation topic ultimately depends on the quality of its thought and the clarity of its exposition. Your dissertation supervisory committee will determine the appropriateness of these and other issues.
Join us at an upcoming live workshop to review detailed instructions on the required formatting of a thesis, Ed.S. field project, or dissertation - including important forms, steps to take, and pitfalls to avoid.
Fall 2024 workshops
Contact Joe Champion at [email protected] with questions, clarifications, or to schedule a virtual appointment.
Page numbering.
Number all pages in your ETD, except the Title Page and the Abstract. Page numbers appear in page headers and are right justified. For pages before the introductory text, use small Roman numerals (i. ii. iii. iv. etc.) placed in the upper right corner of the page. Number all pages through the remainder of the ETD using Arabic numbers (1,2,3 etc.). These numbers are to appear in the upper right corner and are to be placed so that, when printed, they are at least 1/2" from the top and 1" from the right margin. Do not include a running head. (Consult the help files of your software on how to set up "Page Headers.")
All margins for your ETD should be as follows: Left: 1 1/2", Right 1"; Top and Bottom 1". This format applies to all materials in the document. The extra space along the left margin allows space for binding.
Double-space all sections of the ETD except footnotes/endnotes, bibliographic entries, and lists in appendices. Single spacing may be used on tables and figures at the discretion of the student's supervisory committee.
Times New Roman or a comparable appearing font, usually at 12 pt, is recommended for best readability. All fonts must be embedded fonts and used consistently throughout the text.
Manuscripts will appear in color when viewed electronically. Microfilm and print reproductions of the manuscript, however, will occur only as shades of gray so consider this when deciding how or whether to use color in your ETD.
Be sure the title you provide on the submission form is the same one you show as the title on the Title Page.
Review sample Title Pages on the Forms and Documents page.
Each ETD must be accompanied by an abstract that has been approved by the student's Supervisory Committee. Abstracts are limited to 350 words including the title. Note, however, that the thesis and project abstracts published by ProQuest will be truncated to 150 words.
Review a sample Abstract on the Forms and Documents page.
In any work, copyright implicitly devolves to the author of that work. One may make a statement of ownership explicit, however, by including a copyright notice, such as "Copyright 1988, John J. Smith" on a separate page of your ETD. Additionally, you may pay an optional fee, to ProQuest to register your copyright with the U.S. Copyright Office. This option is offered when you submit your final PDF file to ProQuest. You and your advisor should discuss copyrighting and whether copyrighting as the sole owner is an option for you.
Include the section headings of your ETD as well as the page on which each begins.
On a separate page, list the number and title for each of the multimedia used (e.g. table, figure, graph, diagram, equation, etc.) list the number and title of the object and the page on which it occurs.
In general, the following format is recommended although, specific formatting (e.g. chapters, sections, etc.) should be consistent with your discipline. See your Supervisory Committee for guidance. Label the beginning of each chapter or section (e.g. Introduction, Methods, etc.) using a font larger than that used in the subsequent text. Follow a standard format of your discipline for sub-section formatting. Chapters, sections, etc. should be separated by an extra space. Indent quotes on both left and right margin.
Consult your departmental/school guidelines for the standard forms for citations.
A separate page with the word "Appendix" centered on it is recommended as an easily observed indication of the break between the main body and appendices. The source code or output of computer programs may be included as an enumerated appendix.
Place figures references with PDF links to multimedia objects in the Appendix as well. Following the same format in the Appendix as you followed in the main body of your ETD, place the word "Appendix", the appendix letter or letters, and the appendix title in large type at the beginning of each appendix section. Appendices are enumerated alphabetically from A to Z, then AA, AB, and so on to ZZ, then AAA, AAB, etc.
As a part of the ETD submission students' abstracts are published in ProQuest's Master's Theses or Dissertations Abstracts publications. Upon submission, you are authorizing ProQuest to produce copies of your work on demand for a fee. However, you may request ProQuest not distribute (or embargo) your ETD until further notice (up to two years). Some reasons for this may be if there is a patent-pending, your employers require a review of your work, or a publishing agreement requires initial publication.
At least one semester prior to your anticipated graduation date, you must initiate the thesis, thesis-equivalent project, or Ed.S. field project. Students must file the following forms with the Office of Graduate Studies (Forms & Resources page):
The Supervisory Committee’s final recommendations of the final product are typically provided to the student at the time of the final oral examination, although details vary among department/schools and individual faculty. Final approval of the document (in PDF format) is contingent upon approval by the supervisory committee and the Office of Graduate Studies. Once approved, the student must submit the Report on Completion of Degree form, signed by supervisory committee, to the Office of Graduate Studies.
Final recommendations from the dissertation committee are provided to the student at the time of the final oral examination, although details vary among department/schools and individual faculty. Final approval of the dissertation is contingent upon approval by the supervisory committee and the Office of Graduate Studies. At least three (3) weeks prior to the last published date for holding oral exams, provide the following to the Office of Graduate Studies:
When the final dissertation has been approved by the dissertation committee, the student must submit the following to the Office of Graduate Studies for the final, administrative step in the approval process:
The final step in submitting your ETD to ProQuest involves setting up an account and transmitting your ETD. After the documents noted above are submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies, the student must upload their thesis, Ed.S. field project, or dissertation to ProQuest. Be certain the electronic version, in PDF format is exactly as approved by the Supervisory Committee. ETDs are to be checked for formatting, pagination, spelling, grammar, and typos by the student and the student's Supervisory Committee.
Since errors may occur when converting from a word processor file to a PDF, it is essential the student review the final version of the PDF. There may be fees incurred if you select options such as copyright or open access, or if you wish to order bound copies of your document, which is determined based upon your selections at the time of account creation with ProQuest. The amounts are noted on the ProQuest website.
Once submitted, the Office of Gradu ate Studies will review the submission for formatting. A student often has formatting edits required and may need to submit a second time. Final approval must be granted by the Office of Graduate Studies before 5:00 P.M. (CST) on the deadline, which is 12 working days prior to the commencement ceremony/last day of the semester in the case of summer graduation.
Open access.
During the submission process you will be asked if you wish to select "Open Access," which includes an additional fee. Be aware that selecting this option allows full web access to your entire document. For reasons that include concern for plagiarism of your work, the Office of Graduate Studies does NOT recommend this option.
After submitting the ETD to ProQuest, the Office of Graduate Studies will be notified electronically of the submission and asked to provide final approval. If formatting edits are required, you will receive an email notification that prompts those changes. You will then also receive an email for each step of the process until the ETD is transmitted to ProQuest and finally accepted.
If you also wish to submit a copy of your thesis/dissertation to Digital Commons ( UNO’s institutional repository ), email a copy with any embargo information to [email protected] . You can also email them with any questions you may have on submitting to the repository. This step is voluntary.
Thesis / dissertation formatting manual (2024).
UCI Libraries maintains the following templates to assist in formatting your graduate manuscript. If you are formatting your manuscript in Microsoft Word, feel free to download and use the template. If you would like to see what your manuscript should look like, PDFs have been provided. If you are formatting your manuscript using LaTex, UCI maintains a template on OverLeaf.
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Trump has previously sparked criticism for swipes at servicemembers.
Former president Donald Trump sparked criticism when he said the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian award, is "much better" than the Medal of Honor, the nation's highest military honor, because soldiers are in "bad shape" or dead when they receive it – comments Trump's campaign suggested were misinterpreted.
During an event at his Bedminster, New Jersey, estate Thursday night, which was about antisemitism, Trump called attention to a major donor, Miriam Adelson – the widow of his friend and business mogul Sheldon Adelson – upon whom he bestowed the Medal of Freedom in 2018.
"Sheldon and Miriam were best friends together, and I was in their group. And we just had always a great relationship, known her for a long time," Trump said. "Sheldon was one of the greatest businessmen in the world, and she's turning out to be one of the greatest businesswomen of the world."
Trump then recalled the moment Miriam Adelson received the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
"But I really, I watched Sheldon sitting so proud in the White House when we gave Miriam the Presidential Medal of Freedom," he said. "That's the highest award you can get as a civilian. It's the equivalent of the Congressional Medal of Honor, but civilian version, it's actually much better, because everyone gets the Congressional Medal of Honor, they're soldiers. They're either in very bad shape because they've been hit so many times by bullets, or they're dead. She gets it and she's healthy, beautiful woman."
Miriam Adelson was awarded the Medal of Freedom as a "committed doctor, philanthropist, and humanitarian." "As a committed member of the American Jewish community, she has supported Jewish schools, Holocaust memorial organizations, Friends of the Israel Defense Forces, and Birthright Israel, among other causes," the Trump White House wrote in part.
A prominent national veterans group leader released a statement on Friday criticizing Trump's comments, calling them "asinine."
"These asinine comments not only diminish the significance of our nation's highest award for valor, but also crassly characterizes the sacrifices of those who have risked their lives above and beyond the call of duty," Veterans of Foreign Wars National Commander Al Lipphardt said.
"When a candidate to serve as our military's commander-in-chief so brazenly dismisses the valor and reverence symbolized by the Medal of Honor and those who have earned it, I must question whether they would discharge their responsibilities to our men and women in uniform with the seriousness and discernment necessary for such a powerful position," Lipphardt continued. "It is even more disappointing when these comments come from a man who already served in this noble office and should frankly already know better," he said.
The Kamala Harris campaign pounced on Trump's words, saying he "knows nothing about service to anyone or anything but himself."
And progressive veterans group VoteVets said in a statement: "It isn't just that Donald Trump doesn't respect Veterans and their sacrifice. It's that Donald Trump hates Veterans and their sacrifice, because he looks so small in comparison to them."
In a statement, the Trump campaign said the former president was referring to the experience of giving the award, not denigrating the Medal of Honor or the actions of servicemembers.
"President Trump was simply saying how it can be an emotionally difficult experience to give the Congressional Medal of Honor to veterans who have been wounded or tragically killed defending our country, as he proudly did when he was Commander in Chief," said campaign spokesperson Brian Hughes.
On Friday, Trump's running mate, Ohio Sen. JD Vance, a Marine veteran, defended the former president.
"This is a guy who loves our veterans and who honors our veterans," Vance said during an event at the Milwaukee Police Association. "I don't think him complimenting and saying a nice word about a person who received the Presidential Medal of Freedom is in any way denigrating those who received military honors."
Trump, who holds himself up as a champion of the military and regularly discusses his record of rebuilding the military while in office, has drawn fire for swipes at servicemembers.
One of the most notable examples was when he criticized another Republican, John McCain -- the late Arizona senator and former presidential candidate -- who spent five years as a POW during the Vietnam War, casting doubt on his status as a war hero.
"I like people who weren't captured," Trump said in 2015 . At the time, the remarks set off a firestorm, including from members of the Republican party, who called for him to drop out of the 2016 presidential race.
More recently, Trump came under scrutiny when The Atlantic reported in 2020 that he had called those who died in war "suckers" and "losers." Trump has vehemently denied the reported remarks, which President Biden repeated on the campaign trail before he dropped out of the race. ABC News has not independently confirmed the story.
During the Bedminster event, Trump highlighted the importance of the Jewish vote, while also making false claims about various Democrats, including Harris.
"We're here tonight because we believe that this vicious outbreak of militant and antisemitism is very militant. Must be given no quarter, no safe harbor, no place in a civilized society. We must reject it in our schools, reject it in our foreign policy, reject it in our immigration system and reject it at the ballot box," Trump told the crowd.
Trump then repeated a dual loyalty trope – that itself has been criticized as antisemitic – that American Jews owe a dual loyalty to Israel or having two separate interests that conflict, telling the audience, "Jewish people have to not vote by habit. You vote by habit for Democrats, and the Democrats are really against you."
Trump continued to make similar comments, suggesting that Jewish people need to "stop" voting for Democrats. "You have to be smart," Trump said, before discussing his list of accomplishments such as the Abraham Accords and withdrawing from the Iran nuclear deal.
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By James LaPorta
Updated on: August 16, 2024 / 5:57 PM EDT / CBS News
Former President Donald Trump received an immediate backlash Thursday when he said the Presidential Medal of Freedom he awarded to Dr. Miriam Adelson, the widow of Republican mega-donor Sheldon Adelson, was "equivalent" and "much better" than the Medal of Honor, the nation's highest military award for bravery in combat.
Speaking from his golf club in Bedminster, New Jersey, during an event on fighting antisemitism, Trump praised the late Las Vegas casino magnate as "one of the greatest businessmen in the world," before addressing Sheldon Adelson's widow to make a comparison between the Medal of Honor and the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, which is typically given for significant achievements in the arts, public service and other fields.
"I watched Sheldon sitting so proud in the White House when we gave Miriam the Presidential Medal of Freedom. That's the highest award you can get as a civilian. It's the equivalent of the Congressional Medal of Honor, but civilian version," said Trump as he spoke from the podium in front of multiple American and Israeli flags.
He added, "It's actually much better because everyone gets the Congressional Medal of Honor, they're soldiers. They're either in very bad shape because they've been hit so many times by bullets or they are dead. She gets it and she's a healthy, beautiful woman. And they're rated equal, but she got the Presidential Medal of Freedom."
Miriam Adelson is a physician who specializes in drug addiction and is known for her humanitarian work and donations to Jewish organizations. In 2018, Trump awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom during a White House ceremony. The Trump administration at the time noted her two research centers aimed at stemming substance abuse and the work of the Adelson Medical Research Foundation, established to combat life-threatening illnesses.
GOP Sen. JD Vance of Ohio was asked about his running mate's remarks on Friday.
"This is a guy who loves our veterans and who honors our veterans," Vance replied. "I don't think him complimenting and saying a nice word about a person who received the Presidential Medal of Freedom is in any way denigrating those who received military honors."
But many veterans with prominent platforms on social media denounced Thursday's remarks from the 2024 Republican presidential nominee , lambasting the comments about the medal as "offensive" and "disrespectful." Trump's statement about the Medal of Honor and his characterization of service members who receive the award became a top trending topic of discussion on X, the social media platform.
Trump's comments on Thursday evening recalled past criticism of the former president over his disparaging comments about the late Republican Sen. John McCain in 2015 when he said McCain was "only a war hero because he was captured" during the Vietnam War, adding, "I like people that weren't captured, OK?" There was also backlash when he allegedly called Americans who died at war "losers" and "suckers" following a canceled trip to visit the Aisne-Marne American Cemetery near Paris in 2018. Trump denies he made the belittling comments about fallen U.S. service members.
Many critics online noted the millions of dollars the Adelsons had donated to Trump and other GOP candidates and causes, and contrasted that with the extraordinary bravery of Medal of Honor recipients who receive the award for great courage in the face of extreme danger. Often, these service members, some of whom die in the process, completely disregard their own lives to save others or eliminate heavy bombardments and enemy gunfire.
The Adelsons donated $20 million to Trump's 2016 presidential campaign and $5 million for his inauguration. Another half a million was given to a legal fund for Trump aides in 2018, according to Politico. That same year, the couple ponied up more than $100 million to conservative groups and GOP candidates during the election cycle. In 2020 , the couple gave $75 million to the Preserve America PAC, a pro-Trump super PAC. The Adelson's total contributions to Republicans totaled more than $218 million between 2019 and 2020, according to Open Secrets, which tracks money in politics.
Contacted by CBS News on Friday, Pentagon spokesperson Maj. Gen. Patrick Ryder said it's longstanding Defense Department policy to not comment on remarks from political campaigns, given the department's apolitical nature.
"Separately, the Department of Defense is eternally grateful for the service, sacrifice, and bravery of all those awarded the Medal of Honor, which is by law the nation's highest military award for valor presented only to U.S. service members who have distinguished themselves through conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty," said Ryder.
Matt Zeller, a former Army captain and CIA officer who served in Afghanistan and has since worked for years to resettle Afghan allies who served with U.S. and coalition partners during America's longest war, denounced the former president's comments.
"People need to see that this is who Trump is and how he sees those of us who have served in the military. He's been disparaging us for years," Zeller told CBS News. "I can only hope this latest affront against military service is the one that finally makes the rest of my fellow veterans see the light — the man is a con."
The Medal of Honor was first presented in 1863, according to a U.S. Senate committee print on the medal. It is the nation's highest military award for combat valor and is awarded by the president in the name of Congress — this is why the prestigious honor is often referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor.
Out of the 41 million who have served in the U.S. military, only 3,517 service members have received the Medal of Honor — 19 of whom were awarded the medal twice — according to the Congressional Medal of Honor Society.
Conversely, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, created by President Harry S. Truman in 1945, is often given to recipients who reflect a president's "political and personal interests," according to the Congressional Research Service. As of July, between 1963 and 2024, the medal has been awarded 653 times. Past recipients include great figures in the world of art and entertainment, the Apollo 13 Mission Operations Team, and two double recipients: the late U.S. Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker and Colin Powell, the former secretary of state and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who died in 2021.
The day Miriam Adelson received her medal, Republican Sen. Orrin Hatch of Utah, former NFL football player turned Minnesota Supreme Court judge Alan Page, and Hall of Fame Dallas Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach, also received the honor. The award was also given posthumously to Elvis Presley, Babe Ruth and conservative Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia.
Medal of Honor recipient and retired Army Capt. Florent Groberg said on X that he has a "tremendous amount of respect for the Medal of Freedom and what it symbolizes" and that "it's important to recognize the contributions of civilians" but added, "I feel that it's not quite comparable to the Medal of Honor, as they are two very different awards with different criteria and significance."
Retired Army Sgt. Maj. Kenneth Ramos echoed Groberg's assessment and drew a contrast between the Presidential Medals of Freedom Trump gave to Adelson and others and the Medal of Honor the former president authorized posthumously to Army Sgt. 1st Class Alwyn Cashe before leaving the White House. His widow, Tamara, accepted the medal on his behalf from President Biden in 2021.
During a nighttime mounted patrol on Oct. 17, 2005 in Iraq's Salah Ad Din Province, Cashe and his soldiers found themselves in a dire situation when his unit was ambushed. Their Bradley Fighting Vehicle struck an improvised explosive device, engulfing them in flames while a barrage of gunfire ensued from enemy forces.
After escaping the inferno, Cashe dove back into the vehicle to rescue his fellow soldiers, first pulling out his driver. As Cashe was extinguishing the flames on the driver, the veteran soldier's uniform, which was drenched in fuel, ignited. Cashe received severe second and third degree burns over nearly 72% of his body, per the U.S. Army.
Despite the painful wounds, Cashe again re-entered the vehicle under the threat of fire and enemy bullets, to retrieve six additional soldiers and an Iraqi interpreter from the burning vehicle. When reinforcements arrived, Cashe insisted his soldiers receive medical attention first and refused to be evacuated to follow-on medical care before them. Cashe died on Nov. 8, 2005 at Brooke Army Medical Center in San Antonio, Texas.
"Cashe knew the danger in his attempts to rescue his fellow soldiers and absolutely cannot be placed in the same category of a civilian award," Ramos told CBS News. "It dishonors his memory as a hero, but also devalues the Medal of Honor coming from someone hoping to be the commander-in-chief of our armed forces again."
James LaPorta is a verification producer with CBS News Confirmed. He is a former U.S. Marine infantryman and veteran of the Afghanistan war.
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The Fourteenth Amendment. Of all the amendments to the U.S. Constitution, the 14th is a big one. It's shaped all of our lives, whether we realize it or not: Roe v. Wade, Brown v. Board of Education, Bush v. Gore, plus other Supreme Court cases that legalized same-sex marriage, interracial marriage, access to birth control — they've all been built on the back of the 14th. The amendment was ratified after the Civil War, and it's packed full of lofty phrases like due process, equal protection, and liberty. But what do those words really guarantee us? Today on Throughline's We the People : How the 14th Amendment has remade America — and how America has remade the 14th (Originally ran as The Fourteenth Amendment ).
Kenneth Mack, the Lawrence D. Biele Professor of Law and Affiliate Professor of History at Harvard University. Vernon Burton, the Judge Matthew J. Perry Distinguished Professor of History at Clemson University.
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If he regains power, Donald Trump wants not only to revive some of the immigration policies criticized as draconian during his presidency, but expand and toughen them.
Donald Trump wants to reimpose a Covid 19-era policy of refusing asylum claims — this time basing that refusal on assertions that migrants carry other infectious diseases like tuberculosis. Credit... Doug Mills/The New York Times
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By Charlie Savage Maggie Haberman and Jonathan Swan
Former President Donald J. Trump is planning an extreme expansion of his first-term crackdown on immigration if he returns to power in 2025 — including preparing to round up undocumented people already in the United States on a vast scale and detain them in sprawling camps while they wait to be expelled.
The plans would sharply restrict both legal and illegal immigration in a multitude of ways.
Mr. Trump wants to revive his first-term border policies, including banning entry by people from certain Muslim-majority nations and reimposing a Covid 19-era policy of refusing asylum claims — though this time he would base that refusal on assertions that migrants carry other infectious diseases like tuberculosis.
He plans to scour the country for unauthorized immigrants and deport people by the millions per year.
To help speed mass deportations, Mr. Trump is preparing an enormous expansion of a form of removal that does not require due process hearings. To help Immigration and Customs Enforcement carry out sweeping raids, he plans to reassign other federal agents and deputize local police officers and National Guard soldiers voluntarily contributed by Republican-run states.
To ease the strain on ICE detention facilities, Mr. Trump wants to build huge camps to detain people while their cases are processed and they await deportation flights. And to get around any refusal by Congress to appropriate the necessary funds, Mr. Trump would redirect money in the military budget, as he did in his first term to spend more on a border wall than Congress had authorized.
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Example sentence. Transition words and phrases. Addition. We found that the mixture was effective. Moreover, it appeared to have additional effects we had not predicted. indeed, furthermore, moreover, additionally, and, also, both x and y, not only x but also y, besides x, in fact. Introduction.
Common Transition Words and Phrases. ... 9. Emphasis. Use to suggest that an idea is particularly important to your argument important to note, most of all, a significant factor, a primary concern, a key feature, remember that, pay particular attention to, a central issue, the most substantial issue, the main value, a major event, the chief factor, a distinctive quality, especially valuable ...
Abruptly switching topics in essays can be jarring; however, transition words can smooth the change for the convenience of the reader.Moreover, you can use essay transition words to start a paragraph, sentence, or clause more naturally.Additionally, essay transition words can connect new information to the previous statement so you don't have to say everything at once.
In academic writing, transitions are the glue that holds your ideas together. Without them, your writing would be illogical and lack flow, making it difficult for your audience to understand or replicate your research. In this article, we will discuss the types of transitions based on their purpose. Familiarizing yourself with these most-used and best transition terms for academic writing will ...
List of 47 Phrasal Verbs and Their One-Word Substitutions. Published on April 23, 2015 by Shane Bryson. Revised on July 23, 2023. The following is a list of commonly deployed phrasal verbs that find one use or another in academic texts. These (and others) can be acceptably used in academic texts.
A thesis statement is a sentence in a paper or essay (in the opening paragraph) that introduces the main topic to the reader. As one of the first things your reader sees, your thesis statement is one of the most important sentences in your entire paper—but also one of the hardest to write! In this article, we explain how to write a thesis ...
With the prompt as a guide, here are the topic sentences for each body paragraph: Topic Sentence #1: The repeated characterization of Lilith as "too spirited" highlights her tenacity and pride, which are unusual traits for the enslaved characters to possess. Topic Sentence #2: The term "spirited" also connects Lilith to the spiritual ...
Generally used at the beginning of sentences and paragraphs to form a bridge of communication, transition words can vary depending on your objective, placement, and structuring. The four types of transition words in academic writing or research papers are additive transitions, adversative transitions, causal transitions, and sequential ...
A thesis driven essay is comprised of an initial thesis statement that establishes a claim or argument, and ensuing topic sentences that support and develop that claim. Ideally, a reader would be able to read only the thesis statement and topic sentences of your text, and still be able to understand the main ideas and
Step 1: Start with a question. You should come up with an initial thesis, sometimes called a working thesis, early in the writing process. As soon as you've decided on your essay topic, you need to work out what you want to say about it—a clear thesis will give your essay direction and structure.
4. That is to say. Usage: "That is" and "that is to say" can be used to add further detail to your explanation, or to be more precise. Example: "Whales are mammals. That is to say, they must breathe air.". 5. To that end. Usage: Use "to that end" or "to this end" in a similar way to "in order to" or "so".
33 Transition Words and Phrases. 'Besides,' 'furthermore,' 'although,' and other words to help you jump from one idea to the next. Transitional terms give writers the opportunity to prepare readers for a new idea, connecting the previous sentence to the next one. Many transitional words are nearly synonymous: words that broadly indicate that ...
50 linking words to use in academic writing. academic writing. linkers. essay writing. thesis. ESL. English. It's very common for students to use long words they don't understand very well in their essays and theses because they have a certain idea of what academic writing should be.
Provides clarification, similar to "in other words.". Example The reaction is exothermic; that is to say, it releases heat. 13. To put it simply. Simplifies a complex idea, often for a more general readership. Example The universe is vast; to put it simply, it is larger than anything we can truly imagine. 14.
Linking words often (Ab)used. Therefore. Easily one of the most commonly misused linking words, therefore indicates a logical relationship between two things, such that the first thing proves or necessitates the second. Think of it as equivalent to the phrase "as a result." Confused uses of therefore often imply odd logical connections.
A thesis is an in-depth research study that identifies a particular topic of inquiry and presents a clear argument or perspective about that topic using evidence and logic. Writing a thesis showcases your ability of critical thinking, gathering evidence, and making a compelling argument. Integral to these competencies is thorough research ...
The thesis and dissertation is basically equivalent, at least in its use. Originally a thesis is more than the written work, it is the thought or thinking coupled to the problem as the original meaning of the word indicates. From this perspective the word dissertation is used for the written work that comes out of your degree work.
The Academic Word List (AWL), developed by Averil Coxhead at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, contains 570 word families which frequently appear in academic texts, but which are not contained in the General Service List (GSL).When compiling the list, the author found that the AWL covers around 10% of words in academic texts; if you are familiar with words in the GSL, which ...
In the main running text of a thesis, equivalent English words are usually preferable: 'William Langland was active in the second half of the fourteenth century.', ibid. (occasionally, 'ib.' or 'ib.'): ibidem ('in the same place' or 'in that very place'). Appearing in roman or (occasionally) italic font, 'ibid.' is used ...
ABSTRACT. A Corpus-Based Comparison of The Academic Word List and The Academic Vocabulary List. Jacob Andrew Newman Department of Linguistics and English Language, BYU Master of Arts. Research has identified the importance of academic vocabulary (e.g., Corson, 1997; Gardner, 2013. Hsueh-chao & Nation, 2000).
Revised on April 16, 2024. A thesis is a type of research paper based on your original research. It is usually submitted as the final step of a master's program or a capstone to a bachelor's degree. Writing a thesis can be a daunting experience. Other than a dissertation, it is one of the longest pieces of writing students typically complete.
Thesis and Dissertation Formatting Workshops. Join us at an upcoming live workshop to review detailed instructions on the required formatting of a thesis, Ed.S. field project, or dissertation - including important forms, steps to take, and pitfalls to avoid. Fall 2024 workshops. Wednesday, October 2 from 4:00 PM-5:00 PM - In person - Location ...
If you are formatting your manuscript in Microsoft Word, feel free to download and use the template. If you would like to see what your manuscript should look like, PDFs have been provided. ... Word: Thesis Template 2024. Editable template of the Master's thesis formatting. PDF Thesis Template 2024. Word: Dissertation Template 2024 ...
It's the equivalent of the Congressional Medal of Honor, but civilian version, it's actually much better, because everyone gets the Congressional Medal of Honor, they're soldiers. They're either ...
The Medal of Honor is the nation's highest military award for bravery in combat, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom is the highest civilian honor.
The Fourteenth Amendment. Of all the amendments to the U.S. Constitution, the 14th is a big one. It's shaped all of our lives, whether we realize it or not: Roe v. Wade, Brown v. Board of ...
What the jury found Donald Trump did to E. Jean Carroll was in fact rape, as commonly understood, even if it didn't fit New York law's narrow definition, says Judge Lewis A. Kaplan.
Donald Trump wants to reimpose a Covid 19-era policy of refusing asylum claims — this time basing that refusal on assertions that migrants carry other infectious diseases like tuberculosis.