F/62
M, male; F, female; C, cannabis; SC, synthetic cannabinoids; T, tobacco; A, alcohol; L, dyslipidemia; MoA, migraine without aura; H, hypertension; FD, diabetes; IS, ischemic stroke; SAH, subarachnoid haemorrhage; ICH, intracranial haemorrhage; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
From these studies we can conclude that among the 107 neurovascular cases, almost 84% were ischemic stroke related to cannabis or cannabinoid use (both natural and synthetic). Considering Table 1 it is found that, young population is experiencing alarming number of neurovascular complications due to recreational use of cannabis. Statistically, around 14% and 36.4% of reported cases were involved in teenager (below 20 years) and young people (21–30 years) respectively. Besides, about 26% of the reported patients in these case reports were aged between 31 to 40 years. However, the occurrence of neurovascular complication among middle aged and older people was significantly lower compared to the young and adult population with a value of 5.6% (aged between 51–60 years) and 2.80% (aged between 61–70 years). This data clearly indicates that, young people are severely affected by neurovascular diseases as they consume cannabis in higher amount compared to older people. Although some studies have been able to establish the possible correlation between cannabis use and ischemic stroke occurrence, only 11% of total reports have demonstrated the incident of hemorrhagic stroke due to cannabis exposure ( Fonseca and Ferro, 2013 ; Wolff and Jouanjus, 2017 ). Moreover, compilation of these case reports indicates that along with cannabis or cannabinoids use, other risk factors like alcohol, tobacco, dyslipidemia, migraine without aura, hypertension etc. also act as prodromal factors for the onset of cerebrovascular diseases.
Interestingly, it can also be noted from these case reports that the occurrence of neurovascular diseases such as stroke has drastically increased after 2010. Widespread availability of cannabis or synthetic cannabinoids and its legalization across the world may be the underlying reasons behind this.
Due to the alarming effect of cannabinoids on public health, several population-based studies have been performed to correlate the relation between cannabinoid exposure as well as cerebrovascular diseases. Various studies demonstrated that cannabinoids may act as a risk or prognostic factor for cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke ( Westover et al., 2007 ; Barber et al., 2013 ; Hemachandra et al., 2016 ; Rumalla et al., 2016a ; Rumalla et al., 2016b ). Table 2 summarizes all the findings from population-based analysis, conducted between 2000 and 2015.
Summary of population-based analysis related to cannabis use, conducted between 2000 and 2015.
Study type | Duration | Study design | Outcome | Strength | Limitation | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cross-sectional | 2000–2003 | N = 3,148,165 patients’ age: 18–44 | Cannabis was considered as a risk factor for IS (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.15–2.71) and for hemorrhagic stroke (OR 1.36, 95% CI 0.9–2.06) | -Large sample size, other risk factors e.g. amphetamine, cocaine were considered | -Unable to distinguish between primary and secondary or recurrent strokes. | ( ) |
-Study was conducted in a database representative of hospitalized conditions in all but the smallest rural hospitals in Texas. | - Possibility of misclassification of variables in a database of International classification of diseases, ninth revision, clinical modification (ICD-9-CM)–coded discharge diagnoses. | |||||
Cross-sectional | 2004–2007 | N = 200, Mean age at admission was 28.0 years (95% CI 26.7, 29.3). | Four cerebrovascular accidents in patients below 40 were found related to cannabis use | -Accurate detection of cannabis related hospitalization. | -Study was conducted in a restricted geographical area | ( ) |
-Other AEs e.g. psychiatric disorders, acute intoxication, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders were recorded. | -Small sample size. | |||||
- Difficulty in assessing precise epidemiological reference data in a context of illicit drug consumption. | ||||||
Case-control | 2009 | Patients’ age: 18–55 | 15.6% of patients had IS/TIA, cannabis use was related to increased risk of IS/TIA (OR: 2.30, 95% CI 1.08–5.08) | -Evidence of an association between a lifestyle that includes cannabis and tobacco, and IS | -Association between cannabis and IS/TIA independent of tobacco could not be confirmed. | ( ) |
- Use of a control cohort | - Other factors e.g. socioeconomic or employment status, alcohol and/or drug use, could not be measured. | |||||
-Urinary drug screens were conducted. | -Absence of extensive comparisons between patients and controls | |||||
Case series | 2006–2010 | N = 1,979, mean age: 34.3 | 1.8% cardiovascular complications reported, three of which were cerebrovascular complications (acute cerebral angiopathy, transient cortical blindness and cerebral artery spasm. | -Long study period | -lack of data due to underreporting of cases. | ( ) |
-Cardiovascular disorders were focused. | Some cases were not exhaustively informed. | |||||
- Toxicologic analyses were available in only 37% of cases. Lack of data on cardiac or vascular disease history, body mass index. | ||||||
Cross-sectional | 1999–2002 | 20–24 years (N = 2,383), 40–44 years (N = 2,525), and 60–64 years (N = 2,547) | 153 stroke/TIA cases (2.1%). Cannabis users (n = 1,043) had 3.3 times the rate of stroke/TIA (95% CI 1.8–6.3, < 0.001). Elevated stroke/TIA was specific to participants who used cannabis weekly or more often (IRR 4.7, 95% CI 2.1–10.7) | -Large sample size based on different age range. | -Lack of detailed history of participants’ cannabis use. | ( ) |
-Able to adjust for a wide variety of lifestyle and health factors that were related to stroke/TIA. | -Only correlate past year cannabis use with lifetime occurrence of stroke. | |||||
-Unable to control tobacco consumption concurrently with cannabis, family history of stroke/TIA, hyperlipidemia, or other drug use (e.g. recreational stimulant use) | ||||||
Cohort | 2004–2011 | N = 2,496,166 Patients’ age: 15–54 | Greater incidence of IS among cannabis users compared to non-users (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.11–1.15) | -Long study period | -Only primary diagnoses of AIS were included which may resulted in under-diagnosis of AIS patients. | ( ) |
-Association of other risk factors e.g. tobacco, cocaine, amphetamine was also considered. | -Unable to comprise any dose-dependent mechanisms of cannabis use due to the limitations of the ICD-9-CM coding system. | |||||
- lack of data on preadmission functional status and severity in the NIS, constrains adjustment for AIS severity. | ||||||
Cohort | 2004–2011 | Cannabis users: N = 2,496,165 Non-cannabis users: N = 116,163,453 Patients’ Age: 15–54 | Aneurysmal SAH incidence was slightly increased in the cannabis cohort compared to non-cannabis cohort (RR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02–1.11) | -Long study period | - Possibility of inaccuracy of diagnoses and procedural codes used to identify SAH patients from the NIS database. | ( ) |
- Use of the NIS database. | - Possibility of misclassification and under-classification of drug use using secondary ICD-9-CM codes. | |||||
-Large sample size | - No data related to the time from last drug use to aSAH was available. | |||||
- Assessment of preadmission functional status and severity of aSAH at admission was not possible to determine using NIS. | ||||||
Cohort | 2009–2014 | N = 725 ICH | Cannabinoid use in 8.6% ICH. No link was found between cannabinoid use and specific characteristics of ICH. CB+ patients had milder ICH presentation and less disability at discharge. | -Use of international, multicenter, observational, collaborative database. | -Lack of data on time of cannabis consumption. | ( ) |
Cohort | 2010–2015 | N = 108 Patients’ age ≥18 years | 25.9% with CB+ and delayed cerebral ischemia was diagnosed in 50% of CB+. CB+ was independently associated with delayed cerebral ischemia (OR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.03–6.99; = 0.01) and poor outcome (35.7% versus 13.8%; = 0.01) in SAH patients. | -Long study period | -Lack of patient care uniformity. | ( ) |
- UDS was performed. | -Limited ability to identify and include other relevant clinical features, including cardiopulmonary comorbidities, infections, recurrent aneurysmal rupture, hydrocephalus, and seizures. | |||||
-Unable to differentiate new cannabis use from residual drug excretion, considering that cannabinoids may persist in the urine for several days/weeks. | ||||||
-Unable to differentiate chronic use from single-episode cannabis consumption. | ||||||
-Unable to eliminate the possibility of false positive or negative UDS completely. |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; RR, relative risk; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; TIA, transient ischemic stroke; IS, ischemic stroke; CB+, cannabinoid user; UDS, urine drug screen.
The result from these large sample size studies provide information on the temporal relationship between cannabis use and cerebrovascular complications like intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and ischemic strokes (IS). Along with cannabinoids, other predominant risk factors were also considered in the assessments however, these studies have several limitations. This include lack of consideration for the high lipid solubility of cannabis metabolites which helps them to persist in fatty tissues, therefore they may be detected in the urine weeks after the initial use ( Mateo et al., 2005 ) and this may lead to erroneous result interpretation.
It is evident from various studies that, consumption of cannabinoids through inhalation and combustion, is associated with the occurrence of cerebral infarcts ( Garrett et al., 1977 ; Wolff and Jouanjus, 2017 ). Natural cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids may act as possible trigger for reversible intracranial vasoconstriction ( Wolff et al., 2015a ) which along with severely reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) could be a major prodromal factor to neuronal death by ischemia ( Wolff et al., 2014 ; Wolff and Jouanjus, 2017 ).
Different types of mechanisms might be involved in the development of stroke in cannabis users including orthostatic hypotension with the secondary impairment of the CBF autoregulation, altered cerebral vasomotor function, supine hypertension, and fluctuations in blood pressure, cardioembolism with atrial fibrillation, vasculopathy and vasospasm ( Singh et al., 2012 ; Wolff et al., 2013 ; Hirapara and Aggarwal, 2016 ), cerebral artery luminal stenosis, increased carboxyhemoglobin level, RCVS, and angiopathy ( Goyal et al., 2017 ). Although none of these mechanisms have been fully vetted to explain the association between use of cannabis and stroke occurrence, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction triggered by cannabis could be the most convincing theory to explain it ( Wolff and Jouanjus, 2017 ). It was shown in different case reports that, cannabis use was associated with reversible multifocal intracranial arterial stenosis ( Noskin et al., 2006 ; Calabrese et al., 2007 ; Koopman et al., 2008 ; Renard and Gaillard, 2008 ; Wolff et al., 2011 ; Marder et al., 2012 ; Tsivgoulis et al., 2014 ; Nouh et al., 2014 ; Yau et al., 2015 ; Wolff et al., 2015a ). Along with this, another eye-catching mechanism to explain the relationship between cerebrovascular complications and cannabis use could be the cellular effect of cannabis on brain mitochondria. A recent in vivo study conducted on mice has shown that THC inhibited the complexes I, II, and III of the respiration chain of mitochondria and increased the amount of hydrogen peroxide production ( Wolff et al., 2015b ). This strongly suggests that ROS production and therefore, oxidative stress, could be the linking mechanism between cannabis use and stroke. This well cope with current knowledge that oxidative stress and inflammation are established prodromal factors for the onset of stroke and other neurological disorders in humans ( Chen et al., 2011 ) (see also Figure 4 ).
Schematic illustration of the Activation of the cellular antioxidative response system under normal and stress condition. Under normal conditions, the response to injury is adaptive, designed to restore homoeostasis and to protect the cell from further injury. In response to excessive oxidative stress stimuli, NADPH oxidase is activated, producing an excess of O 2 ‑ which in the presence of nitric oxide (.NO; also abundant in CS and release in response to IR) results in formation of peroxinitrite (ONOO ‑ ). Furthermore, the excess of H 2 O 2 leads to the formation of hydroxyl radicals (OH; Fenton’s reaction). The unchecked OS leads then to mitochondrial depolarization, lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and inflammation which at the cerebrovascular level can cause BBB damage and ultimately facilitate the onset of CNS diseases.
Different preclinical studies demonstrated the effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors on stroke outcome, One of particular interest is the fact that cannabinoids not only decreased infarct volume following an ischemic stroke (both transient and permanent occlusion models), but also improved early and late functional outcome ( England et al., 2015 ). Furthermore activation of the endogenous cannabinoid signaling pathway as indirectly demonstrated by a study conducted on CB1 receptor knockout mice which exhibited increased mortality, severe infarct size, and neurological deficits after transient local cerebral ischemia, reduced cerebral blood flow, and increased N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) neurotoxicity when compared to wild type ( Parmentier-Batteur et al., 2002 ).
Post-stroke inflammatory responses can be reduced by CB2 ligands whereas, activation of CB1 receptors promotes chemical hypothermia. Both processes result in a reduced stroke infarct volume ( Leker et al., 2003 ; Murikinati et al., 2010 ). Specifically, activation of CB1 receptor activation reduces glutamate release ( Hayakawa et al., 2007 ), allied excitotoxicity ( Shen et al., 1996 ) and increased cerebral blood flow ( Parmentier-Batteur et al., 2002 ). On the other hand, CB2 receptors activation results in reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines release, neutrophil recruitment ( Murikinati et al., 2010 ; Zarruk et al., 2012 ) and adhesion of leukocyte to cerebral vessels ( Zhang et al., 2007 ).
Another study demonstrated that CB2 receptor plays a major role in driving neuroblast migrations as well as subsequent neurogenesis in the peri-infarct cortex after experimental stroke in mice which positively impact stroke outcome. It was also suggested that, endocannabinoid tone is essential for this process by promoting migration of neuroblasts toward the injured brain tissue which leads to increased number of new cortical neurons. As a result, motor functional recovery is increased which is beneficial for improving the outcome of aged patients as well as reducing their disabilities after chronic stroke ( Bravo-Ferrer et al., 2017 ).
Even though these preclinical studies suggest a neuroprotective action of cannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors on stoke outcome, the matter is far from being set. In fact, conflicting results remain ( Rivers-Auty et al., 2014 ; Garberg et al., 2016 ). Rivers-Auty et al. demonstrated that, CB2R agonist {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GW405833","term_id":"288331434","term_text":"GW405833"}} GW405833 , cannot improve brain damage related to hypoxia-ischemia in rat models ( Rivers-Auty et al., 2014 ). Another study conducted by Garberg HT et al. did not find any significant neuroprotective action of cannabinoids after hypoxia-ischemia in piglets ( Garberg et al., 2016 ). Finally, most of the neuroprotective effect of cannabinoids related preclinical studies did not evaluate stroke outcomes with behavioral studies however, behavioral studies are integral part of stroke outcome research ( Alamri et al., 2018 ). Investigators tried to correlate stroke outcomes with histological scores. Since histological improvement does not confirm long term post stroke benefits ( Clarkson et al., 2010 ), further studies with proper behavioral outcomes is required to clarify these contradictory findings ( Rivers-Auty et al., 2014 ). Furthermore, there are no human studies to confirm or refute these in data and properly assess the post-stroke effects of cannabinoids as neuroprotectant.
Cannabis based medications for instance nabiximols and THC have therapeutic potential against some symptoms associated with neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, chronic pain ( Cohen et al., 2019 ). Moreover, CBD, CBDV, and ▵9 THCV have been shown to have activity against epilepsy ( Scutt and Williamson, 2007 ; Dennis et al., 2008 ; Jones et al., 2010 ; De Petrocellis et al., 2011 ; Ma et al., 2008 ).
Exogenous cannabinoids such as CBD and nabilone are also found to have therapeutic activity in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and general and social anxiety ( Cohen et al., 2019 ). Although cannabinoid-based drugs have shown some therapeutic activities against neurological and psychiatric disorders the effect of cannabis on the neurological system cannot be denied. It has been demonstrated from various in vivo studies that THC is responsible for inducing dose-dependent toxicity as well as causing structural changes in those parts of brain which are rich in CB1 receptors. These receptors are located primarily in cerebellum, hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and striatum ( Lawston et al., 2000 ; Downer et al., 2001 ; Burns et al., 2007 ). However, studies conducted on human brains assessing the long term cannabis use and related brain structural changes do not fully confirm these findings although changes in the density of gray or white matter have been reported in different regions of frontal and parietal lobes ( Matochik et al., 2005 ; Churchwell et al., 2010 ; Gruber et al., 2011 ). This disconnect between in vivo and human studies might be due to the different sample characteristics, inter-individual variabilities related to past history of drug use, consumption rate, psychological problems, and differences in the experimental methodology ( Batalla et al., 2013 ). Moreover, some studies demonstrated changes in the hippocampus/parahippocampal complex and amygdala ( Matochik et al., 2005 ; Yucel et al., 2008 ; Zalesky et al., 2012 ; Goyal et al., 2017 ) and a recent one reported a significant reduction in gray matter in the CB1 receptors enriched regions of brain including media l temporal cortex, temporal pole, parahippocampal gyrus, insula, and orbitofrontal cortex when regular cannabis users were compared to groups of occasional users. These regions of the brain control motivation, emotion, and affective processing ( Battistella et al., 2014 ). Various studies reported that, adolescents can experience persistent deficiency in different cognitive functions including attention, memory, and processing speed due to chronic cannabis use ( Chadwick et al., 2013 ; Broyd et al., 2016 ; Szutorisz and Hurd, 2018 ). It has been found from neuropsychological tests and advanced imaging techniques that, learning process of adolescents can be affected by cannabinoid use as well ( Rivera-Olmos and Parra-Bernal, 2016 ).
Additionally, fatal brain development can also be affected by cannabis exposure during pregnancy which may ultimately result in impaired vision and coordination, larger intermittent attention, as well as behavioral problems in children at later phase ( Wu et al., 2011 ).
Also, different psychiatric diseases ( Table 3 ) including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, social anxiety, and suicidal thought are found to be higher in cannabis users compared to non-users ( Mental Health, 2017 ).
Adverse psychiatric consequence of cannabis use ( NIDA, 2019a ).
Acute (present during intoxication) | Persistent (lasting longer than intoxication, but may be temporary) | Long-term (total effects of repeated use) |
---|---|---|
Impairment of short-term memory | Impaired learning and coordination | Potential for marijuana addiction |
Impairment of cognitive functions | Sleep disorder | Impairment of learning and memory with potential loss of IQ |
Impaired coordination and balance | Increased risk of other drug and alcohol use disorders | |
Anxiety, paranoia | Increased risk of schizophrenia in people with genetic vulnerability | |
Psychosis (uncommon) |
These detrimental effects of cannabinoid may vary from person to person because of genetic variability. Besides, these detrimental effects can also depend on the age of the user. For instance, the exposure of adolescents to cannabinoids leads to severe memory impairment compared to adult ( Jouroukhin et al., 2019 ).
Several studies have demonstrated the potential role of gene variation on the development of psychosis due to cannabis use ( NIDA, 2019a ). It has been found that risk of psychosis among the daily cannabis users carrying a specific variant of AK21 gene is seven times higher compared with those who use it infrequently or never used ( Di Forti et al., 2012 ). Another study revealed an increased risk of psychosis among adults who carry a specific variant of the gene for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme and used cannabis during adolescence. This enzyme can degrade different neurotransmitters for instance, dopamine and norepinephrine ( Caspi et al., 2005 ).
Interestingly, cannabis use has also been shown to worsen the condition of schizophrenic patients. Cannabis can cause an acute psychotic reaction at high doses, in non-schizophrenic people who are cannabis users, although this fades as the drug effects wears off ( NIDA, 2019a ).
Although the mechanism behind THC induced cognitive and behavioral dysfunction is yet to be established, recent studies conducted on mice model have demonstrated that these detrimental effects are facilitated by astrocyte CNR1 ( Han et al., 2012 ; Chen et al., 2013 ). Moreover, THC may activate nuclear factor κB signal as well as upregulate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) which may result in elevated release of glutamate by astrocytes ( Bezzi et al., 1998 ).
Interestingly, all the cannabis users do not experience cognitive impairment which clearly suggests the impact of genetic vulnerability on detrimental effects of cannabis ( Blanco et al., 2016 ; Levine et al., 2017 ; Hasin, 2018 ). Likewise, several preclinical studies in genetically mutated mice model for psychiatric disorders showed higher effect of THC on memory ( O’Tuathaigh et al., 2010 ; Long et al., 2013 ; Tantra et al., 2014 ; Ballinger et al., 2015 ; Segal-Gavish et al., 2017 ) although the underlying mechanism of the effect of genetic mutation on cognitive function has not been delineated yet ( Jouroukhin et al., 2019 ). A recent study reported that genetic predisposition and THC exposure synergistically activates the NF-κB-COX-2 signal in astrocytes. This activation results in excessive glutamate secretion and decreased immunoreactivity of parvalbumin-positive presynaptic boutons around pyramidal neurons of the CA3 area of the hippocampus as well as impaired memory. It has been suggested from this research that, COX-2 inhibitors can prevent these cognitive deficits which may act as a potential target for future studies ( Jouroukhin et al., 2019 ).
It is well established that oxidative stress (OS) is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction in a causative and dose dependent manner. Current scientific opinion considers the exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS; e.g. H 2 O 2 , epoxides, nitrogen dioxide, peroxynitrite- ONOO ‑ , etc.), and OS-mediated pathways leading to inflammation ( Ahmed et al., 2019 ) and cellular/tissue damage to play a major role in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular and neurological disorders like stroke, and Alzheimer’s and BBB impairment ( Sajja et al., 2018 ). At the cerebrovascular level OS promotes oxidative damage and BBB breakdown via tight junction (TJ) modification as well as activation of proinflammatory pathways ( Pun et al., 2009 ). Under normal conditions, ROS are converted into less reactive molecules by superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) as well as scavenged by endogenous antioxidants including vitamins (such as ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol) ( Chiu et al., 2008 ; Hossain et al., 2011 ). Activation of the Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NRF2), a redox-sensitive transcription factor which, in turn, promotes the activation of several biological systems encompassing anti-inflammatory molecules, antioxidants, drug metabolizing enzymes (including cytochrome P450s), and free radical scavengers, also plays a critical protecting role against OS(136-138). However, chronic exposure to OS stimuli [such as that to tobacco smoke ( Prasad et al., 2017 )] can overwhelm these protective mechanisms and/or compromise their functionality ( Prasad et al., 2017 ; Kaisar et al., 2018 ).
From the point of view of oxidative stress, several studies suggest that smoking marijuana is not much different than smoking tobacco. Sarafian et al. have previously shown that marijuana cigarettes promote the formation of ROS while lowering the intracellular levels of glutathione ( Sarafian et al., 1999 ). In addition, other investigators found that THC, the main psychoactive component in the cannabis, acts as a potent promoter of OS and inflammation, thus appearing as a risk factor for the onset of ischemic stroke ( Wolff et al., 2015b ). On the other hand, there are also evidences that non-psychoactive CBDs, can have neuroprotective effects by reducing the reactivity of microglial cells, and transmigration of leukocytes (through downregulation of chemokines, interleukin-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) ( Mecha et al., 2013 ). In vitro studies using amyloid-beta-stimulate PC12 neurons CBD could inhibit the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase, thus preventing the production of nitric oxide and reducing OS ( Esposito et al., 2006 ). By contrast, in vivo studies to assess the protective effect of cannabis treatment against OS development and nigrostriatal cell injury induced by intrastriatal injection of rotenone did not produce any significant result ( Omar, 2015 ). Unfortunately, there are contrasting results concerning the oxidative and antioxidative property of cannabinoids. Some of these controversial results could be attributed to the length of exposure such as acute vs. long term chronic exposure. As for the overall pro-oxidative effect of smoking marijuana, it is very likely that ROS are generated as a byproduct of combustion rather than a direct effect of cannabinoids. Similarly to tobacco smoke where most of the oxidative stress is generated by the combustion of tobacco rather than exposure to nicotine which can also promotes OS but to a much lower extent ( Naik et al., 2014 ).
Cannabis or marijuana is the most widely used recreational drug and around 181 million people use it around the world 2 . Even though cannabis is used for treating inflammation, nausea seizure, pain, mental disorder, addiction ( NIDA, 2019b ) movement problem, Alzheimer’s ( Mack, 2000 ), uncontrolled use of cannabinoids may have severe detrimental effects. Now-a-days cannabis use among young people especially teenagers has been increased drastically as a recreational element. National Institute of Drug Abuse reported that, 13.90% of 8 th graders, 32.60% of 10 th graders, and 43.60% of 12 th graders are prevalent to marijuana or hashish, according to the data of 2018 ( NIDA, 2018 ). It has also been found that, cannabis use among college students in US remains at the highest level in last three decades. Around 38% of full time college students and 41% of non-full time college students, who are aged 19–22 used cannabis at least once in one year ( Schulenberg et al., 2018 ; Marijuana use among US college students remains at highest level in three decades, 2018 ). This data clearly indicates the widespread use of cannabis among youth and it is the high time to elucidate the consequence of cannabis use in human. Although the direct effect of cannabis exposure and health consequences is still unknown, numerous case reports, population-based studies as well as animal studies demonstrated the potential link between cannabis use and neurovascular as well as neurological diseases. It is evident from various studies that, recreational use of cannabinoids is related to both cardio and cerebrovascular events such as ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke ( Goyal et al., 2017 ) and neurological diseases for instance structural and functional changes in brain, cognitive dysfunction as well as behavioral disorders ( Chadwick et al., 2013 ; Battistella et al., 2014 ; Broyd et al., 2016 ; Szutorisz and Hurd, 2018 ). Unfortunately, both cerebrovascular and neurological disorders are found to be higher in young population as they are the main consumer.
Although the underlying mechanism behind cannabis use and occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases has not been elucidated yet, the handful of case reports and preclinical studies on animal model highlighted provide some plausible insights. These includes (but not limited to) reversible cerebral vasoconstriction ( Wolff et al., 2015a ), ROS generation inducing oxidative stress (although, similar to tobacco smoke ROS could be generated as a byproduct of marijuana combustion rather than a specific effect of cannabinoids) ( Chen et al., 2011 ), cerebral artery luminal stenosis, cerebral auto-dysregulation, cardioembolism, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS), angiopathy ( Goyal et al., 2017 ). A very recent report showed that, genetic modifications as well as age of consumers play a pivotal role in developing neurological disorders ( Jouroukhin et al., 2019 ). However, additional and more specific studies will be necessary to determine their relevant contribution to the onset of cerebrovascular and neurological disorders.
To the best of our knowledge, a very few studies have been performed to understand the mechanism of detrimental effect of cannabis on both neurology and the BBB. Since the BBB restricts the communication between blood and brain parenchyma and maintains cerebral homeostasis, damage of BBB results in neuronal dysregulation and degeneration. Therefore, it is evident the studying the effects of cannabis and particularly chronic exposure to it, should be considered a major target for future studies.
SA conceived the study and prepared the drafting of the manuscript. LC assisted with the drafting of the manuscript and preparation of the figures. LC also oversaw the entire project and provided funding support. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Drug Abuse 2R01-DA029121-01A1 and National Institutes of Health/Food and Drug Administration 1R01-OD026234 to LC.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
cAMP, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate; BBB, Blood-Brain Barrier; CBs, Cannabinoids; CBD, Cannabidiol; CBF, Cerebral blood flow; CNS, Central nervous system; COMT, Catechol-O-methyltransferase; COX-2, Cyclooxygenase-2; ECS, Endocannabinoid system; GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor; GSH-Px, Glutathione peroxidase; ICH, Intracerebral hemorrhage; IS, Ischemic strokes; OS, Oxidative stress; NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate; NRF2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor; NVU, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor; PTSD, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor; RCVS, Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome; ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species; SAH, Subarachnoid hemorrhage; SC, Synthetic cannabis; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; THC, Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol; TJ, Tight junctions; 11-OH-THC, 11-hydroxy Δ9_Tetra hydrocannabinol; THCCOOH, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannbinol; TRPV1, Transient receptor potential cation-channel subfamily V member 1; PPARs, Peroxisome proliferator activator receptors.
A new report looks at more than 10,000 studies on marijuana. It has good and bad news for pot users.
by German Lopez
Marijuana has been with humans in some way or another for thousands of years. But after all this time, there is still a lot of public debate about what, exactly, pot’s risks and benefits are.
A recent review of the research from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine attempts to fill the gap in our knowledge. By combing through more than 10,000 studies published since 1999, the review, conducted by more than a dozen experts, provides the clearest look at the scientific evidence on marijuana yet.
The research finds both some strong benefits and major downsides to cannabis. It seems to be promising for chronic pain, multiple sclerosis, and cancer patients. But it also seems to pose a significant risk for respiratory problems if smoked, schizophrenia and psychosis, car crashes, lagging social achievement in life, and perhaps pregnancy-related problems.
The findings aren’t just for marijuana; they’re for marijuana or cannabinoids, chemical compounds commonly found in pot. It’s possible that, down the line, some of the benefits in particular will be split from the marijuana leaf itself — although many drug experts believe that there’s an “entourage effect” with marijuana in which all of its cannabinoids and chemicals, which number in the hundreds , work together to make its effects as potent as possible.
One major caveat to this: The report is, by its own admission, only a best guess for a lot of its findings, because much of the research out there just isn’t very good. The report pins the lack of good research largely on government policies — particularly regulatory barriers linked to marijuana’s federal classification as a highly restricted Schedule 1 substance — that make it hard to conduct good studies on the drug. The National Academies ultimately calls for these barriers to be cut down and more research to be funded so we can get a better idea of what pot is capable of, especially as more states legalize it for both medical and recreational uses.
Still, the report is the best look at marijuana yet. It is nearly 400 pages; if you want a really deep dive into the benefits and harms of marijuana, you should read it in full . But here I’ve provided a summary of what the researchers found.
Since the mid-1990s, 28 states have legalized marijuana for medical uses. But in all that time, the benefits of pot have remained hazy. Despite some research showing that it can be good for pain and muscle stiffness, many of the claims about what pot can do for other ailments — such as epilepsy and irritable bowel syndrome — are based on anecdotal evidence and have yet to be scientifically proven.
The report can’t fully validate or invalidate all of the claims about marijuana’s medical benefits, given that there are still no studies on some of these questions, and many of the studies that are out there are bad or lacking. But it does have some solid findings.
For one, the review confirms what previous studies have found: There is “substantial evidence” that marijuana is good for treating chronic pain. This is one of the most common reasons cited for marijuana’s medical use — particularly in light of the opioid painkiller epidemic , which has spawned in part as patients turn to opioids to try to treat debilitating pain. The report concludes that marijuana can treat chronic pain. And that may allow it to substitute more dangerous, deadlier opioid painkillers.
The report also found “conclusive evidence” that marijuana is effective for treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Coupled with the findings on pain, this suggests that marijuana really is a potent treatment for cancer patients in particular, who can suffer from debilitating pain and severe nausea as a result of their illness.
And the report found “substantial evidence” that marijuana can improve patient-reported multiple sclerosis spasticity symptoms. But it only found “limited evidence” for marijuana improving doctor-reported symptoms of this kind.
Beyond the strongest findings, the report found “moderate evidence” that marijuana is effective for “improving short-term sleep outcomes in individuals with sleep disturbance associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, fibromyalgia, chronic pain, and multiple sclerosis.” It also found “limited evidence” for marijuana’s ability to treat appetite and weight loss associated with HIV/AIDS, improving Tourette syndrome symptoms, improving anxiety symptoms in individuals with social anxiety disorders, and improving PTSD. And there’s “limited evidence” of a correlation between marijuana and better outcomes after a traumatic brain injury.
The report also disproved — or at least cast a lot of doubt — on some of the claimed benefits of pot. It found “limited evidence” that marijuana is ineffective for treating symptoms associated with dementia and glaucoma, as well as depressive symptoms in individuals with chronic pain or multiple sclerosis.
And it found “no or insufficient evidence” for marijuana as a treatment for cancers, cancer-associated anorexia, irritable bowel syndrome, epilepsy, spasticity in patients with paralysis due to spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, dystonia, drug addiction, and schizophrenia.This doesn’t mean that marijuana can’t treat any of these — some patients, who are prescribed pot for these ailments today, will swear that marijuana helped treat their epilepsy, for example — but that there’s just not enough evidence so far to evaluate the claims.
Overall, the report suggests that, as far as therapeutic benefits go, marijuana is a solid treatment for multiple symptoms associated to chronic pain, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and multiple sclerosis. Everything else, from epilepsy to HIV/AIDS, needs more research before pot is more definitively shown to be effective or ineffective.
Marijuana is often described as one of the safest drugs out there, in part because it’s never been definitively linked to an overdose death and it’s broadly safer than other drugs like alcohol, tobacco, cocaine, and heroin. And while the National Academies’ report doesn’t find evidence of a marijuana overdose death, it does add a few wrinkles to the narrative of marijuana as a safe drug.
For one, the report finds “substantial evidence” of marijuana’s negative effects for a few conditions. For long-term marijuana smokers, there’s a risk of worse respiratory symptoms and more frequent chronic bronchitis episodes. For pregnant women who smoke pot, there’s a risk of lower birth weight for the baby. For marijuana users in general, there’s a greater risk of developing schizophrenia and other psychoses. And there’s a link between marijuana use and increased risk of car crashes.
The report also found “limited evidence” of links between marijuana use and several other negative outcomes, including an increased risk of testicular cancer, triggering a heart attack, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pregnancy complications. And it found “moderate” to “limited” evidence that marijuana use might worsen symptoms or risk for some mental health issues, including depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among heavier users, and anxiety disorders, particularly social anxiety disorder among regular users.
Besides medical conditions, the report found evidence for some psychosocial problems. There’s “moderate evidence” that acute marijuana use impairs learning, memory, and attention. There’s “limited evidence” of marijuana use and worse outcomes in education, employment, income, and social functioning.
There was some good news: The report found “moderate evidence” of no link between marijuana smoking and lung cancer or marijuana use and head and neck cancers, which are commonly linked to tobacco. There was also “moderate evidence” of better cognitive performance among individuals with psychotic disorders and a history of marijuana use.
The report, however, couldn’t find sufficient evidence for pot’s links to a lot of problems: other types of cancer, an increased chronic risk of heart attack, asthma, later outcomes for infants born of mothers that used marijuana during pregnancy, deadly pot overdoses, and PTSD.
With the problems specifically linked to smoking marijuana, it’s worth noting that other forms of consumption — vaping and edibles in particular — may not carry the same risk. More research will be needed to evaluate that, particularly for vaping.
The report also found some “substantial evidence” that more pot use can lead to problematic marijuana use — what one typically thinks of as excessive use or even dependence. It also outlined, with “limited” to “substantial” evidence, some of the risk factors for problematic marijuana use, including being male, smoking cigarettes, a major depressive order, exposure to combined use of other drugs, and use at an earlier age. But it also cited “limited” to “moderate” evidence to rule out a few risk factors, including anxiety, personality, and bipolar disorders, adolescent ADHD, and alcohol or nicotine dependence.
It also found a “limited” to “moderate” evidence of a correlation between marijuana use and use of other illicit drugs. This is the typical evidence cited for the so-called “gateway” effect: that marijuana use may lead to the use of harder drugs.
One caveat to much of the research: correlation is not always causation. For example, in the case of the “gateway” effect, other researchers argue that the correlation between pot and harder drug use may just indicate that people prone to all sorts of drug use only start with marijuana because it’s the cheapest and most accessible of the illicit drugs. If cocaine or heroin were cheaper and more accessible, there’s a good chance people would start with those drugs first.
Still, the bottom line is that marijuana does pose some harms — particularly for people at risk of developing mental health disorders, pregnant women, those vulnerable to respiratory problems, and anyone getting into a car. And while some of these harms may be overcome by marijuana’s benefits or curtailed by consuming pot without smoking it, the evidence shows that weed’s reputation as a safe drug is undeserved.
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How to master the art of writing a successful cause and effect essay that captivates your readers and earns you top grades.
Are you intrigued by the interconnected nature of events and phenomena? Do you aspire to unravel the hidden threads that link causes to effects? Crafting a cause and outcome essay provides an excellent platform to explore and dissect these connections, allowing you to showcase your analytical skills and express your ideas with precision and clarity.
In this comprehensive guide, we will delve deep into the art of writing cause and outcome essays, equipping you with effective strategies, invaluable tips, and real-life examples that will help you master the craft. Whether you are a seasoned writer looking to enhance your skills or a beginner eager to embark on a new writing journey, this guide has got you covered.
Throughout this journey, we will navigate the intricate realm of cause and outcome relationships, examining how actions, events, and circumstances influence one another. We will explore the essential elements of a cause and outcome essay, honing in on the importance of a strong thesis statement, logical organization, and compelling evidence. By the end of this guide, you will possess the necessary tools to produce a captivating cause and outcome essay that engages your readers and leaves a lasting impact.
When composing a paper that focuses on exploring the connections between actions and their consequences, there are several essential tips that can help you write a compelling cause and effect essay. By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your essay is well-structured, clear, and effectively communicates your ideas.
Before diving into writing, take the time to carefully analyze and identify the causes and effects you want to discuss in your essay. Clearly define the relationship between the actions and consequences you plan to explore, ensuring that they are relevant and significant. |
Structure your essay in a logical and coherent manner. Begin with an engaging introduction that introduces the topic and presents your thesis statement. Then, organize your body paragraphs in a way that allows for a clear progression of ideas and supports your thesis. Finally, conclude your essay by summarizing your main points and reinforcing the relationships between causes and effects. |
When explaining the causes and effects, strive to provide clear and concise explanations. Use specific examples, data, or evidence to support your claims and illustrate the connections between actions and consequences. Avoid vague or ambiguous language that can confuse your readers. |
Use transitional words and phrases to ensure a smooth flow of ideas and improve the readability of your essay. Words and phrases such as “because,” “as a result,” “therefore,” and “consequently” can help signal the cause and effect relationships in your writing. |
After completing the initial draft of your essay, take the time to thoroughly proofread and edit your work. Look out for any grammar, spelling, or punctuation errors, and make sure your writing is clear and concise. Remove any irrelevant or repetitive information that may distract your readers. |
By following these tips, you can enhance your ability to write a compelling cause and effect essay. Remember to analyze the causes and effects carefully, organize your ideas effectively, provide clear explanations, use transitional words, and proofread your essay to ensure a polished final piece of writing.
One of the most important aspects of writing a cause and effect essay is understanding its purpose and structure. By understanding these key elements, you can effectively communicate the relationship between causes and effects, and present your argument in a clear and organized manner.
In a cause and effect essay, the purpose is to analyze the causes of a specific event or phenomenon and explain the effects that result from those causes. This type of essay is often used to explore the connections between different factors and to demonstrate how one event leads to another.
To structure your cause and effect essay, consider using a chronological or sequential order. Start by introducing the topic and providing some background information on the causes you will discuss. Then, present your thesis statement, which should clearly state your main argument or claim.
In the body paragraphs, discuss each cause or group of causes in a separate paragraph. Provide detailed explanations, examples, and evidence to support your claims. Make sure to use transitional words and phrases to guide the reader through your essay and to show the logical progression of causes and effects.
Finally, in the conclusion, summarize your main points and restate your thesis, reinforcing your overall argument. You can also discuss the broader implications of your analysis and suggest possible solutions or further research.
By understanding the purpose and structure of a cause and effect essay, you can effectively convey your ideas and arguments to your readers. This will help them follow your reasoning and see the connections between causes and effects, leading to a more convincing and impactful essay.
When embarking on the journey of writing a cause and effect essay, one of the first steps is to choose an engaging and relevant topic. The topic sets the foundation for the entire essay, determining the direction and scope of the content.
To select an effective topic, it is important to consider your interests, as well as the interests of your intended audience. Think about subjects that captivate you and inspire curiosity. Consider current events, personal experiences, or areas of study that pique your interest. By choosing a topic that you are genuinely passionate about, you will be more motivated to conduct thorough research and present compelling arguments.
Additionally, it is essential to select a topic that is relevant and meaningful. Identify an issue or phenomenon that has a clear cause-and-effect relationship, allowing you to explore the connections and consequences in depth. Look for topics that are timely and impactful, as this will ensure that your essay resonates with readers and addresses significant issues in society.
Moreover, a well-chosen topic should have enough depth and breadth to support a comprehensive analysis. Avoid selecting topics that are too broad or shallow, as this can make it challenging to delve into the causes and effects in a meaningful way. Narrow down your focus to a specific aspect or aspect of a broader topic to ensure that you have enough material to explore and analyze.
In conclusion, choosing a topic for your cause and effect essay is a critical step that will shape the entire writing process. By selecting a topic that aligns with your interests, is relevant and meaningful, and has enough depth and breadth, you will lay the foundation for a compelling and informative essay.
Before diving into writing a cause and effect essay, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive research on the topic of your choice. This research phase will provide you with the necessary background information and context to develop a strong and well-supported essay.
During the research process, explore various sources such as books, academic journals, reputable websites, and credible news articles. Utilize synonyms for “research” like “investigate” or “explore” to keep your writing engaging and varied.
Avoid relying solely on a single source or biased information. Instead, strive to gather a variety of perspectives and data points that will enhance the credibility and validity of your essay.
Take notes as you research, highlighting key points, statistics, and quotes that you may want to include in your essay. Organize your findings in a clear and structured manner, making it easier to refer back to them as you begin writing.
Incorporating well-researched evidence and supporting examples into your cause and effect essay will lend credibility to your arguments, making them more persuasive and convincing. By conducting thorough research, you will be able to present a well-rounded and informed analysis of the topic you are writing about.
One of the crucial steps in writing any type of essay, including cause and effect essays, is creating an outline. An outline helps to organize your thoughts and ideas before you start writing, ensuring that your essay has a clear and logical structure. In this section, we will discuss the importance of creating an outline and provide some tips on how to create an effective outline for your cause and effect essay.
When creating an outline, it is important to start with a clear understanding of the purpose and main points of your essay. Begin by identifying the main cause or event that you will be discussing, as well as its effects or consequences. This will serve as the foundation for your outline, allowing you to structure your essay in a logical and coherent manner.
Once you have identified the main cause and effects, it is time to organize your ideas into a clear and logical order. One effective way to do this is by using a table. Create a table with two columns, one for the cause and one for the effect. Then, list the main causes and effects in each column, using bullet points or short phrases. This will help you see the connections between the different causes and effects, making it easier to write your essay.
In addition to listing the main causes and effects, it is also important to include supporting details and examples in your outline. These can help to strengthen your argument and provide evidence for your claims. Include specific examples, facts, and statistics that support each cause and effect, and organize them under the relevant point in your outline.
Lastly, make sure to review and revise your outline before you start writing your essay. Check for any gaps in your logic or missing information, and make any necessary adjustments. Your outline should serve as a roadmap for your essay, guiding you through the writing process and ensuring that your essay is well-structured and coherent.
In conclusion, creating an outline is an essential step in writing a cause and effect essay. It helps to organize your thoughts and ideas, ensuring that your essay has a clear and logical structure. By identifying the main cause and effects, organizing your ideas into a table, including supporting details and examples, and reviewing your outline, you can create an effective outline that will guide you through the writing process.
Once you have identified the main causes and effects of the topic you are writing about, it is time to develop your body paragraphs. In these paragraphs, you will present specific evidence and examples to support your claims. The body of your essay should be well-structured and focused, with each paragraph addressing a single cause or effect.
Start each body paragraph with a topic sentence that clearly states the main point you will be discussing. Then, provide detailed explanations and evidence to support your argument. This can include statistics, research findings, expert opinions, or personal anecdotes. Remember to use clear and concise language to convey your ideas effectively.
In order to make your writing more coherent, you can use transition words and phrases to connect your ideas and create a logical flow between paragraphs. Words like “because”, “as a result”, “therefore”, and “consequently” can be used to show cause and effect relationships.
Additionally, it is important to use paragraph unity, which means that each paragraph should focus on a single cause or effect. Avoid including unrelated information or discussing multiple causes/effects in a single paragraph, as this can confuse the reader and weaken your argument.
Furthermore, consider using examples and evidence to enhance the clarity and persuasiveness of your arguments. Concrete examples and real-life scenarios can help illustrate the cause and effect relationship and make your writing more engaging to the reader.
In conclusion, developing the body paragraphs of your cause and effect essay is crucial in presenting a well-structured and persuasive argument. By using topic sentences, clear explanations, transition words, and relevant evidence, you can effectively convey your ideas and convince the reader of the cause and effect relationship you are discussing.
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Show More What does marijuana cause? and how it spread in the past years?. "Marijuana is the most common illicit re rational drug used in the United States". "As many as 77% of illicit drug users are current users of marijuanaâ. Marijuana has spread a lot and peoples who takes it between 12-25 ages. Millions of people around the world are marijuana users. United State of America had legalize the marijuana in Colorado.CO and Washington.DC. Itâs wrong to legalize the marijuana, because itâs effect for the body, health, and family issues. There âre many side effects of marijuana that impact the community and the person himself. Marijuana can effects very badly on the health. âMarâjuana can effect specially the brain. It can effect the memory, the person who take marijuana always forget things. It can make the person does not realize what happen around him. If he or she are students face problem in learning lessons and analyze it. Marijuana can effect on behavior and make the person do things that he or she does not aware from it. The most important effect of marijuana itâs on pregnant women. âResearch shows that the use of marijuana in the teen years increases the severity of schizophrenia and lowers the age of its onset for those susceptible to it." Marijuana itâs very dangerous for the people it can …show more content… "Marijuana use can also have a wide range of effects on the cardiopulmonary system. It causes various respiratory problems and it forces the heart to work much harder than it should"". "It actually causes the heart to beat 100 per cent more and within the first hour increases the risk of a heart attack fivefold". "Marijuana use also has many dangerous effects on mental health. It can produce temporary psychotic reaction, including hallucinations and paranoia, depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts among adolescents and personality disturbancesâ. All that effects can lead the country into economic
Stephanie watson smoking marijuana essay.
HOOK Stephanie Watson, a freelance writer and editor with a Bachelorâs Degree in Mass COmmunications, suggests that âSmoking marijuana [can] change the way the brain and [the] economy works.â The human brain can be effected in a good way and a bad way from marijuana. There are long term effects and short term effect that this drug brings. Some long terms effects permanently damage the brain while other short term effects can damage the brain as easily.…
Medical and therapeutic properties of marijuana have been the subject of numerous studies for several years now, many of whom have demonstrated their positive effect in treating diseases such as cancer, psychological syndromes such as autism, preventive measures against diabetes or mental ailments such as anxiety. You can find facts about marijuana and mental and psychological effects by many open source journals. Several scientific journals, books and other publications, try a variety of issues on the effects of the plant, as its physiological effects on the lungs, the brain and the immune system, sexual organs, hormones, etc. in addition to its psychological effects as its addictive properties and effects on emotions and personality. There…
Typically, it is smoked or mixed with food. The article states that constant use of cannabis can damage the brain and lungs. Children that are born to mothers that consumed cannabis when pregnant face poor memory and a low level of attentiveness. Even young people that use cannabis often lose interest in school and drop out. Many of the strong supporters of legalization believe that the active ingredient in marijuana, THC, helps with pain associated with AIDS, cancer, and other diseases.…
The things that weed does to you is that you have trouble thinking or remembering, your eyes turn red, your mouth gets dry, you eat more, fast heart rate and slowed coordination. The marijuana use damages the brain of teens because our brains are still developing and growing. The situation of marijuana obsession does exist, studies show some long-term daily users seek treatment to quit, but they keep smoking marijuana, despite its effects in many ways , they also talk about effects like relationship and family problems, low energy and self-esteem memory problems, and low life-satisfaction. Marijuana can also lead to other addictionsž especially in people who start smoking at a young age.…
Blunt Force Trauma: The Truth About Marijuana Cannabis, pot, hashish, hemp, sinsemilla, dope, grass, weed, Mary Jane, bud, hash, bhang, kef, ganja, locoweed, reefer, doob, spliff, toke, roach: these are all devilish synonyms of one drug. Marijuana. This drug has started to be legalized in many states. Many people are wondering if it will be legalized in their state. Yet should it be legalized?…
It causes cognitive impairment and dementia. Astronauts that flew to the moon are 4x more likely to die of heart disease. Of the 7 included astronauts, 43% died from cardiovascular disease. Marijuana is a drug that reduces blood flow to the brain. Some short term side effects are: Short-term memory problems, Severe anxiety including fear that one is being watched or followed (paranoia) Very strange behavior, seeing, hearing or smelling things that arenât there, not being able to tell imagination from reality (psychosis), Panic, Hallucinations, Loss of sense of personal identity, Lowered reaction time, Increased heart rate (risk of heart attack), Increased risk of stroke, Problems with coordination (impairing safe driving or playing sports), Sexual problems (for males), and Up to seven times more likely to contract sexually transmitted infections (for females).…
Marijuana has many different properties and effects that can be made on the human body.…
It can also worsen certain mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and even worsen symptoms of schizophrenia. On top of the effects marijuana will have on your brain the effects it can have on your body could be just as bad affecting your lungs, and (in a pregnant woman) the developing fetus. According to…
The main cause of addiction to marijuana is the psychoactive ingredient known as THC. THC stands for delta-9-tetrahydro-cannabinal. It is a drug that is stored…
Marijuana has become more of a popular drug lately as a result of of the huge debates over legalizing it for medical use. Although several people are for this idea, they have no idea of what marijuana can do. Marijuana should be illegal being its usage can negatively affect your health, future, and those who use it are at a higher crime rate. Marijuana usage has been proven to have a negative impact on oneâs health. Marijuana…
Marijuana has some physical effects on the body that can be good. One of the good physical effects it has is appetite. When cannabis is used it creates increased appetite which is good for those who have problems eating. Another main positive effect of marijuana is chronic pain release. Marijuana has certain elements that have been proven by research studies that it has a type of pain reliever not found in other types of traditional medicines.…
Marijuana is a commonly abused drug due to its effects. As the tolerance builds up, marijuana can lead people to consume drugs that are stronger to achieve the same high. When the effects wears off, the person will turn to more influential drugs. Marijuana itself does not lead the person to the other drugs: people take drugs to get rid of unwanted situations or…
Marijuana has, compared to other both legal and illegal drugs, low effects on the human body. âNo death from marijuana overdose has ever been reported and the ill effects of alcohol, nicotine, and prescription painkillers (...) vastly overweight those of marijuanaâ ( Ingraham, Janet. âLee, Martin A. Smoke Signals: A Social History of Marijuana--Medical, Recreational, and Scientificâ). Research has also shown that marijuana â use does not lead to physical dependence, and there are no withdrawal symptoms when the drug is not discontinuedâ (âdrug useâ Britannica School. Encyclopaedia Britannica).…
Marijuana Should Not Be Legalized Why should Americans fight to legalize marijuana in all states? Marijuana has been around for many years alongside other illegal drugs that are not viable to ones ' health. But evidence does prove that cancer patients use it to cope with severe pain; when other pain killers are not quite effective anymore. Marijuana should not stay illegal and should be banned for good, even in states that have legalized this drug. The federal government has legalized it and only a few states, but this substance is highly taxed for a great cause.…
Pot also affects how one drives. Most people think that it is okay to smoke marijuana and drive, but they are wrong. After one smokes weed, they loose focus on whatever they are doing, and everything becomes a joke to them. Other negative side effects of smoking marijuana include, problems with memory and learning, distorted perception, difficulty with thinking and problem solving, loss of coordination, increased heart rate, anxiety, and paranoia and panic attacks. More over, marijuana has been known to suppress nausea, relieve eye pressure, decrease muscle spasms, stimulate appetite, stop convulsions and eliminate menstrual pain.…
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Marijuana is the most commonly used illegal substance in the U.S. and its use is growing. Marijuana use among all adult age groups, both sexes, and pregnant women is going up. At the same time, the perception of how harmful marijuana use can be is declining. Increasingly, young people today do not consider marijuana use a risky behavior.
But there are real risks for people who use marijuana, especially youth and young adults, and women who are pregnant or nursing. Todayâs marijuana is stronger than ever before. People can and do become addicted to marijuana.
Approximately 1 in 10 people who use marijuana will become addicted. When they start before age 18, the rate of addiction rises to 1 in 6.
Marijuana use can have negative and long-term effects:
Marijuana use during pregnancy can be harmful to a babyâs health and cause many serious problems.
How much do you really want to know about the risks of marijuana? You might be surprised.
Contrary to popular belief, marijuana is addictive. Research shows that:
Over the past few decades, the amount of THC in marijuana has steadily climbed; today's marijuana has three times the concentration of THC compared to 25 years ago. The higher the THC amount, the stronger the effects on the brainâlikely contributing to increased rates of marijuana-related emergency room visits. While there is no research yet on how higher potency affects the long-term risks of marijuana use, more THC is likely to lead to higher rates of dependency and addiction.
Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica plant. Marijuana is a psychoactive drug that contains close to 500 chemicals, including THC, a mind-altering compound that causes harmful health effects.
People smoke marijuana in hand-rolled cigarettes, in pipes or water pipes, in blunts, and by using vaporizers that pull THC from the marijuana. Marijuana can also be mixed in food (edibles), such as brownies, cookies, and candy, or brewed as a tea. People also smoke or eat different forms of marijuana extracts, which deliver a large amount of THC and can be potentially more dangerous.
Today, marijuana use is on the rise among all adult age groups, both sexes, and pregnant women. People ages 18-25 have the highest rate of use.
Marijuana and THC remain illegal at the federal level, even though many states have legalized its use. In states where legal, marijuana is a fast-growing industry with sales to individuals over 21 in retail stores, wineries, breweries, coffee shops, dispensaries, online, as well as grown at home.
» View and share the following marijuana videos and resources
Video: Marijuana Use while Pregnant or Breastfeeding
Video: Virtual Assistant
7 Ways Marijuana Can Affect Your Brain Health (PDF | 901 KB)
Video: Build a Brain
If you, or someone you know, need help to stop using substances â whether the problem is methamphetamine, alcohol or another drug â call SAMHSAâs National Helpline at 1-800-662-HELP (4357) or TTY: 1-800-487-4889 , or text your zip code to 435748 (HELP4U), or use the SAMHSAâs Behavioral Health Treatment Services Locator to get help.
Last Updated: 07/15/2024
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Home â Essay Samples â Law, Crime & Punishment â Marijuana Legalization â Marijuana Legalisation: Positive and Negative Effects of Marijuana
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Introduction, the legal status and history of marijuana in new zealand, negative effects of marijuana, the benefits of marijuana.
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Marijuana is a drug obtained from a plant called cannabis sativa. Another name for cannabis sativa is hemp. The plant was grown in the United States of America for agricultural purposes during the colonial period up to the beginning of the 20 th century. It was used in the manufacture of birdseed, clothes, lacquer and ropes. Marijuana is the most commonly abused drug among the youths in the United States and other countries in the world, as well (Iversen, 2001).
Once I get to know that my teenage child smokes marijuana, I will advise him/her on the merits of using the drug as well as the dangers associated with it for his/her life. The teenager may be smoking because of pressure exerted to them by their sisters, brothers or friends around them or because they see older people smoking.
The media encourages teenagers to use marijuana. Characters in various television programs like movies smoke marijuana openly, contributing to the fact that the youth, spending most of their time in front of TVs, regards it as a normal issue.
Its use is seen as a way of relieving stress and, therefore, a gateway to escaping problems arising at schools, in families and the way to solve conflicts with friends. Out of curiosity, many teenagers are tempted to smoke to know how it feels to be under the influence of drugs. Whatever the reasons, my child will have behind marijuana use, I will advise him/her to avoid it completely because of the following five reasons (Joy, 1999).
Use of marijuana has been banned not only in the United States of America where its use originated but also in most other countries. This is mainly because of the effects it has been found to have on its users and the society in general. According to Iversen (2001), the use of marijuana is a health hazard. Once smoked, marijuana is absorbed in the blood stream.
It lowers the pressure of the blood and at the same time, it increases the rate at which the heart beats. Pulse rate may go up to 20 to 50 times beyond the normal rate or even more if it is used in combination with other drugs. Researchers have found that low blood pressure and high pulse rate puts marijuana users at a greater risk of heart attack, which is likely to take place within the first hour of smoking than normal people.
There are high chances of conducting chest illnesses like heavy coughing and lung infections. Its users may develop a stinging mouth. Studies have also shown that tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) compound contained in the drug lowers down the immune system of the body making the body weak to resist diseases. This makes its users vulnerable to other diseases.
Chances of giving birth to abnormal children are high for pregnant mothers if they take marijuana. Miscarriages and premature births are also common. It is costly to treat diseases associated with smoking. In severe cases, these diseases cause death leading to reduction of the population. Mental disorders are also associated with marijuana. Once absorbed in the blood stream, it distorts the normal functioning of the brain. There are reported cases in which excessive use of marijuana leads to insanity (Joy, 1999).
According to Joy (1999), marijuana is associated with risky sexual behaviors that put an individual at risk of conducting sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea and HIV aids.
Drug users fall as victims of rape where they force other people into sex. Drug consumption increases rate among students. Mainly, drug users perform poorly at schools, which they often decide to quit. This lowers the status of education in the society. Finally, marijuana users tend to be violent. Some do not carry out their roles in the family like provision of basic needs.
Wife battering is very common among drug users. This leads to family breakages. Marijuana and other illegal drugs are expensive. Because of the above negative effects associated with marijuana use, there should be some control over the marijuana use. Consumption of marijuana in large contents should be avoided. If it has to be used, people should follow doctorâs prescriptions on how and when to take it to avoid its negative effects on the user and the whole society as well.
Iversen, L. (2001). The science of marijuana , London: Oxford University Press.
Joy, E. (1999). Marijuana and medicine: assessing the science base , New York, NY: National Academies Press.
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It may not be as dangerous as cocaine or heroin , but it can lead to those types of drugs, and it can bring out addictive behavior that can lead to other addictions. While some see it as recreational, even alcohol , which is legal, can lead to dangerous and deadly behavior, and marijuana is no different. It is an addictive drug, it alters behavior, and it can lead to poor decision making, such as driving stoned, which can have deadly consequences. It is a drug, it changes behavior, and it can lead to all types of complications. It may be seen as harmless, but it reality, it is harmful, and it should remain regulated and illegal. There are many people who believe it should be decriminalized, especially for tax reasons in a down economy . However, that would only lead to additional legal and court costs when stoned people commit crimes. Marijuana has a negative effect on people, and there is no way that making it legal would change those effects.
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Marijuana legalization.
Marijuana Legalization Marijuana, also known as marihuana, is a drug that is taken from Cannabis sativa, a hemp plant. It is one of the most frequently used and popular drugs in the world along with caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. The United States of America is one of the world's leading producers of marijuana where it is generally smoked and is also referred to as weed or reefer by the citizens ("marijuana"). Marijuana
In addition to its effects on the body, marijuana also has distinct neurological actions. The primary psychoactive chemical in marijuana is delta-9 tetrahydrocannibinol, or THC. THC content in marijuana varies greatly, which is one of the reasons why it is difficult to generalize about marijuana effects. However, THC does have certain specific actions on brain chemicals and structures. According to Alexander, "THC has been proven to affect the transferring of
The state currently spends a great deal of money on detaining people on marijuana related offenses. Legalization could help to free up some of these resources which could then be used on more important programs throughout the state. When examining the economic benefits of marijuana legalization it is important to weigh the social costs related to outlawing access to goods, because such restrictions create black markets. Black markets are associated
They were simply caught up in the lawlessness and anarchy that the prohibition on marijuana causes. Laws and policies in the United States that are theoretically intending to protect the social order are causing chaos and disorder in Mexico, and for some reason the U.S. government thinks dead Mexicans are not a big problem. To have no soul or compassion for the victims of this prohibition is simply evil. The
Depression Among Preschoolers Depression is an illness where one gets bad feelings that hang on for weeks or even longer. The feelings don't go away that easily just like the way bad feelings do after a day or few hours, it hangs on a bit longer and could as well lead to a disease which ought to be treated. When you one is depressed one feel sad, angry, hopeless and discouraged.
The relationship between marijuana and harder drugs changes over time as different drugs become more or less popular. Because marijuana is the most popular illegal drug in the U.S. today, people who have used less popular drugs (heroin, cocaine, LSD) are also likely to have used marijuana. Most marijuana users have never used any other illegal drugs (Morral 2002, Kandel and Davies, 1992). Opponents also argue that marijuana can cause
Lauren Ferguson English 1101 Robertson 1 December 2016 Cause and Effects of Legalizing Marijuana Legalizing marijuana, or known as weed, can produce an abundant number of pros and cons. Associating the legalization of marijuana to tobacco may generate verbal and physical arguments between many individuals. Observations from a source the NYLN Youth Leader Blog reports, âthe legalization of marijuana can regulate crimes, protect law enforcement, provide medical benefits, and boost incomeâ (â19 Primary Pros and Cons of Legalizing Weedâ n.p.). Although weed may benefit its seller, it can cause treacherous dangers for handlers and non-users. According to the NYLN Youth Leader Blog, âeven though marijuana has its pros, it contains risks such as, …show more content…
Many people disagree, but recent studies from an article posted on WebMD.com states, âcurrent research shows your body naturally produces marijuana-like chemicals which can ease pain such as, muscle spasms caused by multiple sclerosis, nausea from cancer chemotherapy, seizure disorders, and moreâ (Anne Harding n.p.). Medical personnel believe marijuana cannot cure, but aid countless quantities of patients with sicknesses. Although the substance cannot only help with medical issues, but it can serve as a safety net for law enforcement while allowing officers to focus on increasing criminal rates. Regarding the NYLN Youth Leader Blog, âlegalizing advocates claim the transformation will permit law enforcement additional time catching convicts committing other crimes, and will theoretically allow judges along with prosecutors to focus on resolving cases dealing with violenceâ (â19 Primary Pros and Cons of Legalizing Weedâ n.p.). The legalization will grant law enforcement with protection as well as decrease crime rates, so many publics plan to support the ratification of …show more content…
Many people seem to push for the legalization while others not so much. Marijuana is believed to help ease painful illnesses as well as provide safety for law enforcement along with their attention to deal with more serious crimes. With that being sad there are endangerments that come with using marijuana such as the potential for a dealer to sell you synthetic weed with harmful chemicals. Another con is the alteration in oneâs awareness when the drug is present in the body such as, the risk of getting behind the car and causing a fatal accident meaning death for yourself or another individual. Anyone can argue the pros and cons on marijuana, but the ratification may turn out to only harm more people than what it is sought out to be. Along with the legalization of weed, many people are on the big topic of tobacco use compared to marijuana. Tobacco is believed to have worse outcomes on your body than weed, and allow you to have addiction issues as well as health issues. The use of tobacco in avid smokers can cause damage to your heart, lungs, blood vessels, etc. Although tobacco is said to be worse, some of the outcomes have similarities in both substances and are being investigated in hope for more answers in the
The question of whether or not marijuana should be legalized for recreational and medicinal use has been a three decade long conversation. There are many pros and cons to legalizing marijuana. There are many different ideas about the effects of marijuana, but as with any drug answers are going to vary depending on the person you survey. Age, health, and mental stability are all factors to consider how a drug can positively or negatively affect you, and marijuana is no different. To be legal or not to be legal is the million dollar question up for debate.
The legalization of recreational marijuana is an important debate, one that could really cause drastic changes in societies. Marijuana has entered a dark stage in the pathway of legalization, and it is correlating with the prohibition stage that alcohol rested in. The debate can often reach a nasty level between individuals taking sides with the topic. Legalization of marijuana can be very beneficial under regulated circumstances, therefore making all of the negative views less important.
The dispute over the legalization of cannabis sativa, more commonly known as marijuana, is one of the most controversial issues ever to take place in the United States. Its use as a medicine has existed for thousands of years in many countries across the globe. Legalization should be considered despite efforts made by groups who say marijuana is a harmful drug that will increase crime rates and lead users to other more dangerous substances. The legalization of marijuana can improve our society by helping with our economy, freeing legal resources, and benefiting the overall health of the nation though medical uses.
There will always be pros and cons in every situation, but marijuana actually has many pros. Marijuana may affect the development of the brain and behaviors if used at a young age, but it also helps with many disorders. âThe panel said cannabinoids stimulate the appetite, combat nausea, and might also control pain. The drug also acts as a sedative and reduces anxiety, which may itself have a therapeutic effect, they addedâ (Ault, 1). Marijuana could be very helpful for those who are ill. It is a step at discovering new ways to cure diseases and help with the symptoms of different disorders. If we already know that marijuana could help with pain, sickness, and mental health, then why not legalize it? Many physicians have prescribed medical marijuana to those who are undergoing pain due to cancer. Most of the feedback the physicians get are
Legalizing marijuana has always been an interesting topic for many people to dispute about. Some people say it is good, while others say it is bad. No matter what topic you speak about, it has its pros and cons. For example, marijuana can be used in great ways if legalized. Through money given from dispensaries to the crime rate lowered because of the ability to acquire marijuana in legal ways. Some bad examples are that it can be a gateway drug and can cause one to want a âbetter highâ to people thinking it affects people's lives. Legalizing marijuana (medical and recreational) will help the United States with money, crime, and other numerous ways.
The legalization of marijuana is, and has been a heavily disputed issue for decades. On one hand, marijuana could lead to a medical breakthrough, or at least provide relief to cancer and AIDS patients. On the other hand, legalizing a drug could expose it to too broad an audience. As a drug, marijuana has never proven to be anywhere near as harmful as cigarettes or alcohol. Each year in the United States, 400,000 people die from tobacco, 50,000 from alcohol, and from marijuana, zero. Regardless of what side one may take to this argument, there are some causes to this marijuana debate that everyone should know. Marijuana was not always illegal, and the reasons behind the history of narcotic regulation are interesting when viewed from
The legalization of marijuana will bring in much needed revenue to the US economy through tax revenue, the creation of jobs, decrease in the number of those incarcerated for marijuana possession, and help treat various health conditions that would otherwise cause an enormous amount of pain. Although marijuana is often looked down upon as a Schedule I illegal drug, this medicinal plant has been around for more than a decade and has been used for more than the "get high" purpose. Marijuana is non-toxic compared to multiple types of medications now on the market and it has never caused an over dose. It is also less expensive, if legalized than most of the overly priced medications provided by
To start off, many people think weed should not be legal. One reason some may say it is not safe to legalize weed is public safety. âMarijuana use, like the use of alcohol, can cause impairment in the user. This means if a person is driving whilst under the influence, they may be more prone to having a collision and potentially harming a pedestrian or fellow road user.â (10 Reasons Marijuana Should Remain Illegal). Also, some think the use or marijuana will lower the quality of life. â
Legalizing marijuana has been a dispute in American for several years now, yet should not be considered. Marijuana also referred to as cannabis or weed is one of the most controversial drugs in the world and especially in the United States. Many people believe that it should be legalized because of medical reasons but on the contrary this substance does more harm than good. Society has been negatively affected in many different ways through this hallucinogenic drug. Crime rate has increased because of marijuana and legalizing marijuana would only increase this rate. Also through the legalization of marijuana our society is at harm of many risks. Our youth
Marijuana does not sound as harmful as people have said it, and itâs misleading the public. For example, the U.S federal government data has shown that the average THC in marijuana is less than five percent. Compare to Alcohol and tobacco, Marijuana does not cause strong addiction, cancer, heart problems, birth defect, emphysema, liver damages and ect. A recent 2009 populations case-control study found marijuana smoker that had smoked for over a 20 years period of time has shown a reduced risk of head and neck cancer. Without the effects of marijuana, the consumer is free from all memory issues but only cause short-term memory while under the influence of marijuana. Marijuana can reduce respiratory health hazard or spread of second hand smoking, since it can be consumed in non-smoking way and still have the same effect. Non-smoking hazard ways include using it as a spice for baking, flavor for drinking and etc. According to a 1997 UCLA school of Medicine study, volume 155 of the American Journal of Respiratory of Critical care Medicine, stated that both the continuing or the intermittent marijuana smoker showed any significantly different rates decline in lung function as compared to non-smoker. If marijuana were legalized, it will reduces health care cost by accidental injection of unsafe drug usage and reduce the possibility of overdose.
There are many things that have been debated on for years and the people still havenât come close to a decision. Among these topics is the legalization of marijuana. Marijuana also referred to as cannabis has become this big controversy topic dividing the nation into two. One side is all for the legalization of marijuana, others are very against it. I for one am all for the legalization of marijuana because it can be used to better oneâs medical and mental state.
The legalization of Marijuana for recreational use has been a hot topic for quite some time. Arguments about why it should or should not be legal have been some of the highlights of many debates. Marijuana, which is usually wrongfully conveyed as a harmful drug that will only do harm to our society if it get legalized for recreational use. Skepticism aside, the history and facts about weed don't illustrate a dangerous drug that leads to the deterioration of the human body and mind, but the opposite excluding it's already proven pain tolerance .The legalization of Marijuana for recreational use is something that should be instated in every state in the country due to it already being legal in some states, people are gonna use it no matter what, and because its effects being less harmful compared to other substances that are legal.
The topic of marijuana use in todayâs society is currently a hot topic in both politics as well is in social settings. There are many positives and negatives towards whether or not marijuana should be legalized, as well as medical and recreational pros and cons. This paper will cover the pros and cons of all topics and my personal viewpoint on the topic.
Many people claim that there is no known case of people dying due to marijuana. This is a half truth since itâs not the marijuana itself that kills; itâs its side effects. Marijuana causes lung and throat cancer much like cigarettes. As a matter of fact, marijuana is worse for the lungs, since it contains three times as much tar as cigarettes and itâs usually smoked without a filter. They also claim there is not nearly as much crime due to marijuana use compared alcohol. This is also true but for one simple reason. Alcohol is legal and more easily accessible than marijuana. Itâs the fact that marijuana is illegal that is keeping these numbers so low. Legalizing marijuana would be like adding fuel to a fire. If marijuana were to be legalized these number are sure to increase.
Marijuana should not be legalized because it will increase health issues, its use will rise rather than decline, and taxation will result in economic failure. In recent years, however, society has become very moderate, and this is why societyâs views can be swayed by the benefits of legalization. Nowadays, legalizing marijuana is not that big of a deal as it was in the 60âs and 70âs when hippies and peace organizations were advocating for marijuana use. However, if marijuana is legalized it has been said that it might be the gateway drug to legalizing all illegal drugs.
Marijuana controversy.
Marijuana is not being looked at as a harmful illegal drug, rather it is beginning to be looked at as helpful. Since the first state legalized cannabis, the rise in usage has gone up drastically. A major reason to this growth in usage…
In Canada, approximately 47,000 deaths that are related to substance abuse occur each year (Teen Challenge). Drug addiction is an immensely growing issue in our society, especially among our youth. Over the past few decades, the youth drug rates have decreased, but with the impending legalization of marijuana, the future leads to increasing rates. The Trudeau government has passed a bill to legalized marijuana in the early summer of 2018. Many people state that marijuana is not a drug, simply because it is not a âhardâ drug. The risks of marijuana are like any drug, it will effect your mind, body and behaviour.…
Drinking alcohol and smoking weed is as much a part of college as studies, possibly even more so. Most students arrive at college expecting to go to a lot of parties and have more fun. This expectation, of having a lot of fun that students have from college isnât complete without alcohol consumption and marijuana usage and so almost all studentsâ drink and/or smoke. Of the two, drinking happens less often, only because there are fewer opportunities and occasions to do it. Both of the things have become a norm not only at UB but also at any other college. Its part of college life. In fact its such a big part of college that some students choose the college they wish to attend, not based on it teaching credentials or merit but on the schools party scene. Smoking, like drinking, is also a norm at college. It occurs way more often than drinking because to smoke marijuana you donât need any special occasion or to be at an event such as tailgating, you can do it whenever you want.…
Marijuana can be found on every college campus in the United States and is the drug of choice coming in right behind alcohol. Harvard School of public health conducted a survey over the last eleven years and found that marijuana use in college has gone from 26.4 % in 1989-1991 to 33.6% in 2000 (http://www.edc.org/hec/pubs/prev-updates/marijuana.html). According to a similar study, the majority of students on college campuses that use marijuana will also participate in other high risk activities. This destructive behavior includes things such as cigarette smoking, binge drinking and sex while intoxicated. Marijuana is so easy to obtain and can be very tempting to experiment with, especially if you have already had a few drinks and your thinking is impaired.…
When Canadians hear the word cannabis, they donât associate it with images of junkies zonked out on the street corners, simply because marijuanaâs impact on society has not been disastrous. âThere is very little evidence that smoking marijuana as a means of taking it represents a significant health risk. Although, cannabis has been smoked widely in Western countries for more than four decades, there have been no reported cases of lung cancer or emphysema attributed to marijuana,â states Lester Grinspoon, a medical doctor. Over 70% of Canadianâs approve of the decriminalization of marijuana. Legalizing marijuana, growing hemp, producing itâs products, supporting research and development into itâs many uses, cutting down the pollution and deforestation levels to well below Kyotoâs meager demand, I wouldnât see why any Canadian would vote against itâs decriminalization.…
Research undoubtedly proved that marijuana has potential to start complications in daily-life or add on to existing problems. Users who abuse the substance in heavy amounts commonly have dissatisfaction in life, a lot health risk physically and mentally, problems with relationship with peers, and not as much success academic wise compared to their peers the went to school with. Being tardy to…
In Arizona marijuana is only permitted under certain circumstances, such as needing it for medical purposes. If you are caught with over two pounds of the drug you will be charged for possession. If you are charged with possession it is classified as a class six felony which is pretty serious on your resume, if you are charged more than once you have a chance to go to jail for just having the drug on you. The max amount of time in jail you can get for anything related to selling or having marijuana is 12.5 years for hash. A class one misdemeanor is the smallest fine you can get is 2,500 dollars, so you can just envision how much a class six felony could be. Even if you do have a medical marijuana card you can not grow more than one plant at a time, and you can only have in your possession two and a half ounces. If a cop pulls you over, even…
Under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, marijuana is classified as a Schedule I drug because it has "a high potential for abuse." This means that the perception is that people get hooked on marijuana and become "potheads," and it begins to dominate their lives. This without a doubt occurs in some cases. But it also happens in the case of alcohol--and alcohol is perfectly legal.…
Alcohol and marijuana are both substances that are despised by many individuals- especially the older generations. Many believed and still think that alcohol and marijuana, among various drugs and substances, cause people to lose their sound judgment and behave irresponsibly- occasionally reaching a point of violence if a high amount of the substance is consumed. In fact, they are thought to be a key factor in a personâs downfall occasionally. Several individuals support the ban of these substances at any cost.…
The apparent increase in drug related offenses may be attributable to the increase in availability of the drugs. In Colorado marijuana was legalized for medicinal purposes and suddenly became a popular drug with minors in schools, as it was obtainable at the home from parents or guardians that have a valid prescription. This has led to many students being prosecuted for both possession and distribution within schools.…
Marijuana is the most commonly abused illegal drug in the U.S. and around the world. Those who support its legalization, for medical or for general use, fail to recognize that the greatest costs of marijuana are not related to its prohibition; they are the costs resulting from marijuana use itself.…
In the early 1990s, one in every fifty college students used marijuana daily or nearly everyday. In 2013, one in every twenty college students used marijuana daily or everyday. Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in 34 years of the survey. The daily use of marijuana is at the highest among college students. About fifty-one percent of full-time college students have used an illicit drug at some point in their lives. Thirty-nine percent of college students used one or more drugs 12 months before the survey. One in eleven men use marijuana and one in every thirty-four women use marijuana. College students also use the amphetamine Adderall for nonmedical use. Students use the drug to stay awake, concentrate, preparing for tests, and…
The legalization of medical marijuana is a current policy issue that has caused much tension between the different levels of government, as well as between the state and local agencies. This public policy has caused much conflict because of the various aspects of it such as legalization for medical use, the decriminalization of marijuana; and the many discrepancies that it has between federal and state laws. Legalization of medical marijuana has many pros and cons that have been brought to light by many different branches of the government, however, the issue of federalism is extremely prevalent.…
Over the years, many people say marijuana shouldn't be legalized, which is wrong. The Canadian government needs to legalize the usage of marijuana. If the Canadian government will legalize marijuana, it's going to bring in a lot of money to our economy. Legalizing marijuana would reduce violence. Tobacco and alcohol are far more harmful than marijuana. Marijuana has always been misjudged as a deadly drug, but what people do not realize is that marijuana is not as bad as cigarettes, and can have its uses medical wise.…
The drug Marijuana has been widely used for many years. This illegal drug has caused much controversy over being legalized. It is the third most popular abused substance worldwide. Heavy users of this drug often argue that alcohol, which is legal and more dangerous than Cannabis. People see marijuana as a gateway drug. Teens who often start with marijuana often times become users of a more addictive and dangerous drug. The use of marijuana causes many health issues such as lung cancer, loss of brain cells, impaired motor ability, blood vessel blockage and many other problems. âChildren ages 12-17 are 85 times more likely to use cocaine Marijuana has also been linked with teen violence, suicide, crime and unsafe sex-HIV transmissionâ (http://marijuanatoday.com/cons.php).…
This essay about the short-term effects of marijuana explores how its use can lead to a range of immediate experiences. It highlights how marijuana can enhance sensory perceptions, making colors and sounds more vivid and altering one’s sense of time. The essay also addresses the increase in appetite known as the “munchies,” which can be beneficial or lead to unhealthy eating habits. Additionally, it discusses mood changes, including euphoria and potential anxiety, and notes the cognitive effects such as impaired memory, attention, and coordination. Overall, the essay underscores the variability of marijuana’s effects and emphasizes the importance of understanding and managing its impact for both recreational and medicinal users.
How it works
Marijuana, often touted for its relaxing effects and therapeutic potential, can also induce a range of short-term experiences. When consumed, the immediate effects of this plant can vary significantly from person to person, influenced by factors such as the method of consumption, dosage, and individual physiology. Understanding these short-term effects can provide valuable insights into both its recreational and medicinal uses.
Upon ingestion, whether through smoking, vaping, or edibles, users frequently report an altered state of consciousness. This alteration often manifests as an enhanced sensory experience, where colors seem more vibrant, sounds become more profound, and time may appear to slow down.
Such sensory distortions can be particularly intriguing, offering a heightened appreciation of music, art, or nature. However, they can also lead to disorientation or impaired judgment, which might pose risks, especially in situations requiring quick reflexes or clear thinking.
Another common short-term effect is an increase in appetite, often referred to as the âmunchies.â This is a well-documented phenomenon where users experience a heightened sense of hunger, leading them to seek out and consume more food than usual. While this effect can be beneficial for individuals undergoing treatments that suppress appetite or for those with eating disorders, it can also contribute to unhealthy eating habits if not managed mindfully.
Marijuana also influences mood, with many users reporting feelings of euphoria and relaxation. This can be a significant draw for recreational users seeking stress relief or a mood boost. However, the mood-altering effects can be unpredictable. Some individuals might experience anxiety or paranoia, especially in higher doses or if they are not accustomed to the substance. This variability underscores the importance of understanding oneâs own tolerance and the setting in which marijuana is consumed.
The cognitive effects of marijuana are notable as well. Short-term use can impact memory, attention, and coordination. Users might find it challenging to focus on tasks or recall recent events, which can affect productivity and safety, particularly when engaging in activities such as driving. These cognitive impairments are typically temporary, subsiding as the effects of the drug wear off. Nevertheless, they highlight the need for caution when using marijuana, especially in situations where mental clarity is crucial.
In summary, while marijuana can provide a range of enjoyable and therapeutic effects, its short-term impact is multifaceted. Enhanced sensory perception, increased appetite, mood changes, and cognitive alterations are all part of the experience. As with any substance, the key to a positive experience lies in understanding these effects and using the drug responsibly.
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Introduction. Cannabis, commonly termed as marijuana, weed, pot, and ganja, is the most widely used illicit recreational drug around the world (Thomas et al., 2014; Wolff and Jouanjus, 2017).It is extracted from the natural plant Cannabis sativa and among more than 60 cannabinoids, tetrahydrocannabinol is one of the major active ingredients of cannabis (Atakan, 2012).
Believe me you, marijuana also have a very good positive effect on our health. This part of essay discusses the positive effects of marijuanas. They range from improvements to quality of life to the potential treatment of debilitating diseases. In the short-run, cannabis can provide instant relief from various ailments, such as chronic stress ...
Marijuana is perceived as a harmless drug, and its recreational use has gained popularity among young individuals. The concentration of active ingredients in recreational formulations has gradually increased over time, and high-potency illicit cannabinomimetics have become available. Thus, the consumption of cannabis in the general population is rising. Data from preclinical models demonstrate ...
Whether you have to write an argumentative, descriptive, or cause and effect essay, our article will be helpful. It contains marijuana topics to research and write about. You can use them for a paper, speech, or any other assignment. Best marijuana essay examples are added to inspire you even more. đ Top 10 Marijuana Research Topics
For one, the report finds "substantial evidence" of marijuana's negative effects for a few conditions. For long-term marijuana smokers, there's a risk of worse respiratory symptoms and ...
Reasons for Discussion. As mentioned previously, marijuana plays an increasingly large role in society. Efforts or legalizing the drug bring forth challenges connected with the best way to regulate its distribution, usage and production.
In a cause and effect essay, the purpose is to analyze the causes of a specific event or phenomenon and explain the effects that result from those causes. This type of essay is often used to explore the connections between different factors and to demonstrate how one event leads to another. To structure your cause and effect essay, consider ...
Cannabis Cause And Effect Essay; Cannabis Cause And Effect Essay. Decent Essays. 1101 Words; 5 Pages; Open Document. Hailey Yocum ... Smoking of marijuana can cause the person to become addicted to cocaine, heroin, and other drugs. Heavy or daily use effects the parts that control memory, attention, and learning (Facts for Teens, 13). ...
Stephen Tracey Professor Curran English 101 10 November 2011 Marijuana: Cause and Effect Today in America, millions of American citizens are both confused and outraged by the fact that there are still laws that are preventing people from using one of the most popular and controversial, illegal substances in the world: marijuana.
The situation of marijuana obsession does exist, studies show some long-term daily users seek treatment to quit, but they keep smoking marijuana, despite its effects in many ways , they also talk about effects like relationship and family problems, low energy and self-esteem memory problems, and low life-satisfaction.
Approximately 1 in 10 people who use marijuana will become addicted. When they start before age 18, the rate of addiction rises to 1 in 6. Marijuana Risks. Marijuana use can have negative and long-term effects: Brain health: Marijuana can cause permanent IQ loss of as much as 8 points when people start using it at a young age. These IQ points ...
I believe this is simply human nature. Cause and effect are for many reasons why someone life is the way it is. Often times cause and effect can be a life changing opputiorite. For example, many people do not think of the cause and effect of the use of medical marijuana.
According to this study, the most often used illicit substance (marijuana) has an active ingredient called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which causes mind-altering effects.
Whether smoke marijuana causes the effect of mental health, such as schizophrenia and depression or not. For example, research showed Acute exposure to cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids (Spice / K2) can cause various transient psychotic symptoms, cognitive deficiencies and psychophysiological abnormalities, very similar to schizophrenia ...
Marijuana is a drug obtained from a plant called cannabis sativa. Another name for cannabis sativa is hemp. The plant was grown in the United States of America for agricultural purposes during the colonial period up to the beginning of the 20 th century. It was used in the manufacture of birdseed, clothes, lacquer and ropes.
Decriminalization and the Sanctioning of Marijuana in the World The Socioeconomic Benefits Associated with Decriminalisation of Marijuana Legalization of Marijuana: Issue and Solution Who Killed Jonbenet Ramsey: Essay Fire Safety Engineering Problems: Case Studies Media Analysis: Study of Robert Latimer Case Research Essay on Marijuana ...
This essay discusses the immediate effects of marijuana on cognitive and physical functions. It highlights how THC, the primary psychoactive compound in marijuana, can alter perception, mood, and consciousness, leading to both positive and negative outcomes. ... Apart from the psychological effects, marijuana use can also cause a variety of ...
The authors concluded that marijuana's role in drug escalation is more than likely genetically influenced rather than reflecting other spurious sources of influence. This is because the gateway effect held for dizygotic but not monozygotic twins [71]. Marijuana use and the risk of psychiatric disorders
Marijuana Causes And The Effect Essay . PAGES 2 . WORDS 666 . Cite Related Topics: Drug Cartel, Legalizing Marijuana, Zombie, Cause And Effect. View Full Essay . There is a large, well-maintained drug smuggling organization that provides marijuana to American users, and many of those organizations are located in Mexico.
Without the effects of marijuana, the consumer is free from all memory issues but only cause short-term memory while under the influence of marijuana. Marijuana can reduce respiratory health hazard or spread of second hand smoking, since it can be consumed in non-smoking way and still have the same effect.
Positive Effects of Marijuana's Impact on Health: Benefits Essay Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica plant. The plant contains the mind-altering chemical THC and other similar compounds.
Cause and Effect Essay Marijuana can be found on every college campus in Canada and is the drug of choice coming in right behind alcohol. The Department of...
Essay Example: Marijuana, often touted for its relaxing effects and therapeutic potential, can also induce a range of short-term experiences. When consumed, the immediate effects of this plant can vary significantly from person to person, influenced by factors such as the method of consumption