cross cultural communication in education

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Why cross-cultural communication is important—and how to practice it effectively

Many bachelor’s degree programs require students to complete a few courses in a foreign language; learning another language can be a vital skill in many careers as well as a way to gain broader perspective on culture and global connections. But language instruction often requires an immersive and intensive classroom schedule that isn’t well-suited to part-time study or the flexible online platform offered by Penn LPS Online’s Bachelor of Applied Arts and Sciences (BAAS) degree.

“When we were thinking about what the new Bachelor of Applied Arts and Sciences would look like, we thought that the residential language program didn’t work as well to address the needs of a very diverse student body which might not even be located here in Philadelphia,” recalls Dr. Christina Frei, Academic Director of the Penn Language Center . “We needed to figure out a way to still have a discussion about language in the degree. I proposed that we offer a course that focuses on the role that language plays in intercultural communication.”

The resulting course is one of the foundational requirements of the BAAS degree. The purpose of ICOM 100: Intercultural Communication is to develop effective communication skills and cultural understanding globally as well as within diverse communities.  While the Intercultural Communication course does not replace the intensive language instruction necessary to speak and read in another language, it does develop the intercultural perspective, which is vital to learning a new language and engaging meaningfully with people across language and cultural differences. “Language is embedded and highly connected to culture. One cannot understand language outside of cultural or vice versa,” says Frei. “I designed the course to pique students' interest in the power of language and the complexities of language and culture.”

What is intercultural communication?

Intercultural communication has become a key concept in language instruction, but only recently. “In the last 20 years—and particularly in the last 10 years—we really understand more about the role that language plays in identity,” says Frei. In her many roles at Penn, Frei ensures that language and cultural studies meet the standards of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL), which has started to center identity and culture. At the Penn Language Center, which houses language instruction that falls outside of established foreign language departments such as the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures (for which Frei is the Undergraduate Chair), Frei oversees course offerings and learning opportunities in languages spoken in Africa and South Asia as well as American Sign Language and even language instruction for professional use (such as Spanish for health professionals and Chinese for business). Frei is also the Executive Director of Language Instruction for the School of Arts and Sciences, and in that capacity, she oversees language education across Penn to ensure professional standards are met and a cohesive pedagogical approach is achieved. “Over the last 10 years, the best practices have changed, and ACTFL really has begun to look towards intercultural communication,” says Frei.

To understand what intercultural communication is, it helps to understand culture as something active and pervasive. “Culture is a verb,” says Frei, citing one of the assigned texts from her course: Intercultural Communication: A Critical Introduction by Ingrid Piller. “You’re doing culture all the time,” explains Frei. “In order to become aware of what culture actually is, you have to really develop a critical eye to look at your perceptions and your surroundings.” Doing culture can include ways of speaking and acting but also thoughts and beliefs you’re not even aware of—although you’re most likely to become aware of how you “do culture” when you interact with someone who “does culture” differently. Intercultural communication encompasses a vast array of verbal and nonverbal interactions that may take place on such occasions: learning a new language or visiting another country are common examples but joining a new workplace or participating in a community organization with members of diverse backgrounds can also engage intercultural communication skills.

“If you want to do culture interculturally, you cannot do it by exclusion,” adds Frei. “Inclusivity, to me, is the new word for being truly multicultural, to really be open-minded and understanding about the differences that human beings have in their lives, their languages, and in their beliefs and cultural practices.”

The importance of intercultural communication

Intercultural communication plays a pivotal role in our increasingly globalized world, where people from various cultural backgrounds interact regularly. It is of paramount importance as it facilitates understanding and collaboration among individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds, helping to break down the walls of stereotypes and assumptions that can hinder effective communication. In a world where cultural diversity is the norm, effective intercultural communication fosters empathy, reduces misunderstandings arising from differing cultural norms, and promotes tolerance. By embracing the nuances of different cultures, we bridge divides and harness the rich tapestry of perspectives, ideas, and talents that diverse populations bring to the table. It is a cornerstone for successful diplomacy, international business, and peaceful coexistence. Intercultural communication promotes unity in diversity, enhancing our collective capacity to address global challenges and build a more inclusive and harmonious global community.

How do you develop intercultural understanding in the classroom?

To provide a broad range of opportunities for students to analyze examples of “doing culture,” the Intercultural Communication course incorporates an array of readings, videos, and websites to explore different ways of expressing and interpreting culture through language. There are recorded interviews with scholars and activists who have compelling perspectives on how to “do culture” as a member of a minority population: a Lakota historian who protested the construction of a pipeline in the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, an applied linguist involved in a social impact project with a Bangladeshi community in Philadelphia, and the director of the American Sign Language program at Penn who shares insight about language and culture within the deaf community. In addition to the Intercultural Communication textbook and assorted reading assignments, the students read The Enigma of Arrival , V.S. Naipaul’s autobiographical novel about his journey from the island of Trinidad to the countryside of England. “It’s a fabulous book that I hope the students enjoy reading,” says Frei. “It’s one person’s story about coming to a new place and doing culture from the outside, so to speak. There is a lot of self-observation and self-reflectivity about how, as he is doing culture, he begins to understand himself and the place differently.”

Students analyze and reflect on these cultural artifacts in class discussions and written assignments. “The workshops that I usually offer here at Penn and the courses I teach have a communicative approach with a lot of reflection, so that's part of the Intercultural Communication course as well,” says Frei. “We do tons of personal reflection because it’s important to know what your own prejudices are, what your own value system is, what your own sense-making is, and what your own analysis is, and what your own observations are.” In particular, students are asked to step back and observe how they communicate with others, from workplace and religious communities to interactions with friends and family to brief encounters at the supermarket. “It's almost like an anthropological journal, if you wish,” says Frei. ”It builds a particular kind of sensitivity to observe without judgment what you’re thinking and how you react, which helps you to be inclusive, to have empathy, and to understand the people you engage with.”

Though the course is asynchronous, Frei says, discussion boards and reflective practices bring students into the discussion and require them to communicate clearly and thoughtfully with one another. “Perhaps that’s the beauty of an online course,” says Frei. “You really do need to listen or read and pay attention to what your peers are saying. I think they really will gain an understanding of what intercultural communication means to each of them.”

“The students are actually creating the knowledge of the course,” she adds. “I'm giving them a tool kit, but what they actually do with it is up to them—and that’s very exciting.”

Tips for effective cross-cultural communication

To succeed in the course, Frei emphasizes that students need to pace themselves and schedule themselves plenty of time to think, reflect, and feel as they go through the coursework. “These are not just assignments where you can just check a box and you're done. These are thinking pieces,” says Frei. “Students need to really make sure to put some time aside because they have to think in order to do the work. They need to allow themselves to be open-minded about themselves and perhaps, in their own thinking, surprise themselves.”

Time management gives students the space needed to develop their practice of reflection, which is an important skill for communication in any context. For Bachelor of Applied Arts and Sciences students, Frei notes, reflection is built-in throughout the entire degree, culminating in the ePortfolio degree requirement . “It makes complete sense,” she says. “The ePortfolio is not just a curated collection of your best work. It’s a curated collection that you thought about and where you reflected on your benchmarks, your rubrics, your qualifiers for your best work.” Likewise, reflection is a vital step in thinking about culture and language.

But to Frei, reflection is deeply entwined with the concept of self-care. “Ask yourself: How can I be healthy emotionally, intellectually, physically? How does that all come into the mix?” says Frei. In her German classes, Frei will often ask students to complete a self-assessment of their reading practices: where do they typically sit, how focused do they usually feel, what kinds of emotions to do they experience and when. By being attuned to those details, says Frei, a student can make choices that will help them both enjoy and absorb more in their reading. Likewise, when it comes to language and culture, “self-care is key,” she says. “Self-reflection and understanding your own practices, your own cultural beliefs, your own cultural practices and perspectives will help you to sensitize you.”

“This is a course that shares knowledge through books and instructional design. You’ll gain insights into minority discourses and you’ll learn about communication and language. Those skills are transferable to other courses,” says Frei. “But it’s also a place where you can get to know yourself a little bit more. I think that could be really helpful.”

For more information about this unique online degree and its requirements, visit the Penn LPS Online feature “What is a Bachelor of Applied Arts and Sciences degree? ”

Dive deeper into all the opportunities available through Penn LPS Online by visiting our homepage .

Cross-Cultural Communication

Navigating the Ups and Downs of Global Teamwork

In today's globalized business environment, effectively communicating across cultures is not just an asset but a necessity. Multicultural teams are now commonplace, bringing together diverse perspectives that can lead to innovative solutions and growth. However, this amalgamation of different cultures also presents unique challenges, from misunderstandings rooted in cultural nuances to differing approaches to hierarchy and decision-making.

Effective cross-cultural communication fosters an environment where every team member feels valued and understood. The ideal dynamic involves a seamless exchange of ideas, where diversity is leveraged as a strength rather a hurdle, enabling teams to collaborate efficiently and harmoniously toward their common goals.

What is cross-cultural communication? 

Cross-cultural communication is the process of recognizing both differences and similarities among cultural groups to effectively engage within a given context. In other words, cross-cultural communication refers to how people from different cultural backgrounds adjust to improve communication. (1)

Common Causes of Cross-Cultural Communication Failures

Navigating the complex landscape of cross-cultural communication in the workplace reveals several common pitfalls that can lead to misunderstandings and inefficiencies. These factors can significantly hinder a team’s potential, making it crucial to address them with thoughtful strategies and an open mind. The following are a few of the most pervasive of these barriers.

• Linguistic Prejudice: One significant barrier is linguistic prejudice—or prejudice against a person based on how they talk (2). Biases towards certain accents, dialects, or the fluency of a second language can inadvertently undermine the confidence and contributions of team members.
• Cultural Insensitivity: Cultural misunderstandings or insensitivity can fracture team cohesion. For instance, what is considered a polite gesture in one culture might be considered offensive in another, leading to unintended disrespect or conflict.
• Time Differences: Time differences pose a practical challenge, complicating meeting schedules and deadlines, and can strain communication if not managed with flexibility and understanding.
• Judgement: Moreover, the judgment of the "right" and "wrong" way to communicate or execute tasks, rooted in one's cultural background, can create friction. This judgment often stems from a lack of awareness that different cultures may have varying approaches to problem-solving, decision-making, and expressing ideas, leading to a narrow view of efficiency and effectiveness.

What Doesn’t Work

In the attempt to create more inclusive and harmonious work environments, certain approaches have proven to be less effective and in some cases, counterproductive.

“Winging It”

Adopting a hands-off approach to cross-cultural communication in teams often falls short because it overlooks the necessity of deliberate efforts to recognize and respect cultural differences. Such a strategy fails to foster an inclusive environment, as it neglects the importance of educating team members about diverse perspectives and encouraging open dialogue about cultural backgrounds and their impact on work and communication styles. Without intentional communication, teams risk misunderstandings and conflicts due to unrecognized cultural nuances. For example, behaviors viewed as assertive in one culture may be seen as aggressive in another, leading to unnecessary tensions. Simply put, effective cross-cultural teamwork requires more than good intentions; it demands active engagement and education to appreciate the value of diversity and navigate the complexities of cultural differences.

Antiprejudice Campaigns

Efforts to combat prejudice through campaigns that pressure people to alter their thoughts or behavior often backfire, leading to an increase rather than a decrease in prejudicial attitudes (4) . Studies have shown that these well-intentioned initiatives might amplify biases since efforts to root out unconscious biases could make individuals overly sensitive to potential offenses, creating a workplace atmosphere charged with tension and suspicion, and sometimes even unfounded allegations. Additionally, such initiatives have been linked to adverse mental health outcomes, such as heightened levels of stress and depression among staff.

In the middle of these two extremes lies a more balanced and successful approach, one that not only promotes cooperative efforts and seeks beneficial results for everyone involved but also helps in building a foundation where diverse teams can thrive.

So, What Does Work?

Creating a thriving workplace that excels in cross-cultural communication and teamwork requires a strategic approach that focuses on what has been shown to work. Implementing practices that foster understanding, respect, and collaboration among diverse team members can significantly enhance productivity and workplace harmony. Below are key strategies that have been proven effective in navigating the complexities of global teamwork:

• Expectation of Positive Behaviors: People often rise to meet the expectations set for them. Leaders can cultivate an environment where such behaviors become the norm by clearly communicating a standard of positive and respectful behavior within the team. This principle hinges on the belief that when team members are aware of the standards expected of them, they are more inclined to adjust their actions accordingly. 
• Training in Negotiation and Conflict: Providing team members with training in negotiation and conflict resolution equips them with the skills to handle disagreements constructively. This training helps in managing emotions, engaging in positive dialogue, and finding mutually satisfying solutions to conflicts.
• Respecting Differences: It is crucial to acknowledge and respect the differences in how tasks are approached and completed across cultures. Understanding that there is more than one way to achieve a goal fosters an environment of creativity and innovation .
• Recognizing Customs for Religious and National Holidays: Being mindful of and accommodating religious and national holidays in the planning of deadlines and meetings demonstrates respect for the cultural and personal lives of team members, enhancing feelings of inclusion and belonging.
• Establishing Communication Standards: Developing clear standards for communication that take into account language differences and communication preferences helps in minimizing misunderstandings and ensures that all team members feel heard and understood.
• Setting Clear Work Policies: Transparent work policies sensitive to cultural differences provide a framework for fairness and equality. This includes policies on work hours, communication protocols, and conflict resolution procedures.
• Collaboration and Feedback: Encouraging open collaboration and regular feedback supports a dynamic learning environment where team members can grow and improve together. This also helps identify and address any cultural misunderstandings early on.
• Team Building and Camaraderie: Investing in team-building activities that allow team members to share their cultures and customs can significantly enhance camaraderie and understanding within the team. Getting to know each other personally bridges cultural gaps and builds a strong foundation for teamwork.

The journey towards effective cross-cultural collaboration is ongoing and demands continuous effort and adaptation. However, the rewards of a harmonious, inclusive, and productive workplace are well worth the investment. By embracing these principles, teams can overcome the challenges of working across cultures and thrive in the rich opportunities that such diversity brings.

• How to Improve Cross-Cultural Communication in the Workplace , 2019, Northeastern University Graduate Programs
• Advancing Language for Racial Equity and Inclusion , Berkeley Haas Center for Equity, Gender & Leadership
• Managing Cross Cultural Remote Teams | Ricardo Fernandez | TEDxIESEBarcelona
• Are You Ready for Gen Z in the Workplace? 2019, California Management Review
• People Skills for a Multicultural Workplace , 2018, CHRON
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Introduction to Cross Cultural Communication

• First Online: 27 October 2021

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Communication is the key to social integration since it enables people to share ideas, express their feelings and effectively contribute to discussions and debates. In most cases, language poses a barrier to communication between different cultures or communities. For effective cross-cultural communication, one should realize the variances that are brought about bycultural differences. In today’s global marketplace, the ability to communicate multi-culturally and effectively is very crucial. Establishing a common ground helps in creating productive dialogue between the two parties that will enhance the relationship between the two sides. While establishing a common ground, the two sides have to recognize the cultural differences and different cultural expectations.

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Jerath, K.S. (2021). Introduction to Cross Cultural Communication. In: Science, Technology and Modernity . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80465-7_9

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