supply chain management term paper topics

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Supply Chain Management Thesis Topics- Top 40 Ideas

• Career Advice

One of the most frequently asked questions from SCMDOJO followers is, I am doing a Supply Chain Management Master from Europe, the UK or the USA, and I need some Master Thesis ideas in Supply Chain.

Key academic research areas in SCM are offering robust and implementable supply chain management thesis that are transforming worldwide trends. The increasing strength of global Supply Chain Management (SCM) is one functional area that shows several students are seeking a good start, especially in solving significant problems in the form of Masters and PhD thesis .

Nevertheless, with the changing trends in the industry, some students are likely to struggle with the early stages of academic writing. A significant reason for this problem is usually down to a lack of ideas or facing new topics with low research activity.

Old Industries and New Industries

The recent pattern shifts in academia, from the traditional research approach to other conventional methods, is taking a more student-centred view. Most of the supply chain management thesis is crafted by students, including dissertation, topic creation, research, and more with help of their supervisors.

With new industries, like Amazon and Apple, transforming old concepts with technological disruption, there are new trends to look out for to help narrow your supply chain management thesis.

The 7 Powerful Supply Chain Trends (I also dubbed “Supply Chain 7.0”) have the potential to become a powerful influence over time. These trends include Augmented reality (AR), Big Data, Gamification of the supply chain, moving the supply chain to the “Cloud,” and the Internet of Things (IoT) – Industry 4.0. Also, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning in the supply chain, alongside 3D Printing, are now needed to support the product life cycle.

Forbes also highlights the key 2020 Supply Chain Technology Trends that are receiving lots of buzz in Supply Chain Management. In this regard, students seeking top-notch research areas for supply chain management thesis can consider new trends to help create adequate research content.

40  Supply Chain Management Thesis Topics for 2024

On these premises, any supply chain management thesis should be comprehensive. There several topics and areas to consider, and below are 40 Supply Chain Management Thesis Topics for 2020 that students can do research on towards an excellent postgraduate study in SCM.

Digital Transformation

• Digital Transformation Key Attributes; Challenges; enablers & Success Factors.
• Smart Government Initiatives: How Governments are Driving Digital Change.
• Digital Leadership is linking to Virtual Teams or Self Organised Teams (Agile PM).
• Did COVID 19 impact the implementation of digital transformation?
• Cross-functional collaboration in the decision-making process.
• The value of data and interdependencies in decision-making.
• Machine learning techniques in supply chain management.
• Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Transparency: Evaluating the Impact on Traceability and Trust.
• The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Predictive Analytics for Inventory Management.
• Sustainability in Digital Supply Chain Management: A Comparative Analysis of Environmental Impact.
• Digital Transformation in Warehouse Management: Enhancing Efficiency and Customer Satisfaction

Sustainable Project Management (SPM)

• Can apply the SPM model or any of its dimensions to any type of project
• Can Blockchain help with Sustainable Project Management?
• Factors affecting the application of an efficient supply management system.

IoT- Industry 4.0 and Big Data

• Application of IoT in Logistics – Challenges; enablers & Success Factors
• The practicability of intertwined supply networks with IoT.
• Implementation of IoT in 3PL/4PL Industry – Challenges; enablers & Success Factors
• Big data and impact in DDMRP
• Evaluation of technology use in modern supply chain management.
• The extension of supply chain resilience through Industry 4.0
• The Impact of Industry 4.0 on Supply Chain Management.
• Implementation of E-logistics in Supply Chain Operations.
• Predictive Maintenance Strategies in Industry 4.0-enabled Supply Chains: A Case Study Approach
• Optimizing Supply Chain Decision-Making through Real-time Big Data Analytics
• Cybersecurity Challenges in IoT-Enabled Supply Chains: A Comprehensive Analysis.

Operations and Supply Chain Management

• Risk Evaluation and Management involved in a supply chain
• Partnerships Perspective in Supply Chain Management
• Assessing Supply Chain Risk Management Capabilities
• Implementation of Green Supply Chain Management Practices
• Supply Chain Management Practices and Supply Chain Performance Effectiveness
• The Impact of Supply Chain Management Practices on the Overall Performance of the org
• The Influence of Environmental Management Practices and Supply Chain Integration on Technological Innovation Performance
• The Relationship between Total Quality Management Practices and their Effects on Firm Performance
• Level of Commitment to Top Management regarding the TQM Implementation
• Impact of Mobility Solutions (transportation / latest technologies) on logistics.
• Study on the roles of supply chain management in corporate outsourcing.
• Evaluating strategies for cost reduction in SCM relating to exports and imports.
• Circular Economy Practices in Supply Chain Management: A Case Study Approach
• Demand Forecasting in Omnichannel Retail: A Comparative Analysis of Forecasting Models.
• Ethical and Sustainable Procurement Practices: An Examination of Implementation Challenges and Benefits.

Watch my YouTube vlog explaining more on Top 10 HOT TOPICS for Supply Chain Research for Master Thesis or Ph.D. Thesis.

Get My PhD Thesis- Supplier Development Framework

The supply chain systems of today are more likely to see massive changes technologically in the coming years. Some selected supply chain management thesis topics may face limited data or access to real-time data in making proper research and forecast, including seasonality and trends. So, due diligence is necessary to ensure you not only pick an exciting supply chain management thesis, but you also have sufficient access to data, studies, and materials useful in such an area. The impact of these trends alongside technological advancement in the selected areas would certainly help your thesis stand out and unique.

If are looking for more articles in the education category, you can visit this page

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What are the emergent research topics in the field of supply chain management.

Blockchain Integration : Exploring the application of blockchain technology to enhance transparency, traceability, and security in supply chains.

Sustainable Supply Chains : Investigating strategies for integrating environmentally friendly practices, ethical sourcing, and social responsibility into supply chain management.

Digital Transformation : Studying the impact of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, machine learning, and the Internet of Things on optimizing supply chain processes.

Resilience and Risk Managemen t: Analyzing approaches to build resilient supply chains capable of adapting to disruptions, such as pandemics, natural disasters, and geopolitical events.

Circular Economy : Examining supply chain models that minimize waste and promote the reuse, recycling, and repurposing of materials.

Supply Chain Visibility : Researching ways to improve real-time visibility into supply chain activities to enhance decision-making and responsiveness.

Last-Mile Delivery Optimization : Investigating innovative approaches to streamline and optimize the final stages of product delivery to consumers.

Supply Chain Finance : Exploring financial strategies and tools to optimize cash flow and working capital within supply chains.

Collaborative Supply Chains : Studying methods to enhance collaboration and information-sharing among supply chain partners to achieve mutual benefits.

E-commerce Integration : Examining the challenges and opportunities associated with integrating e-commerce platforms into traditional supply chain models.

What are the 4 areas of supply chain management?

What is the primary goal of the supply chain.

The main goal of a supply chain is to efficiently and effectively manage the flow of products or services from the point of origin to the point of consumption. This involves optimizing processes from procurement and production to distribution and delivery. The overarching objective is to meet customer demands with the right products, in the right quantity, at the right time, while minimizing costs and maximizing overall supply chain performance.

What is the difference between supply chain and supply chain management?

The term “supply chain” refers to the entire network of entities and activities involved in the creation and delivery of a product or service, encompassing suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and customers. “Supply chain management,” on the other hand, is the strategic coordination and oversight of these interconnected processes to optimize efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance overall performance. While the supply chain is the broader concept, supply chain management specifically involves the planning, execution, and control of various elements within that network to achieve business objectives.

Recommended Books

How to get a phd: a handbook for students and their supervisors.

How to Get a PhD: How to Set Yourself Up for Success in the First 12 Months (Getting My PhD)

About the Author-  Dr Muddassir Ahmed

Dr MuddassirAhmed  is the Founder & CEO of SCMDOJO. He is a  global speaker ,  vlogger  and  supply chain industry expert  with 17 years of experience in the Manufacturing Industry in the UK, Europe, the Middle East and South East Asia in various Supply Chain leadership roles.   Dr. Muddassir  has received a PhD in Management Science from Lancaster University Management School. Muddassir is a Six Sigma black belt and founded the leading supply chain platform SCMDOJO to enable supply chain professionals and teams to thrive by providing best-in-class knowledge content, tools and access to experts.

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Supply chain disruptions and resilience: a major review and future research agenda

• S.I. : Design and Management of Humanitarian Supply Chains
• Published: 08 January 2021
• Volume 319 , pages 965–1002, ( 2022 )

Cite this article

• K. Katsaliaki 1 ,
• P. Galetsi 1 &
• S. Kumar   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4592-9502 2  

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Our study examines the literature that has been published in important journals on supply chain disruptions, a topic that has emerged the last 20 years, with an emphasis in the latest developments in the field. Based on a review process important studies have been identified and analyzed. The content analysis of these studies synthesized existing information about the types of disruptions, their impact on supply chains, resilience methods in supply chain design and recovery strategies proposed by the studies supported by cost–benefit analysis. Our review also examines the most popular modeling approaches on the topic with indicative examples and the IT tools that enhance resilience and reduce disruption risks. Finally, a detailed future research agenda is formed about SC disruptions, which identifies the research gaps yet to be addressed. The aim of this study is to amalgamate knowledge on supply chain disruptions which constitutes an important and timely as the frequency and impact of disruptions increase. The study summarizes and builds upon the knowledge of other well-cited reviews and surveys in this research area.

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1 Introduction

Driven by the globalization of markets and the competitive business environment, lean supply chain management (SCM) practices have become very popular (Blackhurst et al. 2005 ) calling for continuous flow processing with low inventory volumes, levelled and just-in-time production and accurate scheduling of transport for cross-docking operations leading to more cost-effective and responsive supply chains (SCs). Furthermore, the pressure for cost reductions has led to the outsourcing and offshoring of many manufacturing and R&D activities, especially the sourcing from low-cost countries. These trends place enormous pressure for undistracted operations and stable environments, but also increase their vulnerability to disruptions which consequently increases the operational and financial impact of supply chain (SC) disruptions (Zsidisin et al. 2005 ). Given that more than 56% of companies globally suffer a SC disruption annually, firms have started taking SC disruptions more seriously (BCI-Business Continuity Institute 2019 ). Therefore, the need for designing resilient SCs and preparing contingency plans is of paramount importance.

Supply chain disruptions may occur due to climate change or human factors. Based on the site of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which keeps a record regarding the number of disasters and their associated costs in the U.S, there have been 212 disasters since 1980 resulting in approximately $1.2 trillion in damage. A typical year in the 1980s experienced, on average, 2.7 such disasters in the U.S, 4.6 in the 1990s, 5.4 in the 2000s, and 10.5 in the 2010s. The occurrence of costly disasters has mounted. The same phenomenon is observed globally based on the OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database with less than 200 disasters per year in the 1980s and over 300 in the 2010s. Natural disasters like the Thailand flood and Japan’s earthquake and tsunami in 2011 immediately affected the SCs of several products from firms such as Apple, Toshiba, General Motors, Nissan Motor and Toyota Motor causing negative results in these companies’ reputations and earnings (Chongvilaivan 2011 ). Statistics show that about 40–60% of small businesses never reopen following a disaster (FEMA 2015 ).

On the other hand, recent examples of human factor disruptions include the tariffs imposed on billions of products for US importers in 2018–19, specifically to steel and aluminum, which led to import delays due to an inability of companies to adjust their current customs clearance programs and absorb the extra cost. This left a negative impact on the relations of the US with China, whose companies have been affected the most. Moreover, the wake of Brexit at the beginning of 2020 increases production failure risks to just-in-time auto manufacturers and others with similar operations (Banker 2019 ). The civil war in Syria has created humanitarian logistics problems with refugees’ flows in Turkey and EU which based on the situation had to change supply chain strategies from serving populations on the move to serving dispersed but static groups of people, by supplying refugee camps, etc. (Dubey et al. 2019a , b , c ). Recently, the deadly coronavirus outbreak in a major industrial and transport hub of central China has triggered lockdowns in Chinese (and many other) cities and factories which have severely restricted production and transport routes globally (Araz et al. 2020 ).

The issue of SC disruptions has been greatly emphasized in the literature. It is a topic that increasingly challenges the SC of products and their focal firms, as SCs have become very complex and interdependent and disruptions create a snowball effect with serious consequences to all related SC echelons. This propagation, the ripple effect as is denoted in the literature (Ivanov et al. 2014a , b ) amplifies the impact of disruptions.

Although companies have high awareness about SC risks, more than 80% have been concerned about SC resilience (Marchese and Paramasivam 2013 ; Wright 2013 ), about 60% believe they have not yet developed and applied effective SC risk management practices (Sáenz and Revilla 2014 ). Therefore, managing risk in SCs is an important topic of supply chain management and has been the focus of research through reviews (Ho et al. 2015 ; Kleindorfer and Saad 2005 ), case studies (Ferreira et al. 2018 ) and an analysis of management models (Tomlin 2006 ). Related studies have exhibited a rich academic structure that encourages research in the field by identifying SC risks’ types, ways to detect and assess them and apply the right methods to react to them by linking theory with strategy and managerial practices (Nakano and Lau 2020 ).

However, there is evidence of a shift away from traditional risk management thinking as a reactive tactic to disruptions and towards more proactive strategies such as building SC resilience which increases the chances of achieving business continuity in turbulent cases (Christopher and Peck 2004 ). Building resilience is a capability that enables the SC to anticipate, adapt and promptly respond to unpredictable events (Blackhurst et al. 2005 ), and therefore greatly appeals to the firms. However, its effective application requires the development of certain operational capabilities aligned across the SC partners (Ali et al. 2017 ).

Supply chain disruptions and resilience have developed to become a well-defined research area, exhibiting a rich academic output. Indicative are the special issues in prestigious journals such as in the Supply Chain Management: An International Journal in 2019 on “New Supply Chain Models: Disruptive Supply Chain Strategies for 2030” (Wilding and Wagner 2019 ) and in the International Journal of Production Research (IJPR) in 2016 on “supply chain dynamics, control and disruption management” (Ivanov et al. 2016a , b ). Among the publications, numerous theoretical developments as well as review studies can be found exploring certain aspects of SC disruptions. There are also a few scientometric studies investigating mitigation methods (Bier et al. 2019 ), methods for building resilience (Centobelli et al. 2019 ; Hosseini et al. 2019a ) and the connection between SC risk and artificial intelligence (Baryannis et al. 2019a , b ).

From an academic standpoint, it is significant to classify and synthesize the output of research in a specific field, so that those interested can follow the field’s developments and trends (Merigó and Yang 2017 ). Bibliometrics is one method of conducting such a classification, which guides academics toward a discipline’s most influential studies (Gaviria-Marin et al. 2019 ; Godin 2006 ). On the other hand, the synthesis of knowledge can be performed through review and content analysis methods for classifying research and presenting a more analytical view of the developments of the field.

Our study examines the literature published in important journals on SC disruptions and resilience, a topic that has emerged the last 20 years, with an emphasis in the latest developments in the field.

The methodology is comprised of a profiling of our article pool, which is followed by a thorough review of advances in the field, completed by combining knowledge and providing information about supply chain disruptions, their impact and remedies, with a special focus on the ripple effect reduction, through the analysis of state of the art literature and comparisons. Finally, a review of the related technology advances draws a picture for the future of supply chain management against disruptions and provides a list of research ideas to gain a further understanding of the phenomenon, helping to better develop the field and prepare firms. Through this process managerial insights are offered for decision makers in the industry. Therefore, the manuscript aims to address: (1) how the literature has helped to advance theoretical debates and influence decision-making and (2) how the future is shaped, what the research gaps are that published papers have not yet addressed and constitute the future research agenda on SC disruptions. The study’s contribution is to complement prior research and provide a broad picture of SC disruptions and remedies at a time when the existing literature has matured, the interest of firms on the topic has mounted, especially due to the COVID19 pandemic lockdowns, and there are new ways emerging that require further investigation.

The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. The second section discusses the study’s methodology. The third section presents the profile of research on SC disruptions with an emphasis on the most influential papers. The findings from the content analysis of the related papers are described in the fourth section under eight subsections, focusing on the types of disruptive events, SC propagation-ripple effect, the impact of SC disruptions, resilience methods and recovery strategies, modeling approaches for SC disruptions, cost–benefit analysis of SC resilience, popular IT tools for resilience and response to disruptions and finishing with a future research agenda. The last section on discussion presents the research and managerial implications of this study.

2 Methodology

The paper’s main research methodology follows a step by step review approach by using explicit methods and adopts a bibliometric technique to identify research streams in the analyzed literature and also a content analysis method to provide a description of research evidence.

The data collection process of the relevant articles on SC disruptions is described below. The Web of Science (WoS) database was queried for articles and reviews written in English that were published between the years of t and 2019 inclusive and contain in their title the terms “supply chain*” AND in the topic (title, abstract or keywords) the term disrupt* (*with its derivatives). The search identified 951 studies, which were analyzed based on their profile. Figure  1 presents a detailed schema of the methodology which is divided in three stages: preparation of dataset, profiling and content analysis and paper writing. The tools of the WoS database were utilized to derive profiling results such as the distribution of papers per year, the journals and affiliations with the most published papers and the citation report. The content analysis was completed with the help of EndNote capabilities and two of the authors reading a selection of the articles. The criteria for an article’s participation in the content analysis was based on the thematic area under investigation. A positive inclination was towards papers belonging to the top 10 journals that publish relevant subjects or towards highly cited papers (based on total citation or average citations per year). Around 250 papers were read in full and a number of them sketched the content of the specific categories. The content analysis categories include the types of disruptions (hierarchized by reason and frequency of occurrence), the impact that SC disruptions create (e.g. ripple-snowball effect), resilience, response and recovery methods, cost–benefit analysis of responses to disruptions, the most popular modeling approaches for applying resilience and mitigation strategies (topped with indicative examples and a special focus on the ripple effect), the IT tools and technological trends that enhance resilience and response to disruptions and research gaps that require further investigation. For this last section of future research, we also included ideas from 5 studies published in 2020 which cover issues related to the enormous SC disruption caused by the COVID19 pandemic.

Methodology schema

3 Profiling research on SC disruptions

A look into the yearly distribution of the 951 related articles shows that the first papers on the topic were published as recently as in 2004, followed by continuous interest after that year. After 2015 there is a dramatic annual increase in the number of papers in the subject by around 30% from year to year. Around 30% of these papers are published in the following 10 journals: International Journal of Production Research, International Journal of Production Economics, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, International Journal of Logistics Management, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, Omega: International Journal of Management Science, Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review, European Journal of Operational Research, Computers & Industrial Engineering, and Annals of Operations Research. A lot of the work in the subject is conducted in the Russian Academy of Sciences, the University of Tehran and the Berlin School of Economics and Law.

3.1 Most influential papers and their contribution

If we assume that citation reports indicate the most read and referenced papers in the field, the most popular paper in the subject as of March 2020, is a framework for classifying SC risk management literature (Tang 2006 ), followed by one discussing SC disruptions in particular (Kleindorfer and Saad 2005 ).

Overall, the analysis of the 10 most important papers’ contribution (Appendix Table  3 ) indicate that in their great majority are a) review papers about: (1) managing SC risks [either through a conceptual framework (Tang 2006 ) or as a textbook style (Chopra and Sodhi 2004 ) or a citation-review analysis (Tang and Musa 2011 )], (2) managing SC disruptions (Kleindorfer and Saad 2005 ), (3) explaining SC resilience (Ponomarov and Holcomb 2009 ) and (b) survey papers discussing about: (1) the different levels of severity of SC disruptions through interviews (Craighead et al. 2007 ), (2) the impact of disruptions’ announcements to the firms’ stock price performance (Hendricks and Singhal 2005 ), (3) the perceptions of SC professionals of how SC agility is achieved (Braunscheidel and Suresh 2009 ) and (4) of their approaches to risk in global SCs (Manuj and Mentzer 2008 ). There is also one paper in this list which presents an inventory optimization model to assess sourcing strategies under disruptions (Tomlin 2006 ). Almost all of these papers have been published before 2010 (only one in 2011). Therefore, apart from their important content, the time that have been available is also a crucial parameter of their popularity.

A further investigation on trending WoS papers* (10 more recent papers with increasing citations - Appendix Table  4 ) revealed a focus on the digitalization of SCs and its impact on SC risk control, such as the effect of digital technology and Industry 4.0 on SC disruptions (Ivanov et al. 2019 ), the effect of the use of blockchain (Saberi et al. 2019 ) and employees’ perceptions in using it (Queiroz and Wamba 2019 ). Altogether these 10 studies constitute a collection of (1) reviews about quantitative methods for modelling SC disruptions and aiding decision-making (Dolgui et al. 2018 ; Heckmann et al. 2015 ; Ho et al. 2015 ; Hosseini et al. 2019a ; Snyder et al. 2016 )], (2) conceptual frameworks of certain approaches on the subject (Ivanov and Dolgui 2019 ) and (3) surveys of professionals’ knowledge on SC disruptions and adoption of mitigation tactics (Queiroz and Wamba 2019 ; Sodhi et al. 2012 ).

4 Content analysis results

In this section, a review of the selected studies is presented. The review is organized under the following areas: types and reasons of disruptions, the ripple effect, impact analysis of SC disruptions, resilience-response-recovery strategies to disruptions, popular quantitative approaches for the analysis of SC disruptions, cost–benefit analysis of resilience Vs disruptions, IT tools for enhanced resilience and research gaps for future research directions. All the subsections’ information is generated through a content analysis of the important papers of our dataset that is enhanced with other external sources when necessary. Many sections are supported by tables that provide an account of the reported analysis.

4.1 Types of disruptive events

There is a vast literature which names and analyses the reasons for disruptions in SCs. Selectively, some of the most relevant studies are the following: (Baryannis et al. 2019a , b ; Chopra and Sodhi 2014 ; Christopher and Peck 2004 ; Dolgui et al. 2018 ; Ivanov 2017 ; Ivanov et al. 2014a , b ; Rao and Goldsby 2009 ; Tang and Tomlin 2008 ; Thun and Hoenig 2011 ; Vilko and Hallikas 2012 ; Zsidisin et al. 2016 ) which reveal the main reasons for the disruptions’ occurrence. There are also a number of annual surveys on SC disruptions and resilience which are triggered by the Business Continuity Institute (BCI-Business Continuity Institute 2019 ) and other older surveys from Hendricks and Singhal ( 2005 , Hendricks et al. ( 2009 ).

The literature provides several ways of grouping the reasons for disruptions/glitches:

Based on the SC echelons are clustered under (a) production, (b) supply and (c) transportation disruptions (Ivanov et al. 2017 );

Based on the reason that caused the disruption, form 9 groups: (a) disasters (e.g. natural disasters, terrorism, war, etc.), (b) delays (e.g. inflexibility of supply source), (c) systems (e.g. information infrastructure breakdown), (d) forecast (e.g. inaccurate forecast, bullwhip effect, etc.), (d) intellectual property (e.g. vertical integration), (e) procurement (e.g. exchange rate risk), (f) receivables (e.g. number of customers), (g) inventory (e.g. inventory holding cost, demand and supply uncertainty, etc.) and (h) capacity (e.g. cost of capacity) (Chopra and Sodhi 2014 );

Based on their frequency of occurrence, SC risks that occur regularly are: supply risks, process risks, demand risks, intellectual property risks, behavioral risks, and political/social risks (Tang and Tomlin 2008 );

Based on their nature and their source are classified under 5 categories: (a) process risk, (b) control risk, (c) demand risk, (d) supply risk and (e) environmental risk (Christopher and Peck 2004 );

Based on who they affect, from broad to specific, disruptions are: (a) external to the SC network and are termed environmental, (b) internal to the SC network but external to the focal firm, called network or industry risks (c) internal to the firm, called organizational disruptions, (d) problem-specific and (e) decision-maker specific (Rao and Goldsby 2009 ).

Moreover, disruptive events are characterized by their type, intensity, duration (Dolgui et al. 2019 ), source and impact. Below we provide examples from the literature based on these characterizations.

The disruptive events may have an individual impact (e.g. affect only one supplier, e.g. equipment breakdown, fire etc.), a local impact for suppliers in a geographic area (e.g. labor strike triggered by new worker’s legislation of a State, etc.) or a global impact that affects all suppliers or SC echelons simultaneously. Such global events may include an economic crisis, a widespread labor strike in a transportation sector, etc. Suppliers may suffer all three types (individual, local, global) of disruption risks (Sawik 2014 ).

Natural disasters and catastrophic events are considered to have low probability, but are high impact events with significant consequences to the SC network. On the other hand, high probability and moderate impact disruptions are: unanticipated demand, rush orders, shortage in supply, company buyouts, delivery coordination and sourcing constraints (Scheibe and Blackhurst 2018 ). 589 professionals who participated in a survey in 2011 indicated that delivery chain disruptions were higher in their organizations than most other risks, but with less than average impact (Thun and Hoenig 2011 ). Aligned with the latter, the results of a Finish survey identified time delays (as opposed to financial and quality risks) as the most serious in terms of likelihood of occurrence (Vilko and Hallikas 2012 ). Earlier, Hendricks and Singhal ( 2003 ) reported that of the 14 primary SC disruption categories that were identified, parts shortages was by far the most frequent reported cause, and delivery disruptions was one of the leading causes of parts shortages. Another survey showed that infrastructural events are the cause of more than half of the disruptions (Zsidisin et al. 2016 ). The latest reports show that SC disruptions, such as cyber-attack, data breach and loss of talent/skills have become more evident since 2014. Consistently high rated causes of disruption in the 2010s include unplanned IT and telecommunication outages, as well as adverse weather, transport network disruption and outsourcer failure which have rarely dropped from the top five causes (BCI-Business Continuity Institute 2019 ).

Synthesizing the analysis of the individual papers referring to the types of disruptions, and survey papers and reports that have estimated their frequency of occurrence, in Table  1 we provide a summary of disruptive event categories, hierarchized by frequency of occurrence, from low to high. We also provide indicative references from our review database which refer to the specific category’s events.

4.2 Supply chain propagation and the ripple effect

Given the geographical diversification, the number of tiers and the nature of product failure in an echelon of the SC may not only be a local problem but a far-reaching one which affects many echelons of the SC, but most importantly the end-customer. Perturbations originating in a localized point have the potential to be passed onto subsequent tiers of a SC with possible amplification effects (Wu et al. 2007 ).

The most-known such SC amplification effect is the bullwhip effect, which is caused by changes in customer demand that can propagate through the SC, amplifying in magnitude as the change passes to adjacent tiers (Lee et al. 1997 ). However, the bullwhip effect only describes one type of demand-side disruption which is caused by order batching, promotions, shortage gaming and mainly from a lack of coordination among the SC tiers as well as the lack of information sharing and transparency. This is a problem that has been cured in recent years with the use of enterprise resource planning (ERP) software, cloud services and other online sharing means.

On the other hand, the amplification effect which is caused by any type of disruption in the SCs is called the ripple effect (Ivanov et al. 2014a , b ; Liberatore et al. 2012 ). The ripple effect describes the disruption propagation in the SC, the resulting SC structural dynamics and the performance impact of this propagation (Sokolov et al. 2016 ). Disruptions may occur upstream from interruptions in the supply-side (supplier/production failure, product quality problems, resource constraints) or downstream originated from demand-side and legal, regulatory and financial unexpected changes in the markets. An upstream example is the case of a supplier that has produced some components with harmful properties for the environment, which are supplied to the next upstream tier and further to tier-one, where the component should be suspended and recalled, resulting in delays for the whole SC of the final product (Levner and Ptuskin 2018 ).

The ripple effect describes the SC amplification and propagation effects of unpleasant events in broader terms and its consequences which may be much more severe than these of the bullwhip effect (Ivanov et al. 2017 ). The disruption frequency is usually lower, but the performance impact is higher than this of the bullwhip effect (Dolgui et al. 2018 ). The ripple effect has also been regarded with the snowball effect (Swierczek 2016 ) and domino effect (Khakzad 2015 ), which have similar definitions. However, the term ripple effect has dominated the literature and in many papers has been related with low-frequency high-consequence chains of accidents (Ivanov et al. 2017 ). Often, the ripple effect has a tremendous impact on the whole supply chain’s performance, its ability to deliver to the end-customer and ultimately to the financial survival of its network of companies (Ivanov et al. 2014a , b ; Kamalahmadi and Mellat-Parast 2016 ).

4.3 The impact of SC disruptions

Companies find it difficult to measure the effects of supply-chain disruptions and empirical evidence remains limited (Wagner and Neshat 2012 ). However, there are a few surveys and case studies that have attempted to shed some light and quantify the impact of disruptions. Additionally, there is a list of notable large scale disruptive events and their consequences (Dolgui et al. 2018 ) which are often used in the literature as outstanding examples. Indicative is the plant fire (infrastructural event) of Philips microchip in 2000 in New Mexico which caused a shortage of chips in the market. The undelivered supplies resulted in $400 million lost sales for the cellphone producer Ericsson. Similarly, in 2011 the flood in Thailand and the earthquake-tsunami in Japan (catastrophic event), where many component manufacturers are concentrated, resulted in huge losses for these companies. This also affected the reputation, earnings and shareholder returns of several international industries such as Apple, Toshiba, General Motors, etc., as companies are increasingly dependent on the supply chains’ business continuity (Chongvilaivan 2011 ). In 2016, a contact dispute (legal event) between Volkswagen and two of its parts suppliers caused a production halt in 6 of the carmaker’s German plants. Around 28,000 workers were laid off or made part-time (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

Therefore, taking also into account the ripple effect, it is understood that disruptions cause many negative consequences to the entire SC and the individual firms involved. The relevant literature analyses a number of these consequences. Also, the accumulated knowledge from surveys of the last decade show that loss of productivity is the number one consequence followed by increased working cost, impaired service, customer complaints, loss of revenue and damage to brand reputation (BCI-Business Continuity Institute 2019 ).

In broad terms, the effect of SC disruptions may include a sales decrease and cost increase (Ponomarov and Holcomb 2009 ), from which many companies never recover (Wagner and Neshat 2012 ).

Sales decreases occur due to failure to meet end-customer demand as a result of product unavailability, partially fulfilled orders in terms of quantity and late deliveries. These lead to customer complaints, damaged image and brand reputation and loss of customers. The financial consequences then follow with lower sales, loss of revenues and reduced market share.

On the other hand, higher costs may occur (a) due to the use of alternative transportation means for product deliveries, and higher administrative costs for dealing with backorders, (b) due to premium supplier contacts for ensuring delivery of the limited resources from alternative geographical areas and firms, (c) due to production rescheduling as a consequence of stockouts of certain resources, or worse (d) due to production shutdowns (e.g. fire) and hampered productivity (e.g. labor strike, slack times in manufacturing) and lower assets and capacity utilization (Jabbarzadeh et al. 2018 ). Extra costs may incur also e) due to penalties for breaching contracts and failure to meet legal or regulatory requirements (Wagner and Neshat 2012 ). Overall the decreasing sales and increasing costs ultimately lead to loss of profitability and a decrease in the company’s value (Ivanov 2017 ). Table  2 presents this degradation process.

Empirical research has shown that SC disruptions cause on average of a 107% drop in profitability (operating income), bring about 7% lower sales growth and an 11% growth in costs (Hendricks and Singhal 2005 ).

Poor firm performance is one of the most acknowledged effects of disruptions, but its negative impact is not consistent across all types of risks (Wagner and Bode 2008 ). Empirical research has shown that if recovery is possible, it takes up to 50 trading days (e.g. restart production) (Knight and Pretty 1996 ) and lower performance is observed for a period of two years after disruptions (Hendricks and Singhal 2005 ). The non-recoverers suffer a net negative cumulative impact of almost 15% up to one year after the catastrophe. Moreover, the more frequent the occurrence of a disruption within a focal manufacturing firm, the more likely it is that plant performance, relative to its competitors, will diminish. Consequently the higher the frequency of supply disruptions, the lower the plant performance (Brandon-Jones et al. 2015 ).

Another major impact that has been extensively studied is the financial impact of disruptions. Empirical findings indicate that financial markets react more dramatically to catastrophic and restrictive regulatory events, factors that usually cannot be easily controlled or avoided by firms, as compared to supply-side reasons, where some of them may be controlled or mitigated by firms through process improvement and early identification (Zsidisin et al. 2005 ).

At first sight, these findings indicate that managers should prioritize actions for contingency plans and the mitigation of catastrophic and regulatory-related disruptions, as these seem to have the highest financial impact. Nevertheless, apart from the severity of events, another factor that managers should consider when prioritizing actions related to disruptions is the frequency of occurrence of these disruptions and their cumulative financial impact. Therefore, low-impact but frequently occurring disruptions, combined, may have a more severe impact on shareholder wealth than infrequent high-impact events. Consequently, it is not irrational for managers to prioritize actions that could mitigate low-impact, high-likelihood events and especially these, mainly supply-side disruptions, that could be prohibited through process improvements (Zsidisin et al. 2016 ), good scheduling, appropriate maintenance and training, balancing inventory and capacity across the SC, etc. It is also empirically supported that firms with more operational slack, more days of inventory (inventory on hand) and a smaller sales over assets ratio (unutilized capacity), experience a less negative stock market reaction when disruptions occur, as slack provides resources and the required flexibility to handle disruptions (Hendricks et al. 2009 ).

Nonetheless, comparative surveys (Hendricks and Singhal 2003 ; Zsidisin et al. 2016 ) show that disruptions have a less detrimental impact to firm financial performance than in the past. The investigation of the impact to the firms’ stock price of SC glitches’ announcements (> 500) showed a dramatic fall that has smoothed throughout the years. Specifically, the effect of a SC disruption announcement (resulting in a production or shipment delay) on shareholder value meant an average reduction of above 10% on the stock market in the 90s (Hendricks and Singhal 2003 ), which has reduced to 2% in the 2000s (Zsidisin et al. 2016 ) probably due to an increased awareness and mitigation actions regarding disruptions and fast recovery (Wagner and Neshat 2012 ). Albeit the considerable advancements that have been achieved, disruptions now occur in greater frequency and intensity, therefore the consequences are still, in many cases, dramatic (Wagner and Neshat 2012 ). Realizing this negative impact, businesses are recognizing the importance and are attempting to create and be part of more resilient SCs (Jabbarzadeh et al. 2018 ).

4.4 Resilience methods and recovery strategies

To successfully recover from a SC disruption, a firm needs to activate effective methods (Blackhurst et al. 2005 ). According to the literature, managers need to respond to such incidents by following three identified stages of response: first detecting the volume of disruption, then designing or selecting a predesigned recovery method to tackle the disruption and finally deploying the solution (Chopra and Sodhi 2014 ). Several literature reviews have described the stages, methods and techniques of firm reaction and recovery after a disruption (Dolgui et al. 2018 ; DuHadway et al. 2019 ; Ivanov 2020b ; Ivanov et al. 2017 ; Sawik 2019 ).

According to the literature (Chowdhury and Quaddus 2017 ; Dolgui et al. 2018 ) resistance (proactive approach) and recovery (reactive approach) are included in the resilience concept. A firm needs to maintain redundancy (high safety-stock, additional production capacity) and flexibility (alternative suppliers for sourcing, alternative transportation depots and modes for delivery) to resist against disruptions and use them effectively to reduce their impact. Likewise, the recovery stage incorporates some of the same tactics as the resistance approach, such as the use of backup suppliers for sourcing, the use of the buffer stock for satisfying customer orders and redundant capacity for continuing the production (Ivanov et al. 2017 ).

Other important mitigation strategies for disruptive events focus on better demand forecasting (Scheibe and Blackhurst 2018 ), better coordination amongst the SC echelons before and after the disruption with the use of information-sharing (Dubey et al. 2019a b c ), joint relationship efforts, and decision synchronization (Nakano and Lau 2020 ) by deploying supply chain management software (such as warehouse and transport management systems and vendor managed inventories) connected to the ERP and business intelligence software add-ons (Brusset and Teller 2017 ).

However, surveys show that firms address disruptions most commonly with increased safety-stock, dual or multi-sourcing, and better forecasting. Although they consider coordination between the SC nodes very significant to recover from disruptions, in reality they act in isolation and their visibility of the SC extends only to one tier above and one tier below (Scheibe and Blackhurst 2018 ). Low collaboration and responsiveness has emerged as a great vulnerability (Pettit et al. 2013 ). Real-time supply-chain reconfiguration software could enhance responsiveness against specific situations (Blackhurst et al. 2005 ) and improve coordination and decision-making by recomputing, for example, optimal routes and facility selection to maximize demand fulfillment and minimize penalties and delay costs due to the disruption (Banomyong et al. 2019 ).

A representative example of the backup sourcing recovery option is the incident concerning the fire at the Philips microchip plant in Albuquerque. Ericson experienced a production shutdown because its materials were sourced only from that plant while Nokia took advantage of its emergency backup sourcing strategy to obtain chips from other suppliers (Chen and Yang 2014 ). A resilient design of a SC that promotes flexibility is described through the BASF example. BASF built a resilient SC with safety and risk prevention measures that included globally valid guidelines and requirements for capacity and security trainings for staff. In 2016 a pipeline at BASF facility in Germany exploded and destroyed a terminal for the supply of raw materials, limiting the access to key raw materials and product inventories. During this time, logistics was temporarily shifted from ships and pipelines to trucks and trains. BASF was prepared for an incident and was in close contact with its customers to keep them informed about the current availability of products to minimize the impact on customer deliveries, which resulted in smaller than expected economic consequences from the accident (Dolgui et al. 2018 ). Another example of flexibility importance is the case of the 2015 Nepal earthquake in which humanitarian organizations offering aid to locals were met with great disruptions (delays) in relief delivery. They identified the significance of developing a flexible network with the most influential factors being IT support, fleets’ (re)scheduling, and relief packages’ volume (Baharmand et al. 2019 ).

Firms belonging to specific SCs can utilize practical assessment tools from the literature that were developed to measure their own SC resiliece (Chowdhury and Quaddus 2017 ; Pettit et al. 2013 ). This is a first step to ackowledge their readiness to resist and respond to disruptions and understand where they should make efforts to improve.

4.5 Popular modeling approaches

4.5.1 modeling approaches for sc disruptions.

Mitigation and recovery are very important procedures and the adoption of these “recovery strategies” include processes based on quantitative methods (Ivanov et al. 2014a , b ), which usually evaluate the effectiveness of each strategy prior to its implementation. Quantitative analysis methods for anticipating operational and disruption SC risks mainly include mathematical optimization, simulation, and control theory to control risk, respond and stabilize the execution process in case of disruptions and to recover or minimize the middle-term and long-term impact of deviations (Ivanov et al. 2017 ). Mathematical optimization offers optimal solutions by using algorithmic models; simulations are models that provide the “what if’ scenarios” and control theory provides additional analytical tools often used to analyze system dynamic performances over time (Yang and Fan 2016 ).

More specifically, optimization models offer analytical solutions which determine the impact of disruptions and identify resilient SC policies. Such models can incorporate a large variety of parameters and objectives (e.g. minimization of disruption cost). Mixed-integer programming (MIP) is a category of optimization problems that has been repeatedly used to model SC disruptions (Ivanov et al. 2017 ). However, a major limitation of optimization models is that they cannot capture the dynamic nature of SCs (e.g. disruptions are modeled as static events, without considering their duration or erratic impact) and therefore make a high number of assumptions (e.g. known demand, suppliers’ reliability, etc.). On the other hand, stochastic programming modeling allows for the insertion of some uncertainty through probability distributions depicting disruption event scenarios and leads to optimal solutions by taking into account multiple objective functions (Sawik 2014 ). Stochastic programming models incorporate a set of discrete scenarios with a given probability of occurrence. The probability distributions may describe demand uncertainly, disruption impact uncertainly, costs uncertainty for applying response and recovery strategies, etc. Stochastic programming techniques have also been used to model disruptions in SC, however, the scenario-based approach of stochastic programming modelling exponentially increases the number of variables and constraints and makes these models difficult to implement and run.

Simulation methods are more flexible than stochastic optimization models as they are used to replicate system behavior and allow for a dynamic approach of randomness in disruption and recovery policies, as well as they incorporate and handle more complexity (more probabilistic scenarios for more variables simultaneously), incorporate the time dimension and even offer real-time analysis, and multiple results under each what-if scenario. Simulation can also be applied to enhance the optimization results or be used as a simulation-based optimization technique. Simulation techniques such as discrete-event simulation, system dynamics, agent-based modeling, optimization-based simulation and graph theory-based simulation have been applied to describe and model the impact of the ripple effect in SC disruptions (Ivanov et al. 2017 ) among other things.

Control theory has also the analytical ability to execute SCs over time and is used to analyze eventual system dynamic performances. The development of control models is usually related to specific operational risks which constitute the key control metrics (such as, demand fluctuation, degree of information sharing, speed of convergence) for quantifying disruption recovery performance (Ivanov and Sokolov 2019 ; Yang and Fan 2016 ).

Another technique which is apparent in the analysis of SC disruptions is graph theory (e.g. Bayesian network, decision trees) which, through mathematical structures, describes the interrelationships of the SC and based on the predictions and decision scenarios model pairwise relations between entities (Hosseini and Ivanov 2019 ). Finally, game theory (e.g. Stackelberg game) is another type of mathematical modeling which focuses on the strategic interaction among rational decision-makers and, given the order of decisions from decision-makers, certain scenarios are deployed about their reactions in SC disruptions.

Needless to say, inventory theory is dominantly used for modeling SC disruptions. It incorporates popular inventory models (deterministic or stochastic optimization models), such as economic order quantity models and periodic review models which determine safety stock, optimal ordering and production quantities during the design of resilient SCs and the recovery period to minimize total costs, capturing the trade-offs between inventory policies and disruption risks. These models can be two-echelon or multi-echelon models based on the length of the SC.

In the examined articles, we have identified that most papers use optimization methods, followed by papers that apply simulation techniques. There are also studies that present statistical analysis of database data or survey, e.g. (Brusset and Teller 2017 ) or that use graph theory, e.g. (Nakatani et al. 2018 ) and game theory, e.g. (Fang and Shou 2015 ). From the optimization methods notable is the use of stochastic programing e.g. (Snoeck et al. 2019 ), mixed-integer programming, e.g. (Amini and Li 2011 ) and multi-objective programing e.g. (Teimuory et al. 2013 ). The simulation methods used are discrete-event simulation, e.g. (Ivanov et al. 2017 ), system dynamics, e.g. (Kochan et al. 2018 ) and agent-based modeling, e.g. (Hou et al. 2018 ). Looking into our article pool, the papers that have developed quantitative analysis methods model resilience, response and recovery strategies. (Appendix Table  5 shows 10 indicative papers as examples of the variety of quantitative methods used in the relevant literature with a brief explanation of the model’s purpose.)

Quantitative techniques offer a great range of analysis which varies from solving single, simple problems to very complex and interrelated ones. The latter more precisely describes the need of SC modeling. Operations and supply chain managers can choose from the available quantitative tools for different application areas of SC disruptions and determine an optimal or near optimal solution.

4.5.2 Modeling approaches for the ripple effect

Special attention is given in the most recent literature (after 2014) with regards to the ripple effect and the ways to manage it/reduce it through tactics that are tested in quantitative models. From a search in the Web of Science database regarding the literature on the ripple effect of SCs (keywords: “ripple effect” and “supply chain”), 31 journal papers have been identified, 18 of which are published in the IJPR, 3 in the International Journal of Production Economics (IJPE) and the remaining 10 each in different journals. Prof Ivanov is the author in 21 of these, establishing the ripple-effect as a scientific topic in the area of SC disruption management, by using an analogy to computer science where ripple effect determines the disruption-based scope of changes in the system (Ivanov et al. 2014a , b ).

Α thorough analysis of the ripple effect in SCs is given in a review paper (Ivanov et al. 2014a , b ) and its follow-up (Dolgui et al. 2018 ) which provides a framework for the reasons of the ripple effect (sourcing strategy, production planning, inventory management, and control), presents its quantitative modelling approaches (including mixed-integer programming, simulation, control theory, complexity and reliability theory) and provides an analytic count down of future research avenues. Adding to the latter an overview paper demonstrates the positive impact of technology (big data analytics, 3D printing, blockchain, etc.) on the ripple effect mitigation (Ivanov et al. 2019 ). Attention is also drawn to case studies. For example a highly cited paper published in IJPE (Koh et al. 2012 ), assesses impact of actions for greening the SC and the triggering of the ripple effect and another one based on the analysis of the 2009 Italian earthquake uses MIP to model protection plans of regional disruptions by identifying which facilities to protect first (Liberatore et al. 2012 ).

The majority of the remaining papers in the literature on ripple effect are focused on modelling the phenomenon, which requires the inclusiosn of many SC echelons and thus more complex processes in the model, and exploring mitigation tactics. This is done by the use of mathematical models e.g. (Hosseini and Ivanov 2019 ; Ivanov et al. 2015 ; Ivanov et al. 2013 ; Kinra et al. 2019 ; Pavlov et al. 2019 ; Sokolov et al. 2016 ) or by simulation techniques which are frequently used to present the ripple effect phenomenon (Dolgui et al. 2019 ; Hosseini et al. 2019b ; Ivanov 2017 ; Ivanov et al. 2016a , b ). (Appendix Table  6 gives an overview and a categorization of the main papers focusing on the phenonmenon and their contribution).

Research on papers that focus on the ripple effect is dominated by the performance analysis of disruptions probabilities, especially for supplier failure. There is an urge for studies to explore other characteristics too by applying new modelling approaches with real company data and visualization techniques (Dolgui et al. 2018 ; Kinra et al. 2019 ). Forward and backward propagation analysis with the use of Bayesian networks and inclusion of the dynamic recovery time and cost by applying multi-objective stochastic optimization and agent-based models are some of the approaches that can be tried out (Hosseini et al. 2019a ).

4.6 Cost–benefit analysis of supply chain resilience

Since disruption implies serious commercial costs, the mechanisms for resilience, response and recovery are of vital importance to all SC echelons. An approach to reducing the costs of disturbance events is to highly motivate the managers to implement risk mitigation programs in the firm and engage in knowledge development activities (Cantor et al. 2014 ). Therefore, SCs should be protected in anticipation of disruptions by means of mitigation actions such as having safety stock, capacity reservations, backup sources and other methods, which nevertheless raise the level of management complexity and end-up being costly solutions themselves, especially if no disruption happens (Ivanov et al. 2019 ). So, resilient SC designs result in costly systems, which could negatively influence SC’s financial performance. To overcome the resulted costs, an efficient combination of resilient elements must be implemented, such as structural variety and complexity reduction, process and resource utilization flexibility and non-expensive parametric redundancy together with decision-support systems for SCs (Ivanov et al. 2019 ). Nevertheless, researchers have come to the conclusion that the cost for building resilience by using slack resources and visibility is smaller than the cost of SC disruptions (Jabbarzadeh et al. 2018 ).

Unfortunately, cost–benefit analysis (CBA) is not common in studies that present SC control models (Ivanov et al. 2019 ). The beneficial portion of the CBA can be modelled via the reduction of the disruption risk by a given percentage or its incurring costs, the shortening of the period of the disruption impact or via sustaining the service level (Namdar et al. 2018 ). On the other hand, although the cost of risk mitigation is considered visible (e.g. performance measures include fixed and variable costs, disruption costs, recovery cost), its accurate calculation is made difficult by the fact that recovery costs are generated by the adoption of a combination of proactive and reactive policies while cost analysis can also be extended to the operative losses and long-term future impact of deviation and recovery (Ivanov et al. 2017 ).

Nevertheless, there are many studies in the literature that, in their modeling approach, incorporate in the objective function the cost element and then by running what-if scenarios can measure the impact of certain policies and the overall benefit. For example, a study (Mori et al. 2014 ) developed a risk simulator for a multi-tier supply chain to evaluate the cost of retailer’s decentralized ordering and the effect of risk mitigation, identifying the cost–benefit relationship. Another study used a MIP which enables what-if analyses of cost and performance trade-off options in the SC (Das and Lashkari 2015 ).

Therefore, the use of quantitative models are viable methods for testing ways of minimizing costs of disruptions and contributing to the responsiveness and flexibility of the entire SC. Another identified way is for companies to choose to invest in social responsibility in order to balance disruption costs and resilience planning. Even though investment in corporate social responsibility activities could bring more cost to the company, it is also capable of increasing profit and reducing risk by decreasing production inefficiencies and increasing sales, access to capital and new markets (Cruz 2009 ). In line with this, it is the firm’s investment in good communication infrastructure, with the help of professionally qualified marketing agencies, that help problems with demand risks (e.g. demand decline) be mitigated (Diabat et al. 2012 ) or the implementation of pre-disaster/pre-disruption defense measures, such as insurance purchasing (Song and Du 2017 ). In any of these cases top management commitment is essential for building robust SC connectivity and information sharing systems to accomplish efficient SC integration (Shibin et al. 2017 )

4.7 Popular IT tools for resilience and response to disruptions

Modeling methods paired together with digitization enabled the development of tools that have led to many interesting applications for aiding SCs in general and SC resilience and real-time response to disruptions in specific. Many papers in our database offer very interesting overviews of digital technologies and their impact in mitigating disruption risks in the SC.

Computerized planning systems tools, such as materials requirements planning, manufacturing resource planning and enterprise resource planning (ERP) were the first software to help with the scheduling of operations and timely rescheduling in the case of disruptions and the retrieval of enterprise data from a single access point for informed decision-making (Baryannis et al. 2019a , b ), especially in cases of emergency interventions. Moreover, flexible manufacturing systems with sensors and advanced robots for more precise, reliable and easily adaptable production processes; automated guided vehicles and automated tracking and tracing technologies for safe, accurate and fast fulfillment of orders from wholesalers; radio frequency identification (RFID) for inventory control; geographic positioning systems (GPS) for timely and less costly distribution of goods are all technologies that have highly been adopted in the last decades and have greatly aided the SCs and reduced their response time, especially with their real-time capabilities for fast implementation of contingency plans (Blackhurst et al. 2005 ).

Then, the Internet of Things (IoT) have taken these technologies a step forward. The IOT is a dynamic network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities of interoperable physical devices (Things), such as wireless sensors, smart devices, RFID chips, GPS, which can monitor, report and exchange data using intelligent interfaces seamlessly integrated into the information (Wi-Fi or data) network (Kranenburg 2008 ). The IOT can effectively track and authenticate products and shipments and inform on the location of goods, their storage condition and their time of arrival. Enhanced with augmented reality, which adds digital elements to a live view by using a camera, the IOT combines the real with the virtual world. A few examples of the uses of augmented reality in SCs are: the easier navigation of workers or tracing systems in the warehouse with the help of a graphic overlay of the space and its products, the reduction in the searching time of courier drivers for a box in the truck for the next delivery with a graphic overlay of the initial loading of products in the truck, informing the customers in real-time about prices and stock availability of items on the shelves by incorporating virtual labels viewable from smartphone cameras or google glasses. Like this, IoT and augmented reality technologies offer SC visibility and traceability, sending early warnings of internal and external disruptions that require attention, reducing uncertainty and enhancing effective internal operations and collaboration among all SC players (Ben-Daya, Hassini, & Bahroun, 2019 ).

Moreover, Industry 4.0, 3D printing, big data analytics (BDA), as well as blockchain also constitute tools of the new era that quickly find their way into the business world.

With the help of the IOT, Industry 4.0 is the smart factory of cyber-physical systems, like internet-connected workstations, conveyors and robotics, which autonomously control and monitor the route of products in the assembly line offering customized configuration (Katsaliaki and Mustafee 2019 ). Hence, Industry 4.0 enables the production of customized goods at the cost of mass production, with shorter lead times and better capacity utilization. Cost risks are minimized while higher market flexibility and responsiveness to customers is offered with customized products and risk diversification (Ivanov et al. 2019 ). On the other hand, 3D printing (additive manufacturing) builds a 3D object from a computer-aided design model by sequentially adding material layer by layer. This method of production, which progressively broadens the range of products it offers, constitutes a disruptive technology to the traditional SC configuration as products can be manufactured to SC echelons closer to the customer and even at the retailer’s site. The shorter lead times and the reduction in demand risks as manufacturing comes closer to the customer are the main contributions made by this technology (Ivanov et al. 2019 ) to aid in the reduction of disruptions.

With recent revolutions in technology, data is generated much quicker from different sources and technologies are in place capable for their storage, categorization and analysis. Statistical analysis and reliability become stronger with the increased data volume and the high number of factors for analysis. Therefore, predictive methods have better explanatory power (Gunasekaran et al. 2016 ) and together with machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence (AI) that allows computers to evolve behaviors based on empirical data (Chen and Zhang 2014 ) offer answers to demanding questions and what-if scenarios through prescriptive analytics. Big data analytics and machine learning methods came to the foreground as enablers of value creation from massive data, offering new competitive advantages to companies (Chen et al. 2012 ). They have increased SC data visibility and data transparency and can reduce information disruption risks and behavioral uncertainty as well as demand risks through predictability (Baryannis et al. 2019a , b ; Brintrup et al. 2019 ); all of which are positively linked to SC resilience.

Blockchain technology is a distributed database of records or shared public/private ledgers of all digital events that have been executed and shared among participating blockchain agents (Crosby et al. 2016 ). Blockchains can be considered a disruptive technology for the general management of SCs, specifically in the field of suppliers’ contracts. Distributed contract collaboration platforms using blockchain technology could guarantee the traceability and authenticity of information, along with smart contracts (computer protocols which digitally verify or enforce the agreed terms between the members of a contract without third parties’ involvement). These transactions are trackable and irreversible and validate transactions (Saberi et al. 2019 ). This brings a new era in SCs and a remedy to fraudulent acts and security risks (Wang et al. 2019 ).

Especially for the ripple effect, information technology can have a very positive mitigation influence. RFID technology can offer feedback control and SC event management systems can communicate disruptions to the other SC tiers and assist in revising and adapting schedules. For example, Resilience360 at DHL is a cloud-based analytics platform for managing disruption risks by mapping end-to-end SC partners, building risk profiles, identifying critical hotspots in order to initiate mitigation actions and alert in near-real time mode about events that could possibly disrupt the SC (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

4.8 Future research agenda

Following a content analysis of selective papers on SC disruptions, future directions have been identified which we hope will inspire new scholars to establish their research agenda in this field. The selection of the research topics was made primarily on the grounds of managerial applicability without diminishing the importance of theory advancements. The great majority of the papers include a shorter or longer future research section but, in many cases, this is targeted to the advancement of their modelling technique, of their data collection approach, or the hypothesis testing which are out of the scope of this study’s agenda. Below we take a practical approach of the field and we try to map research on SC disruptions especially with regards to the use of new tools and resilience approaches. There is a list of 34 research directions organized in seven themes. These relate to research about (a) effective resilience strategies, (b) SC disruptions in specific sectors, (c) a special focus on human resources management (HRM) and behavioral analysis, (d) modelling approaches with an emphasis on the ripple effect, e) combination of modeling approaches with new information technologies (IT), f) research about the implementation of these new IT/digital technologies and g) research driven by the recent enormous disruptions due to the COVID19 pandemic. It is notable that about 1/3rd of these topics are related to the use of digital technologies which greatly enhance modeling capabilities and decision-making to tackle and resist SC disruptions. Each research direction begins with a short title in bold, depicting its aim and its methodology approach.

4.9 Resilience strategies

Resilience Strategies—Multi-method (modelling, survey) Which strategy or combination of strategies: redundancy (excess inventory, spare capacity, multiple sourcing), flexibility (flexible production systems and distribution channels, multi-skilled workforce), collaborative planning (information-sharing, joint relationship efforts, decision synchronization), contingency planning (back-up suppliers-transportation modes) is most effective for building resilient SCs to disruption risks? (Centobelli et al. 2019 )

Resilience Strategies—Survey, case study Is it true that SCs that adopt a flexibility strategy utilize a higher degree of information sharing and collaboration through higher ICT utilization in comparison to adopting a redundant strategy? Is it true that redundant strategies are more expensive to implement (need more capital and operating cost) than flexibility strategies? (Nakano & Lau, 2020 ).

Resilience Strategies—Survey What is the effect and relative importance of specific disruptions (such as, ineffective suppliers’ management, lack of information sharing and risk assessment) so managers can prioritize the allocation of resources to tackle them? (Centobelli et al. 2019 ).

Risk metrics—Survey What are the most effective, as opposed to the most used SC risk metrics (performance measurement system), among recovery time, safety stock, customer service level, total cost and others, for managers to focus on and under which circumstances (e.g. ripple effect)? (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

4.10 Certain sectors of SC disruptions’ application areas

Military—Mixed methods Exploring effective disaster resilience approaches for the military (Centobelli et al. 2019 ).

Perishable products—Modelling Modelling disruptions in the SC of perishable products and their limited resilience strategies as redundancy strategies may not be an option (freshness, write-offs) but others may be, such as customer segmentation by requirements for freshness and product batching (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

Food—Mixed methods Analysis of the use of the IoT and other recent technologies for preventing avoidable food waste generation, food safety and efficiency throughout the food SC (Ben-Daya et al. 2019 ).

Information Systems disruptions—Mixed methods Research on disruptions in the information systems and the networked cloud-based digital SC environment (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

Reverse logistics—Modelling Studying the disruptions that take place in the reverse logistics flows of SCs (e.g. unavailability/limited space in the warehouse that stores the collected recyclable materials) for analyzing their impact to the overall SC performance and identifying effective response and mitigation strategies (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

Humanitarian aid—Modelling Analysis of the fair allocation of the limited resources in situations of severe regional disasters which usually simultaneously lead to humanitarian emergency and industrial crisis, in order to balance human life rescue, everyday life and the recovery of the industrial sector (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

Behavioral analysis—Modelling Employing agent-based simulation to model managerial decisions subject to individual risk perceptions, such as collaboration issues (trust and information sharing) and SC risk management culture (leadership and risk-averse behavior) (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

Behavioral analysis—Mixed methods Analysis of the patterns of human behavior when managers are faced with real data or the dashboards of big data and visualization/cognitive computing approaches (that their development mechanisms may or may not be trusted) and the nature of their governance and decision-making, especially when related decision refer to disasters causing humanitarian crises (de Oliveira and Handfield, 2019 ).

Training—Survey Analyzing ways that offer successful training to company staff in the related departments to effectively cope with SC disruptions, which create a stressful environment and require preparedness (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

4.12 Modelling methods about SC disruptions

Ripple effect—Multiple models Modelling SC disruptions by considering the dynamic recovery time/cost. More modelling approaches are needed for capturing the disruption propagation and SC design survivability and for evaluating recovery policies and their implementation (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

Ripple effect—Stochastic modelling Development of two-stage stochastic models with the first-stage objective function to minimize the traditional SC cost (procurement, supplier evaluation, transportation costs) and the second-stage objective function to measure the SC resilience under all possible disruption scenarios (Hosseini et al. 2019a ).

Ripple effect—Model validation Practical validation of the simulation and optimization models for preventing and mitigating the ripple effect in the SC with real company data, such as coordinated contingency plans (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

Ripple effect—Model visualization Adding visualizing features to the simulation models of the ripple effect (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

Ripple effect—Bayesian Networks Forward and backward propagation analysis using Bayesian Networks (a unique capability of this method) by entering any number of disruption observations to analyze the ripple effect in complex supply networks with a large number of nodes and links (Hosseini et al. 2019a ).

Resilience Vs Sustainability—Multi-objective stochastic optimization Developing multi-objective stochastic optimization models capable of making trade-offs between resilience (that requires capacity buffer, surplus inventory, multiple sourcing) and sustainability decisions (which on the contrary requires less redundancy) (Hosseini et al. 2019a ).

Large supply networks—Modelling Toolbox Development of a common language to facilitate the development of reference models for supply networks with a standardized toolbox of supply network representations and identification of suitable methods for analyzing risks in complex supply networks (Bier et al. 2019 ) and will accelerate comprehension and execution.

4.13 Hybrid models combined with IT

Predicting SC disruptions—Prediction and machine learning algorithms Development of prediction models and adaptation of SC disruptions management practices with the use of prediction algorithms and machine learning techniques such as unsupervised learning algorithms which can be used to mine SC data, identify patterns related to certain risks and be trained to recognize risk patterns and their incurring probability (Baryannis et al. 2019a , b ).

Risk management practices—Mathematical programming, Multi agent systems, Semantic reasoning, Machine learning techniques and BDA Development of hybrid models to analyze risk management practices by combining mathematical programming (effective in modelling highly complex systems for SC risk avoidance and mitigation), with agent-based approaches, BDA and machine learning techniques (capable of automated decision-making by creating automated rule-based reasoning and learning and handling of big and variable data) in order to select an appropriate response strategy (Baryannis et al. 2019a , b ; Hosseini et al. 2019a ).

Digital SC twin—Simulation, optimization and BDA Analysis of the combination of simulation, optimization and data analytics to create a digital SC twin – a model that represents the state of the network in real-time (Ivanov et al. 2019 ) offering end-to-end SC visibility when all players are included. A disruption in a SC echelon can be reported by a risk data monitoring tool and transmitted to the simulation model. The simulation model in the digital twin can measure disruption propagation and impact, test recovery policies and adapt the contingency plans based on the situation (e.g. considering back-up routes on-the-spot) (Hosseini et al. 2019a ; Ivanov et al. 2019 ).

IoT – Modelling Modelling SC problems (procurement, production planning, inventory management, quality, maintenance) in an IoT environment. Decision-making in an IoT context requires new tools and models to exploit the new environment, such as big data generated from sensors and connected things (Ben-Daya et al. 2019 ).

Resilience strategies—BDA and AI Analysis of how BDA and AI techniques can help with SC disruptions and the mechanics for achieving it. For example in global SCs where sales volumes and product variability are high and disperse, the analysis of SC big data (sales, buying behavior, product inventory, transportation channels, distribution frequency and production rates) can reduce demand uncertainty and sensor data in distribution centers which can mitigate logistics risks and increase visibility and trust among suppliers (Baryannis et al. 2019a , b ). Some evidence also exists (Griffith et al. 2019 ) that the BDA and AI technologies can assist visibility (e.g. with open-source imagery tools and analytic mapping tools) in disaster relief chains and humanitarian logistics but how this can be done is a question that requires further investigation (Dubey et al. 2019a b c ).

Identification of suppliers based on proximity—machine learning algorithm Development of a learning algorithm to deduce location-based relationships of suppliers by identifying the localization of suppliers from public data sources (Brintrup et al. 2019 ).

Large supply chain networks—BDA Analysis of large-scale complex supply networks and their risks (as in their majority researchers illustrate their contributions using small cases) with the use of current digital technologies which facilitate collection of big data from across the SC. Having such test datasets of realistic size and complexity for SCs would result in more empirical insights (Bier et al. 2019 ).

4.14 Digital technologies

Blockchain—Survey, case study Testing the hypothesis that implementing blockchain technology in SCs decreases opportunistic behavior of SC players like subtle violation of agreements and concealing of critical information due to the transparency, security, and auditability that the technology promotes (Saberi et al. 2019 ).

Blockchain—Survey, case study Supply chain governance structure characteristics need to be evaluated for effectiveness in understanding blockchain-based SCs where no central authority is responsible for information management and validation. Analysis is required regarding who and what governs transactions, rules, and policies. Will operational relationships improve their outcome due to the features of blockchain technology, which do not require strategic formal coordination (Saberi et al. 2019 )?

IoT—Survey, case study Provision of guidance for IoT adoption from companies as to which process and where in the SC they should deploy IoT, given that SC partners may be at different stages of the IoT implementation (Ben-Daya et al. 2019 ).

4.15 Disease outbreaks/pandemics/COVID19

Pandemic—Mixed Methods Measuring how the Covid-19 or other pandemics affect firms, employees, consumers, and markets for formulating effective policy responses to the challenges posed by the crisis (Hassan et al. 2020 ).

Pandemic—Modelling Development of a contingency plan framework with operating policies for specific SCs deriving from the analysis of modeling techniques that simulate disease breakouts, as unlike other disruption risks, epidemic outbreaks start small but spread fast and disperse over many geographic regions creating increased uncertainty (Ivanov 2020a ). A special case are products with high demand during disease outbreaks such as medical face masks, sanitizers, etc. Evaluation of the SC behaviors of adaptation, digitalization, preparedness, recovery, ripple effect, and sustainability during and after pandemics (Queiroz et al. 2020 ).

Pandemic—Modelling, case study How do changing regulations due to the pandemic (lockdowns, changing working patterns, etc.) impact productivity throughout the supply chain? How do dark (fully automated) warehouses and other operational solutions for contactless or zero interaction among employees or employees with customers impact firms’ performance, employees’ work environments and customer experience? (Mollenkopf et al. 2020 )

Pandemic/digital technologies—Modelling, case study Investigation of the utilization of digital technologies, such as digital SC twins, omnichannel, additive and digital manufacturing, to support decision-making in long-term disruptions caused by pandemic outbreaks (Ivanov and Dolgui 2020 ).

5 Discussion

In this study, we aimed to present an overview of the literature in order to provide a picture of SC disturbances and resilience methods. We first mapped all relevant studies and provided a profile of the popular articles. The second part of the paper, through content analysis, presented the knowledge offered in selected articles in a comprehensive and narrative way. Both methods concluded in a synthesis of knowledge about SC disruptions and resilience methods which we believe are useful to researchers and managers alike.

5.1 Research implications

Our study has numerous implications for researchers. First, it provides a useful introduction to the field through the profiling study which focuses on the key literature. It shows that publications about SC disruptions started appearing after 2004 but the field has matured fast and in these 15-20 years is populated by many studies which explain and evaluate the impact of the adoption of certain response strategies to SC disruptions and risks. However, this is not to say that the field has been over-researched but on the contrary it has become as hot as ever due to the recent pandemic of COVID19 and the enormous disruptions that has caused to the whole world. Therefore, more research is required for specific and new types of disruptions but also in general for all types as innovative ways of building resilience are created by utilizing modelling techniques and new digital technologies. Two popular review studies on SC disruptions and risks are (Kleindorfer and Saad 2005 ; Tang 2006 ) and two more trending papers deal with Industry 4.0 (Ivanov et al. 2019 ) and blockchain (Saberi et al. 2019 ).

As SC disruptions occur in greater frequency and intensity (Zsidisin et al. 2016 ), we hierarchized them based on the literature by type, impact and occurrence, starting from the catastrophic events of low frequency and high impact and concluding with the infrastructural events of high occurrence but lower impact. Although the urge so far has been to research high occurrence but lower impact SC disruptions which cumulative cause a nonnegligible and continuous problem to SCs (Zsidisin et al. 2016 ), the new unforeseen pandemic seems to rush research towards the other direction as already in 2020 a number of papers have been published in the particular topic, e.g.(Ivanov 2020a ; Queiroz et al. 2020 ). Our study also examined the growing research on the ripple/snowball effect of perturbations originating in a localized point which amplifies consequences for the downstream SC echelons, as opposed to the bullwhip effect which impacts the SC upstream. The realizations of the ripple effect consequences is another reason for more research in SC disruptions with models that take into considerations many echelons across the SC.

Moreover, the study presents an analysis supported with examples of quantitative approaches which were used to model the SCs based on risk factors, their impacts, mitigation tactics’ costs and benefits and what-if scenarios for testing certain strategies (Das and Lashkari 2015 ). Optimization is the mathematical method most often used for this purpose (stochastic programing, mixed-integer programing, multi-objective programing) followed by simulation techniques (system dynamics, discrete-event simulation, agent-based model and Monte-Carlo simulations) that can handle more uncertainty and complexity. Statistical analysis, graph theory and game theory are also among the modeling methods that are distinguished in the papers of our review. Many models incorporate a function of cost to measure the impact of disruptions and provide a cost–benefit analysis of mitigation or resilience actions.

There is also an attempt to benefit, with regards to data promptness and accuracy, from the operability with new digital solutions (e.g. IOT, BDA, machine learning) to build real-time reconfigurable SC models based on the incurring disruption and knowledge that has been accumulated from past reactions. These trends call for new principles and models to support SCM and populate the future research agenda. Such promising methods for dynamic supply-chain models are Agent-based models, which are configurable distributed software components that continually realign goals and processes (Blackhurst et al. 2005 ). In the research agenda of SC disruptions and the ripple effect, notable is the call for the development of quantitative decision-making models coupled with the new digital technologies’ capabilities including blockchain contracts. Another area is the behavioral analysis of managers who interpret the automated generated knowledge and the importance of receiving training for tackling SC disruptions and increasing the level of preparedness. The study offers a long list of topics in the field that require immediate investigation from interested researchers. While the research dealing with disease outbreaks from the humanitarian logistics aspect provides a substantial body of knowledge, e.g. (Banomyong et al. 2019 ; Dubey et al. 2019a b c ), the literature on analyzing the impact of pandemics from a business point of view is still limited (Ivanov 2020a ) but growing fast. Therefore a special focus is required with regards to SC disruptions caused due to pandemics, such as COVID19. New and fast changing regulations for lockdowns, transport guidelines and employees’ working conditions call for urgent understanding and evaluation of their effect in the SCs and identification of appropriate ways to react and adapt with the minimum possible distraction.

5.2 Managerial implications

The review part of this study has also identified several interesting points with managerial applicability.

The literature brings up several recovery and resilient strategies and methods that firms choose to adopt either in isolation or in coordination with the other SC echelons. The aim should be to build resilience to reduce or avoid disruptions (Hosseini et al. 2019a ). Popular resilience strategies are redundancy building through safety stock, capacity reservations and multiple sourcing but more effective is considered the flexibility acquisition strategy through alternative suppliers, contingency plans and the adoption of ICT for information access, tracing, monitoring, warning, reporting and prediction of SC risk for fast response and rescheduling of operations (Centobelli et al. 2019 ). Moreover, information-sharing, collaborative communication with the other SC echelons, joint relationship efforts from the product/service design until its delivery and the reverse logistics flow and decision synchronization utilizing ICT capabilities (Nakano and Lau 2020 ) are all cost-effective ways for building resilience to SC disruptions and minimizing the occurrences and the duration of man-made disruptions.

Digital technologies have also played a crucial role, maybe the most important of all, in the improvement of SC performance enabling new capabilities of real-time reconfigurations and fast response and implementation of emergency plans in cases of disruptions. While the individual contributors (e.g. robots, sensors, RFID, agents, modular factories, etc.) are not new, they are becoming more approachable and companies more receptive to using them to stay competitive. More recent technologies, such as the IOT, augmented reality, Industry 4.0, 3D printing, BDA, artificial intelligence and blockchain are all examples of tools that are progressively changing the way SCs are organized. The level of accuracy, transparency, traceability and flexibility is immensely growing, transforming SCs to systems which continuously evolve and can be reconfigured on demand. Involvement of such technologies, which are often characterized as disruptive to the traditional SC model, have the potential to shrink SCs, and also produce better quality, reduce product development times, increase customized offerings to customers (Viswanadham 2018 ) and be more prepared for timely reactions to perturbations. Applicability studies of these technologies in the business environment are part of the future agenda. More importantly at the current situation of the rapid-spreading pandemic which has caused so many SC disruptions the whole business world is changing the business model by fast-tracking digital transformation to increase chances of survival.

Natural disasters and disease outbreaks consequences can be mitigated through resilient management of the relief SC operation. Development of trust between humanitarian organisations and other partners/stakeholders is necessary for coping with complex tasks during disaster relief and following standard code of ethics (Awasthy et al. 2019 ). Therefore, a focus on metrics and performance measurement such as delivery time, number of saved lives, the quantity of distributed relief items, and operations’ costs is essential in order to empower the effectiveness and long-term relationships of the humanitarian aids and relief SCs (Baharmand et al. 2019 ). Foremost, research emphasizes the development of flexible resiliency strategies with assisting technological solutions, such as BDA and AI technologies offering open-source imagery tools and analytic mapping tools in humanitarian logistics, for improving responsiveness through information and materials pipeline visibility and increased effectiveness of processes through better management of the scene (Griffith et al. 2019 ). Flexible networks with prompt rescheduling functions can achieve the required balance between speed and quality of the survival processes.

6 Conclusions

IT professionals continually develop new applications with big data capabilities to help stakeholders increase value (Galetsi et al. 2019 ), thus there are expectations for the allocation of higher budgets towards IT infrastructure and BDA experts (Galetsi et al. 2020 ). Investing in appropriate technology and quality information sharing helps with SC visibility, enhances trust and cooperation among SC partners and eventually leads to a more resilient SC (Dubey et al. 2019a , b , c ; Kamalahmadi and Mellat-Parast 2016 ) against disruptive events. This should be the focus of the top administration of each firm alone and in collaboration with the other echelons of their SC. Supply chains should embrace the TQM (total quality management) philosophy of prevention, as studies have shown that building resilience is less costly than recovering from problems (Jabbarzadeh et al. 2018 ). Yet, it is impossible to completely avoid disruption and attention should also be drawn to the recovery policies regardless of what caused the disruption. Therefore, human-driven adaptation first, followed by computer-driven adaptation, is needed to change SC plans, inventory policies and schedules to achieve the desired performance, which is the precondition of stability and robustness (Ivanov et al. 2013 ). As SCs become more global and complex, the impact of any disruption intensifies. The answer is building resilience by incorporating longer term partnerships, government policy that enables flexibility, an IT approach that fosters business continuity (Wright 2013 ) and a culture of readiness in contingency actions.

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Katsaliaki, K., Galetsi, P. & Kumar, S. Supply chain disruptions and resilience: a major review and future research agenda. Ann Oper Res 319 , 965–1002 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03912-1

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Supply Chain Management Subject regulations

Supply Chain Management gives you the skills to help companies become more efficient, competitive and responsive to customers' needs through agile supply chains, procurement, manufacturing, distribution and logistics processes. Learn how to take raw goods and turn them into products that reach customers at the right time. Supply Chain Management is available as a first major for the Bachelor of Business (BBus) and the Bachelor of Management Studies with Honours (BMS(Hons))[1]. Supply Chain Management may also be included as a second major or minor in other undergraduate degrees, subject to approval of the Division in which the student is enrolled. To complete Supply Chain Management as a single major for the BBus, students must gain 135 points from papers listed for Supply Chain Management, including 105 points above 100 level, and 60 points above 200 level. Students must complete DIGIB101, MGSYS101, SCMGT200, SCMGT202, SCMGT203, SCMGT303 and SCMGT304, 15 points from DIGIB303 or DIGIB304, and one of WSOMM396 or WSOMM399. To complete Supply Chain Management as part of a double major for the BBus or other undergraduate degree, students must gain 120 points from papers listed for Supply Chain Management, including 90 points above 100 level, and 45 points above 200 level. Students must complete DIGIB101, MGSYS101, SCMGT200, SCMGT202, SCMGT203, SCMGT303, SCMGT304 and either DIGIB303 or DIGIB304. To complete a minor in Supply Chain Management, students must complete 60 points from the papers listed for Supply Chain Management, including at least 30 points above 100 level. Students must complete MGSYS101. NOTES: [1] There will be no new enrolments into the BMS(Hons) from 2024. Students who commenced a BMS(Hons) in 2023 or prior should contact the Waikato Management School for programme advice.

Other qualifications

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A Graduate Certificate and Graduate Diploma are available to graduates who have not included Supply Chain Management at an advanced level in their first degree. The qualification regulations define the subject requirements for the Graduate Certificate and Graduate Diploma. There are no specified subject papers that must be completed for these programmes.

The qualification regulations define the subject requirements for the Master of Management (MMgmt). MMgmt students must complete SCMGT562, SCMGT563, SCMGT564 and SCMGT565.

MMS students must complete MNMGT581 and one of SCMGT591, SCMGT592, SCMGT593, or SCMGT594. Students taking the 120 point MMS are required to complete at least 60 points from the papers listed for the subject. Students taking the 180 point MMS are required to complete at least 120 points from the papers listed for the subject.

The Master of Philosophy is a one year research-based degree in which students undertake a programme of approved and supervised research that leads to a thesis which critically investigates an approved topic of substance and significance, demonstrates expertise in the methods of research and scholarship, displays intellectual independence and makes a substantial original contribution to the subject area concerned, and is of publishable quality.

The Doctor of Philosophy is a three year research-based degree in which students undertake a programme of approved and supervised research that leads to a thesis which critically investigates an approved topic of substance and significance, demonstrates expertise in the methods of research and scholarship, displays intellectual independence and makes a substantial original contribution to the subject area concerned, and is of publishable quality.

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A report on the findings of a theoretical or empirical investigation.

An externally examined piece of written work that reports on the findings of supervised research.

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Supply chain management is the handling of the entire production flow of goods or services—starting from the raw components to delivering the final product to consumers. A company creates a network of suppliers that move the product from raw materials suppliers to organizations that deal directly with users.

Effective supply chain management systems minimize cost, waste and time in the production cycle. The industry standard has become a just-in-time supply chain where retail sales automatically signal replenishment orders to manufacturers. Retailers can then restock shelves almost as quickly as they sell products. One way to further improve on this process is to analyze the data from supply chain partners to see where to improve further.

By analyzing partner data, CIO identifies three scenarios where effective supply chain management increases value to the supply chain cycle: 1

Identifying potential problems

When a customer orders more products than the manufacturer can deliver, the buyer can complain of poor service. Through data analysis, manufacturers might be able to anticipate the shortage before the buyer is disappointed.

Optimizing price dynamically

Seasonal products have a limited shelf life. At the end of the season, retailers typically scrap these products or sell them at deep discounts. Airlines, hotels and others with perishable “products” typically adjust prices dynamically to meet demand. By using analytic software, similar forecasting techniques can improve margins, even for hard goods.

Improving the allocation of “available to promise” inventory

Analytical software tools help to dynamically allocate resources and schedule work based on the sales forecast, actual orders and promised delivery of raw materials. Manufacturers can confirm a product delivery date when buyers place orders—significantly reducing incorrectly-filled orders.

This guide summarizes what sustainability-forward organizations look for in their ESG software platform to help achieve their goals.

Register for the guide to the EU's CSRD

Most experts and practitioners refer to five critical components of supply chain management:

Plan and manage all resources required to meet customer demand for a company’s product or service. When the supply chain is established, determine metrics to measure whether the supply chain is efficient, effective, delivers value to customers and meets company goals.

Choose suppliers to provide the goods and services needed to create the product. Then, establish processes to monitor and manage supplier relationships. Key processes include: ordering, receiving, managing inventory and authorizing supplier payments.

Organize the activities required to accept raw materials, manufacture the product, test for quality, package for shipping and schedule for delivery.

Coordinate customer orders, schedule deliveries, dispatch loads, invoice customers and receive payments.

Create a network or process to take back defective, excess or unwanted products.

The supply chain is the most obvious “face” of the business for customers and consumers. The better and more effective a company’s supply chain management is, the better it protects its business reputation and long-term sustainability.

IDC defines supply chain management by identifying the five Cs of the effective supply chain management of the future: 2

• Connected: Accessing unstructured data from social media, structured data from the Internet of Things (IoT) and more traditional data sets available through traditional enterprise resource planning (ERP) and business-to-business (B2B) integration tools.
• Collaborative: Improving collaboration with suppliers increasingly means the use of cloud-based commerce networks to enable multi-enterprise collaboration and engagement.
• Cyber-aware:  Hardening systems and protecting them from cyber-intrusions and hacks is a crucial enterprise-wide concern for the supply chain.
• Cognitively enabled:  Collating, coordinating, and conducting decisions and actions across the chain, the AI platform serves as the modern supply chain's control tower, enabling most of the supply chain to be automated and self-learning.
• Comprehensive: Scaling analytics capabilities with data in real time to ensure that insights are comprehensive and fast is critical, as latency is unacceptable in the future supply chain.

Many supply chains have begun this process, with participation in cloud-based commerce networks at an all-time high and with major efforts underway to bolster analytics capabilities.

While yesterday’s supply chains focused on the availability, movement and cost of physical assets, today’s supply chains are about the management of data, services and products bundled into solutions. Modern supply chain management systems are about much more than just where and when. Supply chain management affects product and service quality, delivery, costs, customer experience and ultimately, profitability.

As recently as 2017, a typical supply chain accessed 50 times more data than just five years earlier. However, experts analyze less than a quarter of this data. That means the value of critical, time-sensitive data—such as information about weather, sudden labor shortages, political unrest and microbursts in demand—can be lost.

Modern supply chains take advantage of massive amounts of data that the chain process generates and that analytical experts and data scientists curate. Future supply chain leaders and the ERP systems they manage will likely focus on optimizing the usefulness of this data—analyzing it in real time with minimal latency.

With IBM Services®, you can evolve your supply chain processes into intelligent workflows to reach new levels of responsiveness and innovation. Challenge siloed processes to uncover efficiencies and enable your teams to execute and deliver. Use emerging technologies like AI and blockchain to unlock opportunities in every step of the value chain—from demand planning to order orchestration and fulfillment.

A supply chain control tower is traditionally defined as a connected, personalized dashboard of data, key business metrics and events across the supply chain.

Order management is the tracking of orders from inception to fulfillment, and the management of the people, processes and data connected to the order as it moves through its lifecycle.

Inventory management, a critical element of the supply chain, is tracking inventory from manufacturers to warehouses and from these facilities to the point of sale.

EDI is the intercompany communication of business documents in a standard format. It is a standard electronic format that replaces paper-based documents such as purchase orders or invoices.

Supply chain analytics helps to make sense of the massive amounts of data a supply chain generates by uncovering patterns and generating insights.

Supply chain optimization makes use of technology and resources like blockchain, AI and IoT to maximize efficiency and performance in a supply network.

Blockchain for supply chain solutions help supply chain leaders use data to handle the disruptions of today and build resiliency for the future.

B2B integration is the automation of business processes and communication between two or more organizations.

MFT is a technology platform that allows organizations to reliably exchange electronic data securely and in compliance with applicable regulations.

IBM Sterling® Order Management software enables you to orchestrate your entire fulfillment network with powerful core capabilities and next-level options.

The IBM Sterling® Transparent Supply application provides a blockchain platform that enables companies to join or build their own data-sharing network with trusted supply chain partners.

IBM Food Trust® is a collaborative network of growers, processors, wholesalers, distributors, manufacturers, retailers and others, enhancing visibility and accountability across the food supply chain.

Retail technology solutions from IBM® help optimize your retail supply chain with the ability to respond to trends at any scale.

Find articles on everything from supply chain sustainability to relevant technology trends and government regulations.

Make your supply chain smarter, resilient and more sustainable with state-of-the-art solutions from IBM.

Explore five essential supply chain management strategies that can help chief supply chain officers distinguish themselves from the competition.

Learn how Farmer Connect and IBM Food Trust are connecting coffee growers and consumers with blockchain.

IBM Sterling Supply Chain Intelligence Suite is an AI-based optimization and automation solution. Designed for organizations struggling to solve supply chain disruptions through traditional transformation, the suite facilitates supply network resiliency and sustainability, increases agility and accelerates time-to-value through actionable insights, smarter workflows and intelligent automation.

1 " What is supply chain management? Mastering logistics end to end " (link resides outside ibm.com), Bart Perkins, Sarah K. White, Thomas Wailgum, CIO, 28 October 2021

2 " The Path to a Thinking Supply Chain " , Simon Ellis, John Santagate, IDC Technology Spotlight, August 2018

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Term Paper on SCM Final

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Elkin Alberto ROA SOLORZANO

José Crespo de Carvalho

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the development of the SCM theory and practice. First, by revisiting the theories and areas of knowledge that contributed to the emergence of SCM. Secondly, by establishing a set of statements – for discussion – that should constitute the basis of Supply Chain Management as an area of organizational and inter-organizational knowledge, able to create competitive advantages and to be foreseen as an idiosyncratic though pre-paradigmatic area of knowledge.

Rohit Akole

Purpose: This paper shows the working of Supply Chain Management. Also, it gives the processes which happens in the supply chain industry. Methodology: This paper gives the hypothesis of process of supply chain management and gives whatever advanced changes made in the industry. Findings: This paper states, how time and transportation are basic pieces of SCM industry and how it is related to procedures inside. Also, this paper shows how raw material is also important in the process. Research implications: The research in the paper focus on the information about quality of the product, inventory management, and how to deliver the product to the end user in time. This all applications holds a lot of weightage in the supply chain industry. Practical implications: This model is utilized to do the item conveyance to the consumers everywhere throughout the world in excellent condition and in the stipulated time traverse. This model is used to imply for supply chain management all over the...

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In ongoing scenario, production and administration of a product or services and focus on core activities have lead to a perception that companies or firms are connected together in a network of supply chain. This created a challenge to coordinate the entire supply chain management in a fruitful manner. SCM has its roots since the business originated to provide product and services to the customers. SCM keeps on eye on the flow of information of goods and services in order to service maximum value to the customer. No research have been done till now which focuses on core initiative and constructs of SCM. The purpose of this study is to provide a criteria that flourishes knowledge of supply chain management and provide clear view to the researchers to understand the importance of theoretical investigation in different fields of supply chain management and explore the importance of its performance.. Keyword: Strategic purchasing in supply chain management; supply management; logistics integration; supply network coordination

roma manglani

Supply chain management (SCM) is the active management of supply chain activities to maximize customer value and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Supply chain management is the management of the flow of goods and services and includes all processes that transform raw materials into final products. It involves the active streamlining of a business's supply-side activities to maximize customer value and gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. SCM represents an effort by suppliers to develop and implement supply chains that are as efficient and economical as possible. Supply chains cover everything from production to product development to the information systems needed to direct these undertakings. Typically, SCM attempts to centrally control or link the production, shipment, and distribution of a product. By managing the supply chain, companies are able to cut excess costs and deliver products to the consumer faster. This is done by keeping tighter control of internal inventories, internal production, distribution, sales, and the inventories of company vendors. SCM is based on the idea that nearly every product that comes to market results from the efforts of various organizations that make up a supply chain. Although supply chains have existed for ages, most companies have only recently paid attention to them as a value-add to their operations. A supply chain is the connected network of individuals, organizations, resources, activities, and technologies involved in the manufacture and sale of a product or service. A supply chain starts with the delivery of raw materials from a supplier to a manufacturer and ends with the delivery of the finished product or service to the end consumer. SCM oversees each touch point of a company's product or service, from initial creation to the final sale. With so many places along the supply chain that can add value through efficiencies or lose value through increased expenses, proper SCM can increase revenues, decrease costs, and impact a company's bottom line.

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In the modern era, changes in business environment have contributed to development of supply chain networks. Supply chain management has emerged as new key to productivity and competitiveness of manufacturing and service enterprises. It is a network of entities that start with suppliers'supplier and end with customer's custom the production and delivery of goods and services. SCM is strategic and systematic effort of various business activities within and outside organization to improve long run performance of organization. So, SCM has become very important topic and structure of supply chain must be properly understood for gaining their benefits. This paper focuses on important areas or significant issues in supply chain management and SCM paradigm in PSU in India.

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Supply Chain Management (SCM) is a concept that is gaining in popularity and importance. However, SCM is not a concept without problems. These problems include the lack of a universally accepted definition of SCM, the existence of several different and competing frameworks for SCM, issues with terminology and the relative lack of empirical evidence supporting the benefits attributed to SCM. However, the concept of supply chain management is not without problems. One major problem is the relative lack of empirical evidence supporting the benefits attributed to supply chain management. Another major problem for SCM is the lack of a universally accepted definition of SCM. The apparent lack of empirical research supporting benefits of SCM is, unfortunately, logical when a generally accepted definition does not exist .The Supply Chain Management Program integrates topics from manufacturing operations, purchasing, transportation, and physical distribution into a unified program. Successful supply - chain management, then, coordinates and integrates all of these activities into a seamless process. It embraces and links all of the partners in the chain. In addition to the departments within the organization, these partners include vendors, carriers, third - party companies, and information systems providers.

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Operations Management Research Paper Topics

Operations management research paper topics encompass a wide array of subjects related to the effective planning, organizing, and supervision of business operations. These topics offer a rich field of inquiry for scholars and practitioners alike, reflecting the complexity and centrality of operations management in modern business. This page is designed to provide students with comprehensive guidance on operations management research, including a categorized list of research topics, insights into choosing and writing on these topics, and exclusive writing services by iResearchNet. Whether you are a beginner or an advanced researcher in the field, this resource aims to support your exploration of the diverse and dynamic world of operations management.

100 Operations Management Research Paper Topics

Operations management is a multifaceted field that integrates various aspects of business like production, logistics, quality control, and much more. For students looking to delve into research, here’s an extensive list of topics categorized into ten different sectors.

Academic Writing, Editing, Proofreading, And Problem Solving Services

Get 10% off with 24start discount code, production management.

• The role of technology in enhancing production efficiency.
• Sustainable production practices and their impact on profitability.
• Mass customization in modern manufacturing.
• Just-in-time (JIT) production: Pros and cons.
• Managing production lines for optimal workflow.
• The influence of automation on manufacturing processes.
• Ergonomics and production management.
• The future of 3D printing in manufacturing.
• Outsourcing production: Challenges and opportunities.
• Lean manufacturing principles and their application.

Supply Chain Management

• The importance of information sharing in the supply chain.
• Risk management in global supply chains.
• Ethical considerations in supply chain management.
• Impact of e-commerce on traditional supply chain models.
• Inventory management: Best practices.
• The role of transportation in the supply chain.
• Achieving sustainability through green supply chain practices.
• The influence of big data on supply chain decisions.
• Cross-border supply chain challenges.
• Vendor management and strategic partnerships.

Quality Control and Assurance

• Total Quality Management (TQM) in the 21st century.
• Six Sigma methodology in operations management.
• Quality assurance in the food and beverage industry.
• Role of continuous improvement in quality management.
• Balancing cost and quality in manufacturing.
• Role of customer feedback in quality assurance.
• Impact of quality control on brand reputation.
• Quality assurance standards in healthcare.
• The relationship between employee training and quality control.
• Quality management systems: ISO 9001 and others.

Logistics Management

• Technological advancements in logistics and distribution.
• Managing logistics in e-commerce.
• Impact of globalization on logistics management.
• Third-party logistics (3PL) vs. in-house logistics.
• Green logistics: Integrating sustainability.
• Humanitarian logistics in disaster management.
• Role of government regulations in logistics.
• Challenges of urban logistics.
• Reverse logistics: Principles and practices.
• The future of drone technology in logistics.

Service Operations Management

• The importance of customer experience in service operations.
• Managing service quality in the hospitality industry.
• Service blueprinting as a tool for service design.
• Role of technology in enhancing service efficiency.
• Balancing supply and demand in service industries.
• The application of lean principles in service operations.
• Innovations in healthcare service operations.
• Ethical considerations in service provision.
• Outsourcing services: A strategic perspective.
• Transforming traditional services with digital technologies.

Strategic Operations Management

• Aligning operations strategy with business goals.
• The role of operations management in organizational success.
• Developing a competitive advantage through operational excellence.
• Integrating innovation into operations strategy.
• Global strategies in operations management.
• The role of leadership in strategic operations management.
• Operations strategy in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
• Evaluating the performance of an operations strategy.
• Mergers and acquisitions: Integrating operations.
• Strategic considerations in outsourcing operations.

Sustainability and Environmental Considerations

• Incorporating sustainability into operations management.
• Environmental regulations and their impact on operations.
• Waste management practices in manufacturing.
• Achieving energy efficiency in operations.
• Sustainable practices in supply chain management.
• The role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in operations.
• Life cycle assessment in product design.
• Sustainable procurement practices.
• The green factory: Myths and realities.
• Social sustainability in operations management.

Technology and Innovation Management

• The impact of Industry 4.0 on operations management.
• Implementing Artificial Intelligence (AI) in operations.
• Challenges of integrating IoT in manufacturing.
• The role of innovation in competitive advantage.
• Managing technology-driven change in organizations.
• Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) in operations.
• The future of robotics in manufacturing.
• Innovation culture: Fostering creativity in operations.
• Technology management in healthcare operations.
• Digital transformation and its impact on operations.

Project Management

• Agile project management in operations.
• Risk management in project execution.
• The role of project management offices (PMOs).
• Project portfolio management: An integrated approach.
• Tools and technologies for efficient project management.
• Stakeholder management in project execution.
• The psychology of project management.
• Cross-cultural considerations in global projects.
• Managing virtual teams in projects.
• Project failure: Analysis and lessons learned.

Human Resources and Operations

• Managing diversity in operations management.
• The role of team dynamics in operational success.
• Talent management in operations.
• Employee motivation and performance in operations.
• Human factors in safety management.
• The importance of organizational culture in operations.
• Training and development in operations management.
• Employee engagement and its impact on operational efficiency.
• Managing remote work in operations.
• Labor relations and negotiations in operations.

Operations management remains an evolving and essential field in both academia and industry. The above topics reflect the breadth and depth of areas one could explore. Each subject offers unique insights and challenges, enabling students to apply theoretical concepts to real-world scenarios. These topics are designed to inspire critical thinking and provide a starting point for those embarking on research in operations management. Whether you are looking for a topic that aligns with your interests or seeking to address current issues in the field, this comprehensive list offers diverse paths to contribute to the body of knowledge in operations management.

Operations Management and the Range of Research Paper Topics

Operations management is a vital aspect of business that deals with the design, administration, and optimization of business processes. It plays a crucial role in ensuring that an organization operates efficiently and effectively. From manufacturing to services, operations management transcends various sectors and industries. In this article, we’ll delve into the multifaceted world of operations management, explore its significance, and elucidate the range of research paper topics it offers.

Introduction to Operations Management

Operations management is all about the planning, oversight, and control of processes that transform inputs such as materials, labor, and technology into outputs like goods and services. It’s a dynamic field that requires a blend of analytical thinking, problem-solving, and practical skills.

Operations managers focus on improving efficiency, reducing costs, maintaining quality, and ensuring that products or services are delivered on time. The scope of operations management is broad, encompassing areas like:

• Production Management : Deals with the creation of goods and services.
• Supply Chain Management : Focuses on the flow of materials from suppliers to customers.
• Quality Control : Ensures products meet specified quality standards.
• Logistics : Concerned with the movement, storage, and flow of goods.
• Project Management : Involves planning and overseeing projects to ensure they are completed on time and within budget.

Significance of Operations Management

Operations management is at the heart of any organization, impacting several critical areas:

• Efficiency : By optimizing processes and eliminating waste, operations management helps in utilizing resources more efficiently.
• Cost Reduction : Through continuous improvement and innovation, costs can be reduced, leading to higher profitability.
• Customer Satisfaction : By ensuring quality and timely delivery, operations management plays a key role in customer satisfaction.
• Competitive Advantage : Organizations that excel in operations management often have a competitive edge in the market.

The Ever-Evolving Nature of Operations Management

The field of operations management continues to evolve, driven by technological advancements, globalization, environmental concerns, and changing consumer preferences. Topics such as sustainability, automation, digital transformation, and global supply chain challenges are becoming increasingly relevant.

Range of Research Paper Topics

Given the diverse and complex nature of operations management, the range of research paper topics is vast and can be categorized into several areas:

• Production Management : From lean manufacturing to the use of artificial intelligence, research can focus on how to make production more efficient and adaptable.
• Supply Chain Management : Topics could include risk management, ethical considerations, green practices, and the influence of e-commerce on traditional supply chains.
• Quality Control and Assurance : Research in this area could explore methodologies like Six Sigma, continuous improvement, and the relationship between training and quality control.
• Logistics Management : With the growing importance of e-commerce and sustainability, research in logistics management is thriving.
• Service Operations Management : This includes the design and management of processes that create and deliver services, with potential research focusing on customer experience, technology, and innovation.
• Strategic Operations Management : Research topics can explore how operations strategy aligns with business goals and contributes to competitive advantage.
• Sustainability and Environmental Considerations : This is an emerging area focusing on how operations management can contribute to a more sustainable future.
• Technology and Innovation Management : From Industry 4.0 to digital transformation, this category looks at how technology is reshaping operations management.
• Project Management : Topics might include agile methodologies, stakeholder management, risk mitigation, and cross-cultural considerations in global projects.
• Human Resources and Operations : This could include topics like managing diversity, team dynamics, employee motivation, and training in operations management.

Operations management is a vibrant and multifaceted field with a wide array of research possibilities. From traditional manufacturing to modern service industries, from small businesses to multinational corporations, operations management is at the core of organizational success.

The broad range of topics reflects the evolving nature of the field and the challenges and opportunities that come with it. For students seeking to contribute to this essential area of business, these topics offer a rich and diverse avenue for exploration and innovation.

By understanding and engaging with these various aspects, scholars, practitioners, and students can appreciate the importance of operations management in today’s global economy and contribute to its future development. Whether through academic research or practical application, operations management remains a critical field that continues to shape the way businesses operate and thrive.

How to Choose Operations Management Research Paper Topics

Choosing the right topic for a research paper in operations management is a critical step that can significantly impact the quality and relevance of your work. It can be both an exciting and daunting task, given the wide array of topics available in this dynamic field. In this section, we’ll provide an introductory paragraph, 10 practical tips, and a concluding paragraph to guide you in selecting the ideal operations management research paper topic.

Operations management is a multifaceted field that encompasses various aspects of business processes, from production to logistics, supply chain to quality control. As such, it offers a wide range of intriguing research paper topics. The right topic not only aligns with your interests and academic goals but also has the potential to contribute to the broader field of operations management. Here are some tips to assist you in making an informed choice.

10 Tips for Choosing Operations Management Research Paper Topics

• Identify Your Interests : Start by listing areas within operations management that intrigue you the most. Passion for the subject can fuel your research and make the process more enjoyable.
• Understand the Scope : Consider the breadth and depth of the topic. A topic that’s too broad may be unmanageable, while a too narrow focus may lack sufficient material for research.
• Check for Relevance : Ensure that the topic aligns with current industry trends and challenges. A relevant topic will have a greater impact and may open opportunities for further study or career advancement.
• Consult Academic Sources : Look through academic journals, textbooks, and other scholarly publications in operations management to discover prevailing research themes and gaps in the literature.
• Consider Practical Implications : If possible, choose a topic that has practical applications in real-world scenarios. This connection between theory and practice can make your research more compelling.
• Assess Available Resources : Evaluate the resources you have at your disposal, including access to data, software, labs, or industry experts. Some topics might require specialized tools or contacts.
• Seek Guidance from Advisors : Consult with professors, mentors, or industry professionals who have expertise in operations management. Their insights can help refine your topic and provide direction.
• Evaluate Your Skill Set : Reflect on your skills and expertise in the subject area. Selecting a topic that complements your strengths will facilitate a smoother research process.
• Consider Ethical Implications : Ensure that the chosen topic adheres to ethical standards, especially if it involves human subjects, sensitive data, or controversial issues.
• Think about Future Opportunities : Your research paper can be a stepping stone for further studies, publications, or career opportunities. Consider how the chosen topic might align with your long-term goals.

Concluding Thoughts

Choosing a research paper topic in operations management is a delicate balance between your interests, the academic and industry relevance, the feasibility of research, and alignment with ethical standards. By adhering to these tips, you can select a topic that not only resonates with your passion and capabilities but also contributes to the field of operations management.

Remember that the right topic is a catalyst that can ignite your creativity and analytical abilities, leading to a meaningful and rewarding research experience. Whether you’re exploring sustainable supply chain practices or innovative quality control techniques, your choice of topic is the foundation upon which your entire research project is built. Make it a strong, informed one, and you’ll set yourself up for success in the vibrant world of operations management.

How to Write an Operations Management Research Paper

Writing a research paper in operations management is a systematic process that requires careful planning, in-depth research, and coherent presentation. This endeavor involves not only an understanding of the operations management concepts but also the ability to analyze, evaluate, and apply them in various real-world contexts. Below, you will find an introductory paragraph, 10 essential tips, and a concluding paragraph to guide you through the process of writing an operations management research paper.

Introduction

Operations management is a complex field that integrates various aspects of production, quality control, logistics, and supply chain management. Writing a research paper on a topic within this discipline demands a clear understanding of both theoretical principles and practical applications. The task may seem overwhelming, but with the right approach and adherence to specific guidelines, you can craft a paper that stands out in quality and relevance.

10 Tips for Writing an Operations Management Research Paper

• Choose the Right Topic : Refer to the previous section for tips on selecting a relevant and engaging topic that aligns with your interests and the broader field of operations management.
• Conduct Thorough Research : Utilize reputable academic sources such as journals, textbooks, and industry reports. Gather sufficient data and insights that relate to your chosen topic.
• Create a Strong Thesis Statement : Your thesis should clearly articulate the main idea or argument of your paper. It serves as the guiding star for your entire research.
• Develop an Outline : Before diving into writing, create a detailed outline that maps out the structure of your paper. It should include an introduction, literature review, methodology, findings, discussion, conclusion, and references.
• Write a Compelling Introduction : Start your paper with an engaging introduction that provides background on the topic, states the problem, and introduces the thesis statement.
• Include a Literature Review : Summarize existing research on the topic, highlighting key theories, models, and empirical findings. This section establishes the context for your study.
• Explain Your Methodology : Describe the research design, methods, and tools you used to collect and analyze data. Be meticulous in explaining how you ensured the reliability and validity of your study.
• Present Findings Clearly : Organize and present your research findings in a logical manner. Use charts, graphs, and tables where necessary to visualize the data.
• Discuss the Implications : In the discussion section, interpret the results, compare them with existing research, and explore the implications for operations management practice and future research.
• Edit and Revise : Spend ample time revising and proofreading your paper. Consider seeking feedback from peers, mentors, or professional editing services to ensure clarity, coherence, and correctness.

Writing a research paper in operations management is a rewarding yet challenging task. It requires a fusion of technical knowledge, analytical thinking, and writing skills. By following the tips outlined above, you’ll be well-equipped to craft a paper that is not only academically rigorous but also relevant to the dynamic and multifaceted world of operations management.

Remember, writing a research paper is a process that demands time, effort, and perseverance. Be patient with yourself and stay committed to excellence at every stage of the journey. The final product – a well-researched, well-written paper – is a testament to your intellectual curiosity, hard work, and contribution to the ever-evolving field of operations management. Whether you’re a seasoned researcher or a student just starting out, these guidelines are designed to empower you to write with confidence and integrity in the domain of operations management.

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150 Best Logistics Research Topics to Focus On

Table of Contents

Logistics is a process that deals with how manufactured products are acquired, stored, and moved from production houses to stores. If you pursue a course in Logistics and Supply Chain Management (SCM), then for your final assessment, you can work on logistics research topics for preparing your dissertation. Logistics is a wide subject with many subcategories. Therefore, several students often experience difficulties with logistics research paper topic selection. In case, you also find it troublesome to pick a topic, check this blog. For your convenience, here, we have shared a list of some excellent dissertation topics on logistics and supply chain management.

But before moving to the list of logistics research ideas, first, let us have a look at what logistics means and what the subject mainly deals with.

What is Logistics?

Planning and carrying out the effective storage and transportation of goods from the point of production to the point of consumption is known as logistics. Its primary objective is to meet the needs of the customer in a timely and cost-effective manner.

The terms “logistics” and “supply chain management” are frequently used interchangeably, even though they refer to two distinct parts of the process. One way to think of logistics is as a subset of the supply chain. The purchase and delivery of raw materials, packaging, shipment, and transportation of goods to distributors within a single company are all aspects of logistics management. However, supply chain management deals with a larger network of outside organizations that collaborate to deliver goods to customers, such as call centers, vendors, and transportation providers.

The significant parts of coordinated factors incorporate inbound and outbound cargo, materials the executives, warehousing, request satisfaction, stock preparation, and request arranging.

List of Logistics Research Topics and Ideas

Currently, do you have to submit a research paper on logistics topics? Great! We are here to help you out with customized research paper writing and topic selection.

If you are a student who is looking for the best logistics research topics, then access the list of topic ideas suggested below and pick a topic that you have strong knowledge of and is convenient for you to write about.

Simple Logistics Research Topics

• Prepare a literature review on the role of crowd-sourced freight services in logistics.
• Research the warehousing trends and challenges in omnichannel logistics.
• Prepare a comparative review of sustainable logistics management practices between emerging and developed countries.
• Why do businesses integrate technology and service providers to manage the logistics processes?
• How the utilization of logistics can impact local transport channels in the UK?
• Investigate the role of software solutions and outsourced logistics service providers in the UK.
• Conduct a theoretical analysis of the concept of a control tower in logistics with a futuristic perspective.
• Review the relevance of quality management standards to the procurement and logistics function of mobile outlets in the UK.
• Discuss the impact of app-based instant freight services in the UK.
• Review the policies and regulations in logistics and supply chain models of the UK from the transport perspective.
• Write about the history, current trends, and future implications of ERP in logistics and supply chain management.
• Describe the feasibility of the warehouse management function of family businesses in the UK.
• Discuss the practical impact of packing regulations in the UK on business logistics.
• How do small family businesses in the UK navigate the procedural intricacies of logistics management?
• Prepare a systematic review of the ethical practices and challenges in logistics and supply chain management.

Outstanding Logistics Research Topics

• Explain the models, strategies, and challenges of the decision-making process in logistics and procurement.
• Analyze the cost factors in logistics.
• Compare the implementation of sustainable logistics management practices between developed countries.
• Explain the strategies to minimize the inherent risks in logistics management.
• Assess the environmental impact of transport solutions on the chain of responsibility in the UK.
• Discuss the packaging regulations in the United Kingdom
• Discuss the regulations related to sustainable packaging in the United States
• Comparative analysis of the existing supply chain and logistics regulations in the United States and China
• Importance of relationship development managers in the successful management of supply chain network
• Discuss the concept of Enterprise Integration and its importance
• What are the reverse logistics strategies for the end of life products?
• What are the packaging regulations in the regions of the US and their practical influence on business logistics?
• Study of the business perspectives as well as implementation strategies to provide logistics integration costs.
• What are the reasons for enlisting emergency logistics services?
• Inventory Management – an Exploration of Methodologies Implemented in Three Different Industry Sectors in the United Kingdom

Dissertation Topics on Logistics and Supply Chain Management

• Green Logistics: Professional Attempts to Measure and Minimize the Ecological Impact of Logistics Activities
• The Influence of Environmental Management Practices and Supply Chain Integration on Technological Innovation Performance
• Analyze how the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility is promoting socially responsible supply chains.
• Prepare a literature review on the role of integrated supply chain platforms in the backdrop of the Internet of Things.
• Explore the retail sector of your country and discuss how the retailers have taken advantage of digital freight matching.
• Review the effectiveness of the introduction of carbon and greenhouse gas reduction in the supply chain of manufacturers in China.
• How do businesses in the UK handle customer services using third-party platforms?
• How are food requirements for tourist seasons forecasted by famous multicultural restaurants?
• Analyze the trends and challenges in supply chains.
• Prepare a systematic review of humanitarian supply chain integration.
• Why are shippers looking for innovative alternatives to parcel carrier service?
• How do independent pharmacy retailers in the UK maximize logistical value?
• The emphasis on green supply chain management from the environmental perspective and its influence on financial management
• Does a competitive supply chain result in financial gains in politically unstable economies?
• Describe the role of a relationship development manager from the healthcare sector of your country in building trust and maintaining efficient supply chains.

Unique Research Topics on Supply Chain Management

• Explain the impact of the latest trends in the supply chain on the digital revolution and globalization.
• Investigate warehousing within the context of large, medium, and small enterprises in your country.
• Prepare a review of the relationship of the retail industry with transportation economics.
• Explore the inventory management methodologies of three different industry sectors in your country.
• Supply chain disruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic
• Evolution of logistics and supply chain over the past two decades
• Impact of e-commerce growth on the global logistics industry
• Discuss the most recent supply chain innovations and their benefits
• Use of smart glasses and autonomous robots in supply chain management
• Influence of risk evaluation as well as management in supply chain
• What is the perspective in specific supply chain management?
• How to implement the evaluation of the supply chain risk management capabilities?
• Cost reduction and service improvement in logistics and supply chain management: focus on practical strategies.
• Research in the logistics and supply chain management sector: challenges and interventions.
• Development of competencies in the logistics and supply chain management sector: a descriptive study.

Logistics Management Research Paper Topics

• Explain how the logistics and supply chain functions have evolved in the 21st century.
• Analyze the influence of IT innovation on the effectiveness of logistics and supply chain management.
• Discuss the impact of the change in demand and supply on logistics functions and costs.
• Talk about the risk management techniques integration in the supply chain through logistics processes.
• Research the logistics and supply chain workflows using RFID and bar code database.
• Analyze the role of value chain strategy in logistics and supply chain management.
• Explain the significance of IT in the management of logistics and supply chains.
• Research and find out the innovations and strategies for logistics and supply chains.
• Examine the role of logistics and supply chain management in the enhancement of SMEs.
• Discuss the development of logistics capability through supply chain integration.
• Explain the relationship between logistics and supply chain management.
• Analyze the impact of a company’s logistics performance on global business performance.
• Explain the challenges and opportunities that are related to the evolution of the logistics function and processes.
• What is the role of logistics and supply chain management in the success of MNCs?
• Analyze the impact of logistics functions on an organization’s financial performance.

Management Logistics Research Topics

• Explain the significance of the adoption of logistics and supply chain management principles and concepts.
• Study the procurement management of specialized projects in the commercial construction sector.
• Investigate how the evolution of logistics and supply chain management contributes to strategic differentiation and operational effectiveness.
• What is the impact of inbound and outbound logistics on the supplier-consumer relationship?
• Explain the role of information management in handling logistics and supply chain challenges.
• Examine the practical implementation practices that are related to green sustainable procurement strategies.
• Explain the relationship between supply chain management and procurement.
• What is the role of technological advancements in the improvement of logistics and supply chain management of MNCs?
• Write about the applications of IoT in the field of logistics.
• Discuss the impact of IT emergence on third and fourth-party logistics systems.
• Use of AI (artificial intelligence) and Machine Learning in logistics
• Use of robotics in logistics
• Evolution of the global logistics industry between 1900 to 2022
• Discuss the modern technologies used in warehouses
• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of warehouse robots

Interesting Logistics Research Ideas

• The comparative review of the sustainable logistics management practices between the emerging as well as developed countries.
• What is the influence of Industry 4.0 on supply chain management?
• What is the influence of speed, responsiveness, and efficiency in supply chain management?
• What is the impact of inventory in the logistics industry?
• What is the impact of transportation on the logistics industry?
• Discuss the value chain strategy concerned with the logistics industry in the UK.
• Does the increase in the concepts associated with intermodal and international logistics impact the functioning of various manufacturing companies?
• Take a closer look at anticipatory logistics in supply chain management.
• Analyzing the logistics management principles by evaluating them within an environment regarded as being practical.
• What are the effects of information management on the supply chain and logistics of the automobile industry in the UK?
• Discuss the significance of logistics management in streamlining reorders for clothing brands in the UK.
• Does warehousing play an important role in the logistics industry?
• Have a closer look at logistics and transportation in Australia.
• Why the implementation of green supply chain management practices is important to ensure sustainability and resilience in the supply chain network?
• Describe the pros and cons of applying AI and IoT in supply chain management and logistics

Excellent Logistics Research Topics

• Explain how to enhance the efficiency of logistics using wireless communication.
• Compare value-added logistics and supply chain management.
• Comparative analysis of traditional logistics vs. reverse logistics.
• Develop international regulations for commercial logistics services.
• Suggest best practices for export and import e-commerce logistics.
• Explain the collaboration between the government and logistics companies.
• Explain the importance of trade and logistics in the modern world economy.
• Discuss the role of third-party logistics in the e-commerce industry.
• Write about defense logistical strategy and plans.
• Explain how third-party logistics help businesses save costs.

Top-rated SCM and Logistics Research Topics

• Analyze the various logistics operations of manufacturing organizations.
• What is the role of ERP in assisting logistics management and warehousing for FMCG products?
• How to satisfy customers when it comes to logistics?
• What is the effect of procurement logistics on the sales of FMCG manufacturing companies?
• Explain the importance of logistics management in streamlining the financial positions of global businesses in the UK.
• Describe the origin of the term ‘Business Logistics’ in an increasingly globalized supply chain.
• What is the role of supply chain management in business outsourcing?
• Evaluate the effects of information dissemination and sharing among intermediaries in a supply chain.
• Explain the barriers to implementing an efficient supply management system.
• Implementation of E-logistics in Supply Chain Operations.
• Evaluate the use of technology in modern supply chain systems.
• Examine the implementation of Green Supply Chain Management Practices.
• What is the effectiveness of customer service strategy on the supply chain management of e-commerce stores in the UK?
• Implementation of IoT in the 3PL/4PL Industry.
• The extension of supply chain resilience through Industry 4.0.

A Few More SCM and Logistics Research Paper Topics

• Evaluate the strategies for cost reduction in the supply chain in automobile exports and imports in China.
• Investigate the role of Logistics and SCM in dealing with emerging challenges and complexities.
• The practicability of intertwined supply networks with IoT.
• Discuss the effect of packaging on the operations of fragrance exporters in the UK.
• Assess supply chain risk management capabilities.
• Explain the reverse logistics strategies for End-of-Life products.
• What are the key differences between SCM and logistics in light of different theories?
• Examine procurement cost management in the lean organizations of emerging economies.
• How to measure and minimize the ecological impact of logistics activities?
• Explain the Impact of Industry 4.0 on supply chain management.
• What are the factors that affect the application of an efficient supply management system?
• Evaluate the strategies for cost reduction in SCM relating to exports and imports.
• What are the machine learning techniques in supply chain management?
• Prepare a literature review on the relationship between reverse logistics and sustainability performance.
• Challenges and success factors of applying AR (augmented reality) and VR (virtual reality) in supply chain management and logistics
• Discuss the pros and cons of Industry 4.0 about logistics and SCM
• Analyze the influence of supply chain integration and environmental management practices on a company’s performance related to technological innovation
• Assess the antecedents of the selection of socially responsible suppliers in three global supply chain contexts
• Swarm Intelligence: application of the algorithm of ant colony optimization to logistics-oriented vehicle routing problems

Wrapping Up

From the list of unique logistics research topics and ideas recommended above, select any topic of your choice and write a brilliant research paper. But when choosing a topic, make sure to give importance to the topic that matches your interest and has a wide research scope. Also, prefer a topic that contains extensive information, sources of reference, and evidence to explain your thesis statement .

In case, you are not sure what logistic research topic to choose or need logistic research paper writing help, then contact us immediately. We have skilled academic writers on our platform to offer help with logistics and Supply chain management research paper topic selection and writing. Especially, based on the requirements you send us, our scholarly writers will compose and deliver a plagiarism-free and top-quality research paper on time at an affordable price. Moreover, by taking our logistics assignment help service online, you can wind up your tasks ahead of the deadline and boost your grades.

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Supply Chain Management Thesis

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MNGT501 or MNMGT581

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An externally examined piece of written work that reports on the findings of supervised research.

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