The slides here are taken from an early version of the course. While the concepts and results are consistent with the current version of the course, there are some differences in terminology. We are updating the slides as quickly as we can. Meanwhile, we are making these older versions available on the assumption that it is better for you to have something to work from rather than nothing.

See below for links to exams from Stanford's offering of Intrologic. The midterm exams focus on Propositional Logic (the first 5 lessons of the course). The final exams cover all of the material in the course.

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Introduction to Logic Gates

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Introduction to Logic Gates

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How to Structure Your Presentations Logically

  • By: Scott Schwertly

Structuring your presentation logically makes it easy for your audience to follow along and understand how you came to your conclusions.  Think about your presentation’s structure as a road map that guides your audience from point A to point B.  Just as you wouldn’t give driving directions by throwing a bunch of street names out to your friends and hoping that they order them correctly and then turn the right way on each, you shouldn’t present your topics haphazardly.

Simple Structure We often talk about how a presentation is really a storytelling form.  Basic stories have a very simple structure: the rising action leads to a crisis, which is followed by the dénouement.  Take away the English-major language and you basically have a beginning, middle and an end.  This configuration should serve as your presentation’s overarching structure.  Introduce your subject, present your arguments and data and summarize your message to conclude.

Selling Ideas Within the above framework, you should ensure that facts and data logically support your arguments.  Think about stating your conclusion only after you have presented your supporting data.  Instead of stating, “Company X should sell products in department stores because the target consumer shops there, the competitors are well-represented there and department stores are awesome,” begin with your supporting points so that your audience feels that they came to your conclusion (Company X should sell products in department stores) with you.  Let’s face it – people are much more likely to implement ideas they think they thought of themselves.

Draw It Out Before you draft your presentation, consider what your audience will think is logical.  If you are presenting to an audience outside of your industry, using a lot of industry-specific jargon won’t help guide your audience.  If they don’t understand what you are saying, your structure is really beside the point.  Draw out your presentation like a map with facts leading to conclusions and conclusions working together to form your larger message.  Is it clear how you got from point A to point B?  Once it seems clear to you, ask others to review your presentation and comment on the structure.  Our minds work differently, so what may seem like brilliant logic to you, may not even make sense to others.

Ergo . . . . When it comes to creating your presentation, you can use verbal and visual cues to denote logical structure.  To help your audience hear your logic, use words and phrases like “first,” “second” and “third,” “because of A, B and C” or “therefore,” “so then,” and “it follows.”  It may not make for beautiful prose, but it works.  When illustrating processes, organization or cycles, use that PowerPoint Smart Art tab.  Hierarchal charts to show decision-making processes or images connected by arrows to illustrate how your recycled paperclip eventually becomes part of a space shuttle work wonders when trying to logically explain a multi-step process.

Now, go forth and present logically!

Scott Schwertly

Scott Schwertly

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Logic Seminar - Justin Helms

Two men talking on a balcony at a bar.

Wednesday April 10, at the unusual time of 10:30, Justin Helms will be presenting Larry Moss ’ work on natural logic in our Logic Seminar, leading up to Emeritus Professor Paul Pietroski 's related presentation this Friday in Linguistics. Justin's abstract is below.

Natural logic is a research program that gives logics for fragments of natural language and then shows their soundness, (in)completeness, and computational complexity. I'll give a high-level overview of the research program as I understand it, a speculative look at how it might be relevant to questions in the philosophy of language and cognitive science, and then the formal details of one such natural logic, probably the logic with "all," "some," "no," noun complements, and sentential connectives. I'll conclude with some details of work-in-progress I'm doing with Eric Pacuit on a logic of exceptives (sentences of the form "all X other than Y are Z", etc).

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Re: prototype_101 post# 186492

Wednesday, 04/10/2024 9:21:58 AM

Wednesday, April 10, 2024 9:21:58 AM

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logic and critical thinking

Logic and Critical Thinking

Jul 27, 2014

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Logic and Critical Thinking. CCC8001 2 nd Term 2013. introduction. Course Particulars. Instructor: Dr. Michael Johnson Office: Room HSH219, Ho Sin Hang Building Office Hours: Monday s 15:00 to 16:00 Email: [email protected] Office Telephone: 2616 7052.

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Logic and Critical Thinking CCC8001 2nd Term 2013

introduction

Course Particulars • Instructor: Dr. Michael Johnson • Office: Room HSH219, Ho Sin Hang Building • Office Hours: Mondays 15:00 to 16:00 • Email: [email protected] • Office Telephone: 2616 7052

Course Website Go to http://michaeljohnsonphilosophy.com/logic-and-critical-thinking-2013/ All of the powerpoint slides will be posted there, along with reading assignments and homework assignments.

Meeting Times Monday 13:30 to 14:50 Leung KauKui (LKK) G01 Thursday 13:30 to 14:50 LKK 107

Assessment • Attendance: 10%. • Four homework assignments, each worth 5% of the grade, for a total of 20%. • One in-class midterm on 11 March, worth 30%. • One cumulative final exam, worth 40%.

Attendance Attendance is required and accounts for 10% of your final grade. You cannot get an ‘A’ in this course if you do not attend classes. Every day you don’t attend, you lose 0.5 points off your final grade, up to a maximum of 10.

Final Exam The final exam will occur during the scheduled exam period (TBA). It will consist of multiple choice and short-answer questions. It is worth 40% of your final grade. More details will be announced as the date of the final approaches. There will be a review (2/5).

Important Note Students shall be aware of the University regulations about dishonest practice in course work and the possible consequences as stipulated in the Regulations Governing University Examinations.

What is Critical Thinking? There are two basic decisions to make in life: 1. Decide what to believe: What do I believe? 2. Decide what to do: What do I do?

Deciding What to Believe The things you believe (or disbelieve) are claims. Examples of claims include: • Aliens exist. • 2 + 2 = 4. • Pocari Sweat is better than Aquarius. • You should kill children for fun.

Claims Claims can be: General or specific True or false Plausible or implausible Reasonable or unreasonable Supported by evidence or not…

Example: Theories Scientific theories are claims that are supported by lots of evidence, that integrate lots of our knowledge, and that explain and predict lots of phenomena.

Example: Guesses Guesses are claims that the guesser only believes might be true, or are probably true.

Example: Lies A lie is a claim that is known to be false and is made to deceive you into believing something false.

Claims Scientific theories, guesses, and lies are all claims. There are lots of other types of claims: hypotheses, deductions, considerations… A claim is something that is presented as true. Sometimes good reasons are given for accepting it, sometimes no reasons are given, and sometimes misleading reasons are given.

Critical Thinking Is there any evidence to support the claim? Is the evidence reliable and trustworthy? How reliable is it? Should you accept it? Does the evidence actually support the claim? Is there other evidence you should consider?

Critical Thinking Critical thinking involves asking these questions at the right times, knowing how to answer them, and knowing how to use those answers to accept or reject a claim. This is a skills-oriented class. These are the skills we will learn.

You Already Do It You are already a critical thinker. You use critical thinking skills all the time, even if you don’t know it.

Is there any evidence? On a lot of airlines, you are required to turn off your cell phones and other electronic devices during takeoff and landing. Claim: Keeping your devices on poses a danger. But is there any evidence that this is true? Are there studies? What do scientists say?

Is there any evidence? Flu season comes and it’s really bad. You should probably get a flu shot. Or should you go to the traditional Chinese medicine shop? They say their medicine can prevent the flu too.

How reliable is the evidence? Here’s a common story you’ll hear: Claim: Oh, you have a cold? You should get the doctor to prescribe antibiotics for you. Evidence: I got a cold and after a couple days was feeling really bad. I got some antibiotics and two days later, I felt great!

How reliable is the evidence? But this can’t be true. Colds are caused by viruses, and antibiotics only work on bacteria. The story you heard is a case of regression to the mean. People go to the doctor when they’re feeling worst. Of course they feel better later, they would feel better later anyway. Colds usually take care of themselves in 6 days.

Does the evidence support the claim? Companies often pay celebrities and other public figures to endorse their products. Claim: You should buy/ use this product. Evidence: Celebrity X buys/ uses this product. But is it any reason to buy something that some other person is paid to say they like it?

Does the evidence support the claim? But what do those doctors know about the health effects of cigarettes? Have they done studies? Maybe they smoke Camels because they’re cheaper, or because they’re “cooler” or for some other reason.

Is there other evidence to consider? Claim: Prayer heals the sick. Evidence: My mother had cancer, but then I prayed for her. Her cancer went into remission. But how many people were prayed for and not cured? How many people were not prayed for, but still had their cancer go into remission? Does prayer work or was this just an accident?

Critical Thinking Becoming a better critical thinker involves exercising these skills, asking these questions and finding out the answers, more often and more effectively and in a wider range of circumstances.

Logic This course is called Logic and Critical Thinking, and we will be learning about logic. Logic is a helpful tool for verifying the quality of arguments.

Philosophical Arguments In ordinary English, an argument is where two or more people have different views, and they heatedly or angrily discuss them. In philosophy, it’s when we present certain claims as evidence for other claims. So critical thinking is about evaluating arguments– are the claims presented as evidence true? Do they support the conclusions?

Validity An important concept in logic is validity, a particularly strong sort of evidential support. An argument is valid = if the claims presented as evidence in the argument (the “premises”) are true, then the claim that evidence supports (the “conclusion”) of the argument must be true (cannot be false).

Formally Valid Arguments Ancient philosophers (both Western and Chinese) discovered that you can tell that some arguments are valid by looking at their form alone.

Example Here’s an example of a valid argument form: Evidence: If A is true, then B is true. Evidence: A is true. Claim: Therefore, B is true. Notice that even if you don’t know what the claims A and B are, you know that if the evidence is true, then the claim is true.

Logic Logic is the study of formal validity. We try to find all the valid logical forms. That way, if we ever find an argument that has one of those forms, we will know for sure that it is valid. It wasn’t until recently that we (or a German mathematician named Gottlob Frege) found a way to find all the valid logical forms. This is the logic we learn about today.

The Limits of Logic Logic isn’t the entire story. It doesn’t have anything to say about the good arguments that are not formally valid, and it can’t identify bad arguments. There’s also another kind of “goodness” for arguments: a sound argument is valid and its premises are true. But logic alone can’t tell us what’s true.

Deciding What to Do But critical thinking does not end there. Notice that we still do not know what to do. Should I turn off my cell phone on an airplane? Should I smoke Camels? Should I eat shark fin soup if I want to avoid cancer? What do I do?

Choices A choice is a decision between two or more actions. Sometimes choices lead to the outcomes we desire with certainty. Sometimes they only likely lead to the outcome we desire. Sometimes our choices are very unlikely to get us the outcome we desire.

Choices Choices can be: Important or unimportant Easy or difficult Rational or irrational Successful or unsuccessful…

Critical Thinking What outcomes can my choice lead to? Does the outcome of my decision depend on factors other than what I choose to do? What is the likelihood that deciding to take a specific action will lead to a specific outcome? Which outcomes do I most prefer?

What outcomes can my choice lead to? Here’s an example from the United States: A lot of religious conservatives in the U.S. campaign to make abortion illegal, and elect government officials who say they will try to make it illegal. (Important background: the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that laws against abortion are unconstitutional.)

What outcomes can my choice lead to? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJh6frpykQk But if abortion is illegal, presumably women who get abortions will go to jail. So do the campaigners who want to make abortion illegal want these women in jail? In the video, we see a woman who’s quite confused as to what outcome her position leads to.

What do the outcomes depend on? Sometimes, when we make a choice, the outcome depends not just on what we’ve chosen to do, but also on what others have chosen. Suppose I have a scholarship that I can offer to exactly one student to come to my school. If they don’t accept it, I cannot offer it to anyone else…

What do the outcomes depend on? If I offer it to the best student, she is most likely to decline it (she has other scholarships to other schools, she may decide to go somewhere else). If I offer it to the worst student, she is most likely to accept it (she probably has no other scholarships and no other admittances). But I don’t want to give money to the worst student!

How likely is this choice to effect this outcome? Sometimes the same action can result in different outcomes with different likelihoods. If I decide to have unprotected sex, there is some probability that I will get AIDS, some probability I will get syphilis, some probability I will not contract any STI, etc. These facts clearly matter to my decision.

Which outcomes do I most prefer? Taking different actions (making different decisions) can often lead to different outcomes. But it’s not always obvious which outcomes to prefer. Obviously $50 is better than $10. But suppose it costs the same to keep someone in jail as to pay for a student to go to college. Do you let criminals out and educate more people?

Framing and the Flu Suppose a new type of flu is spreading through China and experts predict it will move to Hong Kong soon. If nothing is done, it will kill 600. The government is deciding which of two plans to implement. They come to the following rigorous, scientifically certain evaluations of the plans:

Version 1 • If Plan A is adopted, 200 people will be saved. • If Plan B is adopted, there is a 1-in-3 chance that all 600 will be saved, and a 2-in-3 chance that no one will be saved.

Version 2 • If Plan A is adopted, 400 people will die. • If Plan B is adopted, there is a 1-in-3 chance that no one will die, and a 2-in-3 chance that all 600 will die.

Which outcomes do I prefer? Version 1 and Version 2 describe exactly the same plans. Plan A in Version 1 = Plan A in Version 2. Plan B in Version 1 = Plan B in Version 2. Yet 70% of people go with Plan A in Version 1, while only 41% choose Plan A in Version 2.

For Next Class Go to the course website: http://michaeljohnsonphilosophy.com/logic-and-critical-thinking-2013/schedule-and-readings/ Read the reading for next time.

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    Inductive logic investigates the process of drawing probable (likely, plausi-ble) though fallible conclusions from premises. Another way of stating this: induc-tive logic investigates arguments in which the truth of the premises makes likely the truth of the conclusion. Inductive logic is a very difficult and intricate subject, partly because the

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    1.1 Introduction. Hermione Granger got it right when, facing the potion-master's test in Harry Potter, she said: "This isn't magic - it's logic - a puzzle. A lot of the greatest wizards haven't got an ounce of logic; they'd be stuck here forever." In the real world, we are better off. We use Logic in just about everything we do.

  3. Introduction to Logic

    If you come up with other ways of presenting the material or additional examples and if you have time, we would appreciate it if you could let us know so that we can incorporate your ideas into future versions. Chapter 1. Introduction. pdf , key , pptx. Chapter 2. Propositional Logic. pdf , key , pptx. Chapter 3. Propositional Analysis.

  4. PPT

    Presentation Transcript. Syllogisms • Begins with two premises and derives a conclusion that must follow the premises. • A Syllogism is three step process: • Ex • Premise (A): All men are mortal • Premise (B): Socrates is a man • Conclusion (C): Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Logic and Reasoning. Types of Reasoning.

  5. PDF predicate logic v2.ppt

    Predicate WFFs built by combining predicates with quantifiers, grouping symbols, and the logical connectives seen before. Example: ( x)[( y)(P(x) Q(y)) R(x)] Scope of a quantifier. Interpretation for an expression with predicates has: Domain of interpretation. Assignment of property of objects to each predicate.

  6. Chapter 1 Propositional Logic

    3 Propositional Logic 1.1 INTRODUCTION Logic - used to distinguish between valid and invalid mathematical arguments. Logic was developed by Aristotle Application in computer science - design computer circuits, construction of computer program, verification of the correctness of programs. Logic is a system based on proposition

  7. PPT

    Presentation Transcript. Chapter 3 - Introduction to Logic Logic is the formal systematic study of the principles of valid inference and correct reasoning. It is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy, mathematics, semantics, and computer science. Logic examines: (a) general forms which ...

  8. Top 10 Logic Model Templates to Demonstrate Your Project ...

    Template 1: Logic Model PPT presentation . This logic model component template contains 12 different logic templates that are designed to serve a wide variety of companies and industries. This means that whether your company is in the healthcare, publishing, or marketing business, whoever you are and whatever you're doing, this PPT presentation ...

  9. Introduction to Logic Gates

    1 Introduction to Logic Gates. 2 What are Logic Gates? Description …. Basic building blocks of a digital circuit Data processing on the circuit is controlled using transistors Output depends on the logic gate and the input Input is one of two states - high or low Output is one of two states - high or low There are seven types of logic gates.

  10. PPT

    Propositional Logic. Reading: C. 7.4-7.8, C. 8. Logic: Outline. Propositional Logic Inference in Propositional Logic First-order logic. Agents that reason logically. A logic is a: Formal language in which knowledge can be expressed A means of carrying out reasoning in the language. 893 views • 51 slides

  11. PPT PowerPoint Presentation

    PowerPoint Presentation. Let's get started with... Logic! Logic Crucial for mathematical reasoning Used for designing electronic circuitry Logic is a system based on propositions. A proposition is a statement that is either true or false (not both). We say that the truth value of a proposition is either true (T) or false (F).

  12. How to Structure Your Presentations Logically

    Ergo . . . . When it comes to creating your presentation, you can use verbal and visual cues to denote logical structure. To help your audience hear your logic, use words and phrases like "first," "second" and "third," "because of A, B and C" or "therefore," "so then," and "it follows.". It may not make for beautiful ...

  13. Logic PowerPoint Presentation and Slides

    180. Slide 1 of 38. Logical Possibility Powerpoint Presentation Slides. This complete deck has PPT slides on Logical Possibility Powerpoint Presentation Slides with well-suited graphics and subject driven content. This deck consists of a total of thirty-eight slides. All templates are completely editable for your convenience.

  14. Presentation On Logic Gates

    NOT Gate Truth Table Symbol 1 Inverter or NOT Gate Boolean Expression Q = not A or A Truth Table Q 1 0 1 Read as inverse of A gives Q. NOT equivalent NAND and NOR Gate Equivalents An Inverter or logic NOT gate can also be made using standard NAND and NOR gates by connecting together ALL their inputs to a common input signal for example. 2-input ...

  15. PPT

    LOGIC GATES - EXOR • The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a high output if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high. An encircled plus sign ( ) is used to show the EOR operation. Activity: Draw a circuit that shows how the EXOR gate would be drawn using ONLY the basic logic gates.

  16. Presentation logic

    Presentation logic. In software development, presentation logic is concerned with how business objects are displayed to users of the software, e.g. the choice between a pop-up screen and a drop-down menu. [1] The separation of business logic from presentation logic is an important concern for software development and an instance of the ...

  17. Logic Seminar

    Add to Calendar 04/10/24 10:30 AM 04/10/24 12:00 PM America/New_York Logic Seminar - Justin Helms. Wednesday April 10, at the unusual time of 10:30, Justin Helms will be presenting Larry Moss' work on natural logic in our Logic Seminar, leading up to Emeritus Professor Paul Pietroski's related presentation this Friday in Linguistics.

  18. Lightwave Logic Inc (LWLG): The highlight for me in the presentation

    Wednesday, April 10, 2024 9:21:58 AM. Post # of 186675. The highlight for me in the presentation was that he stopped and called out the newest 8x10 color glossy of the 200 mm wafers, specifically pointing out these are coming back from a high volume foundry containing our material and modulators. I always enjoy seeing visual progress of ...

  19. PPT

    Logic and Critical Thinking. CCC8001 2 nd Term 2013. introduction. Course Particulars. Instructor: Dr. Michael Johnson Office: Room HSH219, Ho Sin Hang Building Office Hours: Monday s 15:00 to 16:00 Email: [email protected] Office Telephone: 2616 7052.