essay on role of police in development of state

Essay On Police

500 words essay on police.

In this world, we must have laws to maintain peace. Thus, every citizen must follow these laws. However, there are some people in our society who do not follow them and break the laws . In order to keep a check on such kinds of people, we need the police. Through essay on police, we will learn about the role and importance of police.

Importance of Police

The police are entrusted with the duty of maintaining the peace and harmony of a society. Moreover, they also have the right to arrest and control people who do not follow the law. As a result, they are important as they protect our society.

Enforcing the laws of the land, the police also has the right to punish people who do not obey the law. Consequently, we, as citizens, feel safe and do not worry much about our lives and property.

In other words, the police is a saviour of the society which makes the running of society quite smooth. Generally, the police force has sound health. They wear a uniform and carry a weapon, whether a rifle or pistol . They also wear a belt which holds their weapons.

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Role of Police

The police play many roles at police stations or check posts. They get a posting in the town or city depending on the crime rate in the area. When public demonstrations and strikes arise, the police plays a decisive role.

Similarly, when they witness the crowd turning violent during protests or public gatherings, it is their responsibility to prevent it from becoming something bigger. Sometimes, they also have to make use of the Lathi (stick) for the same reason.

If things get worse, they also resort to firing only after getting permission from their superiors. In addition, the police also offer special protection to political leaders and VIPs. The common man can also avail this protection in special circumstances.

Thus, you see how the police are always on duty round the clock. No matter what day or festival or holiday, they are always on duty. It is a tough role to play but they play it well. To protect the law is not an easy thing to do.

Similarly, it is difficult to maintain peace but the police manage to do it. Even on cold winter nights or hot summer afternoons, the police is always on duty. Even during the pandemic, the police was on duty.

Thus, they keep an eye on anti-social activities and prevent them at large. Acting as the protector of the weak and poor, the police play an essential role in the smooth functioning of society.

Conclusion of Essay On Police

Thus, the job of the police is very long and tough. Moreover, it also comes with a lot of responsibility as we look up to them for protection. Being the real guardian of the civil society of a nation, it is essential that they perform their duty well.

FAQ on Essay On Police

Question 1: What is the role of police in our life?

Answer 1: The police performs the duties which the law has assigned to them. They are entrusted to protect the public against violence, crime and other harmful acts. As a result, the police must act by following the law to ensure that they respect it and apply it in a manner which matches their level of responsibility.

Question 2: Why do we need police?

Answer 2: Police are important for us and we need it. They protect life and property, enforce criminal law, criminal investigations, regulate traffic, crowd control, public safety duties, search for missing persons, lost property and other duties which concern the public order.-*//**9666666666666666666666+9*63*

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• > The Police and the State
• > The Role of the Police

Book contents

• The Police and the State
• Copyright page
• Introduction
• Chapter 1 The Role of the Police
• Chapter 2 The First Power of the Police
• Chapter 3 The Second Power of the Police
• Chapter 4 The Third Power of the Police
• Chapter 5 Democratic Priorities, Relationships, and Tensions
• Chapter 6 The Bases of, and Reasons for Seeking, Police Legitimacy
• Chapter 7 Procedural Justice in Policing Revisited
• Chapter 8 Policing with Public Reason
• Chapter 9 Policing Populism, Protecting Pluralism
• Chapter 10 Primary Goods, Policing States in Transition, and Natural Experiments

Chapter 1 - The Role of the Police

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 January 2023

Before proceeding to a detailed account of the powers of the police and the means to justify their exercise, this chapter describes key political features of the police role. Ultimately, the role is to impartially produce a unique form of practical, substantive justice among citizens, one that they are owed by the state as they encounter physical hazards, interpersonal conflicts, or are subject to behaviors that the law empowers the government to regulate. The role is derived here by a form of bootstrapping, in that it takes a broad survey of what we observe the police do when aspiring to its positivist ideals, distills it into categories, and then describes the political nature of each grouping. In doing so, it concludes policing’s practical, substantive justice consists of protection and rescue from physical harm, the collection of people and evidence for presentation to a magistrate in matters of criminal law, and the brokerage and enforcement of the fair terms of social cooperation in public spaces.

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• The Role of the Police
• Brandon del Pozo , Brown University, Rhode Island
• Book: The Police and the State
• Online publication: 17 January 2023
• Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009215435.002

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A better path forward for criminal justice: Police reform

• Download a PDF of this chapter.

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Rashawn ray and rashawn ray senior fellow - governance studies @sociologistray clark neily clark neily senior vice president - cato institute @conlawwarrior.

• 20 min read

Below is the first chapter from “A Better Path Forward for Criminal Justice,” a report by the Brookings-AEI Working Group on Criminal Justice Reform. You can access other chapters from the report here .

Recent incidents centering on the deaths of unarmed Black Americans including George Floyd, Daunte Wright, Elijah McClain, Breonna Taylor, William Green, and countless others have continued to apply pressure for wide sweeping police reform. To some, these incidents are the result of a few “bad apples.” 1

To others, they are examples of a system imbued with institutional and cultural failures that expose civilians and police officers to harm. Our article aims to combine perspectives from across the political spectrum on sensible police reform. We focus on short-, medium-, and long-term solutions for reducing officer-involved shootings, racial disparities in use of force, mental health issues among officers, and problematic officers who rotten the tree of law enforcement.

Level Setting

Violent crime has significantly decreased since the early 1990s. However, the number of mass shootings have increased and the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Department of Homeland Security report being worried about domestic terrorism, even within law enforcement. Nonetheless, despite recent increases that some scholars associate with COVID-19 spillovers related to high unemployment and underemployment, violent crime is still much lower than it was three decades ago.

Some scholars attribute crime reductions to increased police presence, while others highlight increases in overall levels of education and employment. In the policy space, the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 are often noted. We believe there is some validity to all of these perspectives. For example, SWAT deployment has increased roughly 1,400 percent since 1980. Coinciding with the 1986 Drug Bill, SWAT is often deployed for drug raids and no-knock warrants. 2 The death of Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old Black woman killed in her home in Louisville, Kentucky, is most recently highlighted as an example that demonstrates some of the problems with these tactics. 3

The 1994 Crime Bill ushered the COPS program and an increase in prisons around the country. 4 This legislation also coincided with stop-and-frisk policies and a rise in stand-your-ground laws that disproportionately disadvantaged Black Americans and led to overpolicing. It is an indisputable fact that Black people are more likely to have force used on them. In fact, Black people relative to white people are significantly less likely to be armed or be attacking at the time they are killed by police. This is a historical pattern, including during the 1960s when civil rights leaders were being beaten and killed. However, officer-involved killings, overall, have increased significantly over the past two decades. 5 And, we also know that if drugs were the only culprit, there would be drastically different outcomes for whites. Research shows that while Blacks and whites have similar rates of using drugs, and often times distributing drugs, there are huge disparities in who is arrested, incarcerated, and convicted for drug crimes. However, it is also an indisputable fact that predominately Black communities have higher levels of violent crime. Though some try to attribute higher crime in predominately Black neighborhoods to biology or culture, most scholars agree that inequitable resources related to housing, education, and employment contribute to these statistics. 6   7 8 Research documents that after controlling for segregation and disadvantage, predominately Black and white neighborhoods differ little in violent crime rates. 9

These are complex patterns, and Democrats and Republicans often differ on how America reached these outcomes and what we do about them. As a result, bipartisan police reform has largely stalled. Now, we know that in March 2021 the House of Representatives once again passed The George Floyd Justice in Policing Act. States and localities are also presenting and passing a slew of police reforms, such as in Maryland where the state legislature passed the Maryland Police Accountability Act of 2021. We are not here to debate the merits of these legislations, though we support much of the components, nor are we here to simply highlight low-hanging fruit such as banning no-knock warrants, creating national databases, or requiring body-worn cameras. People across the political aisle largely agree on these reforms. Instead, we aim to provide policy recommendations on larger-scale reforms, which scholars and practitioners across the political aisle agree needs to occur, in order to transform law enforcement in America and take us well into the twenty-first century. Our main themes include accountability, training, and culture.

Accordingly, our recommendations include:

Short-Term Reforms

Reform Qualified Immunity

• Create National Standards for Training and De-escalation

Medium-Term Reforms

Restructure Civilian Payouts for Police Misconduct

Address officer wellness.

Long-Term Reforms

Restructure Regulations for Fraternal Order of Police Contracts

Change police culture to protect civilians and police, short-term reforms.

Qualified immunity is a legal doctrine that courts invented to make it more difficult to sue police and other government officials who have been plausibly alleged to have violated somebody’s rights. 10 11 We believe this doctrine needs to be removed. 12 13 States also have a role to play here. The Law Enforcement Bill of Rights further doubles down on a lack of accountable for bad apples.

We are not out on a limb here. A recent YouGov and Cato poll found that over 60 percent of Americans support eliminating qualified immunity. 14 Over 80 percent of Americans oppose erasing historical records of officer misconduct. In this regard, most citizens have no interest making it more difficult to sue police officers, but police seem to have a very strong interest in maintaining the policy. However, not only do everyday citizens want it gone, but think tanks including The Brookings Institution and The Cato Institute have asserted the same. It is a highly problematic policy.

Though police chiefs might not say it publicly or directly, we have evidence that a significant number of them are quite frustrated by their inability to get rid of the bad apples, run their departments in ways that align with best practices they learn at Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers and National Association of Chiefs of Police, and discipline and terminate officers who deserve to be held accountable and jeopardize not only the public perception of their own department but drag down the social standing of the entire law enforcement profession. As noted above, The Law Enforcement Bill of Rights at the state level needs to be addressed. It further doubles down on qualified immunity and removes accountability for law enforcement.

National Standards for Training and De-escalation

In 2016, Daniel Shaver was fatally shot and killed by officer Philip Brailsford. Brailsford was charged but found not guilty. At the time of the killing, Shaver was unarmed as he lay dead in a hotel hallway. Police experts critiqued Brailsford’s tactics to de-escalate the situation. As he entered the scene, he had both hands on his M4 rifle and eliminated all other tools or de-escalation tactics. Brailsford was fired, tried for murder, and then rehired. He ultimately retired due to PTSD. Highlighting the roles of militarization, mental health, qualified immunity, and other policy-related topics, this incident shows why there is a need for national standards for training and de-escalation. Many officers would have approached this situation differently, suggesting there are a myriad of tactics and strategies being taught.

Nationally, officers receive about 50 hours of firearm training during the police academy. They receive less than 10 hours of de-escalation training. So, when they show up at a scene and pull their weapon, whether it be on teenagers walking down the street after playing a basketball game or someone in a hotel or even a car (like in the killing of Daunte Wright in a Minneapolis suburb), poor decisions and bad outcomes should not be surprising.

Police officers regardless of whether they live in Kentucky or Arizona need to have similar training. Among the roughly 18,000 law enforcement agencies across the country, there is wide variation in the amount of training that officers have to complete as well as what type of training they complete. With the amount of travel that Americans engage in domestically, law enforcement has not kept up to speed with ensuring that officers receive the same training. Consequently, police officers may be put in positions to make bad decisions because of a lack of the implementation of federal standards. Funding can be provided to have federally certified trainers who work with localities within states, counties, and cities.

MEDIUM-TERM REFORMS

From 2015–2019, the 20 largest U.S. municipalities spent over $2 billion in civilian payouts for police misconduct. Rather than the police department budget, these funds mostly come from general funds. 15 So, not only is the officer absolved from civil or financial culpability, but the police department often faces little financial liability. Instead, the financial burden falls onto the municipality; thus, taxpayers. This money could be going toward education, work, and infrastructure.

Not only are the financial settlement often expensive, like the $20 million awarded to William Green’s family in Prince George’s County, Maryland, but the associated legal fees and deteriorated community trust are costly. In a place like Chicago, over the past 20 years, it has spent about $700 million on civilian payouts for police misconduct. New York City spent about $300 million in the span of a few years.

We assert that civilian payouts for police misconduct must be restructured. Indemnification will be eliminated, making the officer responsible, and requiring them to purchase professional liability insurance the exact same way that other occupations such as doctors and lawyers do. This would give insurance companies a strong incentive to identify the problem officers early, to raise their rates just the way that insurance companies raise the rates on a bad driver or a doctor who engages in malpractice. In this regard, the cost of the insurance policy would increase the more misconduct an officer engaged in. Eventually, the worst officers would become uninsurable, and therefore unemployable. This would help to increase accountability. Instead of police chiefs having difficulties removing bad officers through pushback from the Fraternal Order of Police Union, bad officers would simply be unemployable by virtue of the fact that they cannot secure professional liability insurance.

Bottom line, police almost never suffer any financial consequences for their own misconduct.

Shifting civilian payouts away from tax money and to police department insurance policies would instantly change the accountability structure.

Shifting civilian payouts away from tax money and to police department insurance policies would instantly change the accountability structure. Police are almost always indemnified for that misconduct when there is a payout. And, what that means is simply that their department or the city, which is to say us, the taxpayers, end up paying those damages claims. That is absolutely the wrong way to do it.

Most proposals for restructuring civilian payouts for police misconduct have included some form of liability insurance for police departments and/or individual officers. This means shifting the burden from taxpayer dollars to police department insurance policies. If a departmental policy, the municipality should pay for that policy, but the money should come from the police department budget. Police department budget increases should take settlement costs into account and now simply allow for increased budgets to cover premium increases. This is a similar approach to healthcare providers working in a hospital. If individual officers have liability insurance, they fall right in line with other occupations that have professional liability insurance.

Congress could approve a pilot program for municipalities to explore the potential impacts of police department insurance policies versus individual officer liability insurance, and even some areas that use both policies simultaneously. Regardless, it is clear that the structure of civilian payouts for police misconduct needs to change. We believe not only will the change provide more funding for education, work, and infrastructure, but it will increase accountability and give police chiefs and municipalities the ability to rid departments of bad apples that dampen an equitable and transparent cultural environment.

Mental Health Counseling

In this broader discussion of policing, missing is not only the voices of law enforcement themselves, but also what is happening in their own minds and in their own bodies. Recent research has highlighted that about 80 percent of officers suffer from chronic stress. They suffer from depression, anxiety. They have relationship problems, and they get angered easily. One out of six report being suicidal. Another one out of six report substance abuse problems. Most sobering, 90 percent of them never seek help. 16  We propose that officers should have mandatory mental health counseling on a quarterly basis. Normalizing mental health counseling will reduce the stigma associated with it.

It is also important for law enforcement to take a serious look into the role of far-right extremism on officer attitudes and behaviors. There is ample evidence from The Department of Homeland Security showing the pervasive ways that far-right extremists target law enforcement. 17 Academic research examining social dominance ideation among police officers may be a key way to root out extremism during background checks and psychological evaluations. Social dominance can be assessed through survey items and decision-making simulations, such as the virtual reality simulations conducted at the Lab for Applied Social Science Research at the University of Maryland.

Community Policing

Community police is defined in a multitude of ways. One simple way we think about community policing is whether officers experience the community in everyday life, often when they are not on duty. Do they live in the community, send their children to local schools, exercise at the neighborhood gym, and shop at the main grocery store? Often times, police officers engage in this type of community policing in predominately white and affluent neighborhoods but less in predominately Black or Latino neighborhoods, even when they have higher household income levels. Police officers also live farther away from the areas where they work. While this may be a choice for some, others simply cannot afford to live there, particularly in major cities and more expensive areas of the country. Many police officers are also working massive amounts of over time to make ends meet, provide for their families, and send children to college.

Altogether, community policing requires a set of incentives. We propose increasing the required level of education, which can justify wage increases. This can help to reduce the likelihood of police officers working a lot of hours and making poor decisions because of lack of sleep or stress. We also propose requiring that officers live within or near the municipalities where they work. Living locally can increase police-community relations and improve trust. Officers should receive rent subsidies or down payment assistance to enhance this process.

LONG-TERM REFORMS

Unions are important. However, the Fraternity Order of Police Union has become so deeply embedded in law enforcement that it obstructs the ability for equitable and transparent policing, even when interacting with police chiefs. Police union contracts need to be evaluated to ensure they do not obstruct the ability for officers who engage in misconduct to be held accountable. Making changes to the Law Enforcement Bill of Rights at the state helps with this, but the Congress should provide more regulations to help local municipalities with this process.

Police have to be of the people and for the people. Often times, police officers talk about themselves as if they are detached from the community. Officers often view themselves as warriors at war with the people in the communities they serve. Police officers embody an “us versus them” perspective, rather than viewing themselves to be part of the community. 18

It must be a change to police culture regarding how police officers view themselves and view others. Part of changing culture deals with transforming how productivity and awards are allocated. Police officers overwhelmingly need to make forfeitures in the form of arrests, citations, and tickets to demonstrate leadership and productivity. Police officers rarely get credit for the everyday, mundane things they do to make their communities safe and protect and serve. We believe there must be a fundamental reconceptualization of both the mission of police and the culture in which that mission is carried out. Policing can be about respecting individuals and not using force. It is an ethical approach to policing that requires incentives positive outcomes rather than deficits that rewards citations and force.

T here must be a fundamental reconceptualization of both the mission of police and the culture in which that mission is carried out.

Recommendations for Future Research

First, research needs to examine how community policing and officer wellness programs can simultaneously improve outcomes for the community and law enforcement. The either/or model simply does not work any longer. Instead, research should determine what is best for local communities and improves the health and well-being of law enforcement. Second, future research on policing needs to examine the role that protests against police brutality, particularly related to Black Lives Matter protests, are having on reform at the local, state, and federal levels. It is important for policymakers to readily understand the demands of their constituents and ways to create peace and civility.

Finally, research needs to fully examine legislation to reallocate and shift funding away from and within police department budgets. 19  By taking a market-driven, evidence-based approach to police funding, the same methodology can be used that will lead to different results depending on the municipality. Police department budgets should be fiscally responsible and shift funding to focusing on solving violent crime, while simultaneously reducing use of force on low-income and racial/ethnic minority communities. It is a tall order, but federal funding could be allocated to examine all of these important research endeavors. It is a must if the United States is to stay as a world leader in this space. It is clear our country is falling short at this time.

We have aimed to take a deep dive into large policy changes needed for police reform that centers around accountability, finances, culture, and communities. Though there is much discussion about reallocating police funding, we believe there should be an evidence-based, market-driven approach. While some areas may need to reallocate funding, others may need to shift funding within the department, or even take both approaches. Again, with roughly 18,000 law enforcement agencies, there is wide variation in funds provided for policing and how those funds are spent. This is why it is imperative that standards be set at the federal level to help municipalities grapple with this important issue and the others we highlight in this report.

RECOMMENDED READING

Alexander, Michelle. 2010. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness . The New Press.

Brooks, Rosa. 2021. Tangled Up in Blue: Policing the American City : Penguin.

Horace, Matthew. 2019. The Black and the Blue: A Cop Reveals the Crimes, Racism, and Injustice in America’s Law Enforcement . Hatchette Books.

Ray, Rashawn. “ How Should We Enhance Police Accountability in the United States? ” The Brookings Institution, August 25, 2020.

• Ray, Rashawn. “Bad Apples come from Rotten Trees in Policing.” The Brookings Institution. May 30, 2020. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/how-we-rise/2020/05/30/bad-apples-come-from-rotten-trees-in-policing/
• Neily, Clark. “Get a Warrant.” Cato Institute. October 27, 2020. Available at: https://www.cato.org/blog/get-warrant
• Brown, Melissa and Rashawn Ray. “Breonna Taylor, Police Brutality, and the Importance of #SayHerName.” The Brookings Institution. September 25, 2020. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/how-we-rise/2020/09/25/breonna-taylor-police-brutality-and-the-importance-of-sayhername/
• Galston, William and Rashawn Ray. “Did the 1994 Crime Bill Cause Mass Incarceration?” The Brookings Institution. August 28, 2020. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/08/28/did-the-1994-crime-bill-cause-mass-incarceration/
• Edwards, Frank, Hedwig Lee, and Michael Esposito. “Risk of Being Killed by Police Use of Force in the United States by Age, Race-Ethnicity, and Sex.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 2019. 116(34):16793 LP – 16798.
• Peterson, Ruth D. and Lauren J. Krivo.  Divergent Social Worlds: Neighborhood Crime and the Racial-Spatial Divide , 2010. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
• Friedson, Michael and Patrick Sharkey. “Violence and Neighborhood Disadvantage after the Crime Decline,”  The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2015. 660:1, 341–58.
• Jeffrey D. Morenoff and Robert J. Sampson. 1997. “Violent Crime and The Spatial Dynamics of Neighborhood Transition: Chicago, 1970–1990,”  Social Forces  76:1, 31–64.
• Peterson, Ruth D. and Lauren J. Krivo. 2010.  Divergent Social Worlds: Neighborhood Crime and the Racial-Spatial Divide , New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
• Sobel, Nathaniel. “What Is Qualified Immunity, and What Does It Have to Do With Police Reform?” Lawfare. June 6, 2020. Available at: https://www.lawfareblog.com/what-qualified-immunity-and-what-does-it-have-do-police-reform
• Schweikert, Jay. “Qualified Immunity: A Legal, Practical, and Moral Failure.” Cato Institute. September 14, 2020. Available at: https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/qualified-immunity-legal-practical-moral-failure
• Neily, Clark. “To Make Police Accountable, End Qualified Immunity. Cato Institute. May 31, 2020. Available at: https://www.cato.org/commentary/make-police-accountable-end-qualified-immunity
• Ray, Rashawn. “How to Fix the Financial Gymnastics of Police Misconduct Settlements.” Lawfare. April 1, 2021. Available at: https://www.lawfareblog.com/how-fix-financial-gymnastics-police-misconduct-settlements
• Ekins, Emily. “Poll: 63% of Americans Favor Eliminating Qualified Immunity for Police.” Cato Institute. July 16, 2020. Available at: https://www.cato.org/survey-reports/poll-63-americans-favor-eliminating-qualified-immunity-police#introduction
• Ray, Rashawn. “Restructuring Civilian Payouts for Police Misconduct.” Sociological Forum, 2020. 35(3): 806–812.
• Ray, Rashawn. “What does the shooting of Leonard Shand tell us about the mental health of civilians and police?” The Brookings Institution. October 16, 2019. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/how-we-rise/2019/10/16/what-does-the-shooting-of-leonard-shand-tell-us-about-the-mental-health-of-civilians-and-police/
• Allen, John et al. “Preventing Targeted Violence Against Faith-Based Communities.” Homeland Security Advisory Council, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. December 17, 2019. Available at: https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/preventing_targeted_violence_against_faith-based_communities_subcommittee_0.pdf >.
• Ray, Rashawn, Clark Neily, and Arthur Rizer. “What Would Meaningful Police Reform Look Like?” Video, Project Sphere, Cato Institute, 2020. Available at: https://www.projectsphere.org/episode/what-would-meaningful-police-reform-look-like/
• Ray, Rashawn. “What does ‘Defund the Police’ Mean and does it have Merit?” The Brookings Institution, June 19, 2020. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/06/19/what-does-defund-the-police-mean-and-does-it-have-merit/

Governance Studies

Howard Henderson

June 27, 2024

Hanna Love, Manann Donoghoe

September 21, 2023

Brookings Institution, Washington DC

12:00 pm - 1:30 pm EDT

American Policing and Its Historical Development Essay

• To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
• As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
• As a template for you assignment

The formation and the development of the police in the United States has a rich, vivid history, and the research problem remains relevant today. In total, there are three stages of the formation of police activity in America – the political, reform (professional), and community era (Burke & Carter, 2019). The political era is the first period of activity in the United States, which began around 1800 (Longley, 2020). This period was marked by a high increase in crime and riots caused by massive changes and restructuring of society under the influence of innovations in technology (Longley, 2020). Local politicians patrolled certain areas and managed the sites as small departments. They were not only responsible for police activities but also for the organization and distribution of personnel.

In the era of reforms, the police solved problems with the help of various technological tools and emergency response systems. Thanks to Chief August Folmer, innovative ideas appeared that changed the views on the current state of affairs in the activities of the police (Burke & Carter, 2019). The state service was introduced to replace political influence as the basis of legitimacy. Compared to the political one, it is noted as a better era, bringing diversity to police practice, new management concepts, and employee training.

The community era is the third period in the development of police activity that is currently taking place. The origins of this era can be traced back to the 1970s (Parsons & Kremling, 2020). The police could no longer solve all the problems alone; the community should also contribute to allowing all the issues (Burke & Carter, 2019). Consequently, everyone can contribute to countering the spread of crime and offenses. Despite the considerable progress in the technical component since the beginning of the era, this is still considered an essential element in the public practice of doing business.

In conclusion, there are three main epochs of the police service’s formation; each of them has its distinctive characteristics. Initially, the police were under the power of politicians; they could make their adjustments, hire, and fire staff following their beliefs. Then came the era of changes and additions to the alignment of events. The police do not depend on political influence; new methods of investigation are emerging, and educational institutions are developing where candidates undergo professional training. Soon, law enforcement agencies begin to cooperate with society to focus on current problems and solve them together.

Burke, A. S., & Carter, D. (2019). Introduction to the American criminal justice system. Open Oregon Educational Resources.

Longley, R. (2020). The history of modern policing. ThoughtCo.

Parsons, D. A., & Kremling, J. (2020). Community policing today: Issues, controversies, and innovations . SAGE Publications, Inc.

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THE ROLE OF POLICE IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

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This article integrates police responsibilities, operational independence, police powers, arrest and custody, criminal investigation, and improving police professionalism in order to fulfill law and order goals. The article's goal is to outline the environment in which the police function. The upkeep of order is one of the State's primary functions, if not its primary function. As a result, we begin by looking into the ideas of order and disorder. In order to foster respect and ensure that actions are consistent with widely held beliefs of human rights, the second section explains the problems and examines the connection between those rights and the police. Understanding Policing is an attempt to integrate the professional police and human rights viewpoints while serving as a brief introduction to each of these genres of literature. The article attempts to lay out the essential obligations of law enforcement in society as well as the principles and values that ought to direct them. The major objective of the article is to raise police professionalism. Instead of taking a legalistic stance, understanding policing assesses the likelihood that police will uphold human rights in practice. This suggests that we will surpass the standards established by other countries.

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Police is an organization whose activities significantly contribute to sustainable development goals implementation. The nature and subject of its activity are related to maintaining relations with the society with which it is in constant interaction. At the same time, an important issue, as in the case of other public organizations, is the social responsibility of the police. Its dimensions determine the creation of an atmosphere conducive to social participation next to the police in national security. In the effective implementation of a model of social responsibility of the police, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of internal factors (the police) and external factors (the police and its stakeholders) influencing the results of this process. For the police, being a responsible organization does not mean only fulfilling all formal and legal requirements. To be perceived as a trustworthy organization, it must think and act in terms of the future, see and consider various...

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Social Development and Police Reform: Some Reflections on the Concept and Purpose of Policing and the Implications for Reform in the UK and USA

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Andrew Williams, Craig Paterson, Social Development and Police Reform: Some Reflections on the Concept and Purpose of Policing and the Implications for Reform in the UK and USA, Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice , Volume 15, Issue 2, June 2021, Pages 1565–1573, https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paaa087

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The increase in calls for police reform following the death of George Floyd has led to renewed debate about social inequality and the role of policing in society. Modern bureaucratic police systems emerged from locally administered structures and Anglo-American policing models continue to be aligned, to varying degrees, with the political, socio-cultural, legal, and ideological aspects of contemporary liberal democratic society with its emphasis on democratic localism and decentralised accountability. However, at a time when society is reimagining itself and technology, government, and nations are radically re-shaping themselves, a critical question is whether there is a sufficiently common philosophical and conceptual understanding of policing to support its development rather than just a common understanding of police functions. This is profoundly important when considering the current calls for reform of policing in the USA and other western democratic states. The article argues that there is an urgent need to reconsider how we conceptualize policing and its relationship with social development.

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Essay on Role of Police in Society

Students are often asked to write an essay on Role of Police in Society in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Role of Police in Society

The importance of police.

Police play a crucial role in maintaining law and order in society. They are our protectors, ensuring safety and peace.

Law Enforcement

The primary role of police is to enforce laws. They investigate crimes, arrest offenders, and assist in their prosecution.

Crime Prevention

Police also work to prevent crime. They patrol neighborhoods, respond to calls, and offer programs to educate the public about safety.

Community Service

Police are part of the community. They help during emergencies, natural disasters, and community events, fostering a sense of security.

250 Words Essay on Role of Police in Society

Introduction.

Policing, an essential component of society, plays a crucial role in maintaining peace and order. The police force acts as the primary agency for law enforcement, ensuring citizens’ safety and security.

The Guardians of Law and Order

The primary role of the police is to enforce laws and maintain order. They investigate crimes, apprehend offenders, and assist in their prosecution. The police also play a preventative role, deterring potential criminal activities through their presence and proactive strategies.

Community Engagement

Police are not just enforcers of the law; they also serve as a bridge between the community and the criminal justice system. Community policing encourages collaboration between the police and local communities to address safety concerns and enhance trust.

Crisis Management

In emergencies, the police are often the first responders, providing immediate assistance to victims. They manage crises, mitigate damage, and coordinate with other emergency services.

Challenges and the Path Forward

Despite their pivotal role, police forces worldwide face challenges such as corruption, misuse of power, and public distrust. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive reforms, including enhanced training, better oversight and accountability mechanisms, and fostering a culture of respect for human rights.

500 Words Essay on Role of Police in Society

Police play a critical role in society. They are the custodians of law and order, responsible for maintaining peace, ensuring safety and security, and upholding the principles of justice. The role of the police extends beyond just enforcing laws; they also serve as a bridge between the community and the justice system.

The Role of Police in Maintaining Law and Order

One of the primary responsibilities of the police is to maintain law and order. This involves preventing and detecting crime, apprehending offenders, and ensuring public order. Police officers patrol neighborhoods to deter criminal activity, respond to emergencies, and investigate crimes. They also work closely with other agencies and community members to address the root causes of crime and to develop strategies to prevent it.

Public Safety and Security

Upholding justice.

Community engagement is an essential aspect of modern policing. Police work closely with community members, local organizations, and other stakeholders to understand and address community concerns. This engagement can foster trust, improve communication, and facilitate cooperation between the police and the community, leading to more effective policing.

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Essay on Police

Introduction

In a vibrant park, a group of kids plays Cops and Robbers. “Freeze, you are under arrest!” shouts Timmy, wielding a stick as a pretend baton. Sam joins in, curious about the game.

“What does ‘Police’ mean?” Sam asks. His friend Emma giggles and says, It’s an acronym: ‘Public Officer for Legal Investigations and Criminal Emergencies.’

“Wow! So, police keep us safe?” Sam’s eyes widen. “Yeah, just like in our game! They make sure everyone’s okay,” Emma explains. Excited, Sam joins the police team, ready to protect their community in the game.

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Policing is crucial for societal order, safety, and law enforcement. The essay on the police delves into its multifaceted role, exploring evolution, challenges, and impact. It aims to elucidate modern law enforcement complexities, emphasizing its vital role in shaping communities and maintaining public trust.

Historical Context

The historical context of policing is a complex and multifaceted subject that has evolved over centuries and across various cultures. Here’s an overview of the origins of policing, the evolution of law enforcement, and significant milestones in the development of modern policing:

1. Origins of Policing

• Ancient Civilizations: Law enforcement and preserving order were part of the ancient systems in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome, among other ancient civilizations, where law enforcement systems and maintaining order existed.
• Early Forms of Policing: In these early societies, local leaders, militia, or community members often carried out policing, tasked with maintaining order and resolving disputes.
• Feudal Systems: During the Middle Ages, European feudal systems relied on mutual responsibility for law enforcement, where individuals were responsible for policing their communities.

2. Evolution of Law Enforcement

• Industrial Revolution: Growing industrialization resulted in significant social changes in the 18th and 19th centuries, necessitating new law enforcement to control urbanization , industrial labor, and social unrest.
• Creation of Formal Police Forces: In the early 19th century, modern police forces began to emerge, starting with Sir Robert Peel’s establishment of the Metropolitan Police Service in London in 1829. This marked the beginning of professionalized, centralized law enforcement agencies.
• Professionalization and Standardization: Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, police forces became increasingly professionalized and standardized, adopting uniforms, ranks, and codes of conduct.
• Technological Advances: The 20th century saw significant technological advances in law enforcement, including the introduction of fingerprinting, radio communication, forensic science, and computerized databases.

3. Evolution of Modern Policing

• Mid-19th Century: The establishment of professional police forces in major cities marks the beginning of modern policing in many Western countries.
• Late 19th Century: The adoption of new technologies, such as telegraphs and telephones , revolutionized police communications and enabled faster response times.
• Early 20th Century: The introduction of police cars and radios further enhanced mobility and communication for law enforcement agencies.
• 1960s: The American civil rights movement brought about reforms in policing practices, including increased oversight and accountability.
• The 1980s-1990s: The emergence of community policing strategies aimed at fostering closer ties between law enforcement agencies and the communities they serve.
• 21st Century: The proliferation of digital technology has transformed policing, with surveillance cameras, body cameras, and predictive analytics becoming increasingly common.

The Role of Police in Society

The role of police in society is multifaceted and vital to maintaining a functioning and orderly community. Here are the essential aspects of their role:

1. Maintaining Law and Order

• Enforcing Laws: Police officers enforce laws, regulations, and statutes to ensure community compliance.
• Crime Prevention: Through patrols, surveillance, and community engagement, police work to deter criminal activity and prevent disorder.
• Investigation: Police investigate crimes, gather evidence, and identify suspects to hold accountable for law violations.
• Catching Suspects: When crimes occur, police apprehend and bring them into custody for legal proceedings.
• Conflict Resolution: Police intervene in conflicts and disputes, mediating disputes and preventing escalation into violence.

2. Maintaining Public Safety

• Emergency Response: Police respond to emergencies such as accidents, medical crises, and natural disasters to provide assistance and support.
• Traffic Control: Police regulate traffic flow, enforce traffic laws, and respond to accidents to ensure roadway safety.
• Crime Prevention Programs: Police participate in community outreach and education initiatives to spread awareness and encourage safety precautions.
• Collaboration with Other Agencies: Police coordinate with other emergency services such as firefighters, paramedics, and disaster response teams to manage crises effectively.
• Public Awareness and Preparedness: Police offer resources and information to assist people and communities in being ready for emergencies and responding to them.

3. Maintaining Equity and Justice

• Due Process: Police uphold the principles of due process by ensuring that individuals are treated fairly and afforded their legal rights during investigations and arrests.
• Evidence Collection: Police gather evidence ethically and transparently, ensuring its admissibility in legal proceedings.
• Protection of Civil Liberties: Police respect and protect the civil liberties and rights of individuals, including freedom of speech , assembly, and privacy.
• Community Policing: Police use community-oriented policing strategies to build trust, foster cooperation, and address the root causes of crime.
• Cultural Sensitivity: Police demonstrate cultural competence and sensitivity in their interactions with diverse communities, promoting inclusivity and equity in law enforcement practices.

Roles and Responsibilities

The responsibilities and roles of police officers encompass a wide range of responsibilities to maintain public safety and order. These duties typically include:

Challenges Faced

Police face multifaceted challenges ranging from evolving crime trends and budget constraints to accountability and public trust issues. These challenges require comprehensive strategies and collaboration to ensure effective law enforcement while maintaining public confidence in policing efforts:

1. Crime Trends and Challenges

• Evolving Crime Patterns: Criminal activities constantly change and adapt to new technologies and socio-economic conditions. Police must continually update their strategies to combat emerging crimes such as cybercrime, identity theft, and human trafficking effectively.
• Drug Epidemics: The ongoing opioid crisis, along with other substance abuse issues, presents significant challenges for law enforcement agencies. Balancing enforcement with prevention and treatment efforts is crucial.
• Violent Crimes: Addressing violent crimes such as homicides, assaults, and domestic violence requires significant resources and specialized training. Gang violence, in particular, poses a persistent challenge in many communities.

2. Police Brutality and Misconduct

• Use of Force: Ensuring officers use force only when necessary and by departmental policies is a constant concern. Instances of excessive force can erode public trust and lead to legal challenges.
• Accountability and Oversight: Establishing robust mechanisms for accountability and civilian oversight is essential to address instances of misconduct and ensure transparency in policing.
• Training and Cultural Change: Promoting a culture of respect, de-escalation, and community engagement through comprehensive training programs can help reduce the likelihood of misconduct and improve police-community relations.

3. Budget Constraints and Resource Allocation

• Limited Funding : Police departments often face more budget constraints, which impact their ability to hire personnel, invest in training, acquire technology, and maintain infrastructure.
• Resource Allocation : Prioritizing resource allocation among competing needs, such as crime prevention, community policing, and emergency response, requires careful planning and decision-making.
• Equipment and Technology : It can be difficult for people with little money to keep up with new advancements in crime-fighting tools like forensics and surveillance technologies.

4. Public Perception and Trust

• Community Relations: Building positive relationships with diverse communities is essential for effective policing. Addressing concerns about racial profiling, bias, and discrimination is crucial for fostering trust and cooperation.
• Transparency and Communication: Open communication and transparency in police practices, policies, and decision-making processes are vital for enhancing public trust. Proactive engagement with the community through town hall meetings, social media, and community forums can help bridge gaps in understanding and perception.
• Accountability and Reform: Responding to misconduct or systemic issues with a commitment to accountability and reform is essential for rebuilding trust and confidence in law enforcement agencies. Collaboration with community stakeholders and advocacy groups can facilitate meaningful reforms and promote greater accountability.

Training and Education

The typical requirements, training programs, and continuing education /professional development for police officers:

1. Requirements to become a Police Officer

• Education: Most police departments require at least a high school diploma or GED. However, some agencies may prefer or require candidates to have a college degree, especially in criminal justice or a related field.
• Age and Citizenship: Applicants must be citizens or lawful residents of the nation to which they are applying and at least 21 years old.
• Physical Fitness: Police work can be physically demanding, so candidates must pass physical fitness tests that assess strength, endurance, and agility.
• Background Check: Applicants undergo thorough background checks, including criminal history, credit history, and driving record checks.
• Psychological Evaluation: Candidates often undergo psychological evaluations to assess their suitability for police work.
• Drug Screening: Employers typically demand drug tests from candidates during application.
• Additional Requirements: Some departments may have additional requirements such as residency within the jurisdiction, a valid driver’s license, and honorable discharge from the military (if applicable).

2. Training Programs and Curriculum

• Basic Law Enforcement Academy: Newly hired police officers typically undergo training at a primary law enforcement academy. These academies are run by state or local law enforcement agencies or training commissions and provide comprehensive instruction in various aspects of law enforcement.
• Curriculum: The curriculum at a primary law enforcement academy typically includes topics such as criminal law, constitutional law, firearms training, defensive tactics, emergency response, traffic enforcement, ethics, cultural diversity, community policing, report writing, and crisis intervention.
• Practical Exercises: Training programs often include practical exercises and simulations to help officers develop skills in decision-making, communication, de-escalation, and use of force.

3. Professional Development and Ongoing Education

• In-Service Training: Throughout their careers, police officers must take part in continuing education to stay current on changes to laws, policies, and best practices. Frequently covered in this training are de-escalation techniques, legal updates, cultural competency, crisis intervention, and firearms proficiency.
• Special Training: Officers may have opportunities for specialized training in areas such as investigations, SWAT tactics, crisis negotiation, K-9 handling, forensics, and leadership development.
• Higher Education: Some police departments offer tuition reimbursement or incentives for officers to pursue higher education degrees, such as bachelor’s or master’s degrees in criminal justice or related fields.
• Certification: Police officers may need to maintain various certifications, such as first aid/CPR certification, firearms certification, and specialized training certifications.
• Professional Associations: Many officers join professional associations or unions that offer training opportunities, networking events, and resources for career development.

Technology and Innovation

1. Use of Technology for Crime Prevention and Detection

• Predictive Policing: Utilizing data analysis and algorithms to identify potential crime hotspots and allocate resources effectively.
• Big Data Analytics: Analyzing large datasets to identify patterns and trends related to criminal activity.
• AI and Machine Learning: Implementing AI algorithms to process vast amounts of data for identifying criminal behavior patterns and anomalies.
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Mapping crime data to understand spatial patterns and allocate resources strategically.

2. Surveillance Systems  

• CCTV Cameras: Cameras are installed in public areas to monitor activities and deter criminal behavior.
• Facial Recognition Technology: Law enforcement agencies use algorithms to actively match faces captured on camera with databases of known criminals or suspects.
• License Plate Recognition (LPR): LPR is an automated system for identifying vehicles by their license plate numbers, often used to track suspect vehicles.

3. Growth in Forensic Science

• DNA Analysis: Thanks to developments in DNA sequencing and analysis techniques, the accuracy and speed of identifying suspects and connecting evidence to crimes have significantly increased.
• Digital Forensics: Gathering and examining data to obtain evidence from electronic devices, including computers and smartphones.
• Ballistics Analysis: Advanced technology analyzes firearms, bullets, and cartridge cases and links them to specific crimes and weapons.

4. Difficulties and Ethical Issues

• Privacy Concerns: Surveillance technology gives rise to worries about potential power abuse by law enforcement and privacy invasion.
• Bias in Algorithms: AI algorithms used for predictive policing and facial recognition may exhibit bias against specific demographics, leading to unfair treatment.
• Data Security: Safeguarding sensitive information collected through technology systems from unauthorized access and breaches.
• Civil Liberties: Balancing the need for public safety with individual rights and freedoms requires ensuring that policing technology actively respects constitutional rights.

Police-Community Relations

Police-community relations are critical for fostering a safe and harmonious society. Here’s a breakdown of the key components:

1. Importance of Community Policing

• Proactive Engagement: Community policing involves proactive efforts by law enforcement officers to engage with residents, community leaders, and organizations.
• Crime Prevention: Instead of solely reacting to crimes, community policing focuses on preventing crime through collaborative efforts with the community.
• Partnership Building: Police officers collaborate with the community to pinpoint problems, draft action plans, and carry out regionally tailored fixes.
• Problem-Solving Approach: Community policing encourages a problem-solving mindset, where police and residents work together to address underlying issues contributing to crime and disorder.

2. Building Trust and Cooperation

• Visibility and Approachability: Police officers should be visible and accessible in the community, fostering positive interactions with residents.
• Active Listening: Officers should listen attentively to community concerns, demonstrating empathy and understanding.
• Responsive and Fair Treatment: Police should respond promptly and fairly to community issues, demonstrating respect for all individuals regardless of background.
• Transparency and Accountability: Police departments should be transparent about their actions, policies, and decision-making processes and hold officers accountable for misconduct.

3. Addressing Issues of Racial Bias and Discrimination

• Acknowledgment of Bias: Police departments must acknowledge the existence of racial bias and discrimination within their ranks and the criminal justice system as a whole.
• Training and Education: Officers should receive training on recognizing and overcoming implicit biases and cultural competence training to serve diverse communities better.
• Diversity Initiatives: Police departments should actively recruit and promote officers from diverse backgrounds to better reflect the communities they serve.
• Community Oversight: Civilian oversight boards or similar mechanisms can actively involve citizens in monitoring and evaluating law enforcement actions, thereby providing community input and accountability for police practices and helping to ensure fair and equitable treatment for all residents.

Reforms and Recommendations

1. Techniques to Increase Police Accountability

• Independent Oversight Boards: Establish independent civilian oversight boards with the authority to investigate complaints against police officers and recommend disciplinary actions.
• Body Cameras and Dash Cameras: Make it mandatory for all law enforcement personnel to wear body and dash cameras to promote accountability and openness in their dealings with the general public.
• Enhanced Training: Regularly training law enforcement officers on de-escalation techniques, cultural competency, and implicit bias awareness to minimize excessive force and discriminatory practices.
• Strengthening Internal Affairs Units: Ensure that internal affairs units within police departments are adequately resourced and have the authority to conduct thorough investigations into misconduct allegations.
• Whistleblower Protection: Implement robust whistleblower protection policies to encourage law enforcement officers to report misconduct within their departments without fear of retaliation.

2. Implementing Community-focused Policing Practices

• Community Engagement Programs: Create and implement community policing initiatives, such as frequent town hall meetings, neighborhood patrols, and community forums, to promote good ties between law enforcement and the communities they serve.
• Collaborative Problem-Solving: Encourage law enforcement agencies to collaborate with community members, local organizations, and other stakeholders to identify and address the root causes of crime and public safety concerns.
• Cultural Competency Training: Law enforcement personnel should receive cultural competency training to foster fair and courteous interactions with the diverse communities they serve.
• Diversion Programs: Invest in diversion programs and alternative approaches to policing, such as mental health crisis intervention teams and substance abuse treatment programs, to address underlying social issues and reduce reliance on punitive measures.
• Data-driven Policing: Responsible use of data analysis and predictive policing tools to identify crime hotspots and allocate resources effectively while safeguarding against biases and ensuring transparency in decision-making processes.

3. Reforms to the Law and Policy

• Police Reform Legislation: Enact comprehensive police reform legislation at the federal, state, and local levels to standardize best practices for law enforcement agencies, enhance accountability mechanisms, and promote equitable policing practices.
• Use of Force Standards: Establish clear and consistent standards for law enforcement officers’ use of force, including guidelines on de-escalation tactics, proportionality, and the duty to intervene when witnessing excessive force.
• Ending Qualified Immunity: Lawmakers need to review or modify qualified immunity doctrines to protect law enforcement personnel from unjustified lawsuits while holding them accountable for wrongdoing and civil rights violations.
• Demilitarization: Limit the transfer of military equipment to civilian law enforcement agencies and discourage the militarization of policing tactics, which can contribute to escalating tensions and erosion of community trust.
• Community Oversight Mechanisms: Empower communities to have a meaningful voice in shaping policing policies and practices through civilian Review boards, participatory budgeting, and community impact assessments of law enforcement policies.

Types of Police Forces

Here are some types of Police Forces you must know:

The future of policing must prioritize community trust, empathy, and accountability. Embracing technological advancements alongside comprehensive training in de-escalation and cultural sensitivity is essential. A shift towards proactive crime prevention and social service integration can lead to a safer and more equitable society.

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Role of the Police

The police have played a crucial part in society since time immemorial. This is one of the professions that is the same worldwide, and in most cases, the police officer has similar roles and responsibilities. There is a different cadre of services in the police department as there has to be a senior who gives out instructions and a junior who carries out the instructions given. In most countries, the police department is civil servants of the country paid by the citizens through the taxes collected by the government. We will see some of the police roles, which are to maintain law and order in the society, protect public property and members of the public, prevent crime, regulate traffic, and manage emergencies and see if they are practiced.

The police’s maintenance of law and order in a country is a guide to society to do what is right and required of them. Maintaining law and order is a critical role of the police department (Chandrashekar, V, 2021). It allows for a country to run systematically and be orderly. Some police are still performing this role as required, but a few are the ones even participating in disobeying the law. It is pretty unfortunate when police officers think that they are above the law since they are the enforcers of the law.

The police are also tasked to protect public property; these are facilities that the government is offering to the public at a low cost or for free and protect the country’s subjects. The assertiveness of the public to the police will affect the level of crime in the society (Alda et al., 2017); that is, the more we are dependent on the police, crime will reduce as they can help curb the menace. Some police work in conjunction with the criminals for personal gains or even exert revenge on specific people. This has become risky because we are left with no one to trust to solve our issues while other police officers perform their duties as required wholeheartedly.

The police department can also perform other tasks such as controlling traffic, as traffic congestion is the main concern in most cities. The police officers are given different areas that they will operate ( Prakash et al., 2018), mostly on busy roads. The police officer checks on the roadworthiness of the vehicle, the availability of required documents, and the motorist is abiding by basic road rules. Some police offices are rouge that when they spot a mistake, they accept to take bribe and let the issue go, not knowing that they are placing the other motorists at risk. They also manage emergencies such as fire incidents, drought, floods, and bombing events.

As we conclude, we can see that the role of the police has remained the same since the earlier period; the only change is that it has become more corrupted, and the officers are not following the set rules. It is not all police officers but some who are spoiling the hard work of the other competent officers. It is therefore important for the force to conduct regular appraisals to weed out the bad police officers.

Alda, E., Bennett, R. R., & Morabito, M. S. (2017). Confidence in the police and the fear of crime in the developing world. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-03-2016-0045

Chandrashekar, S. V. (2021). Human Rights and Policing in India-A Critical Views on Police Accountability. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-74202-8

Prakash, U. E., Vishnupriya, K. T., Thankappan, A., & Balakrishnan, A. A. (2018, July). Density-based traffic control system using image processing. In 2018 International Conference on Emerging Trends and Innovations In Engineering And Technological Research (ICETIETR) (pp. 1-4). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICETIETR.2018.8529111

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