phd wiki en

• Doctor of Philosophy

Doctor of Philosophy , abbreviated as PhD is an academic degree traditionally awarded by universities .

This is a project space to develop an equivalent that we're calling the Open and Networked PhD (ONPhD).

Work to date has made it as far as articulating an equivalence to the formal PhD stage called Candidature. Other stages to the ONPhD are yet to be developed.

• 1 Requirements
• 2 Candidature
• 3 Literature review
• 4.1 Preliminary sorting of ideas
• 4.2 Outline in Terms of Focus Questions
• 4.3 Write the proposal! (And revise the organizational framework)
• 5 Coursework and learning
• 7 Publication and review
• 8 Communications and support
• 9 Assessment Criteria for ONPhD
• 10 Examples of PhDs and candidates using Wikiversity
• 11 See also

Requirements [ edit | edit source ]

A traditional PhD requires acceptance from a University to become a PhD Candidate. There is usually a variety of processes that candidate can follow toward publishing a thesis, or similar. See a relevant University's website for their requirements.

An ONPhD does not require affiliation to a university, but does require the publication of a thesis or similar, that is assessed by peers to equivalent criteria. To date an ONPhD is not recognised as a PhD, but we do hope to establish a process where it can be shown to be equivalent to, if not an improvement on, the traditional PhD criteria and assessment.

As in a traditional PhD, an ONPhD will require:

• Candidature
• Literature review
• Coursework or documeted learning
• Publication and review

Candidature [ edit | edit source ]

Follow the steps below to establish your candidature for ONPhD. We have developed a set of digital badges for each of these steps. See the course on P2PU , and the manual for earning the badges .

• Describe your learning history - This is a cumulative description of all the works (formal and informal) you have completed to be considered toward your candidacy for an ONPhD
• Identify your domain of study - The described domain of study should be both broad and focused. This is to allow others to get a sense of both the knowledge domain and your focus.
• Detail your contribution - What of considerable significance are you going to contribute to your chosen subject domain of knowledge?
• Methodology - Completion of a PhD requires a significant reseach project or major contribution to your chosen knowledge domain.
• Skills and Knowledge Development - Completion of a PhD level of knowing also requires the development of other related skills and knowledge.
• Engage the community - How are you going to engage the learning community and your learning network
• Seek supervision and endorsements - Identify the people in your learning network who are going to supervise or guide your research and assist your publication.

Literature review [ edit | edit source ]

INCOMPLETE - Work has not commenced around the ONPhD equivalent to the literature review. Below is a suggested list of steps and we propose that those steps be developed in a similar fashion to the Candidature stage.

• Demonstrate thorough knowledge of a wide range of literature relating to your topic.
• Engage in critical appraisal of these works.
• Arrive at a question or "gap" in the literature, that you will structure your thesis around.
• Understand where your investigation sits in relation to the literature you have reviewed.
• Begin to position your thesis in terms of world view (philosophical framework), the types of methods you will use to investigate and test your ideas (methodical framework), and the way you will operate those methods (operational framework – including the definition of what is data and how it is appraised/analysed).

Forming a research proposal [ edit | edit source ]

Drawing from D.R. Rowland's Annotated Sample Research Proposal: Process and Product for the University of Queensland, in which 3 stages are detailed:

Preliminary sorting of ideas [ edit | edit source ]

Use a mind map ...

Outline in Terms of Focus Questions [ edit | edit source ]

Addresses the significance of the research

• What have been the drivers of the calculus reform movement at the tertiary level?
• What are the motivations for introducing modeling as part of this reform?
• Why do reform approaches need a sound research base in general, and why in particular does using modeling as a reform approach need a sound research base?
• What then is the broad aim of the proposed research?

Addresses questions about originality + uses previous research as a foundation for further research

• What research has already been done in this area? What deficiencies or gaps need addressing?
• What other research in related areas has been done that could inform research on the proposed problem?

What theories about learning guided the directions taken by the research and in particular, the hypotheses to be tested?

• What assumptions about student learning framed this research?
• What theories about student learning were believed to be of potential use and what hypotheses came out of these theories?
• What methodological issues needed to be addressed by this research?
• How were the hypotheses tested? Why use multiple methods?
• How was the sample chosen and does this choice pose a threat to external validity?
• How were the findings validated?
• What ethical issues are raised by the proposed approaches and how will these be addressed?

Write the proposal! (And revise the organizational framework) [ edit | edit source ]

Argument mapping

See D.R. Rowland's Annotated Sample Research Proposal: Process and Product for an annotated example proposal.

Coursework and learning [ edit | edit source ]

INCOMPLETE - Work has not commenced around the ONPhD equivalent to the development of courses to support people in their projects. We propose that relevant courses be developed across Wikiversity and listed here.

• Sport research
• Open educational resources
• Social media
• Other suggestions
• Your course here

Research [ edit | edit source ]

INCOMPLETE - The work included here has been gathered from available content on Wikiversity that is deemed relevant. Further work to customise this to ONPhD has not yet taken place. We suggest that this section be developed into steps as with previous sections, to guide a candidate through all necessary considerations about developing and conducting a research plan.

All research is pivotal on methods – which requires sound alignment between:

(philosophical framework)

• w:Epistemology

(methodical framework)

• w:Qualitative research and Qualitative research
• w:Quantitative research
• w:Mixed methods research

(operational framework – including the definition of what is data and how it is appraised/analysed).

• What is research ?
• Research design
• Finding research
• Critiquing the literature
• Validity and reliability of data
• Data analysis and visualisation
• Getting published
• Grant applications
• Presenting your work

Steps are needed for guiding a candidates consideration of the ethics of research, and how to obtain an equivalent to ethical clearance of research that is normally offered by a research university.

Publication and review [ edit | edit source ]

INCOMPLETE - We suggest that this section be developed as a list of optional courses, that guide people in the publication of their research findings.

• The Directory of Open Access Journals
• Thesis structure - By Dr Mary Walsh

Communications and support [ edit | edit source ]

To stay in contact with others who are openly documenting and networking their PhD work, please consider the following:

• The email forum on GoogleGroups: Open and networked PhDs
• tag onphd = Twitter , G+
• tag openphd
• The participant's list here on Wikiversity:PhD

Assessment Criteria for ONPhD [ edit | edit source ]

INCOMPLETE - We suggest that this section be developed as a list of steps and courses, that guide people in the assessment of particular approaches to ONPhDs. The steps are universal and the courses are for unique assessment needs. We propose the following steps be universal:

• Original research
• Thesis is situated within a linage of philosophy, theory and/or research
• Data openly accessible online
• Thesis is developed and published iteratively (by publication)
• Continuous or iterative peer to peer review that is openly documented
• Manuscript or similar is freely accessible online

Examples of PhDs and candidates using Wikiversity [ edit | edit source ]

• User:Jtneill/PhD - completed
• User:Cormaggio/Thesis - completed
• User:Leighblackall/PhD - in progress
• User:Peterrawsthorne/PhD - in progress
• User:SarahStewart/EdD - in progress
• User:Steelemaley/PhD - in progress
• User:Alexanderhayes/PhD - in progress
• User:Yvessimon1/PhD - in progress

See also [ edit | edit source ]

• Collaborative research on Wikiversity
• Networked learning
• Qualitative research

• Leighblackall/PhD

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More than 54,000 students earned doctoral degrees in 2016, the latest year for which figures are available, a 30 percent increase since 2000, according to the  National Science Foundation . A Ph.D., also called a doctorate, is a "Doctor of Philosophy" degree, which is a misleading moniker because most Ph.D. holders are not philosophers. The term for this increasingly popular degree derives from the original meaning of the word "philosophy," which comes from the ancient Greek word  philosophia , meaning "love of wisdom."

What Is a Ph.D.?

In that sense, the term "Ph.D." is accurate, because the degree has historically been a license to teach, but it also signifies that the holder is an "authority, in full command of (a given) subject right up to the boundaries of current knowledge, and able to extend them," says  FindAPhD , an online Ph.D. database. Earning a Ph.D. requires a hefty financial and time commitment— $35,000 to $60,000  and two to eight years—as well as research, creating a thesis or dissertation, and possibly some teaching duties.

Deciding to pursue a Ph.D. can represent a major life choice. Doctoral candidates require additional schooling after completing a master's program to earn their Ph.D.: They must complete additional coursework, pass comprehensive exams , and complete an independent dissertation in their field. Once completed, though, a doctoral degree—often called a "terminal degree"—can open doors for the Ph.D.holder, especially in academia but also in business.

Core Courses and Electives

To obtain a Ph.D., you need to take a group of core courses as well as electives, totaling about 60 to 62 "hours," which are roughly the equivalent of units at the bachelor's degree level. For example, Washington State University offers a  Ph.D. in crop science . Core courses, which make up about 18 hours, include such subjects as introduction to population genetics, plant transmission genetics, and plant breeding.

Additionally, the student must make up the remaining required hours through electives. The  Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  offers a doctoral degree in Biological Sciences in Public Health. After core courses such as laboratory rotations, biological sciences seminars, and core principles of biostatistics and epidemiology, the Ph.D. candidate is required to take electives in related fields such as advanced respiratory physiology, advanced respiratory physiology, and ecological and epidemiological control of parasitic diseases. Degree-granting institutions across the board want to ensure that those who earn Ph.D.s have broad knowledge in their chosen field.

Thesis or Dissertation and Research

A Ph.D. also requires students to complete a large scholarly project known as a  dissertation , a research report—usually 60-plus pages—which signifies that they are able to make significant independent contributions to their chosen field of study. Students take on the project, also known as a  doctoral thesis , after completing the core and elective coursework and passing a  comprehensive examination . Through the dissertation, the student is expected to make a new and creative contribution to a field of study and to demonstrate her expertise.

According to the Association of American Medical Colleges, for example, a strong medical dissertation relies heavily on the creation of a specific hypothesis that can be either disproved or supported by data collected through independent student research. Further, it must also contain several key elements starting with an introduction to the problem statement, conceptual framework, and research question as well as references to literature already published on the topic. Students must show that the  dissertation  is relevant, provides new insight into the chosen field, and is a topic that they can research independently.

Financial Aid and Teaching

There are several ways to pay for a doctoral degree: scholarships, grants, fellowships, and government loans, as well as teaching.  GoGrad , a graduate school information website, provides such examples as the:

• Science, Mathematics, and Research for Transformation (SMART) Scholarship for Service Program, which provides full tuition and an annual stipend of $25,000 to $38,000.
• National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship, a three-year graduate fellowship that is designed to support doctoral students across 15 engineering disciplines
• National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program, a three-year program that provides an annual stipend of $34,000 and a $12,000 cost-of-education allowance for tuition and fees

As it does for bachelor's and master's degrees, the federal government also offers several  loan programs  to help students finance their Ph.D. studies. You generally apply for these loans by filling out the free application for federal student aid ( FAFSA ). Students planning to go into teaching after obtaining their doctoral degrees often also supplement their income by teaching undergraduate classes at the schools where they are studying. The University of California, Riverside, for example, offers a "teaching award"—essentially a stipend applied toward tuition costs—for Ph.D. candidates in English who teach undergraduate, beginning-level, English courses

Jobs and Opportunities for Ph.D. Holders

Education accounts for a large percentage doctoral awards, with elementary education, curriculum and instruction, educational leadership and administration, special education, and counselor education/ school counseling topping the list. Most universities in the United States require a Ph.D. for candidates who seek teaching positions, regardless of the department.

Many Ph.D. candidates seek the degree, however, to boost their current salaries. For example, a health, sports, and fitness educator at a community college would realize a bump in annual pay for obtaining a Ph.D. The same holds for educational administrators. Most such positions require only a master's degree, but obtaining a Ph.D. generally leads to an annual stipend that school districts add to the annual salary. That same health and fitness instructor at a community college could also move on from a teaching position and become a dean at a community college—a position that requires a Ph.D.—boosting his pay to  $120,000 to $160,000  a year or more.

So, the opportunities for a doctoral degree holder are wide and varied, but the cost and commitment required are significant. Most experts say you should know your future career plans before you make the commitment. If you know what you want to get out of the degree, then the years of required study and sleepless nights may well be worth the investment.

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What is a phd.

A PhD is the highest postgraduate qualification level that can be awarded in academic study. This is usually completed over three to four years of full-time study, and involves research into an original contribution in your chosen field. 

PhD is an acronym that stands for Doctor of Philosophy. The name for PhD comes from the Latin term “Philosophiae Doctor”, which roughly translates to “Lover of wisdom”.

Whether you’re finishing up from an undergraduate degree, on a masters course or even just looking to get back into education, you’ll have seen people talking about getting a PhD .

Most people know vaguely what a PhD is – it’s a university course that means you can call yourself ‘Doctor’ without having to do medicine, right? Whilst that is surprisingly close to the truth, we’re here to answer the oft-asked question of ‘what is a PhD?’.

This guide covers everything you need to know about a PhD.

What does a PhD involve?

A PhD will typically take three years to complete. If taken part time, then it will be separated into three different stages:

Year 1: This will involve you speaking with your advisor about your research ideas, finishing your research proposal and beginning to put deadlines in place for your research. You’ll also complete your literature review in this stage. During this, you’ll review the existing research done on the topic that you’re planning to research to help you determine the gaps in the research that you can target

Year 2: During this stage, you’ll begin to conduct your research to gather data. You’ll document this whole process for your thesis and begin to attend conferences where you will have the opportunity to present your current research to other professionals and researchers in the field. You can take this further and take steps to educate the public on the benefits of your research.

Year 3: The final stage of a PhD involves using the data you’ve collected and the documentation of your research to write your thesis. You may still be conducting research at this point, and that’s OK. Once you’ve finished your thesis, you’ll justify your research and decisions in a viva .

How long is a PhD?

A typical PhD will take three to four years to complete when studying full time. Studying part time can take up to six years. The good news is that the thesis can be extended by up to four years. This means that if you haven’t gotten anywhere near finishing your research by the end of the second year, you can apply to extend your thesis and continue your research for up to four more years. Many PhD students will complete their thesis in the 4th year.

How is a PhD different from other degrees?

To start with, describing a PhD as a university course can be a bit misleading. Whilst it is a course offered by a university, it’s incredibly different to most courses. Unlike the undergraduate level, you won’t be covering your subject broadly you’ll be focused on one very particular area. Whilst a masters degree, especially a research one, may be focused, it won’t be nearly as focused as a PhD.

That said – don’t expect this focused level of research to necessarily be groundbreaking! Though part of doing a PhD is the intent to produce original research, it’s also primarily there to train your research skills and to prove yourself as a capable researcher.

A PhD is research focused

One of the main differences between PhDs and other types of postgraduate degree is that PhDs are heavily research based. PhDs involve a lot of independent research time, where you'll study your topic in detail using academic resources – such as the university's online library and online materials. This format is different to taught postgraduate degrees, which involve a lot more taught aspects such as lectures and seminars.

Do you need a masters to study a PhD?

In order to study a PhD, you’ll need to have a masters degree and a bachelors degree with a 2:1 or higher. Though self-funded students and students with professional experience in the field may be admitted with lower grades

Some students may begin with a MPhil (Masters of philosophy) or a Mres ( Master of research) and upgrade to a PhD by the end of their studies.

Where can I study a PhD?

Most universities offer PhD programs across a variety of disciplines. It is possible to study a PhD at almost any university and in almost any subject. Since a PhD is an independent research-based program, there is a lot of flexibility in regard to what you’ll study. 

PhD students often choose their own study topics and carry out independent research into that topic. This makes it possible to study your intended PhD at almost any university. 

Although, it is important to check which specific subject areas the university specialises in. For instance, if a university specialises in linguistics, then it would be a good idea to complete a linguistics PhD at that university as opposed to one that specialises in another subject.

It can be difficult to find the perfect course at the right university. That’s why we’ve put together advice on how to find a PhD .

It’s important to remember that a PhD is different from a typical university course. Rather than going to lectures, you’ll be conducting independent research, and so the application process will be quite different. Learn how to apply for a PhD  with our expert guide.

A PhD means attending ‘optional’ lectures and conferences

PhDs do involve some aspects of taught study, including lectures and conferences, although these are often optional and take place less often than on lower level courses.

Now of course, the university doesn’t just accept you, your project and tell you to have fun. You’ll work with a supervisor, and there will be conferences, lectures, and other such things that you can attend. Unlike lower level courses, however, although you won’t necessarily be examined on these things that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t go! Conferences are a great way to meet people, get your name out and network . For any career, but especially one in academia, networking is well worth it.

A PhD is a high standard qualification

But what does having a PhD show, other than the fact you spent three to four years working on research and can now call yourself Dr [Your surname here]? 

A PhD is a globally recognised, high standard qualification. This means that if you choose to move elsewhere in the world, your PhD will be recognised as a credible postgraduate qualification.

In addition, a PhD can open up a whole world of new job opportunities! This includes academic roles , such as postdoctoral research posts, or even possibly fellowships. 

Regardless of which career path you choose to take, a PhD is regarded as the highest level postgraduate qualification – reflecting your impressive work ethic, knowledge, and workplace skills.

How to get a PhD

Getting a PhD is not easy by any means. But, if it’s something you truly want to do, it’s well worth it. So let’s take a look at just how to get a PhD!

Choose your research area

Before getting started with your PhD, you want to make sure you know what area you’d like to do it in. Don’t just pick something on a whim – this is something you’re going to be studying for the next four years of your life, and something that, once you finished your PhD, you’ll have your name attached to. So, for arts and humanities students, find an area of your subject that fascinates you enough that you’ll want to spend the next few years writing about it. For scientists, find an area you’d be happy to be working on in a team, and wouldn’t mind moving into as a career!

Find a good supervisor

Once you’ve selected your topic, it’s time to start looking for a supervisor . Depending on what you’re currently doing, asking tutors for contacts or recommendations can be well worthwhile, but if you can’t do this, check out what research your potential supervisor has done. 

In addition, try and arrange an in-person meeting – or at least, a phone conversation. Email can make communication difficult and given this is the person you’ll be working under for the foreseeable future, you want to ensure you get on.

Then, assuming you’re accepted and have appropriate funding, you’ll be considered a probationary PhD student . At the end of your first year, you’ll be expected to prove you’re capable of the full course, so you’ll be tested in the form of writing a report. Once you pass this, you’re good to go!

Your next few years will be spent attending conferences, working on the research and your thesis. Your thesis will talk about what you’ve spent your time doing, how you dealt with any difficulties that arose, and generally show what your contribution to your subject is! Once that’s out the way, you get the fun job of having a viva – that is, talking about your thesis to a bunch of academics.

Pass the viva? Then you’ve succeeded.

So that’s how to get a PhD!

UK Research Councils

There are a selection of UK Research Councils, each of whom are part of the  UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) organisation. Collectively, these UK research councils provide an average of £380 million in PhD studentship funding every year – acting as the largest PhD funding body in the UK. 

Here’s an overview of UK research councils:

• Science and Technology Facilities Council
• Arts and Humanities Research Council  
• Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
• Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
• Economic and Social Research Council
• Medical Research Council
• Natural Environment Research Council  

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Common PhD Myths

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abbreviation or noun

Definition of phd, examples of phd in a sentence.

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'PhD.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

New Latin philosophiae doctor

1839, in the meaning defined above

Dictionary Entries Near PhD

Cite this entry.

“PhD.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/PhD. Accessed 1 May. 2024.

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PhD in Philosophy

The Faculty of Arts and Humanities awards the academic degree Doctor of Philosophy (Dr. phil.) In addition to individually supervised doctoral projects, you can benefit from a wide range of workshops and advisory services through the Graduate Academy philGrad .

For all formal matters in the context of the doctorate, such as application, submission or the opening of the dissertation procedure, please contact the PhD Office of the Faculty of Arts and Humanities (Dr. Siep).

Doctoral Research at the Faculty of Arts and Humanities

The graduate academy of the faculty of arts and humanities.

PhD in Business

Applying to Business PhD programs is increasingly getting tougher and people from all over the world are vying for the few spots on offer. This wiki aims to make it a little bit easier for most people to get started. Over time we aim to be a comprehensive repository of information for not just future applicants but also for everyone in business academia.

Note however that we are an upcoming wiki, it will take us some time to get this project up and running.

If you are a PhD student, or a faculty member please help us make these pages as complete as possible. Thank you!

The Nature of Business Academia

• Introduction
• Nature of the Job
• A Day in the Life of an Assistant Professor
• A Day in the Life of a Professor

How PhD Programs Work

• Dissertation
• A Day in the Life of a First Year
• A Day in the Life of a PhD Candidate
• The Job Market

Applying to PhD Programs

• Research Experience
• Statement of Purpose
• Letters of Recommendation

Financial Matters

• PhD Stipends
• Faculty Salaries
• Empirical Work
• Theoretical Work
• Research Software
• Applied Economics
• Information Systems
• Operations Management
• Niche Topics

• Book:PhD in Business
• Shelf:Business
• Alphabetical/P
• Subject:Business
• Subject:Business/all books
• Subject:Social sciences/all books
• Subject:Books by subject/all books
• Book:Wikibooks Stacks/Books
• Shelf:Business/all books
• Department:Social sciences/all books
• Freshly started books
• Books by completion status/all books

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Ph.d.-uddannelse

I en ph.d.-uddannelse dykker den studerende ned i et emne og forsøger at finde nye aspekter og nye sammenhænge, som kan bruges i en videreudvikling inden for det pågældende forskningsfelt. Ph.d.-uddannelsen kvalificerer den studerende til, på internationalt niveau, at varetage forsknings-, udviklings- og undervisningsopgaver i den private og offentlige sektor, hvor der forudsættes et bredt kendskab til forskning.

Universiteterne kan tildele ph.d.-graden inden for de fagområder, hvor universitetet har forskning, og de har oprettet en ph.d.-skole. Et universitet kan oprette en ph.d.-skole alene eller i samarbejde med et eller flere universiteter. 

Det enkelte universitet tilrettelægger selv ph.d.-uddannelsen inden for rammerne af ph.d.-bekendtgørelsen.

Uddannelsens indhold

Hver ph.d.-studerende får tildelt en hovedvejleder, der har ansvaret for den studerendes samlede ph.d.-uddannelse. Hovedvejlederen skal være anerkendt forsker inden for fagområdet, ansat på universitetet og være tilknyttet ph.d.-skolen. Den studerende kan få tildelt yderligere vejledere. 

Ph.d.-uddannelsen omfatter følgende elementer:

• Gennemførelse af et selvstændigt ph.d.-projekt under vejledning.
• Udarbejdelse af en ph.d.-afhandling på grundlag af ph.d.-projektet.
• Gennemførelse af ph.d.-kurser svarende til ca. ½ år.
• Deltagelse i aktive forskermiljøer, herunder ophold på andre eksempelvis udenlandske forskningsinstitutioner.
• Opnåelse af erfaring med undervisningsvirksomhed eller anden form for videnformidling.

Den ph.d.-studerende skal forsvare sin ph.d.-afhandling ved et offentligt forsvar på universitetet.

Ph.d.-studerende, som får bevilget stipendium til gennemførelse af ph.d.-studiet ved et universitet, ansættes som ph.d.-stipendiater.

• Læs om reglerne for ph.d.-uddannelse
• Se oversigt over ph.d.-kurser ved universiteterne

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