Beamline | BL17B | Source type | Bend magnet (BM) | Collimating mirror | 2.8 mrad Rh/Si Si/Si | Focusing mirror | 2.8 mrad Rh/Si | Monochromator | Double-crystal monochromator (DCM), Si(111) | Energy range | 5–23 keV, 2.5–0.6 Å | Energy resolution (Δ ) | ≤3 × 10 (12.4 keV) | Focused beam size (FWHM) | ≤120 µm × 180 µm (H × V, 12 keV) | Focused beam divergence | ≤1.5 mrad × 0.2 mrad (H × V, 12 keV) | Flux | ≥3 × 10 photons s (300 mA, 12 keV) | Goniometer | ARINAX MD2 Mini-Kappa MK3 | Cryocapability | 80–400 K, LN Oxford Cryosystem 800 | Sample mounting robot | Irelec CATS | Detector | Pilatus3S 2M | | The BL17B beamline station utilizes synchrotron radiation as the X-ray source, offering advantages such as high flux, high collimation and tunable wavelength. Equipped with a two-dimensional area Pilatus detector, the experimental station not only rapidly acquires crystallographic information but also detects diffraction signals both in-plane and out-of-plane, providing detailed orientation distribution information for the same crystal plane. This capability facilitates time-resolved in situ experiments. By altering the incident angle, scattering signals from the surface to the bulk can be obtained. Therefore, experiments employing the synchrotron-radiation-based GIWAXS methodology have significantly contributed to the advancement of energy storage materials. 1.1. Experimental station | Layout of the experimental station: (1) attenuator, (2) slit, (3) ion chamber, (4) fast shutter, (5) co-axis microscope, (6) robot, (7) goniometer, (8) fluorescence detector, (9) cryocooler, (10) Pilatus detector. | The MD2 diffractometer system boasts a high-precision air-bearing rotation axis with a programmable controller, enabling the issuance of shutter commands based on the rotation axes' speed and position. The comprehensive beamline control system integrates slits, light intensity detectors and scatter blockers, among other components. External attachments to the diffractometer include a liquid nitrogen cooling apparatus and an adjustable bracket for fluorescence detection. The low-temperature cooling equipment for the sample consists of a cold head, a liquid nitrogen dewar, a pump, a cold head controller, a liquid nitrogen level controller and a manual controller. The cold head's adjustable temperature range spans from 80 to 500 K (Oxford Cryostream 800 series), facilitating in situ studies of temperature effects on the sample. A user-friendly goniometer head allows for easy manual installation of a standard test sample, enhancing operational efficiency. Pilatus S3 2M detector parameters | Name | PILATUS 2M | Type | 3 × 8 CMOS | Area (mm) | 254 mm × 289 mm | Pixel size | 172 µm × 172 µm | Number of pixels | 1475 × 1679 | Dynamic range | 1048576 | Readout time | 0.0023 s | Highest resolution (Å) | 0.83 Å | | | Schematic diagram of the software user interface. | 2.1. Sample preparation | Schematic illustration of different deposition methods ( one-step spin-coating, two-step spin-coating, vapor deposition and anti-solvent engineering) (Choi , 2020 ). | BL17B experimental users can select the most appropriate preparation method based on the characteristics of their samples. For in situ sample testing, it is recommended that the sample substrate area does not exceed 2 cm × 2 cm, the substrate is typically a silicon wafer or a glass slide, and the sample on the substrate should be uniformly coated with a thickness on the micro-nanometre scale. 2.2. Experimental method | ( ) Photograph of the portable control station and ( ) diagram of the software user interface. ( ) An example of a diffraction pattern recorded in the GIWAXS experiment. | Currently, the GIWAXS testing methods at the BL17B beamline are categorized into offline experiments and in situ experiments. Offline experiments refer to testing pre-prepared samples directly on the sample stage in the laboratory. Our designed sample stage can accommodate ten samples at once for automatic testing, significantly enhancing testing efficiency compared with the traditional method of testing individual samples sequentially. The method described in this paper greatly improves the testing throughput. In addition, in situ experiments encompass in situ spin-coating, heating and variations in environmental atmosphere. When in situ spin-coating and heating tests are required, the multifunctional control station is positioned between the X-ray beam and the detector, and the sample to be tested is securely placed and fixed on the sample stage. The motion control system and the spin-coating and heating device are used to accurately adjust the platform to achieve the desired X-ray exposure on the sample. The spin-coating and heating system is a fixture on the motion system, capable of heating the spin coater. The sample is placed on the spin head, either mechanically secured or attached with specific adhesives to ensure full contact with the spin head without obstructing incident and diffracted light. Relevant parameters of experimental devices | Equipment | Parameter | Spin coater (vac-sorb) | Maximum speed | 9999 r.p.m. | Precision index | ±1 r.p.m. | Single maximum time | 50 min | Heating apparatus | Temperature control range | Room temperature ∼423 K | Effective thermal area | π × 2.5 cm | Atmosphere hood | Shield | π × 6 × 18 cm | Available gas | N , CO, | Pipette | Eppendorf | 100 µL/200 µL/1000 µL | | | Schematic diagram of and . ( ) test, ( ) heating, ( ) spin coating and ( ) atmosphere environment. | In GIWAXS testing, beam cutting is the first and most crucial step. Beam cutting refers to aligning the sample parallel to the X-ray beam and partially blocking the beam to ensure that the light can impinge on the sample surface in a grazing incidence manner during testing. Firstly, the sample is positioned lower than the beam so that the detector fully receives the beam, resulting in the highest detector count. In the second step, the sample position is raised along the Z -axis until the detector count decreases to half of the previous count, indicating that half of the beam is blocked. Finally, the sample is oscillated around the Y -axis within a small angular range. It can be observed that, when the sample is perfectly parallel to the beam, the beam is least obstructed, resulting in the maximum detector count. This angle is set as 0°, and afterward the incident angle can be controlled by tilting the sample stage. For testing perovskite thin film samples, an incident angle of 0.3° is typically chosen, as it achieves a good balance between diffraction signal and background signal. If it is necessary to limit the penetration depth, the incident angle can be adjusted accordingly. Additionally, the penetration ability of X-rays is closely related to their wavelength. Beamline BL17B usually employs X-rays with two wavelengths, 10 keV and 18 keV. The use of 18 keV X-rays provides a higher signal-to-noise ratio in the two-dimensional diffraction pattern, but it also has a higher penetration power and is less sensitive to changes in incident angle. Therefore, when performing angle-resolved tests, 10 keV X-rays are typically selected. 2.3. Scientific highlights of GIWAXS | Typical achievements in GIWAXS research at the BL17B beamline. | This article outlines the performance of the BL17B beamline station and the methodology of GIWAXS, including experimental testing, auxiliary facilities, data acquisition and user achievements. BL17B is a high-throughput structural analysis beamline with a high degree of automation, enabling rapid, scalable and efficient sample collection and structural determination. A portable/integrated/high-precision GIWAXS testing device developed based on this beamline allows for various in situ experiments, such as in situ coating, heating and atmospheric conditions. This device facilitates real-time monitoring of the crystallization and decomposition processes of perovskites, providing valuable support for the development of more stable and efficient perovskite solar cells. AcknowledgementsWe thank the staff of the NFPS and SSRF team for design, installation and continuing collaboration. We would like to express our deep appreciation to Professor Yang Yingguo for his expert guidance and invaluable assistance on the design of the GIWAXS equipment. Funding informationThe following funding is acknowledged: Chinese Academy Science (CAS) Key Technology Talent Program (grant No. 2021000022). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) Licence , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are cited. Follow J. Synchrotron Rad. | ![](//pechenka.online/777/templates/cheerup1/res/banner1.gif) |
| | |
COMMENTS
Table of contents. Step 1: Introduce your topic. Step 2: Describe the background. Step 3: Establish your research problem. Step 4: Specify your objective (s) Step 5: Map out your paper. Research paper introduction examples. Frequently asked questions about the research paper introduction.
1-) Start with a Catchy Hook. Your first sentence is one of the factors that most influence a reader's decision to read your paper. This sentence determines the tone of your paper and attracts the reader's attention. For this reason, we recommend that you start your introduction paragraph with a strong and catchy hook sentence.
Define your specific research problem and problem statement. Highlight the novelty and contributions of the study. Give an overview of the paper's structure. The research paper introduction can vary in size and structure depending on whether your paper presents the results of original empirical research or is a review paper.
Research paper introduction is the first section of a research paper that provides an overview of the study, its purpose, and the research question (s) or hypothesis (es) being investigated. It typically includes background information about the topic, a review of previous research in the field, and a statement of the research objectives.
Table of contents. Step 1: Hook your reader. Step 2: Give background information. Step 3: Present your thesis statement. Step 4: Map your essay's structure. Step 5: Check and revise. More examples of essay introductions. Other interesting articles. Frequently asked questions about the essay introduction.
Steps to write a research paper introduction. By following the steps below, you can learn how to write an introduction for a research paper that helps readers "shake hands" with your topic. In each step, thinking about the answers to key questions can help you reach your readers. 1. Get your readers' attention
In general, your introductions should contain the following elements: When you're writing an essay, it's helpful to think about what your reader needs to know in order to follow your argument. Your introduction should include enough information so that readers can understand the context for your thesis. For example, if you are analyzing ...
Introducing Your Topic. Provide a brief overview, which should give the reader a general understanding of the subject matter and its significance. Explain the importance of the topic and its relevance to the field. This will help the reader understand why your research is significant and why they should continue reading.
To help guide your reader, end your introduction with an outline of the structure of the thesis or dissertation to follow. Share a brief summary of each chapter, clearly showing how each contributes to your central aims. However, be careful to keep this overview concise: 1-2 sentences should be enough. Note.
Here are the key takeaways for how to write essay introduction: 3. Hook the Reader: Start with an engaging hook to grab the reader's attention. This could be a compelling question, a surprising fact, a relevant quote, or an anecdote. Provide Background: Give a brief overview of the topic, setting the context and stage for the discussion.
The introduction leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry. It establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research being conducted by summarizing current understanding and background information about the topic, stating the purpose of the work in the form of the research problem supported by a hypothesis or a set of questions, explaining briefly ...
After you've done some extra polishing, I suggest a simple test for the introductory section. As an experiment, chop off the first few paragraphs. Let the paper begin on, say, paragraph 2 or even page 2. If you don't lose much, or actually gain in clarity and pace, then you've got a problem. There are two solutions.
Try starting your paper with that. How about starting with an anecdotal story or humor? Middle Sentences : The middle sentences cover the different points in your paper. If you've already planned which order to write the points in the paper, you already know which order to place them in your introductory paragraph. (Hint: it's the same order).
Intro Paragraph Part 3: The Thesis. The final key part of how to write an intro paragraph is the thesis statement. The thesis statement is the backbone of your introduction: it conveys your argument or point of view on your topic in a clear, concise, and compelling way. The thesis is usually the last sentence of your intro paragraph.
Download Article. 1. Announce your research topic. You can start your introduction with a few sentences which announce the topic of your paper and give an indication of the kind of research questions you will be asking. This is a good way to introduce your readers to your topic and pique their interest.
gument. A good introduction grabs the reader's attention and sets the stage for the rest of the paper to hold that attention by outlining the steps the writer will take in the rest of the paper. There is no one right way to write an introduction. The length and content of an intro-duction will change based on the type of writing you are doing.
The introduction supplies sufficient background information for the reader to understand and evaluate the experiment you did. It also supplies a rationale for the study. Goals: Present the problem and the proposed solution. Presents nature and scope of the problem investigated. Reviews the pertinent literature to orient the reader.
Quotes, anecdotes, questions, examples, and broad statements—all of them can be used successfully to write an introduction for a research paper. It's instructive to see them in action, in the hands of skilled academic writers. Let's begin with David M. Kennedy's superb history, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and ...
Start with a general overview of your topic. Narrow the overview until you address your paper's specific subject. Then, mention questions or concerns you had about the case. Note that you will address them in the publication. Prior research. Your introduction is the place to review other conclusions on your topic.
Know that for a longer report, your introduction might be more than one paragraph (see sample below). Procedure. Before you write, consider the following: 1. Choose a research topic that interests you and is relevant to your field of study. For instance, a topic could be abandoned gas wells in Adams County, Colorado. 2.
The key thing is. to guide the reader into your topic and situate your ideas. Step 2: Describe the background. This part of the introduction differs depending on what approach your paper is ...
Good Introduction Examples for Informative Essays. An effective introduction for an informative essay engages the reader and clearly presents the topic and purpose of the essay. Here are some examples for different informative essay topics: 1. Health and Wellness. Title: "The Benefits of Regular Exercise".
Readers of research bring their own assumptions and preconceived notions about what to look at in a given context. A well-written scope, on the other hand, gives readers clear guidance on what to look for in the study's analysis and findings. A good scope narrows the focus of the research to what is most important. Photo by Hannes Köttner.
Selecting a good medical research paper topic involves carefully considering several key factors. Firstly, choosing a topic that addresses a significant and current issue in the medical field is essential. One such issue is healthcare access, which is crucial in addressing inequities and barriers leading to health disparities and injustices.
To effectively write a research problem statement, follow these steps: Begin by pinpointing the broad field or subject area that captures your interest. Narrow down this general area to a particular issue or challenge that needs attention. Provide context by explaining why the problem is important and what gap in current knowledge it addresses.
aspect of the essay. For example, while it may be acceptable to write a two-paragraph (or longer) introduction for your papers in some courses, instructors in other disciplines, such as those in some Government courses, may expect a shorter introduction that includes a preview of the argument that will follow.
Introduction. It is very crucial to know how to write an analytical essay introduction. In this initial part, you should introduce the reader to the subject of your write-up. You can frame some catchy sentences, or you can also put up a question to hook the attention of the reader. In this step, you can also mention some background information ...
Introduction The marketing research process helps analyze the problems involved in developing a specific marketing campaign related to an organization's specific product. A number of steps are involved in the marketing research process, and differences exist in the management and research problem.
Here's a breakdown of what a cover letter typically includes: 1. Header. Your Contact Information: Name, address, phone number, and email address. Date: The date you are writing the letter. Employer's Contact Information: Name, title, company, and address of the person you are addressing the letter to. 2.
In the second step, the sample position is raised along the Z-axis until the detector count decreases to half of the previous count, indicating that half of the beam is blocked. Finally, the sample is oscillated around the Y-axis within a small angular range. It can be observed that, when the sample is perfectly parallel to the beam, the beam ...