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The top list of academic search engines

1. Google Scholar

4. science.gov, 5. semantic scholar, 6. baidu scholar, get the most out of academic search engines, frequently asked questions about academic search engines, related articles.

Academic search engines have become the number one resource to turn to in order to find research papers and other scholarly sources. While classic academic databases like Web of Science and Scopus are locked behind paywalls, Google Scholar and others can be accessed free of charge. In order to help you get your research done fast, we have compiled the top list of free academic search engines.

Google Scholar is the clear number one when it comes to academic search engines. It's the power of Google searches applied to research papers and patents. It not only lets you find research papers for all academic disciplines for free but also often provides links to full-text PDF files.

• Coverage: approx. 200 million articles
• Abstracts: only a snippet of the abstract is available
• Related articles: ✔
• References: ✔
• Cited by: ✔
• Links to full text: ✔
• Export formats: APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, Vancouver, RIS, BibTeX

BASE is hosted at Bielefeld University in Germany. That is also where its name stems from (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).

• Coverage: approx. 136 million articles (contains duplicates)
• Abstracts: ✔
• Related articles: ✘
• References: ✘
• Cited by: ✘
• Export formats: RIS, BibTeX

CORE is an academic search engine dedicated to open-access research papers. For each search result, a link to the full-text PDF or full-text web page is provided.

• Coverage: approx. 136 million articles
• Links to full text: ✔ (all articles in CORE are open access)
• Export formats: BibTeX

Science.gov is a fantastic resource as it bundles and offers free access to search results from more than 15 U.S. federal agencies. There is no need anymore to query all those resources separately!

• Coverage: approx. 200 million articles and reports
• Links to full text: ✔ (available for some databases)
• Export formats: APA, MLA, RIS, BibTeX (available for some databases)

Semantic Scholar is the new kid on the block. Its mission is to provide more relevant and impactful search results using AI-powered algorithms that find hidden connections and links between research topics.

• Coverage: approx. 40 million articles
• Export formats: APA, MLA, Chicago, BibTeX

Although Baidu Scholar's interface is in Chinese, its index contains research papers in English as well as Chinese.

• Coverage: no detailed statistics available, approx. 100 million articles
• Abstracts: only snippets of the abstract are available
• Export formats: APA, MLA, RIS, BibTeX

RefSeek searches more than one billion documents from academic and organizational websites. Its clean interface makes it especially easy to use for students and new researchers.

• Coverage: no detailed statistics available, approx. 1 billion documents
• Abstracts: only snippets of the article are available
• Export formats: not available

Consider using a reference manager like Paperpile to save, organize, and cite your references. Paperpile integrates with Google Scholar and many popular databases, so you can save references and PDFs directly to your library using the Paperpile buttons:

Google Scholar is an academic search engine, and it is the clear number one when it comes to academic search engines. It's the power of Google searches applied to research papers and patents. It not only let's you find research papers for all academic disciplines for free, but also often provides links to full text PDF file.

Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature developed at the Allen Institute for AI. Sematic Scholar was publicly released in 2015 and uses advances in natural language processing to provide summaries for scholarly papers.

BASE , as its name suggest is an academic search engine. It is hosted at Bielefeld University in Germany and that's where it name stems from (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).

CORE is an academic search engine dedicated to open access research papers. For each search result a link to the full text PDF or full text web page is provided.

Science.gov is a fantastic resource as it bundles and offers free access to search results from more than 15 U.S. federal agencies. There is no need any more to query all those resources separately!

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Search Help

Get the most out of Google Scholar with some helpful tips on searches, email alerts, citation export, and more.

Finding recent papers

Your search results are normally sorted by relevance, not by date. To find newer articles, try the following options in the left sidebar:

• click "Since Year" to show only recently published papers, sorted by relevance;
• click "Sort by date" to show just the new additions, sorted by date;
• click the envelope icon to have new results periodically delivered by email.

Locating the full text of an article

Abstracts are freely available for most of the articles. Alas, reading the entire article may require a subscription. Here're a few things to try:

• click a library link, e.g., "FindIt@Harvard", to the right of the search result;
• click a link labeled [PDF] to the right of the search result;
• click "All versions" under the search result and check out the alternative sources;
• click "Related articles" or "Cited by" under the search result to explore similar articles.

If you're affiliated with a university, but don't see links such as "FindIt@Harvard", please check with your local library about the best way to access their online subscriptions. You may need to do search from a computer on campus, or to configure your browser to use a library proxy.

Getting better answers

If you're new to the subject, it may be helpful to pick up the terminology from secondary sources. E.g., a Wikipedia article for "overweight" might suggest a Scholar search for "pediatric hyperalimentation".

If the search results are too specific for your needs, check out what they're citing in their "References" sections. Referenced works are often more general in nature.

Similarly, if the search results are too basic for you, click "Cited by" to see newer papers that referenced them. These newer papers will often be more specific.

Explore! There's rarely a single answer to a research question. Click "Related articles" or "Cited by" to see closely related work, or search for author's name and see what else they have written.

Searching Google Scholar

Use the "author:" operator, e.g., author:"d knuth" or author:"donald e knuth".

Put the paper's title in quotations: "A History of the China Sea".

You'll often get better results if you search only recent articles, but still sort them by relevance, not by date. E.g., click "Since 2018" in the left sidebar of the search results page.

To see the absolutely newest articles first, click "Sort by date" in the sidebar. If you use this feature a lot, you may also find it useful to setup email alerts to have new results automatically sent to you.

Note: On smaller screens that don't show the sidebar, these options are available in the dropdown menu labelled "Year" right below the search button.

Select the "Case law" option on the homepage or in the side drawer on the search results page.

It finds documents similar to the given search result.

It's in the side drawer. The advanced search window lets you search in the author, title, and publication fields, as well as limit your search results by date.

Select the "Case law" option and do a keyword search over all jurisdictions. Then, click the "Select courts" link in the left sidebar on the search results page.

Tip: To quickly search a frequently used selection of courts, bookmark a search results page with the desired selection.

Access to articles

For each Scholar search result, we try to find a version of the article that you can read. These access links are labelled [PDF] or [HTML] and appear to the right of the search result. For example:

A paper that you need to read

Access links cover a wide variety of ways in which articles may be available to you - articles that your library subscribes to, open access articles, free-to-read articles from publishers, preprints, articles in repositories, etc.

When you are on a campus network, access links automatically include your library subscriptions and direct you to subscribed versions of articles. On-campus access links cover subscriptions from primary publishers as well as aggregators.

Off-campus access

Off-campus access links let you take your library subscriptions with you when you are at home or traveling. You can read subscribed articles when you are off-campus just as easily as when you are on-campus. Off-campus access links work by recording your subscriptions when you visit Scholar while on-campus, and looking up the recorded subscriptions later when you are off-campus.

We use the recorded subscriptions to provide you with the same subscribed access links as you see on campus. We also indicate your subscription access to participating publishers so that they can allow you to read the full-text of these articles without logging in or using a proxy. The recorded subscription information expires after 30 days and is automatically deleted.

In addition to Google Scholar search results, off-campus access links can also appear on articles from publishers participating in the off-campus subscription access program. Look for links labeled [PDF] or [HTML] on the right hand side of article pages.

Anne Author , John Doe , Jane Smith , Someone Else

In this fascinating paper, we investigate various topics that would be of interest to you. We also describe new methods relevant to your project, and attempt to address several questions which you would also like to know the answer to. Lastly, we analyze …

You can disable off-campus access links on the Scholar settings page . Disabling off-campus access links will turn off recording of your library subscriptions. It will also turn off indicating subscription access to participating publishers. Once off-campus access links are disabled, you may need to identify and configure an alternate mechanism (e.g., an institutional proxy or VPN) to access your library subscriptions while off-campus.

Email Alerts

Do a search for the topic of interest, e.g., "M Theory"; click the envelope icon in the sidebar of the search results page; enter your email address, and click "Create alert". We'll then periodically email you newly published papers that match your search criteria.

No, you can enter any email address of your choice. If the email address isn't a Google account or doesn't match your Google account, then we'll email you a verification link, which you'll need to click to start receiving alerts.

This works best if you create a public profile , which is free and quick to do. Once you get to the homepage with your photo, click "Follow" next to your name, select "New citations to my articles", and click "Done". We will then email you when we find new articles that cite yours.

Search for the title of your paper, e.g., "Anti de Sitter space and holography"; click on the "Cited by" link at the bottom of the search result; and then click on the envelope icon in the left sidebar of the search results page.

First, do a search for your colleague's name, and see if they have a Scholar profile. If they do, click on it, click the "Follow" button next to their name, select "New articles by this author", and click "Done".

If they don't have a profile, do a search by author, e.g., [author:s-hawking], and click on the mighty envelope in the left sidebar of the search results page. If you find that several different people share the same name, you may need to add co-author names or topical keywords to limit results to the author you wish to follow.

We send the alerts right after we add new papers to Google Scholar. This usually happens several times a week, except that our search robots meticulously observe holidays.

There's a link to cancel the alert at the bottom of every notification email.

If you created alerts using a Google account, you can manage them all here . If you're not using a Google account, you'll need to unsubscribe from the individual alerts and subscribe to the new ones.

Google Scholar library

Google Scholar library is your personal collection of articles. You can save articles right off the search page, organize them by adding labels, and use the power of Scholar search to quickly find just the one you want - at any time and from anywhere. You decide what goes into your library, and we’ll keep the links up to date.

You get all the goodies that come with Scholar search results - links to PDF and to your university's subscriptions, formatted citations, citing articles, and more!

Library help

Find the article you want to add in Google Scholar and click the “Save” button under the search result.

Click “My library” at the top of the page or in the side drawer to view all articles in your library. To search the full text of these articles, enter your query as usual in the search box.

Find the article you want to remove, and then click the “Delete” button under it.

• To add a label to an article, find the article in your library, click the “Label” button under it, select the label you want to apply, and click “Done”.
• To view all the articles with a specific label, click the label name in the left sidebar of your library page.
• To remove a label from an article, click the “Label” button under it, deselect the label you want to remove, and click “Done”.
• To add, edit, or delete labels, click “Manage labels” in the left column of your library page.

Only you can see the articles in your library. If you create a Scholar profile and make it public, then the articles in your public profile (and only those articles) will be visible to everyone.

Your profile contains all the articles you have written yourself. It’s a way to present your work to others, as well as to keep track of citations to it. Your library is a way to organize the articles that you’d like to read or cite, not necessarily the ones you’ve written.

Citation Export

Click the "Cite" button under the search result and then select your bibliography manager at the bottom of the popup. We currently support BibTeX, EndNote, RefMan, and RefWorks.

Err, no, please respect our robots.txt when you access Google Scholar using automated software. As the wearers of crawler's shoes and webmaster's hat, we cannot recommend adherence to web standards highly enough.

Sorry, we're unable to provide bulk access. You'll need to make an arrangement directly with the source of the data you're interested in. Keep in mind that a lot of the records in Google Scholar come from commercial subscription services.

Sorry, we can only show up to 1,000 results for any particular search query. Try a different query to get more results.

Content Coverage

Google Scholar includes journal and conference papers, theses and dissertations, academic books, pre-prints, abstracts, technical reports and other scholarly literature from all broad areas of research. You'll find works from a wide variety of academic publishers, professional societies and university repositories, as well as scholarly articles available anywhere across the web. Google Scholar also includes court opinions and patents.

We index research articles and abstracts from most major academic publishers and repositories worldwide, including both free and subscription sources. To check current coverage of a specific source in Google Scholar, search for a sample of their article titles in quotes.

While we try to be comprehensive, it isn't possible to guarantee uninterrupted coverage of any particular source. We index articles from sources all over the web and link to these websites in our search results. If one of these websites becomes unavailable to our search robots or to a large number of web users, we have to remove it from Google Scholar until it becomes available again.

Our meticulous search robots generally try to index every paper from every website they visit, including most major sources and also many lesser known ones.

That said, Google Scholar is primarily a search of academic papers. Shorter articles, such as book reviews, news sections, editorials, announcements and letters, may or may not be included. Untitled documents and documents without authors are usually not included. Website URLs that aren't available to our search robots or to the majority of web users are, obviously, not included either. Nor do we include websites that require you to sign up for an account, install a browser plugin, watch four colorful ads, and turn around three times and say coo-coo before you can read the listing of titles scanned at 10 DPI... You get the idea, we cover academic papers from sensible websites.

That's usually because we index many of these papers from other websites, such as the websites of their primary publishers. The "site:" operator currently only searches the primary version of each paper.

It could also be that the papers are located on examplejournals.gov, not on example.gov. Please make sure you're searching for the "right" website.

That said, the best way to check coverage of a specific source is to search for a sample of their papers using the title of the paper.

Ahem, we index papers, not journals. You should also ask about our coverage of universities, research groups, proteins, seminal breakthroughs, and other dimensions that are of interest to users. All such questions are best answered by searching for a statistical sample of papers that has the property of interest - journal, author, protein, etc. Many coverage comparisons are available if you search for [allintitle:"google scholar"], but some of them are more statistically valid than others.

Currently, Google Scholar allows you to search and read published opinions of US state appellate and supreme court cases since 1950, US federal district, appellate, tax and bankruptcy courts since 1923 and US Supreme Court cases since 1791. In addition, it includes citations for cases cited by indexed opinions or journal articles which allows you to find influential cases (usually older or international) which are not yet online or publicly available.

Legal opinions in Google Scholar are provided for informational purposes only and should not be relied on as a substitute for legal advice from a licensed lawyer. Google does not warrant that the information is complete or accurate.

We normally add new papers several times a week. However, updates to existing records take 6-9 months to a year or longer, because in order to update our records, we need to first recrawl them from the source website. For many larger websites, the speed at which we can update their records is limited by the crawl rate that they allow.

Inclusion and Corrections

We apologize, and we assure you the error was unintentional. Automated extraction of information from articles in diverse fields can be tricky, so an error sometimes sneaks through.

Please write to the owner of the website where the erroneous search result is coming from, and encourage them to provide correct bibliographic data to us, as described in the technical guidelines . Once the data is corrected on their website, it usually takes 6-9 months to a year or longer for it to be updated in Google Scholar. We appreciate your help and your patience.

If you can't find your papers when you search for them by title and by author, please refer your publisher to our technical guidelines .

You can also deposit your papers into your institutional repository or put their PDF versions on your personal website, but please follow your publisher's requirements when you do so. See our technical guidelines for more details on the inclusion process.

We normally add new papers several times a week; however, it might take us some time to crawl larger websites, and corrections to already included papers can take 6-9 months to a year or longer.

Google Scholar generally reflects the state of the web as it is currently visible to our search robots and to the majority of users. When you're searching for relevant papers to read, you wouldn't want it any other way!

If your citation counts have gone down, chances are that either your paper or papers that cite it have either disappeared from the web entirely, or have become unavailable to our search robots, or, perhaps, have been reformatted in a way that made it difficult for our automated software to identify their bibliographic data and references. If you wish to correct this, you'll need to identify the specific documents with indexing problems and ask your publisher to fix them. Please refer to the technical guidelines .

Please do let us know . Please include the URL for the opinion, the corrected information and a source where we can verify the correction.

We're only able to make corrections to court opinions that are hosted on our own website. For corrections to academic papers, books, dissertations and other third-party material, click on the search result in question and contact the owner of the website where the document came from. For corrections to books from Google Book Search, click on the book's title and locate the link to provide feedback at the bottom of the book's page.

General Questions

These are articles which other scholarly articles have referred to, but which we haven't found online. To exclude them from your search results, uncheck the "include citations" box on the left sidebar.

First, click on links labeled [PDF] or [HTML] to the right of the search result's title. Also, check out the "All versions" link at the bottom of the search result.

Second, if you're affiliated with a university, using a computer on campus will often let you access your library's online subscriptions. Look for links labeled with your library's name to the right of the search result's title. Also, see if there's a link to the full text on the publisher's page with the abstract.

Keep in mind that final published versions are often only available to subscribers, and that some articles are not available online at all. Good luck!

Technically, your web browser remembers your settings in a "cookie" on your computer's disk, and sends this cookie to our website along with every search. Check that your browser isn't configured to discard our cookies. Also, check if disabling various proxies or overly helpful privacy settings does the trick. Either way, your settings are stored on your computer, not on our servers, so a long hard look at your browser's preferences or internet options should help cure the machine's forgetfulness.

Not even close. That phrase is our acknowledgement that much of scholarly research involves building on what others have already discovered. It's taken from Sir Isaac Newton's famous quote, "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants."

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• JSTOR: Open Access Journals Growing collection of Open Access journals cover topical areas in sustainability and security studies, and offer broad coverage in the humanities, social sciences, and sciences.
• LOADB: Listing of Open Access Databases The objective of Listing of Open Access DataBases (LOADB) is to create a web-enabled, linked, classified and categorized collection of Open Access Databases which one can access from a single portal. Although initial focus is on science and technology subjects, the ultimate aim is to include all subject areas.
• Open Library of Humanities Open Library of Humanities journal publishes internationally-leading, rigorous and peer-reviewed scholarship across the humanities disciplines: from classics, theology and philosophy, to modern languages and literatures, film and media studies, anthropology, political theory and sociology.
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• Internet Archive: eBooks and Texts The Internet Archive and Open Library offers over 8,000,000 fully accessible public domain eBooks. This includes a special modern collection of over 500,000 eBooks for users with print disabilities, and a very interesting curated, modern collection for the world at large.
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• WorldCat.org WorldCat.org lets you search the collections of libraries in your community and thousands more around the world. more... less... You can search for popular books, music CDs and videos—all of the physical items you're used to getting from libraries. You can also discover many new kinds of digital content, such as downloadable audiobooks. You may also find article citations with links to their full text; authoritative research materials, such as documents and photos of local or historic significance; and digital versions of rare items that aren't available to the public. Because WorldCat libraries serve diverse communities in dozens of countries, resources are available in many languages.
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Text mining & natural language processing.

• Quanteda R package for textual analysis and natural language processing.
• Voyant Less powerful than Quanteda but easier to learn.
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Volume 630 Issue 8015, 6 June 2024

Online misinformation is frequently highlighted as a blight that threatens to undermine the fabric of society, polarize opinions and even destabilize elections. In this week’s issue, a collection of articles probe the scourge of misinformation and try to assess the real risks. In one research paper , David Lazer and colleagues examine the effects of Twitter deplatforming 70,000 traffickers of misinformation in the wake of violent scenes at the US Capitol in January 2021. In a second paper , Wajeeha Ahmad and co-workers explore the relationship between advertising revenue and misinformation. A Comment article by Ullrich Ecker and colleagues discusses the risks posed by misinformation to democracy and elections, and an accompanying Comment article by Kiran Garimella and Simon Chauchard assesses the prevalence of AI-generated misinformation in India. Finally, David Rothschild and colleagues put the harms of misinformation into perspective , highlighting common misperceptions that exaggerate its threat and suggesting steps to improve evaluation of both the effects of misinformation and the efforts made to combat it.

Cover image: Kelly Krause/Nature

What we do — and don’t — know about how misinformation spreads online

There are gaps in our understanding of how and why digital misinformation propagates. To help design effective interventions to minimize the spread of falsehoods, researchers need data and transparency from online platforms.

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Meta’s AI system is a boost to endangered languages — as long as humans aren’t forgotten

Automated approaches to translation could provide a lifeline to under-resourced languages, but only if companies engage with the people who speak them.

Negotiating a pandemic treaty is just the first step — how will countries comply?

Governments must act now on vaccine and pathogen-sample sharing, or any agreement will be a promise only on paper.

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Research Highlights

Ancient dna reveals extinct flightless bird’s superpowers.

The little bush moa had small eyes, no wings and some extraordinary skills.

Karaoke-related stress soars after a good night of REM sleep

The emotional load of listening to one’s own performance is preserved by a certain type of sleep.

More than a billion people live in ‘energy poverty’

Satellite data help to show that many people with access to electricity cannot take advantage of it.

Sex hormones in the gut soar during pregnancy — thanks to busy bacteria

Two species in the gut microbiome transform corticosteroids into progestins, which can affect mood and behaviour.

News in Focus

The immune system can sabotage gene therapies — can scientists rein it in.

People treated with gene therapy cannot receive a second dose for fear of a dangerous immune response. Researchers hope to find a way around this.

• Heidi Ledford

Who will make AlphaFold3 open source? Scientists race to crack AI model

Researchers are aiming to create fully accessible versions of the latest iteration of DeepMind’s blockbuster protein-structure model.

• Ewen Callaway

Ozempic keeps wowing: trial data show benefits for kidney disease

Semaglutide, the same compound in obesity drug Wegovy, slashes risk of kidney failure and death for people with diabetes.

• Rachel Fairbank

Bizarre bacteria defy textbooks by writing new genes

Bacterial defensive systems scramble the standard workflow of life.

First pig-to-human liver transplant recipient ‘doing very well’

The transplant aims to prolong the the person’s life and provides important lessons for physicians.

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Collection:

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The cicadas are here! Why US researchers are swarming to study them

Two particular broods of the insects are popping up together for the first time in two centuries, and there’s a lot we don’t know about them.

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Element from the periodic table’s far reaches coaxed into elusive compound

Chemists achieve synthetic feat with radioactive promethium for the first time.

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The AI revolution is coming to robots: how will it change them?

The melding of artificial intelligence and robotics could catapult both fields to new heights.

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Exclusive: How NASA astronauts are training to walk on the Moon in 2026

Simulated lunar exploration in an Arizona volcanic field this month helped astronauts to prepare for doing geology in harsh conditions at the lunar south pole. Nature joined mission control.

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Misinformation poses a bigger threat to democracy than you might think

In today’s polarized political climate, researchers who combat mistruths have come under attack and been labelled as unelected arbiters of truth. But the fight against misinformation is valid, warranted and urgently required.

• Ullrich Ecker
• Jon Roozenbeek
• Stephan Lewandowsky

How prevalent is AI misinformation? What our studies in India show so far

A sample of roughly two million WhatsApp messages highlights urgent concerns about the spread and prevalence of AI-generated political content.

• Kiran Garimella
• Simon Chauchard

Correspondence

Mega engineering projects won’t stop a repeat of the devastating southern brazil floods.

• Luiz Roberto Malabarba
• Fernando Gertum Becker
• Márcio Borges-Martins

Neurotechnologies that can read our mind could undermine international norms on freedom of thought

• Christoph Bublitz

Organic product legislation ignores agricultural plastic use — that must change

• Andrea M. Alma
• Micaela Buteler

Underfunding cannabis research hampers sensible policymaking and boosts the black market

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What steps to take when funding starts to run out

Although researchers often face uncertainty when grants expire with no replacement in sight, there are creative ways to ease the dry spell.

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Career Guide:

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How to keep the lights on: the mission to make more photostable fluorophores.

Fluorescent labels that have greater resistance to bleaching could help researchers to get more from biological imaging.

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I breed and release arctic foxes to boost their numbers in the wild.

Over the past 25 years, Kristine Ulvund has helped to increase the species’ population size from 50 or so individuals to more than 500.

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Brain fluid probed by ultrasound using squishy cubes.

Soft solids that swell with shifts in pressure, temperature and pH provide a way of detecting such changes in the fluid around the brain. The method could be used to determine other properties of fluids elsewhere in the body.

• Jules J. Magda

Neural pathways for reward and relief promote fentanyl addiction

Neuroscientists find that two distinct neural pathways are responsible for the addictive properties of the opioid fentanyl: one mediates reward, the other promotes the seeking of relief from symptoms of withdrawal.

• Markus Heilig
• Michele Petrella

Designer porous solids open up vast sandbox for materials research

A simple design approach and predictive computational methods have spawned a pathway for making materials that could trap specific molecules — an ability needed for applications such as carbon capture.

• Dejan-Krešimir Bučar

Cells cope with altered chromosome numbers by enhancing protein breakdown

When chromosomes are lost or gained, massive changes in gene expression disrupt the delicate balance of proteins in a cell. Yeasts with incorrect chromosome numbers counteract this by degrading excess proteins.

• Zuzana Storchová

Microbes ‘sieve’ ions on their surface to start the nitrogen cycle

Uptake of ammonium ions by marine microorganisms called archaea is a key first step in the conversion of ammonium to nitrogen found in ecosystems. Structural evidence reveals how archaea capture ammonium in an efficient way.

• Henry van den Bedem

Perspective

Misunderstanding the harms of online misinformation.

This Perspective identifies common misperceptions regarding the harms of online misinformation, finding that exposure to false and inflammatory content is rare and concentrated among a small minority of people who already have extreme views.

• Ceren Budak
• Brendan Nyhan
• Duncan J. Watts

Star formation shut down by multiphase gas outflow in a galaxy at a redshift of 2.45

JWST observations of a massive galaxy at a redshift of 2.45 show a powerful outflow of neutral gas, with a mass outflow rate that is sufficient to shut down star formation.

• Sirio Belli
• Minjung Park
• Rainer Weinberger

Wavefunction matching for solving quantum many-body problems

An approach called wavefunction matching transforms particle interactions so that their wavefunctions match those of easily computable interactions, to allow for calculations of quantum many-body systems that would otherwise be difficult or impossible.

• Serdar Elhatisari
• Lukas Bovermann
• Gianluca Stellin

Superconducting diode effect and interference patterns in kagome CsV 3 Sb 5

We observe the superconducting diode effect and interference patterns in CsV 3 Sb 5 , implying a time-reversal symmetry-breaking superconducting order in kagome superconductors.

• Zhiming Pan

Heterogeneous integration of spin–photon interfaces with a CMOS platform

A modular quantum system-on-chip architecture integrates thousands of individually addressable spin qubits in two-dimensional quantum microchiplet arrays into an integrated circuit designed for cryogenic control, supporting full connectivity for quantum memory arrays across spin–photon channels.

• Lorenzo De Santis
• Dirk Englund

Dispersion-assisted high-dimensional photodetector

By combining spatial and frequency dispersive thin-film interfaces with deep residual learning, a miniature photodetector allowing the acquisition of high-dimensional information on light in a single-shot fashion is described.

• Yandong Fan
• Weian Huang

Injectable ultrasonic sensor for wireless monitoring of intracranial signals

A bioresorbable, wireless hydrogel (metagel) sensor, encompassing both biodegradable and stimulus-responsive hydrogels for ultrasonic monitoring of intracranial signals, was implanted into intracranial space with a puncture needle and deformed in response to physiological environmental changes.

• Hanchuan Tang
• Yueying Yang
• Jianfeng Zang

Metals strengthen with increasing temperature at extreme strain rates

Microballistic impact testing at strain rates greater than 10 6  s −1 shows that pure metals, including copper, gold and titanium, become stronger with increasing temperature.

• Ian Dowding
• Christopher A. Schuh

Photocatalytic doping of organic semiconductors

A previously undescribed photocatalytic approach enables the effective p-type and n-type doping of organic semiconductors at room temperature using only widely available weak dopants such as oxygen and triethylamine.

• Wenlong Jin
• Chi-Yuan Yang
• Simone Fabiano

Porous isoreticular non-metal organic frameworks

The use of computational crystal-structure prediction has enabled the targeted assembly of frameworks of porous organic ammonium halide salts that have many of the qualities of metal–organic frameworks despite containing no metal.

• Megan O’Shaughnessy
• Joseph Glover
• Andrew I. Cooper

Capturing electron-driven chiral dynamics in UV-excited molecules

Time-resolved photoelectron circular dichroism with a temporal resolution of 2.9 fs is used to track the ultrafast electron dynamics following ultraviolet excitation of neutral chiral molecules, which generate chiral currents that exhibit periodic rotation direction reversal.

• Vincent Wanie
• Etienne Bloch
• Francesca Calegari

Life-cycle-coupled evolution of mitosis in close relatives of animals

We analyse cell division in ichthyosporeans and find that multinucleated life cycles favour the evolution of closed mitosis, in which the cell constructs a spindle within an intact nucleus.

• Marine Olivetta

Companies inadvertently fund online misinformation despite consumer backlash

Many companies unknowingly advertise on websites that publish misinformation despite the reputational and financial risks, and increased transparency for consumers and advertisers could counter unintended ad revenue going to misinformation websites.

• Wajeeha Ahmad
• Erik Brynjolfsson

Post-January 6th deplatforming reduced the reach of misinformation on Twitter

Difference-in-differences analysis indicates that the decision by Twitter to deplatform 70,000 users following the events at the US Capitol on 6 January 2021 had wider effects on the spread of misinformation.

• Stefan D. McCabe
• Diogo Ferrari
• Kevin M. Esterling

Distinct µ-opioid ensembles trigger positive and negative fentanyl reinforcement

Experiments using fentanyl treatment of mice show that µ-opioid receptors mediate positive reinforcement in the ventral tegmental area and negative reinforcement in central amygdala, thereby identifying the circuits that lead to opioid addiction.

• Fabrice Chaudun
• Laurena Python
• Christian Lüscher

Natural proteome diversity links aneuploidy tolerance to protein turnover

Proteomic data from natural isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae provide insight into how these cells tolerate aneuploidy (an imbalance in the number of chromosomes), and reveal differences between lab-engineered aneuploids and diverse natural yeasts.

• Julia Muenzner
• Pauline Trébulle
• Markus Ralser

Multimodal decoding of human liver regeneration

Harnessing single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial profiling, this work dissects unanticipated aspects of human liver regeneration to uncover a novel migratory hepatocyte subpopulation mediating wound closure following acute liver injury.

• K. P. Matchett
• J. R. Wilson-Kanamori
• N. C. Henderson

Acquisition of epithelial plasticity in human chronic liver disease

Single-cell RNA sequencing and 3D imaging have revealed the cellular changes and structural reorganization that occur during the progression of human chronic liver disease and as the liver attempts to regenerate.

• Christopher Gribben
• Vasileios Galanakis
• Ludovic Vallier

Transcriptional control of the Cryptosporidium life cycle

The transcription factor Myb-M is the earliest determinant of male fate in the parasite Cryptosporidium parvum .

• Katelyn A. Walzer
• Jayesh Tandel
• Boris Striepen

A whole-slide foundation model for digital pathology from real-world data

Prov-GigaPath, a whole-slide pathology foundation model pretrained on a large dataset containing around 1.3 billion pathology images, attains state-of-the-art performance in cancer classification and pathomics tasks.

• Naoto Usuyama
• Hoifung Poon

Molecular basis for differential Igk versus Igh V(D)J joining mechanisms

Experiments in mouse models, and in cell lines that only allow primary Vκ-to-Jκ rearrangements, enable characterization of the mechanisms of V(D)J recombination.

• Yiwen Zhang

Targetable leukaemia dependency on noncanonical PI3Kγ signalling

Using a multimodal approach across acute leukaemias, a targetable PI3Kγ dependency in leukaemias is explored.

• Evangeline G. Raulston
• Andrew A. Lane

Covalent targeted radioligands potentiate radionuclide therapy

Radiopharmaceuticals engineered with click chemistry to selectively bind to tumour-specific proteins can be used to successfully target tumour cells, boosting the pharmacokinetics of radionuclide therapy and improving tumour regression.

• Xi-Yang Cui

An alternative cell cycle coordinates multiciliated cell differentiation

A distinct cell cycle redeploys many canonical cell cycle regulators to control the differentiation of multiciliated cells, with the transcription factor E2F7 playing a pivotal part in this modified cell cycle.

• Semil P. Choksi
• Lauren E. Byrnes
• Jeremy F. Reiter

Structures of human γδ T cell receptor–CD3 complex

The assembly of the γδ TCR depends on Vγ usage.

• Bangdong Huang

Membraneless channels sieve cations in ammonia-oxidizing marine archaea

The Nitrosopumilus maritimus surface layer (S-layer) concentrates ammonium ions on its cell-facing side, acting as a multichannel sieve on the cell membrane.

• Andriko von Kügelgen
• C. Keith Cassidy
• Tanmay A. M. Bharat

Structural pharmacology and therapeutic potential of 5-methoxytryptamines

Detailed analyses of the serotonin receptor 5-HT 1A and the psychedelic 5-methoxy- N,N -dimethyltryptamine reveal the differences in receptor structural pharmacology that mediate signalling specificity, efficacy and potency, findings that may facilitate the development of new neuropsychiatric therapeutics.

• Audrey L. Warren
• David Lankri
• Daniel Wacker

Dimerization and antidepressant recognition at noradrenaline transporter

Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the noradrenaline transporter in the apo state, bound to noradrenaline and bound to various antidepressants shed light on the substrate transport, molecular recognition and dimeric architecture of this protein.

• Yu-Ling Yin

Amendments & Corrections

Author correction: quantum control of a cat qubit with bit-flip times exceeding ten seconds, author correction: a small and vigorous black hole in the early universe.

• Roberto Maiolino
• Jan Scholtz

Author Correction: Large-scale plasma proteomics comparisons through genetics and disease associations

• Grimur Hjorleifsson Eldjarn
• Egil Ferkingstad
• Kari Stefansson

Nature Index

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Political Typology Quiz

Where do you fit in the political typology, are you a faith and flag conservative progressive left or somewhere in between.

Take our quiz to find out which one of our nine political typology groups is your best match, compared with a nationally representative survey of more than 10,000 U.S. adults by Pew Research Center. You may find some of these questions are difficult to answer. That’s OK. In those cases, pick the answer that comes closest to your view, even if it isn’t exactly right.

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ABOUT PEW RESEARCH CENTER  Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of  The Pew Charitable Trusts .

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