assignment on yoga and physical health

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17 Benefits of Yoga Backed by Science

What is yoga.

• Yoga & Health Restrictions
• Getting Started

Yoga is an ancient practice that combines physical poses, breathwork, and meditation . There are several different types of yoga. Some provide intense physical workouts, and others are more restorative and relaxed.  

About 1 in 7 adults in the United States has practiced yoga in the last 12 months. Many practice yoga for its potential health benefits, including improved flexibility and less stress . More research is still needed, but preliminary studies show that yoga improves physical health and quality of life.  

This article discusses the many benefits of yoga and which health conditions may benefit from it. 

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Yoga is a practice of meditative movements that combines physical exercise with breathing and mindfulness . Many yoga classes in the United States focus on physical poses (asanas). Other elements of yoga include breathing practices (pranayama) and meditation (dyana).

Styles of yoga include:

• Hatha yoga : A combination of poses and breathing exercises 
• Iyengar yoga : A practice that focuses on holding poses for long periods
• Power yoga (Ashtanga): An intense workout by moving quickly from one pose to the next
• Hot yoga (Bikram) : A series of 26 poses in a heated room to purify the body by sweating 
• Integral yoga : A slower, gentle type of yoga that focuses on breathing and chanting
• Viniyoga : A practice that adapts to an individual’s needs and abilities 
• Kundalini yoga: A breathing practice that focuses on energy

A Word From Verywell

Yoga is a great activity because of its versatility. Modifying poses as necessary is always an option, making it accessible to all levels. Yoga is excellent for improving overall mobility, endurance, and fitness and for enhancing blood flow and circulation.

17 Benefits of Yoga

Research shows that yoga can improve physical health by lowering inflammation , aiding digestion, and increasing strength. It may also have mental health benefits, including stress relief and improved self-confidence. 

Improves Flexibility

The most common reason adults in the United States try yoga is to improve their flexibility. Even low-impact types of yoga have been found to reduce muscle tightness and improve flexibility.  

Yoga may be especially helpful for older adults who want to slow down the loss of flexibility that naturally comes with age. A study found that adults over 65 can improve their flexibility with a regular yoga practice.  

Increases Strength

Moving through and holding yoga poses can help you improve flexibility and strength. Research shows that Hatha yoga provides improved strength in children and adults. Older adults and people with chronic health conditions can increase their strength with regular yoga sessions.  

Improves Balance

Many yoga poses require balance and can help you improve yours over time. One study found that when athletes and healthy adults engage in yoga, they improve their balance and athletic performance.  

A loss of balance is a common cause of falls in older adults, especially those in nursing facilities. Falling increases a person’s risk of serious illness and even death. Research shows that yoga may benefit older adults at risk of losing their balance. However, more research is needed to determine if yoga benefits older adults at risk of falls.

Promotes Better Posture and Body Awareness

Yoga may benefit people who want to improve their posture and increase their body awareness (how conscious of and connected you feel to your body). Engaging in physical yoga poses while breathing deeply and staying mindful of your movements can help you connect to your body.  

Yoga improves strength and flexibility, and this may lead to better alignment and posture.  

Teaches Breath Control

Yoga focuses on controlled breathing and mindfulness. This can improve breath control, which affects your stress and tension levels. Practices like yoga breathing, meditation, and chanting teach breath control and may lower stress over time.  

Reduces Inflammation

A study found that regularly practicing yoga may reduce the number of biochemical markers of inflammation in the blood. Over time, this can reduce inflammation and the risk of chronic health conditions like diabetes , arthritis , heart disease, and Crohn’s disease .  

Protects Joints

Practicing yoga may protect your joints and reduce joint pain. Strengthening your muscles helps to put less stress and tension on your joints. Research found that yoga was more effective at improving knee joint pain than massage.  

Improves Cardiovascular Function

A regular exercise routine improves your cardiovascular function and lowers heart disease risk. One study found that yoga breathing (pranayama) may improve heart health. Controlled breathing may improve oxygenation and put less stress on the heart.  

Improves Bone Health

Everyone loses bone density as they age, which increases the risk of fractures and falls. Holding yoga poses that require strength, such as a lunge, can improve bone density.

A 2016 study found that people who practiced yoga for just 12 minutes per day experienced improvements in bone density and started to reverse osteopenia (a decrease in bone mineral density that can lead to osteoporosis) and osteoporosis (a decrease in bone mineral density and bone mass).  

Improves Sleep

If you have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep lately, it may be time to try yoga. Exercise is known to improve sleep quality, and yoga is no exception. Yoga has a calming effect that can improve stress levels and sleep quality .  

Improves Brain Function

Studies show that people who practice yoga regularly may experience higher motivation, attention, and executive functioning levels. However, more research is needed to determine how yoga affects the brain.

Boosts Immunity

Yoga has been found to improve stress levels. Chronic stress affects the immune system and raises the risk of getting sick. Yoga also lowers inflammation, which is known to lead to chronic health conditions.  

Aids Stress Relief

Yoga has a positive effect on anxiety and stress levels. Asana yoga, in particular, has been found to help people better manage their stress. In addition to a physical workout, yoga provides opportunities for deep breathing and mindfulness. Together, these practices lower stress levels and improve well-being.

Improves Mental Health

While more research is needed, studies show that regularly practicing yoga may improve mental health. The physical poses and breathing practices are linked with reduced depression symptoms and better mental health.

Reduces Anxiety

Yoga may be an effective treatment for anxiety. One study found that yoga improved symptoms in people with anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yoga Nidra is a type of yoga that focuses on meditation and body awareness; it may be especially beneficial for those with anxiety.  

Boosts Self-Esteem

In addition to physical and mental health benefits, yoga may improve a person’s self-esteem. Studies show that people who practice yoga report higher self-esteem and improved body image levels.  

Helps With Burnout

Burnout is a common condition that occurs when a person experiences excessive exhaustion. Studies show that people who practice yoga may have more body awareness. This mind-body connection may help people take better care of themselves and avoid periods of burnout. More research is needed to determine if yoga can prevent burnout.  

Are There Any Risks to Yoga?

The risk of injury or harm from yoga is rare but possible. Healthcare providers usually consider yoga a safe activity, and poses can be modified based on your needs and limitations. Yoga poses should never feel painful.

The most common types of injuries from yoga are strains and sprains. Serious injuries are rare. To lower your risk of injury, choose a beginner class with an experienced instructor. Avoid extreme poses like headstands, and talk with your instructor about any necessary modifications. Also, ask your healthcare provider if they could recommend a certain type of yoga class.  

Tell your yoga instructor if you are pregnant or have chronic pain. When taking a hot yoga class, drink plenty of water before, during, and after the class. 

Is Yoga Good For Me If I Have a Health Condition?

Yoga may be beneficial for certain health conditions. Some studies show that yoga may improve chronic pain and ease certain symptoms. Regular yoga practice may reduce physical symptoms of menopause , including hot flashes . Talk with a healthcare provider about trying yoga to improve your health condition and symptoms. 

How to Get Started With Yoga

Yoga is a gentle exercise option that is ideal for many beginners. If you are new to yoga, consider starting with a beginner class to learn the basics. It may be helpful to arrive early and ask the instructor what to expect. 

When you begin to practice yoga, take it slow. Avoid pushing your body too hard; never hold a painful yoga pose.  

Yoga is a mind-body practice that combines physical poses, breathwork, and meditation. Preliminary research has overwhelmingly found that yoga benefits physical and mental health. Potential benefits include improved balance, increased bone density, less chronic pain, and lower stress levels. 

Yoga is generally considered a safe activity for most people. To get started, try a beginner class with an experienced instructor. If you are pregnant or have a chronic health condition, talk with a healthcare provider about the best type of yoga for you.

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By Carrie Madormo, RN, MPH Madormo is a health writer with over a decade of experience as a registered nurse. She has worked in pediatrics, oncology, chronic pain, and public health.

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Effects of yoga on mental and physical health: a short summary of reviews

Affiliation.

• 1 Department Quality of Life, Spirituality and Coping, Center of Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58313 Herdecke, Germany.
• PMID: 23008738
• PMCID: PMC3447533
• DOI: 10.1155/2012/165410

This report summarizes the current evidence on the effects of yoga interventions on various components of mental and physical health, by focussing on the evidence described in review articles. Collectively, these reviews suggest a number of areas where yoga may well be beneficial, but more research is required for virtually all of them to firmly establish such benefits. The heterogeneity among interventions and conditions studied has hampered the use of meta-analysis as an appropriate tool for summarizing the current literature. Nevertheless, there are some meta-analyses which indicate beneficial effects of yoga interventions, and there are several randomized clinical trials (RCT's) of relatively high quality indicating beneficial effects of yoga for pain-associated disability and mental health. Yoga may well be effective as a supportive adjunct to mitigate some medical conditions, but not yet a proven stand-alone, curative treatment. Larger-scale and more rigorous research with higher methodological quality and adequate control interventions is highly encouraged because yoga may have potential to be implemented as a beneficial supportive/adjunct treatment that is relatively cost-effective, may be practiced at least in part as a self-care behavioral treatment, provides a life-long behavioural skill, enhances self-efficacy and self-confidence and is often associated with additional positive side effects.

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Essay on Yoga

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Yoga is an ancient practice originating from India, known for its physical, mental, and spiritual benefits. Combining physical postures, breathing techniques, and meditation, yoga promotes overall well-being. It enhances flexibility, strength, and balance while reducing stress and anxiety. Yoga cultivates mindfulness, improving focus and promoting inner peace. The ethical principles of yoga guide practitioners towards positive values such as compassion and truthfulness. It is inclusive and suitable for people of all ages and fitness levels. Yoga has gained global popularity and recognition, leading to the establishment of International Yoga Day on June 21st. It is a transformative practice that improves physical health, mental well-being, and spiritual growth. By embracing yoga, individuals can find harmony, balance, and inner peace, enhancing their overall quality of life.

Yoga is an ancient practice that originated in India and has gained global popularity for its numerous physical, mental, and spiritual benefits. It is a holistic discipline that combines physical postures, breathing techniques, meditation, and ethical principles to promote overall well-being.

The practice of yoga brings harmony between the body and mind, enhancing flexibility, strength, and balance. It improves physical fitness and promotes relaxation, reducing stress and anxiety. Regular practice of yoga helps to increase mindfulness, improve focus, and cultivate a sense of inner peace.

Yoga is not just a physical exercise but a way of life. It encourages self-discipline, self-awareness, and self-transformation. The ethical principles of yoga, known as the Yamas and Niyamas, guide practitioners toward compassion, truthfulness, contentment, and other positive values.

The beauty of yoga lies in its inclusivity. It can be practiced by people of all ages and fitness levels. Whether you are a beginner or an advanced practitioner, yoga offers a space for personal growth and self-exploration.

Yoga has transcended cultural boundaries and has become a global phenomenon. Its popularity is attributed to its effectiveness in promoting physical health, mental well-being, and spiritual growth. It has also been recognized by the United Nations, which declared June 21st as International Yoga Day, highlighting its significance as a holistic practice for humanity.

In conclusion, yoga is a transformative practice that benefits individuals physically, mentally, and spiritually. Its ancient wisdom and holistic approach make it a valuable tool for managing stress, improving fitness, and promoting overall well-being. By embracing yoga, individuals can cultivate a balanced and harmonious life, finding inner peace and contentment amidst the challenges of the modern world.

Title: The Transformative Power of Yoga – Cultivating Harmony in Body, Mind, and Spirit

Introduction :

Yoga, an ancient practice originating from India, has gained global popularity for its holistic approach to health and well-being. Combining physical postures, breathing techniques, meditation, and ethical principles, yoga offers a comprehensive system for cultivating harmony in body, mind, and spirit. This essay explores the origins and philosophy of yoga, its physical and mental benefits, and its profound impact on personal transformation.

Origins and Philosophy

Yoga traces its roots back thousands of years to ancient Indian civilization. It is deeply rooted in Hindu philosophy and encompasses various paths to self-realization. The word “yoga” comes from the Sanskrit word “yuj,” which means to unite or join. It refers to the union of the individual self (jiva) with the universal consciousness (Brahman).

The practice of yoga is guided by the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, a foundational text that outlines the philosophy and principles of yoga. Patanjali describes yoga as the cessation of the fluctuations of the mind, leading to a state of inner stillness and self-awareness.

Physical Benefits of Yoga

Yoga offers numerous physical benefits that contribute to overall health and well-being. The practice of asanas, or physical postures, improves flexibility, strength, and balance. It enhances body awareness, alignment, and posture, reducing the risk of injuries. Regular yoga practice can alleviate chronic pain, improve cardiovascular health, and enhance the functioning of the respiratory, digestive, and immune systems.

Mental and Emotional Benefits of Yoga

Beyond the physical realm, yoga provides profound mental and emotional benefits. The practice of pranayama, or breathing techniques, calms the nervous system, reduces stress, and promotes relaxation. Meditation cultivates mindfulness, improving focus, concentration, and emotional stability. Yoga fosters self-acceptance, self-compassion, and resilience, helping individuals navigate life’s challenges with greater ease. It promotes mental clarity, creativity, and a sense of inner peace.

Ethical Principles of Yoga

Yoga is not just a physical exercise but a way of life. It encompasses ethical principles known as the Yamas and Niyamas, guiding practitioners towards a virtuous and mindful existence. The Yamas include non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, moderation, and non-possessiveness. The Niyamas include purity, contentment, self-discipline, self-study, and surrender to a higher power. These principles encourage individuals to cultivate positive relationships, live with integrity, and embrace self-reflection and personal growth.

Personal Transformation and Spirituality

Yoga is a transformative practice that goes beyond the physical and mental realms, opening doors to spiritual growth and self-realization. It provides a path for individuals to connect with their inner selves and tap into their innate wisdom and intuition. The practice of yoga fosters a sense of interconnectedness, recognizing the oneness of all beings and the unity of the universe. It invites individuals to explore their spiritual nature and cultivate a deeper sense of purpose and meaning in life.

The Global Impact of Yoga

Yoga’s profound impact has transcended cultural boundaries, reaching people of diverse backgrounds and belief systems worldwide. It has gained recognition for its ability to improve physical health, mental well-being, and overall quality of life. In 2014, the United Nations declared June 21st as International Yoga Day, highlighting its global significance. On this day, people around the world come together to celebrate and practice yoga, emphasizing its role in promoting peace, harmony, and unity.

Conclusion :

Yoga is a transformative practice that offers a holistic approach to health and well-being. It harmonizes the body, mind, and spirit, fostering physical strength, mental clarity, and spiritual growth. Through the practice of asanas, pranayama, meditation, and ethical principles, individuals can experience profound personal transformation. Yoga’s impact extends beyond the individual, promoting global unity, peace, and interconnectedness. As more people embrace yoga, its benefits continue to ripple through society, creating a positive impact on individuals, communities, and the world at large. By cultivating inner harmony, practicing mindfulness, and embodying the principles of yoga, we can lead more fulfilling, balanced, and purposeful lives.

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Yoga and Health

Davendra kumar taneja.

Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India

Yoga has been the subject of research in the past few decades for therapeutic purposes for modern epidemic diseases like mental stress, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Individual studies report beneficial effect of yoga in these conditions, indicating that it can be used as nonpharmaceutical measure or complement to drug therapy for treatment of these conditions. However, these studies have used only yoga asana, pranayama, and/ or short periods of meditation for therapeutic purposes. General perception about yoga is also the same, which is not correct. Yoga in fact means union of individual consciousness with the supreme consciousness. It involves eight rungs or limbs of yoga, which include yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratyahara, dharana, dhyana, and samadhi. Intense practice of these leads to self-realization, which is the primary goal of yoga. An analytical look at the rungs and the goal of yoga shows that it is a holistic way of life leading to a state of complete physical, social, mental, and spiritual well-being and harmony with nature. This is in contrast to purely economic and material developmental goal of modern civilization, which has brought social unrest and ecological devastation.

Introduction

Mental stress, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease are fast growing epidemics consequent to changing lifestyles accompanying globalization and modernization. Although yoga originated in India thousands of years ago, it was introduced to western world in 19 th century. In the past few decades, it has been the subject of research as a therapeutic measure in mental stress, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Stress, Anxiety, and Depression

Yoga is effective in prevention as well as management of stress and stress-induced disorders. A systematic review based on eight studies observed that though they reported positive results but due to methodological inadequacies it is not possible to say that yoga is effective in treating anxiety or anxiety disorders in general. However, there are encouraging results, particularly with obsessive compulsive disorder.( 1 ) A systematic review has demonstrated beneficial effects of yoga interventions on depressive disorders.( 2 ) A study on patients who were taking antidepressant medications but who were only in partial remission showed significant reductions for depression, anger, anxiety, and neurotic symptoms. The study supports the potential of yoga as a complementary treatment of depression.( 3 )

It has been shown that yoga decreases anxiety, stress, and levels of salivary cortisol( 4 , 5 ) as well as plasma rennin levels, and 24-h urine norepinephrine and epinephrine levels.( 6 ) These may be the possible mechanisms for effects of yoga on stress and stress-related diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart disease.

In 2008, researchers at the University of Utah showed that among control subjects and yoga practitioners, by functional magnetic resonance imagings (MRIs), that yoga practitioner had the higher pain tolerance and lower pain-related brain activity during the MRI. The study shows the importance of yoga in regulating pain responses and associated stress.( 7 )

Overweight and Obesity

Overweight and obesity are strong risk factors for diabetes, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease. Yoga has been found to be helpful in the management of obesity. Training of yoga asnas and pranayama for three continuous months, 1 h every day in the morning by a yoga expert resulted in decrease in body weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist hip ratio.( 8 )

Hypertension

Regular yogic practice for 1 h/day was found to be effective in controlling blood pressure in hypertensive subjects.( 9 ) Yoga, together with relaxation, biofeedback, transcendental meditation, and psychotherapy, has been found to have a convincing antihypertensive effect.( 10 ) A study from Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry showed that Sukha pranayama at the rate of 6 breaths/min reduced heart rate and systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients within 5 min of practice. This may be due to a normalization of autonomic cardiovascular rhythms as a result of increased vagal modulation and/or decreased sympathetic activity and improved baroreflex sensitivity.( 11 )

Diabetes mellitus

India is referred to as diabetic capital of the world as it has the largest number of cases of diabetes. The practice of yoga asanas and pranayama helps in control of type II diabetes mellitus and can serve as an adjunct to medical therapy.( 12 )

Training of yoga asanas and pranayama for three continuous months, 1 h every day in the morning by a yoga expert resulted in decrease in fasting as well as postprandial blood glucose levels and acetylated hemoglobin.( 8 )

In another study from India, yoga asanas and pranayama after 40 days of practice brought down fasting as well as postprandial blood glucose levels and acetylated hemoglobin in patients of non — insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. They developed a sense of well-being within 10 days and there was a lowering of anti-diabetic drugs.( 13 )

Yoga also has a beneficial effect on cognitive brain functions and thus can be incorporated along with the conventional medical therapy for improving cognitive brain functions in type 2 diabetes mellitus.( 14 )

Lipid profile

Elevated serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides are risk factors for ischemic heart disease, whereas high-density lipoprotein (HDL) has a protective role. Studies on type II diabetes mellitus patients have shown beneficial effects of yoga asanas and pranayama on serum lipid levels.

A study from Delhi reported significant lowering of total serum cholesterol following 40 days of practice of yoga asanas and pranayama. Serum LDL, VLDL, and triglycerides though showed a downward trend but it was not significant.( 13 )

Another study from Bangalore reported a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels. However, there was no significant change in HDL levels.( 8 )

Some other studies have reported a significant reduction in free fatty acids, LDL, VLDL, and an increase in HDL.( 15 , 16 )

The differences in results of these studies are probably due to small sample size, varying duration of intervention, and differences in diets of patients.

Coronary heart disease

In a randomized controlled study, patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease who practiced yoga exercise for a period of 1 year showed a decrease in the number of anginal episodes per week, improved exercise capacity, and decrease in body weight. Revascularization procedures were required less frequently in the yoga group. Follow-up angiography at 1 year showed that significantly more lesions regressed in the yoga group compared with the control group. Thus, yoga exercise increases regression and retards progression of atherosclerosis in patients with severe coronary artery disease.( 17 )

Another prospective, controlled, open trial including angiographically proved coronary artery disease patients showed yoga-based lifestyle modifications helped in regression of coronary lesions and in improving myocardial perfusion, which was translated into clinical benefits and symptomatic improvement.( 18 )

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Yoga training significantly improves lung functions and strength of inspiratory and expiratory muscles.( 19 , 20 )

In a randomized controlled trial by All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Delhi, it was reported that yoga postures, pranayama, and meditation improved several measures of pulmonary function in subjects having mild to moderate bronchial asthma and a decrease in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Yoga improved the quality of life (QOL), reduced rescue medication use in bronchial asthma, and achieved the reduction of medicines earlier than conventional treatment alone.( 21 ) Similar findings were reported by another study conducted in United States of America among patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.( 22 )

Limitations of the Studies

Findings of several studies showing beneficial effects of meditation in reduction of mental stress and anxiety, improvement in pulmonary functions among patients of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and improved exercise tolerance among patients of coronary heart disease have been questioned on the grounds that there was often selection of favorably predisposed subjects. Other weaknesses that have been have been pointed out are use of multiple co-interventions, high attrition, and inadequate statistical analysis.( 23 )

It indicates that observed favorable effects of yoga on stress, anxiety, asthma, and coronary heart disease need to be substantiated by more rigorous scientific studies.

However, so far what we have discussed about yoga is not yoga in its true sense. “Yoga” means union of our individual consciousness with the Universal Divine Consciousness in a superconscious state known as Samadhi . Archaeological evidence and other texts suggest that the methods described in the yoga sutras were being practiced as early as 3000 before common era (BCE). Oral tradition states that the date may be even earlier. Yoga sutras were historically passed on orally by learned teachers to their pupils. Scholars estimate that Patanjali, who lived sometime between 400 BCE and 200 anno domini (AD), systematized and compiled these sutras.( 24 )

According to Patanjali, yoga consists of eight steps or limbs, which are all equally important and are related as parts of a whole. The purpose of these eight limbs is discriminative enlightenment or self realization.( 25 ) But here the emphasis will be on health benefits. The eight steps or limbs of yoga are as follows:( 24 , 25 )

• Yama: Codes of restraint, abstinences, self-regulations
• Niyama: Observances, practices, self-training
• Asana: Meditation posture
• Pranayama: Expansion of breath and prana, regulation, control
• Pratyahara: Withdrawal of the senses, bringing inward
• Dharana: Concentration
• Dhyana: Meditation
• Samadhi: Deep absorption, meditation in its higher state, the state of perfected concentration

The five yamas

The five yamas are considered codes of restraint, abstentions, self-regulations, and involve our relationship with the external world and other people. These apply equally to thought, word, and action. The five yamas are as follows:

• Ahimsa: Nonviolence, nonharming, noninjury
• Satya: Truthfulness, honesty
• Asteya: Nonstealing, to the extent that one should not even desire something that is not his own. It also means that we should consider that whatever resources are available to us are borrowed from the nature. Using them or acquiring them more than minimum required for living amounts to stealing as these are then not available to others.
• Brahmacharya: Walking in awareness of the highest reality, remembering the divine, practicing the presence of God. As an effect it leads to celibacy or what one generally means by brahmacharya.
• Aparigraha: Nonpossessiveness, nonholding through senses, nongreed, nongrasping, nonindulgence, nonacquisitiveness.

The five niyamas

The five niyamas are the observances or practices of self-training and deal with our personal inner world. These are a means for self-training in relation to body, senses, and mind. The five niyamas are as follows:

• Shaucha: Cleanliness and purity of body and mind. It results in purification of the subtle mental essence, brings pleasantness, mastery over the senses, and capability for self-realization.
• Santosha: Contentment or comfortable acceptance of what one currently has. It brings joy and happiness from within.
• Tapah: Through ascesis or training of the senses, there comes a destruction of mental impurities and an ensuing mastery over the body and the mental organs of senses and actions.
• Svadhyaya: Self-study, reflection on sacred words, and study of the scriptures. Through this one attains communion with the underlying natural reality.
• Ishvarapranidhana: Surrender and dedication to the Supreme Being or Causal Source, devotion, and surrender of fruits of practice. It helps in achieving the state of perfected concentration (samadhi).

Practice of postures to make body fit for long sittings for meditation. For meditation any posture may be used, which is steady (head, neck, and chest must be aligned, leaving the natural curve in the spine), stable, motionless, and comfortable. It is achieved by relaxing attention or loosening of effort to sit in a particular posture and allowing attention to merge with the infinite.

Practice of breath control and breathing techniques with awareness, making breathing slow and subtle. Exhalation is prolonged. The pause between inhalation and exhalation is eliminated. It helps in control of mind and concentration (dharana). There are other types of pranayama also.

Withdrawal of the senses of cognition and action from both the external world and the images or impressions in the mind. When the mental organs of senses and actions (indriyas) cease to get engaged with the corresponding objects in their mental realm, they assimilate or turn back into the mindfield from which they arose, this is called pratyahara.

Dharana (concentration)

It is holding or fixing the attention of mind onto one object.

Dhyana (meditation)

It is sustained concentration.

Samadhi (absorption in the infinite)

Trance or a state of bliss, reaching a state of absorption in a subject or in the Divine.

As mentioned earlier, the eight steps of yoga are meant primarily for self-realization. However, practice of Yamas resulting in better relations with external world would help in promotion of social health. It helps build up a society, where there is self-regulation in nonharming others and in maintaining honesty rather than relying on external controls or policing, which certainly cannot be present all the time. Asteya and aparigraha encourage conservation of natural resources. Their practice will ensure access of these resources to all. It will also avoid the peril of too much exploitation of nature leading to problems such as global warming and resultant catastrophe.

The five niyamas dealing with our personal inner world through practices of self-training help in mental health promotion. A person whose mind is clear and has positive thoughts (shaucha), a person who is contented (santosha), who has mastery over his body, its senses and actions, and mastery over his mind (tapah) is certainly a mentally healthy person. Continued introspection and reading of scriptures (svadhyaya) will help in improving a person. The practice of surrendering fruits of action to Supreme Being (ishvarapranidhana) helps develop attitude of humility and service.

The primary goal of yoga “self-realization or union of self- consciousness with the supreme consciousness” is a goal suggested for mankind in contrast to pure economic and material development as a goal of modern civilization. We are all aware of what the latter has given to the world and the mankind. It has brought temporary happiness, followed by further desires and ultimately discontentment. It has brought in too much competition and compulsion to achieve very high targets leading to stressful lives. It has brought social inequities and unrest. The social strife and ecological destruction by this so-called modern model of development is obvious to us.

Therefore, it can be concluded that practice of yoga is beneficial for all the dimensions of health, i.e. physical, mental, social, and spiritual and at the same time promotes harmony with nature and helps in conserving environment.

Source of Support: Nil

Conflict of Interest: None declared.

Analysis of Yoga’s Effect on Health Essay (Article)

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Yoga is a concept that signifies a set of spiritual, mental, and physical practices aimed at managing the cognitive and physiological functions of the body. Practicing this sport allows one to broaden the horizons, change the habitual way of life, and eliminate harmful patterns that negate the efforts. That is why yoga is considered the most effective practice of self-development that has unique benefits for health, both physical and psychological.

There are numerous varieties of modern yoga; despite the dissimilarities, they are grounded on shared parts: body postures, breathing exercises, and spiritual contemplation. The combination of exercises that train the body and soul has unique health benefits. It strengthens muscles, increases flexibility, and enhances mental soundness. Moreover, yoga classes have enormous therapeutic potential and preventive effects. Studies involving patients with various musculoskeletal conditions have indicated that yoga helps to reduce pain and improve joint mobility (Saeed et al., 2019). Breathing exercises relax the muscles that constrict the airways and strengthen oxygen diffusion, leading to better lung function.

One of the chief yoga concepts is the “eight limbs,” which consists of alternating stages for achieving a state of enlightenment. Eight steps are a prerequisite for everyone to feel connected to the world. Through these practices, one learns to control one’s actions, accept all hardships calmly, and find compromises. The ultimate goal of the methodology is to learn to find a balance between one’s own and the world’s values and understand that each person has an essential mission in the community. It significantly affects an individual’s social well-being as it seeks to bring body, mind, and soul into unison (Saeed et al., 2019). The balance of these essential elements ensures a healthy and harmonious personality, activates energy potential, and prevents psychological stress.

In conclusion, yoga is essential for promoting health and combating social isolation and depression. It can be used for physical development, healing, and emotional restoration. Yoga is based on a holistic approach that helps the whole body return to a normal state. It makes it an indispensable and beneficial self-development practice for the health of both adults and children.

Saeed, S. A., Cunningham, K., & Bloch, R. M. (2019). Depression and anxiety disorders: benefits of exercise, yoga, and meditation. American family physician , 99 (10), 620-627.

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• Essay On Yoga

Essay on Yoga

500+ words essay on yoga.

Yoga is an Art and Science of healthy living. It is a spiritual discipline based on an extremely subtle science, which focuses on bringing harmony between mind and body. The holistic approach of Yoga brings harmony to all walks of life. Yoga is also known for disease prevention, promotion of health and management of many lifestyle-related disorders. Through this Essay on Yoga, students will get to know the importance and benefits of performing yoga. By going through this essay , students will get different ideas on how to write an effective Essay on Yoga in English to score full marks in the writing section.

Meaning of Yoga

The word yoga literally means “to yoke” or “union”. More than just a practice of physical exercises, Yoga is the coming together of the individual self or consciousness, with the infinite universal consciousness or spirit. Yoga is a method of inquiry into the nature of the mind, which emphasises practice and direct experience. Yoga is an ancient art based on a harmonising system for development of the body, mind, and spirit. Yoga signifies the ‘integration of personality at the highest level. It includes various practices and techniques mentioned in the yogic literature and is collectively referred to as ‘Yoga’.

Importance of Yoga

Yoga encourages a positive and healthy lifestyle for the physical, mental and emotional health of children. Yoga helps in the development of strength, stamina, endurance and high energy at the physical level. It also empowers oneself with increased concentration, calm, peace and contentment at a mental level leading to inner and outer harmony. With the help of yoga, you can manage daily stress and its consequences.

Yoga brings stability to the body and the wavering mind. It increases the lubrication of joints, ligaments, and tendons of the body. Studies in the field of medicine suggest that Yoga is the only form of physical activity that provides complete conditioning to the body because it massages all the internal organs and glands. It reduces the risk of many diseases. Yoga can create a permanently positive difference in the lifestyle of anybody practising it on a regular basis.

Benefits of Yoga

Yoga is a perfect way to ensure overall health and physical fitness. The physical building blocks of yoga are posture (asana) and breath. Through meditation, and breathing exercises (called pranayama), you can banish all your stress and lead a healthy life. In fact, it is one of the best remedies known to humankind, for curing chronic ailments that are otherwise difficult to be cured by other medications. People suffering from backaches and arthritis are often suggested to do asanas that concentrate on the exercise of the muscles at strategic locations. Pranayamas are the best breathing exercises to increase the capacity of the lungs.

A series of poses held in time with breathing, helps every part of the body. Yoga increases strength, endurance, flexibility, and balance. It increases the ability to perform activities, provides more energy and gives a restful sleep. Performing yoga daily helps in building muscular strength. The different asanas make the body more flexible. Moreover, yoga prevents cartilage and joint breakdown, increases blood flow, and lowers blood sugar. The most important benefit of yoga are its application in relieving stress, fatigue, invigoration and vitality. Yoga works as an immunity booster and gives peace of mind.

The amazing thing about Yoga is that its positive effects on the health and mind are visible over time. Another speciality about Yoga is its wide choice of asanas. Depending upon your stamina and overall health, you can choose from mild pranayamas and asanas to high-intensity asanas. It is a medication without the actual use of medicines. Moreover, no visible side effects are associated with the practice of Yoga on a regular basis. All you need to know is the most appropriate asanas according to the ability and structure of your body. Also, you need to learn the right way of performing the asanas because any wrong attempt can cause sprains and injuries.

Yoga practice is safe and can bring many health benefits to practitioners. The beauty of Yoga is that it can be practised by anyone. It doesn’t matter how old you are or what shape you are in. Yoga increases an individual’s physical coordination and promotes better posture. It helps stimulate the circulatory system, the digestive process as well as the nervous and endocrine systems. Yoga is dynamite to make you feel younger, refreshed and energetic.

Yoga is the perfect example of holistic health because of its combination of mind and body. It has become more popular than ever, with celebrities, politicians, business people, and people from every walk of life currently practising. Yoga is a multidisciplinary tool extremely useful to purify the mind and body and gain control over our minds and emotions. It is the most popular means for self-transformation and physical well-being.

Frequently Asked Questions on Essay on Yoga

Why is yoga important.

Regular Yoga practice can help in body relaxation and flexibility. Relieves chronic stress and releases mental distress.

What are the benefits of Yoga?

Yoga makes the body flexible and improves breathing patterns. It can help build muscle strength and regulate blood flow. Practising yoga regularly thus helps keep diseases away and improves immunity

Mention a few easy Yoga poses.

Padmasana (sitting pose), tadasana (mountain pose), and balasana (Child’s pose) are three examples of yoga poses.

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THE BEST Voronezh Health/Fitness Clubs & Gyms

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1. Elefant Fitness&Beauty&SPA

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Foundation and name

17th to 19th centuries, 20th century, 21st century, administrative and municipal status, city divisions, demographics, construction, clusters of voronezh, urban layout, transportation, education and culture, notable people, sister cities, further reading and cultural references, external links.

The first chronicle references to the word "Voronezh" are dated 1177, when the Ryazan prince Yaropolk, having lost the battle, fled "to Voronozh" and there was moving "from town to town". Modern data of archeology and history interpret Voronezh as a geographical region, which included the Voronezh river (tributary of the Don ) and a number of settlements. In the lower reaches of the river, a unique Slavic town-planning complex of the 8th – early 11th century was discovered, which covered the territory of the present city of Voronezh and its environs (about 42   km long, about 13 forts and many unfortified villages). By the 12th – 13th centuries, most of the old towns were desolate, but new settlements appeared upstream, closer to Ryazan . [14] [15] [16] [17]

For many years, the hypothesis of the Soviet historian Vladimir Zagorovsky dominated: he produced the toponym "Voronezh" from the hypothetical Slavic personal name Voroneg . This man allegedly gave the name of a small town in the Chernigov Principality (now the village of Voronizh in Ukraine [18] ). Later, in the 11th or 12th century, the settlers were able to "transfer" this name to the Don region, where they named the second city Voronezh, and the river got its name from the city. [19] [20] However, now many researchers criticize the hypothesis, since in reality neither the name of Voroneg nor the second city was revealed, and usually the names of Russian cities repeated the names of the rivers, but not vice versa.

The linguistic comparative analysis of the name "Voronezh" was carried out by the Khovansky Foundation in 2009. There is an indication of the place names of many countries in Eurasia, which may partly be not only similar in sound, but also united by common Indo-European languages: Varanasi , Varna , Verona , Brno , etc. [21]

A comprehensive scientific analysis was conducted in 2015–2016 by the historian Pavel Popov. His conclusion: "Voronezh" is a probable Slavic macrotoponym associated with outstanding signs of nature, has a root voron- (from the proto-Slavic vorn ) in the meaning of "black, dark" and the suffix -ezh (-azh, -ozh ). It was not “transferred” and in the 8th - 9th centuries it marked a vast territory covered with black forests (oak forests) - from the mouth of the Voronezh river to the Voronozhsky annalistic forests in the middle and upper reaches of the river, and in the west to the Don (many forests were cut down). The historian believes that the main "city" of the early town-planning complex could repeat the name of the region – Voronezh. Now the hillfort is located in the administrative part of the modern city, in the Voronezh upland oak forest. This is one of Europe's largest ancient Slavic hillforts, the area of which – more than 9 hectares – 13 times the area of the main settlement in Kyiv before the baptism of Rus. [17] [22]

In it is assumed that the word "Voronezh" means bluing - a technique to increase the corrosion resistance of iron products. This explanation fits well with the proximity to the ancient city of Voronezh of a large iron deposit and the city of Stary Oskol. As well as the name of Voroneț Monastery known for its blue shade.

Folk etymology claims the name comes from combining the Russian words for raven ( ворон ) and hedgehog ( еж ) into Воронеж . According to this explanation two Slavic tribes named after the animals used this combination to name the river which later in turn provided the name for a settlement. There is not believed to be any scientific support for this explanation.

In the 16th century, the Middle Don basin, including the Voronezh river, was gradually conquered by Muscovy from the Nogai Horde (a successor state of the Golden Horde ), and the current city of Voronezh was established in 1585 by Feodor   I as a fort protecting the Muravsky Trail trade route against the slave raids of the Nogai and Crimean Tatars . The city was named after the river. [2]

In the 17th century, Voronezh gradually evolved into a sizable town. Weronecz is shown on the Worona river in Resania in Joan Blaeu 's map of 1645. [23] Peter the Great built a dockyard in Voronezh where the Azov Flotilla was constructed for the Azov campaigns in 1695 and 1696. This fleet, the first ever built in Russia, included the first Russian ship of the line , Goto Predestinatsia . The Orthodox diocese of Voronezh was instituted in 1682 and its first bishop, Mitrofan of Voronezh , was later proclaimed the town's patron saint.

Owing to the Voronezh Admiralty Wharf, for a short time, Voronezh became the largest city of South Russia and the economic center of a large and fertile region. In 1711, it was made the seat of the Azov Governorate , which eventually morphed into the Voronezh Governorate .

In the 19th century, Voronezh was a center of the Central Black Earth Region . Manufacturing industry (mills, tallow-melting, butter-making, soap, leather, and other works) as well as bread, cattle, suet , and the hair trade developed in the town. A railway connected Voronezh with Moscow in 1868 and Rostov-on-Don in 1871.

World War II

During World War II , Voronezh was the scene of fierce fighting between Soviet and combined Axis troops. The Germans used it as a staging area for their attack on Stalingrad , and made it a key crossing point on the Don River. In June 1941, two BM-13 (Fighting machine #13 Katyusha ) artillery installations were built at the Voronezh excavator factory. In July, the construction of Katyushas was rationalized so that their manufacture became easier and the time of volley repetition was shortened from five minutes to fifteen seconds. More than 300 BM-13 units manufactured in Voronezh were used in a counterattack near Moscow in December 1941. In October   22, 1941, the advance of the German troops prompted the establishment of a defense committee in the city. On November   7, 1941, there was a troop parade, devoted to the anniversary of the October Revolution . Only three such parades were organized that year: in Moscow, Kuybyshev , and Voronezh. In late June 1942, the city was attacked by German and Hungarian forces. In response, Soviet forces formed the Voronezh Front . By July   6, the German army occupied the western river-bank suburbs before being subjected to a fierce Soviet counter-attack. By July   24 the frontline had stabilised along the Voronezh River as the German forces continued southeast into the Great Bend of the Don. The attack on Voronezh represented the first phase of the German Army's 1942 campaign in the Soviet Union, codenamed Case Blue .

Until January   25, 1943, parts of the Second German Army and the Second Hungarian Army occupied the western part of Voronezh. During Operation Little Saturn , the Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh Offensive , and the Voronezhsko-Kastornenskoy Offensive, the Voronezh Front exacted heavy casualties on Axis forces. On January   25, 1943, Voronezh was liberated after ten days of combat . During the war the city was almost completely ruined, with 92% of all buildings destroyed.

By 1950, Voronezh had been rebuilt. Most buildings and historical monuments were repaired. It was also the location of a prestigious Suvorov Military School , a boarding school for young boys who were considered to be prospective military officers, many of whom had been orphaned by war. [24]

In 1950–1960, new factories were established: a tire factory, a machine-tool factory, a factory of heavy mechanical pressing, and others. In 1968, Serial production of the Tupolev Tu-144 supersonic plane was established at the Voronezh Aviation factory. In October 1977, the first Soviet domestic wide-body plane, Ilyushin Il-86 , was built there.

In 1989, TASS published details of an alleged UFO landing in the city's park and purported encounters with extraterrestrial beings reported by a number of children. A Russian scientist that was cited in initial TASS reports later told the Associated Press that he was misquoted, cautioning, "Don't believe all you hear from TASS," and "We never gave them part of what they published", [25] and a TASS correspondent admitted the possibility that some "make-believe" had been added to the TASS story, saying, "I think there is a certain portion of truth, but it is not excluded that there is also fantasizing". [26] [27]

From 10 to 17 September 2011, Voronezh celebrated its 425th anniversary. The anniversary of the city was given the status of a federal scale celebration that helped attract large investments from the federal and regional budgets for development. [28]

On December   17, 2012, Voronezh became the fifteenth city in Russia with a population of over one million people. [29]

Today Voronezh is the economic, industrial, cultural, and scientific center of the Central Black Earth Region . As part of the annual tradition in the Russian city of Voronezh, every winter the main city square is thematically drawn around a classic literature. In 2020, the city was decorated using the motifs from Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 's The Nutcracker . In the year of 2021, the architects drew inspiration from Hans Christian Andersen 's fairy tale The Snow Queen as well as the animation classic The Snow Queen from the Soviet Union. The fairy tale replica city will feature the houses of Kai and Gerda, the palace of the snow queen, an ice rink, and illumination. [30] [31]

In June 2023, during the Wagner Group rebellion , forces of the Wagner Group claimed to have taken control of military facilities in the city. Later they were confirmed to have taken the city itself. [32] [33] [34]

Voronezh is the administrative center of the oblast . [1] Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as Voronezh Urban Okrug —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . [1] As a municipal division , this administrative unit also has urban okrug status. [7]

The city is divided into six administrative districts :

• Zheleznodorozhny (183,17   km²)
• Tsentralny (63,96   km²)
• Kominternovsky (47,41   km²)
• Leninsky (18,53   km²)
• Sovetsky (156,6   km²)
• Levoberezhny (123,89   km²)

At the time of the official 2021 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (960,357) was: [35]

The leading sectors of the urban economy in the 20th century were mechanical engineering , metalworking , the electronics industry and the food industry .

In the city are such companies as:

• Voronezh Aircraft Production Association (where, amongst other types, the Tupolev Tu-144 was built)

• Voronezhselmash (agricultural engineering)
• Sozvezdie [36] (headquarter, JSC Concern “Sozvezdie”, in 1958 the world's first created mobile telephony and wireless telephone Altai
• Verofarm (pharmaceutics, owner Abbott Laboratories ),
• Voronezh Mechanical Plant [37] (production of missile and aircraft engines, oil and gas equipment)
• Mining Machinery Holding - RUDGORMASH [38] (production of drilling, mineral processing and mining equipment)
• VNiiPM Research Institute of Semiconductor Engineering [39] (equipment for plasma-chemical processes, technical-chemical equipment for liquid operations, water treatment equipment)
• KBKhA Chemical Automatics Design Bureau with notable products:. [40]
• Pirelli Voronezh. [41]

On the territory of the city district government Maslovka Voronezh region with the support of the Investment Fund of Russia, is implementing a project to create an industrial park, "Maslowski", to accommodate more than 100 new businesses, including the transformer factory of Siemens. On September 7, 2011 in Voronezh there opened a Global network operation center of Nokia Siemens Networks, which was the fifth in the world and the first in Russia.

In 2014, 926,000 square meters of housing was delivered. [42]

In clusters of tax incentives and different preferences, the full support of the authorities. A cluster of Oil and Gas Equipment, Radio-electronic cluster, Furniture cluster, IT cluster, Cluster aircraft, Cluster Electromechanics, Transport and logistics cluster, Cluster building materials and technologies. [43]

Information about the original urban layout of Voronezh is contained in the "Patrol Book" of 1615. At that time, the city fortress was logged and located on the banks of the Voronezh River. In plan, it was an irregular quadrangle with a perimeter of about 238 meter. inside it, due to lack of space, there was no housing or siege yards, and even the cathedral church was supposed to be taken out. However, at this small fortress there was a large garrison - 666 households of service people. These courtyards were reliably protected by the second line of fortifications by a standing prison on taras with 25 towers covered with earth; behind the prison was a moat, and beyond the moat there were stakes. Voronezh was a typical military settlement ( ostrog ). [44] In the city prison there were only settlements of military men: Streletskaya, Kazachya, Belomestnaya atamanskaya, Zatinnaya and Pushkarskaya. [45] The posad population received the territory between the ostrog and the river, where the Monastyrskaya settlements (at the Assumption Monastery) was formed. Subsequently, the Yamnaya Sloboda was added to them, and on the other side of the fort, on the Chizhovka Mountain, the Chizhovskaya Sloboda of archers and Cossacks appeared. As a result, the Voronezh settlements surrounded the fortress in a ring. The location of the parish churches emphasized this ring-like and even distribution of settlements: the Ilyinsky Church of the Streletskaya Sloboda, the Pyatnitskaya Cossack and Pokrovskaya Belomestnaya were brought out to the passage towers of the prison. The Nikolskaya Church of the Streletskaya Sloboda was located near the marketplace (and, accordingly, the front facade of the fortress), and the paired ensemble of the Rozhdestvenskaya and Georgievskaya churches of the Cossack Sloboda marked the main street of the city, going from the Cossack Gate to the fortress tower. [46]

Voronezh experiences a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ) with long, cold winters and short, warm summers. [47]

The city is served by the Voronezh International Airport , which is located north of the city and is home to Polet Airlines. Voronezh is also home to the Pridacha Airport , a part of a major aircraft manufacturing facility VASO ( Voronezhskoye Aktsionernoye Samoletostroitelnoye Obshchestvo , Voronezh aircraft production association) where the Tupolev Tu-144 (known in the West as the "Concordski"), was built and the only operational unit is still stored. Voronezh also hosts the Voronezh Malshevo air force base in the southwest of the city, which, according to a Natural Resources Defense Council report, houses nuclear bombers . [ citation needed ]

Since 1868, there is a railway connection between Voronezh and Moscow. [50] Rail services form a part of the South Eastern Railway of the Russian Railways . Destinations served direct from Voronezh include Moscow, Kyiv, Kursk, Novorossiysk, Sochi, and Tambov. The main train station is called Voronezh-1 railway station and is located in the center of the city.

There are three bus stations in Voronezh that connect the city with destinations including Moscow , Belgorod , Lipetsk , Volgograd , Rostov-on-Don , and Astrakhan .

The city has seven theaters, twelve museums, a number of movie theaters, a philharmonic hall, and a circus. It is also a major center of higher education in central Russia. The main educational facilities include:

• Voronezh State University
• Voronezh State Technical University
• Voronezh State University of Architecture and Construction
• Voronezh State Pedagogical University
• Voronezh State Agricultural University
• Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies
• Voronezh State Medical University named after N. N. Burdenko
• Voronezh State Academy of Arts
• Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov
• Voronezh State Institute of Physical Training
• Voronezh Institute of Russia's Home Affairs Ministry
• Voronezh Institute of High Technologies
• Military Educational and Scientific Center of the Air Force «N.E. Zhukovsky and Y.A. Gagarin Air Force Academy» (Voronezh)
• Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (Voronezh branch)
• Russian State University of Justice [51]
• Admiral Makarov State University of Sea and River Fleet (Voronezh branch)
• International Institute of Computer Technologies
• Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law

and a number of other affiliate and private-funded institutes and universities. There are 2000 schools within the city.

• Voronezh Chamber Theatre [52]
• Koltsov Academic Drama Theater [53]
• Voronezh State Opera and Ballet Theatre [54]
• Shut Puppet Theater [55]

Platonov International Arts Festival [56]

Orthodox Christianity is the predominant religion in Voronezh. [ citation needed ] There is an Orthodox Jewish community in Voronezh, with a synagogue located on Stankevicha Street. [57] [58]

In 1682, the Voronezh diocese was formed to fight the schismatics. Its first head was Bishop Mitrofan (1623-1703) at the age of 58. Under him, the construction began on the new Annunciation Cathedral to replace the old one. In 1832, Mitrofan was glorified as a saint by the Russian Orthodox Church .

In the 1990s, many Orthodox churches were returned to the diocese. Their restoration was continued. In 2009, instead of the lost one, a new Annunciation Cathedral was built with a monument to St. Mitrofan erected next to it.

There are ten cemeteries in Voronezh:

• Levoberezhnoye Cemetery
• Lesnoye Cemetery
• Jewish Cemetery
• Nikolskoye Cemetery
• Pravoberezhnoye Cemetery
• Budyonnovskoe Cemetery
• Yugo-Zapadnoye Cemetery
• Podgorenskоye Cemetery
• Kominternovskoe Cemetery

Ternovoye Cemetery is а historical site closed to the public.

Source: [59]

• Voronezh radar

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• 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Law #87-OZ
• ↑ Воронеж может оказаться намного старше (in Russian). Вести. August 19, 2010. Archived from the original on September 13, 2014 . Retrieved March 28, 2012 .
• ↑ "История" . Voronezh-city.ru . Archived from the original on August 1, 2011 . Retrieved December 16, 2016 .
• ↑ "База данных показателей муниципальных образований" . Gks.ru . Archived from the original on October 6, 2014 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 .
• ↑ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года" . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved January 23, 2019 .
• 1 2 3 Law #66-OZ
• ↑ "Об исчислении времени" . Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011 . Retrieved January 19, 2019 .
• ↑ "Каталог компаний, справочник компаний России: Желтые страницы России - Евро Адрес" . E-adres.ru . Archived from the original on August 30, 2009 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 .
• ↑ "Телефонный код города Воронеж" . Kody.su . Archived from the original on November 22, 2015 . Retrieved December 16, 2016 .
• ↑ "День города Воронеж 2015" . Mir36.ru . Archived from the original on July 8, 2015 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 .
• ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [ 2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1 ] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том   1 [ 2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol.   1 ] . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010   года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ В. П. Загоровский. "Воронежская историческая энциклопедия". Воронеж, 1992. Стр. 53.
• ↑ А. З. Винников, А. Т. Синюк. "Дорогами тысячелетий: Археологи о древней истории Воронежского края". Издание 2-е. Воронеж, 2003. Стр. 185–187, 236–242.
• ↑ Н. А. Тропин. "Южные территории Чернигово-Рязанского порубежья в XII–XV вв." Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени доктора исторических наук. Москва, 2007.
• 1 2 П. А. Попов. "Воронеж: древнее слово и древние города, а также древние леса и древние реки России". Воронеж, 2016.
• ↑ Woroneż (Wronasz) is shown on the Woroneż river by Stefan Kuczyński (1936) in a historical map of 15th-century Chernigov, «Ziemie Czernihowsko-Siewierskie pod rządami Litwy» .
• ↑ В. П. Загоровский. "О древнем Воронеже и слове «Воронеж»". Издание 2-е. Воронеж, 1977.
• ↑ Е. М. Поспелов. "Географические названия мира". Москва, 1998. Стр. 104.
• ↑ А. Лазарев. "Тайна имени Воронежъ" ( The Mystery of the Name of Voronezh ). Воронеж, 2009.
• ↑ П. А. Попов. "Комплексный подход в топонимических исследованиях в связи с историей русского градостроительства (на примере Центрального Черноземья)". Девятые всероссийские краеведческие чтения (Москва – Воронеж, 15–19 мая 2015 г.). Москва; Воронеж, 2016. Стр. 423–434.
• ↑ Russiæ, vulgo Moscovia, pars australis in Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, sive Atlas Novus in quo Tabulæ et Descriptiones Omnium Regionum, Editæ a Guiljel et Ioanne Blaeu , 1645.
• ↑ Alex Levin, Under The Yellow & Red Stars Archived August 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ( Azrieli Foundation , 2009), pp. 45ff., "The Suvorov Military School".
• ↑ Dahlberg, John-Thor (October 11, 1989). "Voronzeh Scientist Quoted by TASS Casts Doubt on UFO Landing Story" . Associated Press .
• ↑ "UFO lands in Russia? Writer now waffles" . United Press International . October 10, 1989.
• ↑ Fein, Esther B.; Times, Special To The New York (October 11, 1989). "U.F.O. Landing Is Fact, Not Fantasy, the Russians Insist" . The New York Times . p.   6. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017 . Retrieved February 20, 2017 .
• ↑ Интерактивная карта подготовки к 425-летию основания Воронежа (рус.). Сайт администрации города Воронеж (31.08.11). Проверено 24 января 2011
• ↑ "В Воронеже родился миллионный житель" . РБК . Archived from the original on March 5, 2013 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 .
• ↑ ПОДЪЯБЛОНСКАЯ, Татьяна (October 5, 2020). "Дворец, лабиринт и сани: главную площадь Воронежа в Новый год украсят в стиле "Снежной королевы" " . vrn.kp.ru . Archived from the original on December 30, 2020 . Retrieved December 16, 2020 .
• ↑ "Воронежцам показали, как оформят к Новому году площадь Ленина — В Воронеже — Культура ВРН" . culturavrn.ru . Archived from the original on February 14, 2022 . Retrieved December 16, 2020 .
• ↑ Ives, Mike (June 24, 2023). "What's happening in Russia? Here's what we know" . The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331 . Archived from the original on June 24, 2023 . Retrieved June 24, 2023 .
• ↑ "Russia accuses Wagner chief Yevgeny Prigozhin of urging "armed rebellion": Live updates" . CNN . June 24, 2023. Archived from the original on June 24, 2023 . Retrieved June 24, 2023 .
• ↑ "Breaking: Wagners took city of Voronezh, convoy of tanks on highway to Moscow" . Ukraine Today . June 24, 2023 . Retrieved June 24, 2023 .
• ↑ "Национальный состав населения" . Rosstat . Retrieved August 6, 2023 .
• ↑ "Главная страница - АО "Концерн «Созвездие" " . Vsm-sorter.com . Archived from the original on July 22, 2015 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 .
• ↑ "Voronezh Mechanical Plant" . Vmzvrn.ru . Archived from the original on July 11, 2015 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 .
• ↑ "MMHC RUDGORMASH Mining Machinery Holding Company" . Mmhc-rudgormash.com . Archived from the original on August 1, 2015 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 .
• ↑ "НИИПМ→О компании→Институт сегодня" . Vniipm.ru . Archived from the original on August 9, 2015 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 .
• ↑ " "Конструкторское Бюро Химавтоматики" - Главная" . Kbkha.ru . Archived from the original on July 8, 2014 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 .
• ↑ "Pirelli, Russian Technologies joint venture launches technologically advanced second production line at Voronezh" . Pirelli.com . Archived from the original on July 11, 2015 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 .
• ↑ "Официальный портал органов власти" . Govvrn.ru . Archived from the original on July 2, 2015 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 .
• ↑ "Главная - ЦКР" . Cluster36.ru . Archived from the original on July 12, 2015 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 .
• ↑ "Хронология Воронежа, год 1615" (in Russian) . Retrieved October 25, 2023 .
• ↑ "ПОВСЕДНЕВНАЯ ЖИЗНЬ ВОРОНЕЖА В ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XVII ВЕКА" (in Russian). May 16, 2016 . Retrieved October 22, 2023 .
• ↑ Urban planning of the Moscow state in the 16th - 17th centuries. pp.82-85
• ↑ "Voronezh, Russia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)" . Weatherbase . Archived from the original on February 14, 2022 . Retrieved November 13, 2018 .
• ↑ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from the original on December 22, 2015 . Retrieved November 8, 2021 .
• ↑ "Voronez (Voronezh) Climate Normals 1961–1990" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on October 29, 2021 . Retrieved October 29, 2021 .
• ↑ "Жд вокзал Воронеж | Оригинал жд билета | Жд билеты | Международный аэропорт "Стригино" г. Нижний Новгород, РЖД билет, купить ж д билет, рейсы самолетов в нижний новгород, телефоны справочного бюро аэропорта стригино, заказ ж/д билетов, стоимость жд билетов, билеты на поезд, бронирование, авиарейсы - Аэропорт Нижний Новгород - Нижегородский аэропорт - сайт аэропорта нижний новгород стригино - МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ АЭРОПОРТ НИЖНИЙ НОВГОРОД" . Nnov-airport.ru . Archived from the original on June 30, 2017 . Retrieved December 16, 2016 .
• ↑ "О филиале" . Cb.rgup.ru . Archived from the original on July 2, 2015 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 .
• ↑ "Воронежский камерный театр" . Chambervrn.ru . Archived from the original on August 21, 2015 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 .
• ↑ "Воронежский Академический Театр драмы им. А. Кольцова" . Voronezhdrama.ru . Archived from the original on July 10, 2015 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 .
• ↑ "Воронежский государственный театр оперы и балета – официальный сайт" . Theatre-vrn.ru . Archived from the original on July 24, 2015 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 .
• ↑ ".:. Òåàòð Êóêîë - "ØÓÒ" .:" . Puppet-shut.ru . Archived from the original on July 10, 2015 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 .
• ↑ "Фестиваль" . Platonovfest.com . Archived from the original on July 3, 2015 . Retrieved July 22, 2015 .
• ↑ "В Воронеже открыли одну из крупнейших синагог России" . Rg.ru . October 20, 2014. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016 . Retrieved December 16, 2016 .
• ↑ "The Jewish Community of Voronezh" . evrei-vrn.ru . Archived from the original on August 19, 2016 . Retrieved August 6, 2016 .
• ↑ Рациональная маршрутная сеть. "Воронеж: официальный сайт администрации городского округа" . Voronezh-city.ru. Archived from the original on November 2, 2022 . Retrieved March 12, 2013 .
• ↑ "Ciudades y pueblos se benefician del hermanamiento con otros territorios" . Larazon.es. Archived from the original on December 21, 2009 . Retrieved September 16, 2011 .
• Воронежская областная Дума.   Закон   №87-ОЗ   от   27 октября 2006 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Воронежской области и порядке его изменения», в ред. Закона №41-ОЗ от   13 апреля 2015 г.   «О внесении изменений в Закон Воронежской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Воронежской области и порядке его изменения"». Вступил в силу   по истечении 10   дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Молодой коммунар", №123, 3 ноября 2006 г. (Voronezh Oblast Duma.   Law   # 87-OZ   of   October   27, 2006 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Voronezh Oblast and on the Procedures of Changing It , as amended by the Law   # 41-OZ of   April   13, 2015 On Amending the Law of Voronezh Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Voronezh Oblast and on the Procedures of Changing It" . Effective as of   after 10   days from the day of the official publication.).
• Воронежская областная Дума.   Закон   №66-ОЗ   от   31 октября 2005 г. «О наделении муниципального образования город Воронеж статусом городского округа». Вступил в силу   по истечении 10   дней со дня официального опубликования (18 ноября 2005 г.). Опубликован: "Коммуна", №171, 8 ноября 2005 г. (Voronezh Oblast Duma.   Law   # 66-OZ   of   October   31, 2005 On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Voronezh . Effective as of   the day which is 10   days after the official publication date (November   18, 2005).).
• Charlotte Hobson's book, Black Earth City , is an account of life in Voronezh at the time of the fall of the Soviet Union based on her experiences after spending a year in Voronezh as a foreign student in 1991–1992.
• Nadezhda Mandelstam 's Hope Against Hope , the first volume of her memoirs concerning her husband, the poet Osip Mandelstam , provides many details about life in Voronezh in the 1930s under Stalinist rule.
• Alan Sillitoe , the English writer, published a collection of poems entitled Love in the Environs of Voronezh and Other Poems in 1968.
• In the song Red Army Blues by the Waterboys , on the album A Pagan Place , there is a line "Took the train to Voronezh, that was as far as it would go."
• Official website of Voronezh
• Official website of Voronezh (in Russian)
• Unofficial website of Voronezh (in Russian)
• Panoramic views of Voronezh

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