critical thinking cambridge university

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An introduction to Critical Thinking

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Critical Thinking is a multidisciplinary subject dealing with the analysis and formulation of arguments. Put simply, it provides a methodological approach to asking “why should I believe you” or “why should you believe me?”. It helps with the detection of weak arguments, fake news, and mind manipulation through rhetorical devices and propaganda, thereby protecting you from false beliefs. From politics, news and religion, Critical Thinking provides a set of tools to question the truth of claims and evidence. Focusing on the delivery of clear language and concise arguments, it is of value to anyone needing to write essays or professional reports.   This course complements The Psychology of Reasoning (W35Pm28) but can be taken independently.

This course aims to:

• explain the basic principles involved in critical thinking processes making you familiar with the principles underlying different types of good reasoning as well as common mistakes in reasoning  
• prepare you to understand the concept of truth, and how to assess information, for example, how to identify conspiracy theories and fake news  
• show how rhetorical devices and propaganda are used to influence manipulate public opinion

Employers, universities and the media, all claim that there is a lack of critical thinking skills and students and the public in general should be equipped with reasoning tools that protect them from scams and help them to assess fake news and conspiracy theories to make better decisions. The call for better critical thinking is widespread, but without appropriate training people do not know what critical thinking skills are. There are as many definitions of critical thinking as there are authors. Each definition depends on the academic background of the author. Philosophers would define it differently to psychologists, scientists will interpret it differently to lawyers. Each professional group would emphasise different aspects of critical thinking, but common to all of them is the purpose to determine whether the received information is true. In simple terms, critical thinking consists of a set of intellectual tools, rules and techniques with the aim of ascertaining what is true and whether you want to believe in it.

Critical thinking provides a set of tools to answer the question, “Why should I believe you?” and help in the formulation of arguments “How am I going to get you to believe me?”

Although some critical thinking ability may be developed inside the framework of particular specialities, usually the approach is limited to the subject matter and leaves out skills necessary to apply in daily life. 

Presentation of the course  

This course provides a light approach to the main topics in Critical Thinking. It includes lectures and discussions which aim to apply the theory delivered in the lectures.

Course sessions

• The meaning of truth  How do you decide whether the information you receive is true?  
• Arguments What is the difference between an argument and an opinion? Should all opinions be respected?  
• Understanding the differences between inductive and deductive reasoning Deduction is mainly based on formal logic. The ability to think logically, supports the strength of arguments. Induction depends on the quality of the evidence. You will learn about the different aspects of deductive and inductive arguments.  
• Language in Critical Thinking You will learn about the use of rhetorical devices, propaganda and other methods used to influence your opinions.  
• Analysis and assessment of arguments Methods to help you whether to accept or reject the arguments presented to you. It also helps you to build a strong argument.

Learning outcomes

You are expected to gain from this series of classroom sessions a greater understanding of the subject and of the core issues and arguments central to the course. 

The learning outcomes for this course are:

• development of the capacity for independent thought, analysis and critical reasoning  
• to analyse and evaluate arguments and  identify most common fallacies  
• to understand the uses of language and rhetoric in social manipulation

Required reading

There are no compulsory readings for this course. However, you may find the below recommended reading list of interest to supplement your course.

There are many books on critical thinking and reading suggestions for each particular subject will be delivered during the course. However, printed materials which support each lesson theme will be delivered since the course doesn’t follow any particular core book. 

During the course you will be provided materials for critical analysis by the class. These materials can be news clips, information from social networks or advertising. You will be invited to assess whether to believe or refute the arguments or information presented in such materials.  

Typical week: Monday to Friday 

Courses run from Monday to Friday. For each week of study, you select a morning (Am) course and an afternoon (Pm) course. The maximum class size is 25 students.   

Courses are complemented by a series of daily plenary lectures, exploring new ideas in a wide range of disciplines. To add to your learning experience, we are also planning additional evening talks and events. 

Evaluation and Academic Credit  

If you are seeking to enhance your own study experience, or earn academic credit from your Cambridge Summer Programme studies at your home institution, you can submit written work for assessment for one or more of your courses.  

Essay questions are set and assessed against the University of Cambridge standard by your Course Director, a list of essay questions can be found in the Course Materials. Essays are submitted two weeks after the end of each course, so those studying for multiple weeks need to plan their time accordingly. There is an evaluation fee of £75 per essay. 

For more information about writing essays see Evaluation and Academic Credit . 

Certificate of attendance 

A certificate of attendance will be sent to you electronically after the programme. 

Course dates

Course duration, course director.

Academic Directors, Course Directors and Tutors are subject to change, when necessary.

Qualifications / Credits

Teaching sessions, course code.

Institute of Continuing Education Madingley Hall Madingley Cambridge CB23 8AQ

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Programmes & Qualifications

Cambridge international as & a level thinking skills (9694).

• Syllabus overview

Thinking Skills develops a set of transferable skills, including critical thinking, reasoning and problem solving, that students can apply across a wide range of subjects and complex real world issues. 

The syllabus enables students to develop their ability to analyse unfamiliar problems, devise problem solving strategies, and evaluate the diverse ways a problem may be solved. During a Thinking Skills course, students learn to put their personal views aside in favour of examining and evaluating the evidence. Students learn how to make informed and reasoned decisions and construct evidence-based arguments. 

These independent thinking skills build confidence and equip students with a toolkit for tackling complex and unfamiliar subjects, essential for successful progression to higher education or into professional employment.

The syllabus year refers to the year in which the examination will be taken.

• -->2023 - 2025 Syllabus update (PDF, 149KB)
• -->2026 - 2027 Syllabus (PDF, 530KB)

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• -->Support for Thinking Skills (PDF, 858KB)

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Over 96% of participants from the September 2023 cohort rate their course good or excellent

Creativity, Problem Solving and Design Thinking

Boost your creative skills and creative confidence with a structured approach to idea generation, exploration and development.

This course equals 48 hours of CPD time

8 hours per week

Tutor guided

Certificate of Achievement

Evidence your learning with a Certificate of Achievement from the University of Cambridge on successful completion.

15 July 2024

26 August 2024

08 July 2024

Book a place

Discover more about this course from the expert(s) behind it

Course overview

Creative problem solving is increasingly recognised as the most sought-after skill in business. This is true across a wide range of industries, and across both private and public sectors. Entrepreneurs, employees, managers, and leaders are all required to find valuable opportunities, generate and develop new ideas and then trial and implement innovative solutions. These processes can be modelled on design activities, where key stakeholders are identified and designed for through processes of research, ideation and prototyping. This is all equally applicable to the development of strategies, products, processes and a variety of socio-technical systems.

This course will help you to learn about the role of creativity in problem solving, and the application of design thinking to different business tasks. You will discover the characteristics of difficult problems, the thinking skills that are used to address them and the various biases that need to be overcome. Through the course content and activities, you will recognise and develop your creative skills, gaining confidence in them and in your capacity to develop them further. This applies not just to individual work, but also to group work, where diverse perspectives and skills can be leveraged.

The course offers an excellent opportunity for professional development, whether you are looking to advance in your current role or change roles or sectors. Through the course, you will apply a structured process to identifying problems and generating wide-ranging solution ideas before selecting and developing one (or more) for communication and implementation. You will have the opportunity to practice these skills in various course-specific scenarios, and also to a project that is relevant to your own professional context. The course is highly interactive, and you will be encouraged, through individual and collaborative work, to apply and manage a selection of evidence-based creative approaches.

This course is certified by the United Kingdom CPD Certification Service, and may be applicable to individuals who are members of, or are associated with, UK-based professional bodies. The course has an estimated 48 hours of learning.

Note: should you wish to claim CPD activity, the onus is upon you. Cambridge Advance Online accept no responsibility, and cannot be held responsible, for the claiming or validation of hours or points.

What will I learn?

By the end of the course, you will have a broad understanding of the application of creative approaches, processes and tools, including how to:

• articulate the components of creative work, and the skills (and biases) that are involved
• apply creative processes and tools yourself
• manage the application of creative processes and tools by others
• develop confidence in your creative skills, and in your ability to improve those skills
• represent your own creative skills and experiences, and promote and elicit those of others.

Who is this course for?

• Those interested in improving how they think and act creatively, moving past learned behaviour to reach new and effective solutions.
• Professionals working in business development, transformation, or strategy who are seeking a structured and innovative approach to solving problems.
• Individuals facing novel problems in the workplace, who need to challenge conventions to develop original solutions and pitch these to stakeholders.

Course delivery

Our certificated courses reflect the Cambridge experience and values, with low student to tutor ratios and academically rigorous standards. Our learning model is designed to help you advance your skills and specialise in emerging areas that address global challenges. We will help you build your network through an engaging and impactful learning journey that encourages collaboration. Courses are delivered in weekly modules, allowing you to plan your time effectively. The assessment criteria will be presented to you at the start of the course, so you can approach your studies with confidence and motivation, knowing what is expected of you and how to meet those expectations. 

Throughout your online learning experience, you will have access to your course tutor, who will help facilitate your learning and provide you with support and guidance during your studies. You can interact with your tutor through a range of media, such as live sessions, discussion forums, email or canvas messaging. 

Each course includes a balance of:

• interactive learning and real-world application so you can directly apply what you’re learning to your own context
• diverse teaching methods to enhance learning outcomes which will be delivered via learning activities such as University of Cambridge academic led videos, quizzes and group work
• optional live sessions (1 hour) with University of Cambridge academics and tutors to deepen your understanding of the week's material. These sessions may include an informal Q&A, a short lecture or a breakout activity that builds on the content introduced that week. All sessions are recorded and made available to stream so you can catch up whenever suits you
• guided critical thinking via our reflective workbook so you can collect, structure and summarise information and your thoughts as you progress through the course. 

What will I get on completion?

University of cambridge course lead.

Professor Nathan Crilly

Course dates.

15 Jul - 26 Aug

Places available

Enrol by 08 Jul

Requirements

Level of knowledge.

• a level of spoken and written English sufficient to allow you to participate and succeed in the course (we recommend that you have an English Language level equivalent to an IELTS score of 7, as outlined in section 5 of our  Terms of Purchase (Opens in a new window) )

Materials & equipment

• sufficient internet speed and stability for video streaming (2 Mbps up/down)
• please see our recommendations on web browsers (Opens in a new window)

A Q&A with the course leader of Creativity, Problem-Solving and Design Thinking

Problem solve like a pro

What our learners are saying

Professor Crilly is truly world-class. His videos were informative and concise, and he was present, warm and engaging for all the live sessions. He made himself exceptionally available for questions and support and I couldn't be more grateful for his instruction.

The delivery of this course has been spectacular in content, presentation and delivery…I have no hesitation recommending it to anyone interested in the subject.

As well as an overall understanding of creative, problem-solving and design thinking processes, the course has provided very well-constructed opportunities to consolidate knowledge and understanding about those processes in practice, alongside other course members.

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Critical thinking : an introduction

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Meaning of critical thinking in English

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• adjudication
• interpretable
• interpretive
• interpretively
• investigate
• investigation
• reinvestigation
• risk assessment
• run over/through something
• run through something

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Critical Thinking: A Simple Guide and Why It’s Important

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Critical Thinking: A Simple Guide and Why It’s Important was originally published on Ivy Exec .

Strong critical thinking skills are crucial for career success, regardless of educational background. It embodies the ability to engage in astute and effective decision-making, lending invaluable dimensions to professional growth.

At its essence, critical thinking is the ability to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information in a logical and reasoned manner. It’s not merely about accumulating knowledge but harnessing it effectively to make informed decisions and solve complex problems. In the dynamic landscape of modern careers, honing this skill is paramount.

The Impact of Critical Thinking on Your Career

☑ problem-solving mastery.

Visualize critical thinking as the Sherlock Holmes of your career journey. It facilitates swift problem resolution akin to a detective unraveling a mystery. By methodically analyzing situations and deconstructing complexities, critical thinkers emerge as adept problem solvers, rendering them invaluable assets in the workplace.

☑ Refined Decision-Making

Navigating dilemmas in your career path resembles traversing uncertain terrain. Critical thinking acts as a dependable GPS, steering you toward informed decisions. It involves weighing options, evaluating potential outcomes, and confidently choosing the most favorable path forward.

☑ Enhanced Teamwork Dynamics

Within collaborative settings, critical thinkers stand out as proactive contributors. They engage in scrutinizing ideas, proposing enhancements, and fostering meaningful contributions. Consequently, the team evolves into a dynamic hub of ideas, with the critical thinker recognized as the architect behind its success.

☑ Communication Prowess

Effective communication is the cornerstone of professional interactions. Critical thinking enriches communication skills, enabling the clear and logical articulation of ideas. Whether in emails, presentations, or casual conversations, individuals adept in critical thinking exude clarity, earning appreciation for their ability to convey thoughts seamlessly.

☑ Adaptability and Resilience

Perceptive individuals adept in critical thinking display resilience in the face of unforeseen challenges. Instead of succumbing to panic, they assess situations, recalibrate their approaches, and persist in moving forward despite adversity.

☑ Fostering Innovation

Innovation is the lifeblood of progressive organizations, and critical thinking serves as its catalyst. Proficient critical thinkers possess the ability to identify overlooked opportunities, propose inventive solutions, and streamline processes, thereby positioning their organizations at the forefront of innovation.

☑ Confidence Amplification

Critical thinkers exude confidence derived from honing their analytical skills. This self-assurance radiates during job interviews, presentations, and daily interactions, catching the attention of superiors and propelling career advancement.

So, how can one cultivate and harness this invaluable skill?

✅ developing curiosity and inquisitiveness:.

Embrace a curious mindset by questioning the status quo and exploring topics beyond your immediate scope. Cultivate an inquisitive approach to everyday situations. Encourage a habit of asking “why” and “how” to deepen understanding. Curiosity fuels the desire to seek information and alternative perspectives.

✅ Practice Reflection and Self-Awareness:

Engage in reflective thinking by assessing your thoughts, actions, and decisions. Regularly introspect to understand your biases, assumptions, and cognitive processes. Cultivate self-awareness to recognize personal prejudices or cognitive biases that might influence your thinking. This allows for a more objective analysis of situations.

✅ Strengthening Analytical Skills:

Practice breaking down complex problems into manageable components. Analyze each part systematically to understand the whole picture. Develop skills in data analysis, statistics, and logical reasoning. This includes understanding correlation versus causation, interpreting graphs, and evaluating statistical significance.

✅ Engaging in Active Listening and Observation:

Actively listen to diverse viewpoints without immediately forming judgments. Allow others to express their ideas fully before responding. Observe situations attentively, noticing details that others might overlook. This habit enhances your ability to analyze problems more comprehensively.

✅ Encouraging Intellectual Humility and Open-Mindedness:

Foster intellectual humility by acknowledging that you don’t know everything. Be open to learning from others, regardless of their position or expertise. Cultivate open-mindedness by actively seeking out perspectives different from your own. Engage in discussions with people holding diverse opinions to broaden your understanding.

✅ Practicing Problem-Solving and Decision-Making:

Engage in regular problem-solving exercises that challenge you to think creatively and analytically. This can include puzzles, riddles, or real-world scenarios. When making decisions, consciously evaluate available information, consider various alternatives, and anticipate potential outcomes before reaching a conclusion.

✅ Continuous Learning and Exposure to Varied Content:

Read extensively across diverse subjects and formats, exposing yourself to different viewpoints, cultures, and ways of thinking. Engage in courses, workshops, or seminars that stimulate critical thinking skills. Seek out opportunities for learning that challenge your existing beliefs.

✅ Engage in Constructive Disagreement and Debate:

Encourage healthy debates and discussions where differing opinions are respectfully debated.

This practice fosters the ability to defend your viewpoints logically while also being open to changing your perspective based on valid arguments. Embrace disagreement as an opportunity to learn rather than a conflict to win. Engaging in constructive debate sharpens your ability to evaluate and counter-arguments effectively.

✅ Utilize Problem-Based Learning and Real-World Applications:

Engage in problem-based learning activities that simulate real-world challenges. Work on projects or scenarios that require critical thinking skills to develop practical problem-solving approaches. Apply critical thinking in real-life situations whenever possible.

This could involve analyzing news articles, evaluating product reviews, or dissecting marketing strategies to understand their underlying rationale.

In conclusion, critical thinking is the linchpin of a successful career journey. It empowers individuals to navigate complexities, make informed decisions, and innovate in their respective domains. Embracing and honing this skill isn’t just an advantage; it’s a necessity in a world where adaptability and sound judgment reign supreme.

So, as you traverse your career path, remember that the ability to think critically is not just an asset but the differentiator that propels you toward excellence.