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re-pre•sent

Rep•re•sent.

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re-presentation

English [ edit ], etymology [ edit ].

re- +‎ presentation

Noun [ edit ]

re- presentation ( countable and uncountable , plural re-presentations )

• 2004 , Caroline Howarth, “Re-presentation and resistance in the context of school exclusion: reasons to be critical”, in Journal of community & applied social psychology ‎ [1] , page 4: The social basis and critical tool within the theory is its emphasis on re-presentation . The hyphen is important here as it highlights the ongoing, the relational and fundamentally the contested nature of re-presentation . It reminds us of the argumentative character of dialogue and practice (Billig, 1998; Howarth, 2003), and so presents us with the possibility of agency, resistance and social change.
• 2021 , Anna Svendsen, “C. C. Martindale (1879–1963), the History of Religions, and the Theological Imagination of David Jones (1895–1974)”, in Journal of Jesuit Studies ‎ [2] , page 566 : ...but one constant of his work was his thinking about the theology of the eternal sacrifice (self-offering) of Christ on the cross and its relationship to the Eucharist. Jones was particularly interested in the relationship between the Mass and time, and constantly meditated on the Mass’s ability to touch all moments of history through the dynamic of “ re-presentation ” ( anamnesis ).

• English terms prefixed with re-
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re-presentation noun 2

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What does the noun re-presentation mean?

There is one meaning in OED's entry for the noun re-presentation . See ‘Meaning & use’ for definition, usage, and quotation evidence.

How common is the noun re-presentation ?

How is the noun re-presentation pronounced, british english, u.s. english, where does the noun re-presentation come from.

Earliest known use

The earliest known use of the noun re-presentation is in the 1800s.

OED's earliest evidence for re-presentation is from 1805, in the writing of ‘Eugenia De Acton’ (real name Alethea Lewis).

re-presentation is formed within English, by derivation.

Etymons: re- prefix , presentation n.

Nearby entries

• repremiation, n. 1611
• represent, n. a1500–1635
• represent, v.¹ c1390–
• re-present, v.² 1564–
• representable, adj. & n. 1630–
• representamen, n. 1677–
• representance, n. 1565–
• representant, n. 1622–
• representant, adj. 1851–82
• representation, n.¹ c1450–
• re-presentation, n.² 1805–
• representational, adj. 1850–
• representationalism, n. 1846–
• representationalist, adj. & n. 1846–
• representationary, adj. 1856–
• representationism, n. 1842–
• representationist, n. & adj. 1842–
• representation theory, n. 1928–
• representative, adj. & n. a1475–
• representative fraction, n. 1860–
• representatively, adv. c1450–

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Meaning & use

Pronunciation, entry history for re-presentation, n.².

re-presentation, n.² was revised in December 2009.

re-presentation, n.² was last modified in July 2023.

oed.com is a living text, updated every three months. Modifications may include:

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Revisions and additions of this kind were last incorporated into re-presentation, n.² in July 2023.

Earlier versions of this entry were published in:

OED First Edition (1906)

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representation

Definition of representation

Examples of representation in a sentence.

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'representation.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

15th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1

Phrases Containing representation

• proportional representation
• self - representation

Dictionary Entries Near representation

representant

representationalism

Cite this Entry

“Representation.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/representation. Accessed 12 May. 2024.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of representation, legal definition, legal definition of representation, more from merriam-webster on representation.

Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for representation

Nglish: Translation of representation for Spanish Speakers

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Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about representation

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re-presentation (n.)

"a presenting again, a renewed presentation," 1805, from re- "back, again" + presentation or else a noun formed to go with re-present . With hyphenated spelling and full pronunciation of the prefix to distinguish it from representation .

Entries linking to re-presentation

late 14c., presentacioun , "act of presenting, ceremonious giving of a gift, prize, etc.," from Old French presentacion (13c.) and directly from Medieval Latin praesentationem (nominative praesentatio ) "a placing before," noun of action from past-participle stem of Latin praesentare "to present, show, exhibit," literally "to place before," from stem of praesens (see present (adj.)).

The meaning "that which is offered or presented" is from mid-15c.; that of "a theatrical or other representation" is recorded from c. 1600. Related: Presentational .

"to offer again, bring before again," 1560s, from re- "back, again" + present (v.). With hyphenated spelling and full pronunciation of the prefix to distinguish it from represent . Related: Re-presented ; re-presenting ; re-presentation .

word-forming element meaning "back, back from, back to the original place;" also "again, anew, once more," also conveying the notion of "undoing" or "backward," etc. (see sense evolution below), c. 1200, from Old French re- and directly from Latin re- an inseparable prefix meaning "again; back; anew, against."

Watkins (2000) describes this as a "Latin combining form conceivably from Indo-European *wret- , metathetical variant of *wert- "to turn." De Vaan says the "only acceptable etymology" for it is a 2004 explanation which reconstructs a root in PIE *ure "back."

In earliest Latin the prefix became red- before vowels and h- , a form preserved in redact , redeem , redolent , redundant , redintegrate , and, in disguise, render (v.). In some English words from French and Italian re- appears as ra- and the following consonant is often doubled (see rally (v.1)).

The many meanings in the notion of "back" give re- its broad sense-range: "a turning back; opposition; restoration to a former state; "transition to an opposite state." From the extended senses in "again," re- becomes "repetition of an action," and in this sense it is extremely common as a formative element in English, applicable to any verb. OED writes that it is "impossible to attempt a complete record of all the forms resulting from its use," and adds that "The number of these is practically infinite ...."  

Often merely intensive, and in many of the older borrowings from French and Latin the precise sense of re- is forgotten, lost in secondary senses, or weakened beyond recognition, so that it has no apparent semantic content ( receive , recommend , recover , reduce , recreate , refer , religion , remain , request , require ).

There seem to have been more such words in Middle English than after, e.g. recomfort (v.) "to comfort, console; encourage;" recourse (n.) "a process, way, course." Recover in Middle English also could mean "obtain, win" (happiness, a kingdom, etc.) with no notion of getting something back, also "gain the upper hand, overcome; arrive at;" also consider the legal sense of recovery as "obtain (property) by judgment or legal proceedings." 

And, due to sound changes and accent shifts, re- sometimes entirely loses its identity as a prefix ( rebel , relic , remnant , restive , rest (n.2) "remainder," rally (v.1) "bring together"). In a few words it is reduced to r-, as in ransom (a doublet of redemption ), rampart , etc.

It was used from Middle English in forming words from Germanic as well as Latin elements ( rebuild , refill , reset , rewrite ), and was used so even in Old French ( regret , regard , reward , etc.).

Prefixed to a word beginning with e , re- is separated by a hyphen, as re-establish , re-estate , re-edify , etc. ; or else the second e has a dieresis over it: as, reëstablish , reëmbark , etc. The hyphen is also sometimes used to bring out emphatically the sense of repetition or iteration : as, sung and re-sung . The dieresis is not used over other vowels than e when re is prefixed : thus, reinforce , reunite , reabolish . [Century Dictionary, 1895]

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Dictionary entries near re-presentation

reprehension

reprehensive

representation

re-presentation

representational

representative

repressible

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Meaning of representation in English

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representation noun ( ACTING FOR )

• Defendants have a right to legal representation and must be informed of that right when they are arrested .
• The farmers demanded greater representation in parliament .
• The main opposing parties have nearly equal representation in the legislature .
• The scheme is intended to increase representation of minority groups .
• The members are chosen by a system of proportional representation.
• admissibility
• extinguishment
• extrajudicial
• extrajudicially
• fatal accident inquiry
• federal case
• pay damages
• plea bargain
• plea bargaining
• the Webster ruling
• walk free idiom
• witness to something

representation noun ( DESCRIPTION )

• anti-realism
• anti-realist
• complementary
• confederate
• naturalistically
• non-figurative
• non-representational
• poetic licence
• symbolization

representation noun ( INCLUDING ALL )

• all manner of something idiom
• alphabet soup
• it takes all sorts (to make a world) idiom
• non-segregated
• odds and ends
• of every stripe/of all stripes idiom
• this and that idiom
• variety is the spice of life idiom
• wide choice

representation | Business English

Examples of representation, collocations with representation.

• representation

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call centre

a large office in which a company's employees provide information to its customers, or sell or advertise its goods or services, by phone

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Business Jargons

A Business Encyclopedia

Presentation

Definition : A presentation is a form of communication in which the speaker conveys information to the audience. In an organization presentations are used in various scenarios like talking to a group, addressing a meeting, demonstrating or introducing a new product, or briefing a team. It involves presenting a particular subject or issue or new ideas/thoughts to a group of people.

It is considered as the most effective form of communication because of two main reasons:

• Use of non-verbal cues.
• Facilitates instant feedback.

Business Presentations are a tool to influence people toward an intended thought or action.

Parts of Presentation

• Introduction : It is meant to make the listeners ready to receive the message and draw their interest. For that, the speaker can narrate some story or a humorous piece of joke, an interesting fact, a question, stating a problem, and so forth. They can also use some surprising statistics.
• Body : It is the essence of the presentation. It requires the sequencing of facts in a logical order. This is the part where the speaker explains the topic and relevant information. It has to be critically arranged, as the audience must be able to grasp what the speaker presents.
• Conclusion : It needs to be short and precise. It should sum up or outline the key points that you have presented. It could also contain what the audience should have gained out of the presentation.

Purpose of Presentation

• To inform : Organizations can use presentations to inform the audience about new schemes, products or proposals. The aim is to inform the new entrant about the policies and procedures of the organization.
• To persuade : Presentations are also given to persuade the audience to take the intended action.
• To build goodwill : They can also help in building a good reputation

Factors Affecting Presentation

Audience Analysis

Communication environment, personal appearance, use of visuals, opening and closing presentation, organization of presentation, language and words, voice quality, body language, answering questions, a word from business jargons.

Presentation is a mode of conveying information to a selected group of people live. An ideal presentation is one that identifies and matches the needs, interests and understanding level of the audience. It also represents the facts, and figures in the form of tables, charts, and graphs and uses multiple colours.

Related terms:

• Verbal Communication
• Visual Communication
• Non-Verbal Communication
• Communication
• 7 C’s of Communication

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  Vocabulary      

What does re-presentation mean?

Definitions for re-presentation re-pre·sen·ta·tion, this dictionary definitions page includes all the possible meanings, example usage and translations of the word re-presentation ., did you actually mean representation , webster dictionary rate this definition: 0.0 / 0 votes.

Re-presentation noun

the act of re-presenting, or the state of being presented again; a new presentation; as, re-presentation of facts previously stated

Etymology: [See Re-present.]

How to pronounce re-presentation?

Alex US English David US English Mark US English Daniel British Libby British Mia British Karen Australian Hayley Australian Natasha Australian Veena Indian Priya Indian Neerja Indian Zira US English Oliver British Wendy British Fred US English Tessa South African

How to say re-presentation in sign language?

Chaldean Numerology

The numerical value of re-presentation in Chaldean Numerology is: 3

Pythagorean Numerology

The numerical value of re-presentation in Pythagorean Numerology is: 8

Examples of re-presentation in a Sentence

Elizabeth Smart :

Even now, she has begun to sort of ask questions, occasionally, I'm doing a presentation or I'm on a Zoom call, and she doesn't understand. So she asked me, 'Why?' And as her questions come up, that is how I gauge how much to tell my daughter.

Michael Krondl :

From a purely visual perspective, the box presentation is just great looking, this would probably be great for a party.

Elizabeth Warren :

He is a criminal law professor who stood in the well of the Senate and talked about how law never inquires into intent and that we should not be using the presidents intent as part of understanding impeachment, criminal law is all about intent. Mens rea is the heart of criminal law. Thats the very basis of it. So it makes his whole presentation just nonsensical. I truly could not follow it.

Richard Gowan :

If State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert is nominated and approved, people will be interested to see whether State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert's willing and able to do the diplomatic toil or whether State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert will see this as an extension of the spokesman position and focus more on presentation of Richard Gowan position before the Security Council.

Raquel Gur :

The presentation was most consistent with ... schizophrenia.

• ^  Webster Dictionary https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/re-presentation

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Definition of re-present verb from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

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10 Tips for a Persuasive Presentation

Powerful presentation is persuasion. here's how to elevate your impact..

Posted May 11, 2024 | Reviewed by Ray Parker

• Presentations aim to effect change. It's essential to be clear about what change you want to see.
• Powerful presenters embrace and extend empathy to seek first to understand their audience.
• Substance and style both matter to create an audience-informed communication experience.
• Persuasive presentations are relevant, reasoned, real, and resonant.

How many of us realize that giving a presentation or making a speech is all about persuasion , influence, and emotional intelligence ? Impactful presenters understand the power of empathy to understand and engage their audience, the efficiency and kindness of having a clear objective and message, and the importance of substance and style—all as a way to connect in a way that engages and inspires.

Much has been written on the power and behavioral science of persuasion, not least by expert Robert Cialdini. His bestselling book Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion explains seven research-based universal principles of influence .

From my experience as a leadership coach working with thousands of people worldwide, I have compiled a list of ten essentials to elevate our presentation.

1. Maintain an "other" focus. What do you know about your audience and how can you find out more? Ask yourself what kind of a speaker will appeal to your audience, what arguments are likely to resonate with them, and what feelings you want to inspire so the audience will positively respond to your ask. If your audience is predominantly data-driven, you may want to use more evidence-based arguments. If the audience is mixed, a combination of data, authority, and storytelling may be more appropriate. Extend Daniel Goleman’s three types of empathy to gather intelligence , understand your audience, and tailor your intervention to connect more profoundly.

2. Determine a specific objective: Presentations aim to effect change in some way. What change do you want to see in your audience? Every presentation aims to change the audience in some way. For instance, gaining their approval for a certain investment, soliciting their buy-in for a change, or creating a sense of enthusiasm for an idea or initiative. The purpose of a presentation is to bring about change so make sure you are clear on what kind of change you want to bring about.

3. Design a grabber: Our attention spans have shrunk as we have more and more competing demands on our attention . If you want to get someone’s attention you need to grab it at the outset and try and hold on. You can do this in a number of different ways. Throw out a question that demands a response from the audience. Give a surprising fact or statistic, or quote from a well-known figure. Tell a story or an anecdote. A good grabber captures the attention of everyone there, and makes them focus on what you have to say.

4. Crystalize your message and construct your arguments : Your message is the heart of your speech. Craft a brief phrase that clearly defines your proposal in 10-12 words. For example, “This post is about crafting presentations that inspire and engage others to elevate their presentations.” Make it memorable by choosing inspiring words, symbols, catchy expressions, something that will remain in the audience's mind. As Brené Brown says: “Clear is kind,” and a clear message provides a path to develop your ideas.

When you have a clear and concise message, it helps you formulate your arguments. Think of developing your arguments using the rule of three —three compelling arguments to convince but not overwhelm your audience.

5. Prepare a call to action: Remember, we want to change our audience in some way, so we need to make our ask in a clear and concrete manner.

Consider your call to action in terms of what you want your audience to think/feel/do:

• Think—“I want you to think about how you can improve your presentations.”
• Feel—“I want you to feel enthusiastic and motivated so that you can elevate your power to persuade.”
• Do—“I want you to try out some of these tips and tools for yourself.”

6. Craft a memorable closing: Close the speech in an elegant and memorable way. We need people to remember what we've told them, so prepare it well. This is not the time to improvise. Try to connect your closing to your opening grabber, which makes the presentation more memorable. Good preparation means preparing everything to the very end—finish well.

7. Plan your delivery: A dynamic speaker draws listeners in by using vocal variety (tone, intonation, speed, volume, pace, pauses, silence) and body language (posture, gestures, expression, and movement) to highlight important points and hold the audience’s attention. Be intentional: How will you use your voice and your body to emphasize a thought or idea? Think about it: If you increased the time you spent on style or delivery by 20 percent, what would it mean for the impact you make?

8. Think about how you will engage your audience : You want the audience to feel considered throughout. Include pauses so they can process what’s being said; connect with individuals throughout the room and make deliberate eye contact while speaking, especially when delivering key points. Read and respond to the audience by changing how you deliver as you go based on the audience’s nonverbal communication .

9. Rehearse and Practice: Practice is one of the most crucial elements of presenting—and probably the most neglected one. If this is new to you start by reading your presentation in front of a mirror to get comfortable speaking your presentation. Next, video yourself and watch out for nervous or distracting habits to eliminate them and identify any areas where you can improve your delivery. If you are feeling brave, practice in front of an audience and ask for feedback.

10. Prepare your success rituals and mantra: Public speaking and/or stage fright can feel debilitating for some. Have your calm-down ritual prepared and ready to go before you start your presentation. This might be a certain gesture, a power pose, breathwork, or a mantra. Try this tip: Identify three adjectives to describe how you would like to show up during this presentation. This sets an intention and helps focus our cognitive and emotional resources on success.

Powerful presenters embrace and extend empathy to seek first to understand their audience. They use this intelligence to carefully make choices about substance and style to create an audience-informed communication experience that feels relevant, reasoned, real, and resonant and creates a pathway for change.

Palena Neale, Ph.D. , is a women’s leadership coach, lecturer, and founder of unabridged, a boutique leadership development practice.

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What is climate change mitigation and why is it urgent?

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• Climate change mitigation involves actions to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions from human activities.
• Mitigation efforts include transitioning to renewable energy sources, enhancing energy efficiency, adopting regenerative agricultural practices and protecting and restoring forests and critical ecosystems.
• Effective mitigation requires a whole-of-society approach and structural transformations to reduce emissions and limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
• International cooperation, for example through the Paris Agreement, is crucial in guiding and achieving global and national mitigation goals.
• Mitigation efforts face challenges such as the world's deep-rooted dependency on fossil fuels, the increased demand for new mineral resources and the difficulties in revamping our food systems.
• These challenges also offer opportunities to improve resilience and contribute to sustainable development.

What is climate change mitigation?

Climate change mitigation refers to any action taken by governments, businesses or people to reduce or prevent greenhouse gases, or to enhance carbon sinks that remove them from the atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun in our planet’s atmosphere, keeping it warm. 

Since the industrial era began, human activities have led to the release of dangerous levels of greenhouse gases, causing global warming and climate change. However, despite unequivocal research about the impact of our activities on the planet’s climate and growing awareness of the severe danger climate change poses to our societies, greenhouse gas emissions keep rising. If we can slow down the rise in greenhouse gases, we can slow down the pace of climate change and avoid its worst consequences.

Reducing greenhouse gases can be achieved by:

• Shifting away from fossil fuels : Fossil fuels are the biggest source of greenhouse gases, so transitioning to modern renewable energy sources like solar, wind and geothermal power, and advancing sustainable modes of transportation, is crucial.
• Improving energy efficiency : Using less energy overall – in buildings, industries, public and private spaces, energy generation and transmission, and transportation – helps reduce emissions. This can be achieved by using thermal comfort standards, better insulation and energy efficient appliances, and by improving building design, energy transmission systems and vehicles.
• Changing agricultural practices : Certain farming methods release high amounts of methane and nitrous oxide, which are potent greenhouse gases. Regenerative agricultural practices – including enhancing soil health, reducing livestock-related emissions, direct seeding techniques and using cover crops – support mitigation, improve resilience and decrease the cost burden on farmers.
• The sustainable management and conservation of forests : Forests act as carbon sinks , absorbing carbon dioxide and reducing the overall concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Measures to reduce deforestation and forest degradation are key for climate mitigation and generate multiple additional benefits such as biodiversity conservation and improved water cycles.
• Restoring and conserving critical ecosystems : In addition to forests, ecosystems such as wetlands, peatlands, and grasslands, as well as coastal biomes such as mangrove forests, also contribute significantly to carbon sequestration, while supporting biodiversity and enhancing climate resilience.
• Creating a supportive environment : Investments, policies and regulations that encourage emission reductions, such as incentives, carbon pricing and limits on emissions from key sectors are crucial to driving climate change mitigation.

Photo: Stephane Bellerose/UNDP Mauritius

Photo: La Incre and Lizeth Jurado/PROAmazonia

What is the 1.5°C goal and why do we need to stick to it?

In 2015, 196 Parties to the UN Climate Convention in Paris adopted the Paris Agreement , a landmark international treaty, aimed at curbing global warming and addressing the effects of climate change. Its core ambition is to cap the rise in global average temperatures to well below 2°C above levels observed prior to the industrial era, while pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C.

The 1.5°C goal is extremely important, especially for vulnerable communities already experiencing severe climate change impacts. Limiting warming below 1.5°C will translate into less extreme weather events and sea level rise, less stress on food production and water access, less biodiversity and ecosystem loss, and a lower chance of irreversible climate consequences.

To limit global warming to the critical threshold of 1.5°C, it is imperative for the world to undertake significant mitigation action. This requires a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 45 percent before 2030 and achieving net-zero emissions by mid-century.

What are the policy instruments that countries can use to drive mitigation?

Everyone has a role to play in climate change mitigation, from individuals adopting sustainable habits and advocating for change to governments implementing regulations, providing incentives and facilitating investments. The private sector, particularly those businesses and companies responsible for causing high emissions, should take a leading role in innovating, funding and driving climate change mitigation solutions. 

International collaboration and technology transfer is also crucial given the global nature and size of the challenge. As the main platform for international cooperation on climate action, the Paris Agreement has set forth a series of responsibilities and policy tools for its signatories. One of the primary instruments for achieving the goals of the treaty is Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) . These are the national climate pledges that each Party is required to develop and update every five years. NDCs articulate how each country will contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhance climate resilience.   While NDCs include short- to medium-term targets, long-term low emission development strategies (LT-LEDS) are policy tools under the Paris Agreement through which countries must show how they plan to achieve carbon neutrality by mid-century. These strategies define a long-term vision that gives coherence and direction to shorter-term national climate targets.

Photo: Mucyo Serge/UNDP Rwanda

Photo: William Seal/UNDP Sudan

At the same time, the call for climate change mitigation has evolved into a call for reparative action, where high-income countries are urged to rectify past and ongoing contributions to the climate crisis. This approach reflects the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which advocates for climate justice, recognizing the unequal historical responsibility for the climate crisis, emphasizing that wealthier countries, having profited from high-emission activities, bear a greater obligation to lead in mitigating these impacts. This includes not only reducing their own emissions, but also supporting vulnerable countries in their transition to low-emission development pathways.

Another critical aspect is ensuring a just transition for workers and communities that depend on the fossil fuel industry and its many connected industries. This process must prioritize social equity and create alternative employment opportunities as part of the shift towards renewable energy and more sustainable practices.

For emerging economies, innovation and advancements in technology have now demonstrated that robust economic growth can be achieved with clean, sustainable energy sources. By integrating renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind and geothermal power into their growth strategies, these economies can reduce their emissions, enhance energy security and create new economic opportunities and jobs. This shift not only contributes to global mitigation efforts but also sets a precedent for sustainable development.

What are some of the challenges slowing down climate change mitigation efforts?

Mitigating climate change is fraught with complexities, including the global economy's deep-rooted dependency on fossil fuels and the accompanying challenge of eliminating fossil fuel subsidies. This reliance – and the vested interests that have a stake in maintaining it – presents a significant barrier to transitioning to sustainable energy sources.

The shift towards decarbonization and renewable energy is driving increased demand for critical minerals such as copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth metals. Since new mining projects can take up to 15 years to yield output, mineral supply chains could become a bottleneck for decarbonization efforts. In addition, these minerals are predominantly found in a few, mostly low-income countries, which could heighten supply chain vulnerabilities and geopolitical tensions.

Furthermore, due to the significant demand for these minerals and the urgency of the energy transition, the scaled-up investment in the sector has the potential to exacerbate environmental degradation, economic and governance risks, and social inequalities, affecting the rights of Indigenous Peoples, local communities, and workers. Addressing these concerns necessitates implementing social and environmental safeguards, embracing circular economy principles, and establishing and enforcing responsible policies and regulations .

Agriculture is currently the largest driver of deforestation worldwide. A transformation in our food systems to reverse the impact that agriculture has on forests and biodiversity is undoubtedly a complex challenge. But it is also an important opportunity. The latest IPCC report highlights that adaptation and mitigation options related to land, water and food offer the greatest potential in responding to the climate crisis. Shifting to regenerative agricultural practices will not only ensure a healthy, fair and stable food supply for the world’s population, but also help to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.  

Photo: UNDP India

Photo: Nino Zedginidze/UNDP Georgia

What are some examples of climate change mitigation?

In Mauritius , UNDP, with funding from the Green Climate Fund, has supported the government to install battery energy storage capacity that has enabled 50 MW of intermittent renewable energy to be connected to the grid, helping to avoid 81,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide annually. 

In Indonesia , UNDP has been working with the government for over a decade to support sustainable palm oil production. In 2019, the country adopted a National Action Plan on Sustainable Palm Oil, which was collaboratively developed by government, industry and civil society representatives. The plan increased the adoption of practices to minimize the adverse social and environmental effects of palm oil production and to protect forests. Since 2015, 37 million tonnes of direct greenhouse gas emissions have been avoided and 824,000 hectares of land with high conservation value have been protected.

In Moldova and Paraguay , UNDP has helped set up Green City Labs that are helping build more sustainable cities. This is achieved by implementing urban land use and mobility planning, prioritizing energy efficiency in residential buildings, introducing low-carbon public transport, implementing resource-efficient waste management, and switching to renewable energy sources. 

UNDP has supported the governments of Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Indonesia to implement results-based payments through the REDD+ (Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries) framework. These include payments for environmental services and community forest management programmes that channel international climate finance resources to local actors on the ground, specifically forest communities and Indigenous Peoples. 

UNDP is also supporting small island developing states like the Comoros to invest in renewable energy and sustainable infrastructure. Through the Africa Minigrids Program , solar minigrids will be installed in two priority communities, Grand Comore and Moheli, providing energy access through distributed renewable energy solutions to those hardest to reach.

And in South Africa , a UNDP initative to boost energy efficiency awareness among the general population and improve labelling standards has taken over commercial shopping malls.

What is UNDP’s role in supporting climate change mitigation?

UNDP aims to assist countries with their climate change mitigation efforts, guiding them towards sustainable, low-carbon and climate-resilient development. This support is in line with achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to affordable and clean energy (SDG7), sustainable cities and communities (SDG11), and climate action (SDG13). Specifically, UNDP’s offer of support includes developing and improving legislation and policy, standards and regulations, capacity building, knowledge dissemination, and financial mobilization for countries to pilot and scale-up mitigation solutions such as renewable energy projects, energy efficiency initiatives and sustainable land-use practices. 

With financial support from the Global Environment Facility and the Green Climate Fund, UNDP has an active portfolio of 94 climate change mitigation projects in 69 countries. These initiatives are not only aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but also at contributing to sustainable and resilient development pathways.

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Ho Tuan Anh delivers goods with his new e-motorbike. Photo by: Phan Huong Giang/UNDP Viet Nam

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Re presentations

What does the re presentations mean.

No definition found.

No second meaning found.

How is the re presentations pronounced?

Ipa pronunciation.

ri ˌprɛzənˈteɪʃənz

Where does the re presentations come from?

Origin:    .

cloth Middle English (1100-1500)

How to use the re presentations in a sentence

Example sentence:, how to start learning english.

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"product of canada" and "made in canada" claims, 2022 amendments to the competition act.

Following the passage of amendments to the Competition Act on June 23, 2022, the Competition Bureau is reviewing its enforcement guidelines and will update them as needed to ensure clarity and transparency for businesses. For more information about the amendments, please visit our Guide to the 2022 amendments to the Competition Act .

PDF version

PDF ; 225  KB ; 22 Pages

Enforcement Guidelines

December 22, 2009

This publication is not a legal document. It contains general information and is provided for convenience and guidance in applying the Competition Act , the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act and the Textile Labelling Act .

This publication replaces the following Competition Bureau publications: Enforcement Guidelines — Guide to "Made in Canada" Claims , January 22, 2002 Enforcement Guidelines — Enforcement Guidelines Relating to "Product of Canada" and "Made in Canada" Claims , Draft for Public Consultation, July 10, 2009

For information on the Competition Bureau's activities, please contact:

This publication can be made available in alternative formats upon request. Contact the Competition Bureau's Information Centre at the numbers listed above.

Permission to reproduce

Except as otherwise specifically noted, the information in this publication may be reproduced, in part or in whole and by any means, without charge or further permission from the Competition Bureau provided due diligence is exercised in ensuring the accuracy of the information reproduced; that the Competition Bureau is identified as the source institution; and that the reproduction is not represented as an official version of the information reproduced, nor as having been made in affiliation with, or with the endorsement of the Competition Bureau. For permission to reproduce the information in this publication for commercial redistribution, please Apply for Crown Copyright Clearance or write to:

Email: [email protected]

Aussi offert en français sous le titre « Produit du Canada » et « Fait au Canada »

The Competition Bureau ("Bureau") is an independent law enforcement agency that contributes to the prosperity of Canadians by protecting and promoting competitive markets and enabling informed consumer choice.

Headed by the Commissioner of Competition, the Bureau is responsible for the administration and enforcement of four federal statutes:

• The Competition Act Footnote 1 contains provisions against false or misleading representations;
• The Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act Footnote 2 requires that consumer products bear accurate and meaningful labelling information. The Bureau only enforces this Act as it relates to non‑food products;
• The Textile Labelling Act Footnote 3 requires that consumer textile articles bear accurate and meaningful labelling information; and,
• The Precious Metals Marking Act Footnote 4 .

The Competition Act , the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act and the Textile Labelling Act (collectively the "Acts") do not require that the country of origin of a product be identified Footnote 5 . The Acts address and prohibit the making of false or misleading representations. Accordingly, the Acts do not require, for instance, that businesses make a "Made in Canada" claim with regard to their products; however, if they choose to make such a claim, the Bureau will apply the approach described in these enforcement guidelines to assist in determining when it will investigate a claim for non‑compliance or undertake an appropriate enforcement action under the false or misleading representations provisions in the statutes under its responsibility.

The Bureau's Guide to "Made in Canada" Claims was introduced in the early 1980s as a means of identifying Canadian content, and to assist in evaluating "Made in Canada" claims against the false or misleading representations provisions contained in the Acts. Footnote 6

As noted above, the Bureau enforces the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act (" CPLA ") only as it relates to non‑food products; the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (" CFIA ") enforces the CPLA as it relates to food products. Until December 31, 2008, the CFIA chose to rely on the Bureau's Guide to "Made in Canada" Claims to enforce the CPLA in relation to food products. After this date, the CFIA introduced its own guide for the use of "Made in Canada" and "Product of Canada" claims in the labelling of food products sold in Canada.

In light of, among other developments, the distinction that has been created in CFIA 's Guide between "Made in Canada" and "Product of Canada" claims in labelling of food products, the Bureau has reviewed its Guide to "Made in Canada" Claims for non‑food products and has adopted new guidelines, called "Product of Canada" and "Made in Canada" Claims (the "Guidelines"). These Guidelines describe the Bureau's approach to assessing "Made in Canada" and "Product of Canada" claims under the false or misleading representations provisions of the Acts, and supersedes the previous Guide to "Made in Canada" Claims .

The new Guidelines introduce a distinction between "Product of Canada" and "Made in Canada" claims. "Product of Canada" claims will be subject to a higher threshold of Canadian content (98%), while "Made in Canada" claims will remain subject to a 51% threshold of Canadian content but should be accompanied by a qualifying statement indicating that the product contains imported content. In both cases, the last substantial transformation of the product must have occurred in Canada.

The Bureau recognizes the need for transparency and predictability regarding its assessment of "Product of Canada" and "Made in Canada" claims. These Guidelines are intended to provide businesses and industry groups with information that will help them develop strategies to ensure compliance with the false or misleading representations provisions of the Acts with respect to such claims. Significantly, the Guidelines, and industry compliance with them, will promote clarity and assist consumers in understanding the meaning of "Product of Canada" and "Made in Canada" claims, and in making informed purchasing decisions.

If businesses follow these Guidelines when making representations that their products are "Product of Canada" or "Made in Canada", it is unlikely that they will raise concerns under the statutes administered by the Bureau.

It should also be pointed out that a mere deviation from these Guidelines might not, in and of itself, represent a contravention of any one or more of those statutes. Each situation will be evaluated on a case by case basis.

Commissioner of Competition

Interpretation

These Guidelines describe the general approach of the Bureau to assessing "Made in Canada" and "Product of Canada" claims under the false or misleading representations provisions of the Acts.

These Guidelines are not intended to restate the law or to constitute a binding statement of how the Commissioner of Competition or the Director of Public Prosecutions (" DPP ") will exercise discretion in a particular situation. They do not replace the advice of legal counsel. Guidance regarding future business conduct can be obtained by requesting a binding written opinion from the Commissioner of Competition under section 124.1 of the Competition Act (" CA "). The respective enforcement and prosecutorial decisions of the Commissioner of Competition and the DPP , and the ultimate resolution of issues, will depend on the particular circumstances of the matter in question. Final interpretation of the law is the responsibility of the Competition Tribunal ("Tribunal") and the courts.

Table of contents

• 1.1 Scope and purpose of the guidelines

1.2.1 The Competition Act

1.2.2 the consumer packaging and labelling act, 1.2.3 the textile labelling act, 2.1 cost of production/manufacturing, 2.3 non‑food product or good, 2.4 substantial transformation, 3.1.1 general impression test, 3.1.2 medium of the representations, 3.1.3 proof of deception not required, 3.1.4 goods wholly obtained or produced in canada, 3.2.1 "product of canada" claims, 3.2.2 "made in canada" claims, 3.2.3 other claims, 3.2.4 implicit declarations.

• Penalties and remedies

5.1 Relevant provisions of the Competition Act

• 5.2 Relevant provisions of the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act and of the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Regulations

5.3 Relevant provisions of the Textile Labelling Act and of the Textile Labelling and Advertising Regulations

• How to contact the Competition Bureau

top of page

1. Introduction

1.1 scope and purpose of the guidelines.

These Guidelines discuss the Bureau's interpretation of "Product of Canada" and "Made in Canada" claims under the Competition Act (" CA "), the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act (" CPLA ") and the Textile Labelling Act (" TLA ") as they relate to non‑food products as defined in section 2 of these Guidelines. The CA , the CPLA and the TLA (collectively the "Acts") do not require that the country of origin of a product be identified. Footnote 7 Rather, the Acts prohibit the making of false or misleading representations. The Acts do not require, for instance, that businesses make a "Made in Canada" claim with regard to their products. If however they choose to make such a claim, the Bureau will apply the approach described in these enforcement Guidelines to assist in determining when it will investigate a claim for non‑compliance or undertake an appropriate enforcement action under the false or misleading representations provisions in the statutes under its responsibility. These Guidelines do not address other statutory or regulatory requirements regarding country of origin identification, including "Product of Canada" and "Made in Canada" claims with respect to food and non‑food products Footnote 8 included in statutes other than the Acts.

These Guidelines are intended to provide businesses and industry groups with information that will help them develop strategies to ensure compliance with the false or misleading representations provisions of the CA , the CPLA , and the TLA with respect to "Product of Canada" and "Made in Canada" claims. Significantly, these Guidelines, and industry compliance with them, will assist consumers in understanding the meaning of "Product of Canada" and "Made in Canada" claims, and in making informed purchasing decisions.

If businesses follow these Guidelines when making representations that their products are "Product of Canada" or "Made in Canada", it is unlikely that they will raise concerns under the statutes administered by the Bureau; moreover, a mere deviation from these Guidelines might not, in and of itself, represent a contravention of any one or more of those statutes. Each situation will be evaluated on a case by case basis.

1.2 Overview of the legislation

While country of origin labelling is not a requirement under the CA , the CPLA or the TLA , each statute contains provisions prohibiting false or misleading representations; such provisions can apply to false or misleading country of origin claims. The purpose of the false or misleading representations provisions of the Acts is to promote fair competition in the marketplace by discouraging deceptive business practices, and by encouraging the provision of truthful and accurate information to enable informed consumer choice.

The CA Footnote 9 contains provisions that prohibit false or misleading representations for the purpose of promoting a product or any business interest. Two of these provisions (sections 52 and 74.01) can be applied to country of origin claims made by businesses.

Subsection 52(1) of the CA is a criminal provision that prohibits anyone, for the purpose of promoting the supply or use of a product or business interest from knowingly or recklessly making a materially false or misleading representation to the public that is false or misleading in a material respect. Any person who contravenes this subsection is guilty of an offence and liable to a fine and/or imprisonment and can be ordered to pay restitution if the conditions set out in the Criminal Code Footnote 10 are met Footnote 11 .

Paragraph 74.01(1)( a ) of the CA is a civil provision that provides that anyone who makes a materially false or misleading representation to the public to promote the supply or use of a product or a business interest engages in "reviewable conduct". When the Competition Tribunal, on application by the Commissioner of Competition, finds that a person has engaged in reviewable conduct, it may order the person not to engage in such conduct, to publish a corrective notice, to pay an administrative monetary penalty and/or to pay restitution. Footnote 12

Most cases are taken under the civil provision of the CA . Criminal prosecution is only undertaken when the false or misleading representations are made knowingly or recklessly, and when the Director of Public Prosecutions is of the view that it is in the public interest to proceed criminally Footnote 13 .

The CPLA Footnote 14 requires that consumer products bear accurate and meaningful labelling information to help consumers make informed purchasing decisions. The CPLA sets out specifications for mandatory label information, such as product identity, product net quantity and the dealer's name and principal place of business. Footnote 15 Section 7 of the CPLA also contains a provision prohibiting false or misleading representations on a pre‑packaged product, which covers country of origin claims made by businesses.

The Bureau enforces the CPLA as it relates to non‑food products. The enforcement of the CPLA as it relates to food products is the responsibility of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (" CFIA ").

The TLA Footnote 16 requires that consumer textile articles bear accurate and meaningful labelling information to help consumers make informed purchasing decisions. The TLA sets out specifications for mandatory label information, such as information on fibre content and dealer identification. Section 5 of the TLA also contains a provision prohibiting false or misleading representations on a textile article, which covers country of origin claims made by businesses.

2. Definitions

For the purpose of these Guidelines, the following definitions apply:

Cost of production/manufacturing that would be taken into account by the Bureau when assessing a "Product of Canada" or "Made in Canada" claim are:

• expenditures on materials incurred by the producer/manufacturer in the production or manufacturing of the goods; and
• expenditures on labour incurred by the producer/manufacturer that relate to the production or manufacturing of the goods and can reasonably be allocated to the production or manufacturing of the goods.

General overhead is not usually included in the calculation of the cost of production and manufacturing; however, overhead expenditures incurred by the producer/manufacturer may be eligible if they relate directly to the production or manufacturing of the goods in question and if they can reasonably be allocated to the production or manufacturing of the goods.

"Food", as defined in section 2 of the Food and Drugs Act Footnote 17 , includes any article manufactured, sold or represented for use as food or drink for human beings, chewing gum, and any ingredient that may be mixed with food for any purpose whatever.

Non‑food products or goods means products or goods that are not food as defined in section 2 of the Food and Drugs Act .

Goods are substantially transformed where they undergo a fundamental change in form, appearance or nature such that the goods existing after the change are new and different goods from those existing before the change.

3. "Product of Canada" and "Made in Canada" claims

3.1 the bureau's enforcement approach — general principles.

The Acts enforced by the Bureau do not require that the country of origin of a product be identified Footnote 18 . The Acts do prohibit the making of false or misleading representations. As such, the Acts do not require, for instance, that businesses make a "Made in Canada" claim with respect to their products; however, if they choose to make such a claim, the Bureau will apply the approach described in these enforcement Guidelines to assist in determining when it will investigate a claim for non‑compliance or undertake an appropriate enforcement action under the false or misleading representations provisions included in the statutes under its responsibility.

The approach outlined in these Guidelines is applied by the Bureau on a case‑by‑case basis. The Guidelines are used to assist in interpreting whether a representation, either implicit or explicit, that a product is a "Product of Canada" or "Made in Canada" may be false or misleading to prospective purchasers of the product.

When determining whether a "Product of Canada" or "Made in Canada" declaration has been made that is false or misleading, the CA requires that the general impression conveyed by a representation, as well as its literal meaning, be taken into account. Thus, when examining a particular representation, the Bureau will consider the general impression conveyed through a combination of words, visual elements, illustrations and overall layout that may alter the plain meaning of a representation.

As such, any country of origin claim or representation, including any pictorial representation, will be evaluated in its entirety to establish whether the representation creates the general impression that the product was made in Canada.

If the Bureau concludes that the general impression given by a representation is that the product was made in Canada, the Bureau will assess these representations under the criteria for "Product of Canada" and "Made in Canada" claims set out in section 3.2 of these Guidelines to assist in interpreting whether the representations may be false or misleading.

The false or misleading representations provisions of the CA and TLA cover all forms of representation regardless of the medium used, including print or broadcast media, Internet and oral representations Footnote 19 .

Subsections 52(1.1) and 74.03(4) of the CA clarify that it is not necessary to prove that anyone was actually deceived or misled in order to prove that a representation has contravened the provisions for criminal or civil false or misleading representations in the CA .

Goods that are wholly obtained or produced in Canada (for example: mineral goods extracted in Canada or goods harvested in Canada), will be considered to have undergone their last substantial transformation in Canada.

3.2 Types of claims

The Bureau generally will not challenge a representation that states that a good is a "Product of Canada" under the false or misleading representations provisions of the Acts if these two conditions are met:

• the last substantial transformation of the good occurred in Canada; and
• all or virtually all (at least 98%) of the total direct costs of producing or manufacturing the good have been incurred in Canada.

The Bureau will generally not challenge a representation that a good is "Made in Canada" under the false or misleading representations provisions of the Acts if these three conditions are met:

• the last substantial transformation of the good occurred in Canada;
• at least 51% of the total direct costs of producing or manufacturing the good have been incurred in Canada; and
• the "Made in Canada" representation is accompanied by an appropriate qualifying statement, such as "Made in Canada with imported parts" or "Made in Canada with domestic and imported parts". This could also include more specific information such as "Made in Canada with 60% Canadian content and 40% imported content".

If a product does not meet either of the criteria for a "Product of Canada" or "Made in Canada" claim, the Bureau recommends the use of a more specific term that more accurately reflects the limited production or manufacturing activity that took place in Canada. For example, "Assembled in Canada with foreign parts" or "Sewn in Canada with imported fabric" Footnote 20 . The Bureau encourages the use of qualified claims where the additional information provided is accurate, relevant and useful, and does not give a false or misleading impression.

More general terms, however, such as "produced", or "manufactured" in Canada, are likely to be understood by consumers as synonymous with a "Made in Canada" claim and should therefore comply with the requirements for "Made in Canada" claims. To increase clarity for consumers, the Bureau recommends the use of "Made in Canada" claims with a qualifying statement, over more general terms such as "produced" or "manufactured" in Canada with a qualifying statement.

A marketer may represent that a particular manufacturing or other process was performed in Canada, such as "Designed in Canada". Similarly, a marketer may represent that a particular part was manufactured in Canada, such as that the motor in a lawnmower was made in Canada from domestic and imported parts. Such a claim is acceptable, provided it is accurate and that consumers would understand it to refer to a specific process or part, and not to the general manufacturing of the product.

A representation may be made by either express or implied claims. Depending on the context, pictorial representations ( e.g. , logos, pictures, or symbols such as the Canadian flag or maple leaf) may by themselves be just as forceful as an explicit "Made in Canada" written representation. Any text that attempts to qualify a pictorial representation must be sufficiently prominent to ensure that consumers notice it and understand the significance. If a reasonable conclusion from the use of a pictorial representation is that the goods are made in Canada, when that is in fact not the case as per the requirements noted above, there is a risk of misleading consumers, and the Acts may come into play.

Implicit declarations of domestic origin will be interpreted by the Bureau as giving the same general impression to the public as an explicit "Made in Canada" claim and should therefore meet the conditions for this type of claim, as set out in section 3.2.2 of these Guidelines. In identifying implied claims, the Bureau focuses on the overall general impression of an advertisement, label or other promotional material. This requires an examination of both the representation and the overall context including the positioning of phrases and images.

4. Penalties and remedies

If the Bureau believes that a representation is false or misleading in a material respect, it will look to its Conformity Continuum Information Bulletin Footnote 21 in choosing the appropriate enforcement approach for achieving conformity with the legislation. The Bureau has several instruments at its disposal to promote and achieve compliance with the Acts. The Conformity Continuum Information Bulletin explains how the Bureau will select and use each tool and sets out the considerations influencing the Bureau's discretionary enforcement decisions. In prioritizing enforcement activity, the Commissioner of Competition reviews matters in relation to criteria such as economic impact and the Bureau's enforcement policies and priorities.

Under the CA , a corporation found to have engaged in conduct described in the civil false or misleading representations provision ( s. 74.01(1)( a )) can be ordered to pay a maximum administrative monetary penalty of $10,000,000 for a first order and $15,000,000 for any subsequent order. In the case of an individual, the maximum administrative monetary penalty is $750,000 for a first order and $1,000,000 for any subsequent order. A corporation or an individual can also be ordered to pay restitution to purchasers of a product in respect of which a false or misleading representation was made. The amount of restitution may be up to the total amount paid to the corporation or individual for the products in respect of which the false or misleading representation was made. A corporation or an individual can also be ordered not to engage in similar conduct for a specified period, and/or to publish a corrective notice.

A person found to have breached the criminal false or misleading representations provision of the CA ( s.  52) is subject, on summary conviction, to a maximum fine of $200,000 or to a maximum term of imprisonment of one year, or both. On conviction on indictment, the person is subject to a fine in the discretion of the court or to a maximum term of imprisonment of 14 years, or both. In both cases, the Criminal Code provides that the person could also be ordered to pay restitution if the conditions are met.

Under the CPLA and TLA , a dealer found to have contravened the false or misleading representations provisions is subject, on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding $5,000, or on conviction on indictment, to a fine not exceeding $10,000. In both cases, the Criminal Code provides that the person could also be ordered to pay restitution if certain conditions are met.

5. Relevant provisions of the Acts

52. (1) No person shall, for the purpose of promoting, directly or indirectly, the supply or use of a product or for the purpose of promoting, directly or indirectly, any business interest, by any means whatever, knowingly or recklessly make a representation to the public that is false or misleading in a material respect.

(1.1) For greater certainty, in establishing that subsection (1) was contravened, it is not necessary to prove that

• any person was deceived or misled;
• any member of the public to whom the representation was made was within Canada; or
• the representation was made in a place to which the public had access.

(4) In a prosecution for a contravention of this section, the general impression conveyed by a representation as well as its literal meaning shall be taken into account in determining whether or not the representation is false or misleading in a material respect.

(5) Any person who contravenes subsection (1) is guilty of an offence and liable

• on conviction on indictment, to a fine in the discretion of the court or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years, or to both; or
• on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding $200,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or to both.

74.01 (1) A person engages in reviewable conduct who, for the purpose of promoting, directly or indirectly, the supply or use of a product or for the purpose of promoting, directly or indirectly, any business interest, by any means whatever,

• makes a representation to the public that is false or misleading in a material respect;…

74.03 (4) For greater certainty, in proceedings under sections 74.01 and 74.02, it is not necessary to establish that

(5) In proceedings under sections 74.01 and 74.02, the general impression conveyed by a representation as well as its literal meaning shall be taken into account in determining whether or not the person who made the representation engaged in the reviewable conduct.

74.1 (1) Where, on application by the Commissioner, a court determines that a person is engaging in or has engaged in reviewable conduct under this Part, the court may order the person

• not to engage in the conduct or substantially similar reviewable conduct;
• to publish or otherwise disseminate a notice…
• in the case of an individual, $750,000 and, for each subsequent order, $1,000,000, or
• in the case of a corporation, $10,000,000 and, for each subsequent order, $15,000,000; and
• in the case of conduct that is reviewable under paragraph 74.01(1)( a ), to pay an amount, not exceeding the total of the amounts paid to the person for the products in respect of which the conduct was engaged in, to be distributed among the persons to whom the products were sold — except wholesalers, retailers or other distributors, to the extent that they have resold or distributed the products — in any manner that the court considers appropriate.

5.2 Relevant provisions of the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act and of the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Regulations

Consumer packaging and labelling act.

7. (1) No dealer shall apply to any prepackaged product or sell, import into Canada or advertise any prepackaged product that has applied to it a label containing any false or misleading representation that relates to or may reasonably be regarded as relating to that product.

(2) For the purposes of this section, "false or misleading representation" includes…

• any description or illustration of the type, quality, performance, function, origin or method of manufacture or production of a prepackaged product that may reasonably be regarded as likely to deceive a consumer with respect to the matter so described or illustrated.

20. (1) Subject to subsection (2.1), every dealer who contravenes any of sections 4 to 9 is guilty of an offence and liable

• on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding $5,000; or
• on conviction on indictment, to a fine not exceeding $10,000.

Consumer Packaging and Labelling Regulations

31. (2) Where a prepackaged product that is wholly manufactured or produced in a country other than Canada has applied to it, whether in Canada or elsewhere, a label that shows the identity and principal place of business of the person in Canada for whom the prepackaged product was manufactured or produced for resale, the identity and principal place of business of that person shall be preceded by the words "imported by" ("importé par") or "imported for" ("importé pour"), as the case may be, unless the geographic origin of the prepackaged product is stated on the label.

(3) Where a product that is wholly manufactured or produced in a country other than Canada is packaged in Canada at other than the retail level of trade and the resulting prepackaged product has applied to it a label that shows the identity and principal place of business of either the person in Canada for whom the product was manufactured or produced for resale in prepackaged form or for whom the prepackaged product was manufactured or produced for resale, the identity and principal place of business of that person shall be preceded by the words "imported by" ("importé par") or "imported for" ("importé pour"), as the case may be, unless the geographic origin of the product is stated on the label.

Textile Labelling Act

5. (1) No dealer shall apply to a consumer textile article a label, or sell, import into Canada or advertise a consumer textile article that has applied to it a label containing any false or misleading representation that relates to or may reasonably be regarded as relating to the article.

(2) No dealer shall, by means of a label, advertising or otherwise, make any false or misleading representation that relates to or may reasonably be regarded as relating to a textile fibre product.

(3) For the purposes of this section, "false or misleading representation" includes…

• any description of the type, quality, performance, origin or method of manufacture or production of a textile fibre product that may reasonably be regarded as likely to deceive any person with respect to the matter so described.

12. (1) Every dealer who contravenes section 3, 4 or 5 is guilty of an offence and liable

• on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars; or
• on conviction on indictment, to a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars.

Textile Labelling and Advertising Regulations

11. (1) Every representation label that is required to meet the requirements for a disclosure label shall show…

• where there is a representation that the article or any fabric or fibre therein is imported, the name of the country of origin, unless the representation is made in another label applied to the article and the name of the country of origin is shown in that other label.

6. How to contact the Competition Bureau

Anyone wishing to obtain additional information about the Competition Act , the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act , the Textile Labelling Act , the Precious Metals Marking Act , or the program of written opinions, or to file a complaint under any of these Acts should contact the Competition Bureau's Information Centre:

Tel.: 819‑997‑4282 Toll free: 1‑800‑348‑5358 TTY  (for hearing impaired): 1‑866‑694‑8389 Fax: 819‑997‑0324 Website: www.competitionbureau.gc.ca

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How-To Geek

Do cheap wireless hdmi adapters actually work i tested games, movies, and presentations.

Can you trust them for gaming and high definition streaming?

Key Takeaways

• Wireless HDMI adapters work well for movies and streaming, offering decent image quality without tearing or artifacts.
• Latency is not ideal for gaming, making gameplay frustrating.
• Wireless HDMI is perfect for presentations, providing practicality and convenience for meetings and events.

Wireless HDMI seems like magic: no more cables from your laptop to your TV or projector; no Chromecast Apple Airplay, or other screen sharing apps to set up; no compatibility problems if your devices aren't in the right Windows, Android, or Apple ecosystem. But how well does it actually work?

How Does Wireless HDMI Work?

Wireless HDMI does just what it says on the tin. You receive two dongles with standard HDMI sockets , one to transmit and one to receive a HDMI signal. Plug one end into your computer or gaming console and the other into your TV, monitor, or projector, and they are supposed to "just work" by sending sound and video from your device to your screen, just as if there were a cable there.

The generic, unbranded adapters I'm using cost about $70 on Amazon , and they look like this:

The wireless HDMI Adapters as they arrived: a nice case, and some handy accessories.

At one end, the HDMI plugs, and on the other, a USB plug to provide extra power for them to transmit their signal. If your device can't supply enough power to the USB port, it can be plugged into a USB phone charger instead. Once they're plugged in, they automatically find each other and start working. There is no need to pair them or perform any additional setup.

Above you can see my wireless HDMI adapter set up and ready to receive video.

These adapters are sold under a number of different brand names by different online vendors, so, like a lot of other cheap Amazon gadgets, you'll need to go by their appearance, not their product label. While there's a number of more expensive wireless HDMI adapters available on Amazon (some from more widely known and reputable brands), I wanted to see what the absolute cheapest option could do. After all, I plan on using these adapters while traveling, and don't want to risk leaving something expensive plugged into the back of a hotel TV.

Testing Conditions

To perform these tests, I'm using a Windows 11 computer that is about 2.5 meters away from my 1080p TV, with a couch in the way for good measure. Before testing, I checked that the wireless HDMI adapters worked with some other devices, including an Apple MacBook and an Xbox Series S, to confirm that they worked with a variety of devices.

Wired HDMI will always have far superior quality than any wireless version, so this is a practical test to find out if wireless HDMI is useful, not a quality comparison.

Wireless HDMI for Movies and Streaming: Pretty Good!

I tested this by watching 1979's Alien on Blu-ray at 1080p. Alien is my go-to film for these kinds of tests, as there's a lot of dark corridors and contrast, if the quality is too bad it'll be hard to see what's going on.

Switching back and forward between wired and wireless HDMI, there was some blurring, but it didn't bother me from a reasonable viewing distance . There was no tearing or weird screen artifacts. Latency is not really an issue for movies and streaming (so long as the audio and video are in sync) and there didn't seem to be any noticeable issues with the overall frame rate and quality.

While I wouldn't use Wireless HDMI for my home cinema, it's perfectly fine for watching a streaming movie in a hotel, or viewing some home movies from your laptop on a bigger screen.

As you can see, the image quality for a high definition movie is quite reasonable.

One real bonus is the wide compatibility. I've had no small amount of trouble trying to share video to a TV in a hotel using various wireless standards, only to find that it doesn't work. HDMI is pretty much just HDMI, so these hardware adapters work with everything (so long as I can reach behind the TV to get to the socket).

Wireless HDMI for Gaming: It's Doable (Just)

Now the most important test: Gaming. For these adapters to be effective, the latency (the time it takes for the video signal to reach the TV) needs to be very low, as playing games isn't fun when it takes a few moments for your input on the controller to show up on the screen.

Disappointingly, latency was a problem here. Even dropping the resolution to 720p (let's face it, no one wants to go any lower) didn't help a lot. As you can see above, the visuals are washed out, blurry, and far from ideal.

Interestingly, the video quality and frame rate seemed worse when gaming than when watching a movie, rendering the usually visually striking Horizon Zero Dawn an ugly mess. This may be because of a difference in frame rate : while movies are presented at 24 frames per second, games are usually expected to run at 60 frames per second, and anything less is considered suboptimal. To transmit more frames, the quality appears to suffer. So, if you must use wireless HDMI for gaming, you'll probably want to stick to something with a slower pace, like turn-based strategy or point-and-click adventures.

Wireless HDMI for Presentations: Perfection

We've discussed video quality already, and most presentations aren't made to the standards of a Hollywood film, so we don't need to worry too much there. If wireless HDMI is good enough for watching movies, it's good enough for PowerPoint presentations .

It's practicality that wins out here. Work presentations are usually made on a big TV on a wall or from a projector sitting on a meeting table. Getting a cable from there to your laptop usually means creating a trip hazard, or moving your laptop closer so that you have to strike a yoga pose to reach for the keyboard and move to the next slide. Wireless HDMI adapters solve this perfectly: plug them in, and put your laptop wherever you want it. It's also great for events and conferences where different presenters might need to quickly connect with a variety of different devices.

Final Verdict

Would I buy these again? That depends on whether I am planning on doing much travel in the near future. These adapters are great for getting around inconvenient screen placement and for short-term use, but they aren't really practical for gaming, and the reduction in quality is enough that I'd rather just run a longer cable (and maybe drill some holes in the wall) if necessary for my home cinema.

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Computer Science > Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition

Title: osm vs hd maps: map representations for trajectory prediction.

Abstract: While High Definition (HD) Maps have long been favored for their precise depictions of static road elements, their accessibility constraints and susceptibility to rapid environmental changes impede the widespread deployment of autonomous driving, especially in the motion forecasting task. In this context, we propose to leverage OpenStreetMap (OSM) as a promising alternative to HD Maps for long-term motion forecasting. The contributions of this work are threefold: firstly, we extend the application of OSM to long-horizon forecasting, doubling the forecasting horizon compared to previous studies. Secondly, through an expanded receptive field and the integration of intersection priors, our OSM-based approach exhibits competitive performance, narrowing the gap with HD Map-based models. Lastly, we conduct an exhaustive context-aware analysis, providing deeper insights in motion forecasting across diverse scenarios as well as conducting class-aware comparisons. This research not only advances long-term motion forecasting with coarse map representations but additionally offers a potential scalable solution within the domain of autonomous driving.

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