Ensuring timely and reliable access to and use of information.
As the total potential impact on the university increases from low to high, data classification should become more restrictive, moving from public to restricted . If an appropriate classification is still unclear after considering these points, contact the Information Security Office for assistance.
The Information Security Office and the Office of General Counsel have defined several types of Restricted data based on state and federal regulatory requirements. This list does not encompass all types of restricted data. Predefined types of restricted information are defined as follows:
An Authentication Verifier is a piece of information that is held in confidence by an individual and used to prove that the person is who they say they are. In some instances, an Authentication Verifier may be shared amongst a small group of individuals. An Authentication Verifier may also be used to prove the identity of a system or service. Examples include, but are not limited to: | ||
See the University's . | ||
EPHI is defined as any Protected Health Information (PHI) that is stored in or transmitted by electronic media. For the purpose of this definition, electronic media includes: | ||
Export Controlled Materials are defined as any information or materials that are subject to the United States export control regulations, including, but not limited to, the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) published by the US Department of Commerce and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) published by the US Department of State. See the for more information. |
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FTI is defined as any return, return information, or taxpayer return information that is entrusted to the University by the Internal Revenue Services. See for more information. | ||
Payment card information is defined as a credit card number (also referred to as a primary account number or PAN) in combination with one or more of the following data elements: Payment Card Information is also governed by the University's (login required). |
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Personally Identifiable Education Records are defined as any Education Records that contain one or more of the following personal identifiers: See Carnegie Mellon's for more information on what constitutes an Education Record. | ||
For the purpose of meeting security breach notification requirements, PII is defined as a person’s first name or first initial and last name in combination with one or more of the following data elements: | ||
PHI is defined as individually identifiable health information transmitted by electronic media, maintained in electronic media, or transmitted or maintained in any other form or medium by a Covered Component, as defined in Carnegie Mellon’s . PHI is considered individually identifiable if it contains one or more of the following identifiers: Per Carnegie Mellon's , PHI does not include education records or treatment records covered by the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act or employment records held by the University in its role as an employer. | ||
Controlled Technical Information means technical information with military or space applications that is subject to controls on the access, use, reproduction, modification, performance, display, release, disclosure, or dissemination per . | ||
Documents and data labeled or marked For Official Use Only are a pre-cursor of as defined by the . | ||
The EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) defines personal data as any information that can identify a natural person, directly or indirectly, by reference to an identifier, including: Any personal data that is collected from individuals in European Economic Area (EEA) countries is subject to GDPR. For questions, send an email to . |
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, as defined by is a designation from the US government for information that must be protected according to specific requirements (see ). CUI is an umbrella term for multiple other data types, such as , For , and information. Personally Identifiable Information can also be CUI when given to the University as part of a Federal government contract or sub-contract. |
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1.0 | 11/16/22 | Guideline moved from the ISO site. |
2.0 | 4/14/23 | Guideline was updated and approved by the Data Stewardship Council. |
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Similarly, when writing your paper, use first-person pronouns when describing work you did by yourself or work you and your fellow authors did together when conducting your research. For example, use "we interviewed participants" rather than "the authors interviewed participants." When writing an APA Style paper by yourself, use the ...
Total: 1) Writing in the first, second, or third person is referred to as the author's point of view. When we write, our tendency is to personalize the text by writing in the first person. That is, we use pronouns such as "I" and "we". This is acceptable when writing personal information, a journal, or a book.
Many writers believe the "no second-person" myth, which is that there is an APA Style guideline against using second-person pronouns such as "you" or "your.". On the contrary, you can use second-person pronouns in APA Style writing. Although use of second-person pronouns is generally avoided in academic writing, this is not an APA ...
Second-Person Point of View. Generally, it is best to avoid second person pronouns in scholarly writing because they remove the distance between the reader and the writer. Instead, try to use first or third person pronouns to enhance clarity. Most Walden programs and APA (2020) allow the appropriate use of first person.
Scientists thought it was better to favor the research, not the researcher, so "I conducted a study on" was changed to "the researcher conducted a study on.". This business of having to use third person, however, can result in imprecise language and, worse, ambiguity. Most academic styles now recommend first person, with APA leading the ...
Yes, APA language guidelines encourage you to use the first-person pronouns "I" or "we" when referring to yourself or a group including yourself in your writing. In APA Style, you should not refer to yourself in the third person. For example, do not refer to yourself as "the researcher" or "the author" but simply as "I" or ...
Writing in the first person, or using I and we pronouns, has traditionally been frowned upon in academic writing. But despite this long-standing norm, writing in the first person isn't actually prohibited. In fact, it's becoming more acceptable - even in research papers. If you're wondering whether you can use I (or we) in your research ...
General Use of I or We. It is totally acceptable to write in the first person in an APA Style paper. If you did something, say, "I did it"—there's no reason to hide your own agency by saying "the author [meaning you] did X" or to convolute things by using the passive "X was done [meaning done by you].". If you're writing a ...
First-Person Pronouns. Use first-person pronouns in APA Style to describe your work as well as your personal reactions. If you are writing a paper by yourself, use the pronoun "I" to refer to yourself. If you are writing a paper with coauthors, use the pronoun "we" to refer yourself and your coauthors together.
In addition to the pointers below, APA 7, Section 4.16 provides information on the appropriate use of first person in scholarly writing. Do: Use the first person singular pronoun appropriately, for example, to describe research steps or to state what you will do in a chapter or section. Do not use first person "I" to state your opinions or ...
Using "I" in Academic Writing. by Michael Kandel. Traditionally, some fields have frowned on the use of the first-person singular in an academic essay and others have encouraged that use, and both the frowning and the encouraging persist today—and there are good reasons for both positions (see "Should I"). I recommend that you not ...
The first guideline is that you should avoid referring to yourself in third person. This includes referring to yourself as "the researcher" or "the author", like in these examples. Instead, APA recommends using first person, in this case "I", when you're talking about your own research, actions you've taken, or experiences you ...
Mar 19, 2014 at 21:43. 3. The awkward, stilted use of third person is a holdover from the Victorian era. For example, a style guide for AIP journals from 24 years ago says, "The old taboo against using the first person in formal prose has long been deplored by the best authorities and ignored by some of the best writers." - user1482.
For these and other reasons, the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers specifically defines research papers as assignments that "require us to go beyond our personal knowledge and experience" ... personal voice without using the first person, and they can write in the first person without writing personally. For example, ...
However, "I" and "we" still have some generally accepted pronoun rules writers should follow. For example, the first person is more likely used in the abstract, Introduction section, Discussion section, and Conclusion section of an academic paper while the third person and passive constructions are found in the Methods section and ...
Source:Many times, high school students are told not to use first person ("I," "we," "my," "us," and so forth) in their essays. As a college student, you should realize that this is a rule that can and should be broken—at the right time, of course. By now, you've probably written a personal essay, memoir, or narrative that ...
Most academic papers (Exposition, Persuasion, and Research Papers) should generally be written in third person, referring to other authors and researchers from credible and academic sources to support your argument rather than stating your own personal experiences. APA advocates for using first person ("I")when describing your own research study.
Maintaining a formal voice while writing academic essays and papers is essential to sound objective. One of the main rules of academic or formal writing is to avoid first-person pronouns like "we," "you," and "I.". These words pull focus away from the topic and shift it to the speaker - the opposite of your goal.
Various sources on writing research papers differ vastly, though it seems majority does not favor the first person "I" form. For one of the more serious in computer science not in favour of "I", see e.g., Knuth's Mathematical Writing (pg.4) - although later on, the material also discusses the opposite (pg.62 and 113).
APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the ...
Attempts to avoid first person can also lead to anthropomorphism. As the Manual notes (p. 69), an experiment cannot "attempt to demonstrate," but I or we can.; Finally, the use of the editorial we can sometimes be confusing. For example, "we categorize anxiety disorders …" may leave the reader wondering whether we refers to the authors of the current paper, to the research community ...
In Eloquent Science, Dr. Shultz concludes that "first-person pronouns in scientific writing are acceptable if used in a limited fashion and to enhance clarity.". In other words, don't pepper your paper with I's and We's. But you don't have to rigidly avoid the first person either. For example, use it when stating a nonstandard ...
Unfortunately, you can't and shouldn't use first person pronoun in your research assignment. From a scientific and mathematical standpoint, the pronoun presents you to your target audience as a self-serving and arrogant person. Keep in mind that the purpose of a research paper is to provide a comprehensive analysis and response to the ...
Consider writing an epic narrative in the third person omniscient viewpoint, allowing your narrator to be all-knowing and featuring a big cast of people. 2.Use third-person pronouns. When using third-person pronouns such as "he," "she," "it," or "they" instead of referring to specific characters by name, make sure to be consistent.
"When you read (Project 2025)," Harris told a crowd July 23 in Wisconsin, "you will see, Donald Trump intends to cut Social Security and Medicare." The Project 2025 document does not call ...
Yilmaz also noted that the regenerative benefits of fasting could be significant for people who undergo radiation treatment, which can damage the intestinal lining, or other types of intestinal injury. His lab is now studying whether polyamine supplements could help to stimulate this kind of regeneration, without the need to fast.
Working together can make research stronger, but cooperation can be complicated. ... "In the end, it made the paper 10 times stronger." Most people won't form a partnership this way. But what made their cooperation work is common among successful research teams: communication, compromise, and enthusiasm for each other's contributions ...
In 2023, more than 916,300 people were hospitalized due to COVID-19 and more than 75,500 people died from COVID-19. During the 2023-24 flu season, more than 44,900 people are estimated to have died from flu complications. Can someone get the COVID and flu vaccine on the same day?
FDA approved and authorized for emergency use updated mRNA COVID-19 vaccines (2024-2025 formula) to more closely target currently circulating variants to prevent COVID-19 and to provide better ...
For the purpose of meeting security breach notification requirements, PII is defined as a person's first name or first initial and last name in combination with one or more of the following data elements: Social security number; State-issued driver's license number; State-issued identification card number