what is a speech language pathology

What is an SLP & What do they do?

Speech-language pathology is the scientific study of speech, fluency, feeding and swallowing, and all the mechanisms of speech and language, along with the therapeutic application of corrective and augmentative measures to help people with speech disorders speak and communicate better. It falls under the communication sciences and disorders discipline, which also include the closely aligned—but separate—study of audiology.

Speech-language pathology is focused on a range of human communication and swallowing disorders affecting people of all ages.

• Emerson College - Master's in Speech-Language Pathology online - Prepare to become an SLP in as few as 20 months. No GRE required. Scholarships available.
• NYU Steinhardt - NYU Steinhardt's Master of Science in Communicative Sciences and Disorders online - ASHA-accredited. Bachelor's degree required. Graduate prepared to pursue licensure.
• Arizona State University - Online - Online Bachelor of Science in Speech and Hearing Science - Designed to prepare graduates to work in behavioral health settings or transition to graduate programs in speech-language pathology and audiology.

According to The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association , the following disorders fall under the umbrella of speech-language pathology:

• Speech Disorders : Occurs when individuals have difficulty producing speech sounds correctly or fluently (e.g., stuttering)
• Language Disorders : Occurs when individuals have difficulty understanding others, sharing thoughts, feelings, and ideas, and/or using language in functional and socially appropriate ways; language disorders may also be in the written form
• Communicating with others socially (e.g., greeting others, asking questions, etc.)
• Changing their way of communicating depending on the listener or setting
• Following socially acceptable rules of conversation and story telling
• Cognitive-Communication Disorders : Occurs when individuals have difficulties paying attention, planning, problem-solving, or organizing their thoughts. Many times, these disorders occur as a result of a traumatic brain injury, stroke, or dementia.
• Swallowing Disorders: Occurs when individuals have difficulty eating and swallowing. Swallowing disorders are often a result of an illness, injury, or stroke.

The practice of speech-language pathology includes those who want to learn how to communicate more effectively, such as those who want to work on accent modification or improve their communication skills. It also includes the treatment of people with tracheostomies and ventilators.

Speech-Language Pathology: The Synthesis of Two Fields of Study

Language differs from speech, which is why speech-language pathology is actually the study of two fields.

Speech is the verbal means of communication. It consists of:

• Articulation: How speech sounds are made
• Voice: The use of breathing and vocal cords to produce sounds
• Fluency: The rhythm of speech

Speech problems often occur because a person has difficulty producing sounds due to the incorrect movement of the lips, tongue, and mouth.

Speech problems include:

• Childhood speech apraxia : Neurological childhood speech sound disorder resulting from neuromuscular difficulties, such as abnormal reflexes or abnormal tone
• Adult speech apraxia : Speech disorder caused by neuromuscular difficulties, such as abnormal reflexes or abnormal tone; usually as a result of stroke, traumatic brain injury, dementia, or other progressive neurological disorders
• Dysarthia : Impaired movement of the muscles used for speech production, including the vocal cords, tongue, lips, and/or diaphragm
• Stuttering : Involuntary repetition of sounds
• Speech sound disorders : Includes articulation and phonological processes difficulties
• Orofacial myofunctional disorders : Tongue moves forward in an exaggerated way during speech or swallowing (called tongue thrusts)
• Voice disorders : Includes vocal cord nodules and polyps, vocal cord paralysis, spasmodic dysphonia, and paradoxical vocal fold movement

Language consists of socially shared rules that include how to put words together, how to make new words, what words mean, and what word combinations are best in what situations. Language disorders include:

• Difficulty understanding others: receptive language disorder
• Difficulty sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings: expressive language disorder

Although speech and language disorders can occur by themselves, they often exist together, which is why speech-language pathology is a combined field of study.

Speech and language disorders are often a result of medical conditions, such as:

• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
• Huntington’s Disease
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Laryngeal and oral cancers
• Right hemisphere brain injury
• Traumatic brain injury

In children, this may also include selective mutism and language-based learning disabilities resulting from:

• Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
• Syndromes, such as Down’s syndrome and Fragile X syndrome
• Cerebral palsy
• Failure to thrive
• Low birth weight or premature birth
• Hearing loss
• Intellectual disabilities
• Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
• Stroke/brain injury
• Cleft lip/palate

What is a Speech-Language Pathologist?

Speech-language pathologists evaluate, diagnose, and treat speech, language, communication, and swallowing disorders. These highly trained clinicians work as part of a collaborative, interdisciplinary team of professionals, which includes physical therapists, occupational therapists, social workers, teachers, physicians, audiologists, and psychologists, among others.

Their job duties include:

• Developing and implementing treat plans based on their professional assessment and recommendation from members of the interdisciplinary team
• Monitoring their patients’ progress and adjusting their treatment plans accordingly
• Documenting patient care and writing reports regarding patient evaluation, treatment, progress, and discharge
• Ordering, conducting, and evaluating hearing, speech, and language tests and examinations
• Educating patients and family members on treatment plans, communication techniques, and strategies for coping with speech/language barriers
• Designing, developing, and employing diagnostic and communication devices or strategies
• Developing and implementing speech and language programs

Though a majority of speech-language pathologists are involved in direct patient care, these professionals also fulfill a number of other roles in areas such as:

• Program coordination and administration
• Teaching at the post-secondary level
• Supervision
• Product development and evaluation
• Consultation

Speech-Language Pathologist Education and Certification

Speech-language pathologists are highly educated and trained clinicians, educators, researchers, and administrators. Speech-language pathologists, at a minimum, hold a master’s degree in Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD).

Most master’s degrees in CSD are Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Science (MS) programs. Master of Education (MEd) programs prepare speech-language pathology educators.

National certification and states licensure require the completion of a program that has been accredited by the Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech Language Pathology (CAA) .

In most states, additional state licensure requirements include completing a supervised postgraduate professional experience and passing a national exam.

Language-speech pathologists can earn the Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language Pathology (CCC-SLP) through the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Certification requirements are similar to state licensing requirements, so state licensed language-speech pathologists generally qualify for the CCC-SLP designation.

The History of Speech-Language Pathology

Speech-pathology as a recognized field of study had its origins in the early part of the twentieth century, when the scientific, academic, and clinical foundations began to take shape and a number of organizations (such as the American Academy of Speech Correction in 1926) focused on speech disorders and speech correction were established.

From 1945 to 1965, speech-language pathology began to evolve, thanks to the introduction of a number of assessment and therapy approaches focused on underlying communication disorders. It was during this time that speech-language pathology researchers and clinicians began focusing their attention on the many WWII soldiers returning from war with brain injuries resulting in aphasia.

This period also gave rise to brain studies, technological advances, and the development of standardized testing procedures, including receptive and expressive language assessment and treatment techniques.

Between 1965 and 1975, advancements in linguistics spurred researchers to begin distinguishing language disorders from speech disorders. Their work enhanced the work of speech-language pathologists, allowing them to begin more effectively treating a variety of language delays and disorders.

Today, speech-language pathology continues to evolve as high-quality research evidence is integrated into practitioner expertise and clinical decision making. The increased national and international exchange of professional knowledge, information, and education in communication sciences and disorders continues to strengthen research collaboration and improve clinical services.

Speech-Language Pathology Resources

• Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech Language Pathology (CAA)
• American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
• American Academy of Private Practice in Speech Pathology and Audiology
• International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association
• National Student Speech Language Hearing Association
• National Aphasia Foundation
• Childhood Apraxia of Speech Association of North America
• The Cherab Foundation
• The Voice Foundation
• Selective Mutism Foundation
• Stuttering Foundation of America
• National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders

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• Career Resources
• How to Become a Speech-Language Pathologist
• Both Sides of the Frenectomy Debate
• Certification
• State Licensing Overview
• Student Resources
• What is Speech-Language Pathology?
• CAA-Accredited Graduate Programs
• Directory of CSD and SLP Undergraduate Programs
• Master’s in Speech-Language Pathology
• SLP Clinical Fellowship
• SLP Thesis Track
• 2022 SLP Scholarship Guide
• 2022 Top SLP Master’s Programs
• Practice Settings
• Private Practice
• Telepractice
• Specialty Areas and Disorders
• Ankyloglossia (Tongue Tie) and Lip-Tie Issues
• Aphasia (Post Stroke)
• Apraxia of Speech
• Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)
• Child Language Disorders
• Communication Competency Assessment
• Early Intervention
• Fluency Disorders
• Forensic Speech-Language Pathology
• Laryngeal Imaging
• Late Talkers
• Low-Incidence Disorders
• Multilingual Patients
• Occupational Therapy
• Otoacoustic Emissions Screening
• Patients with Autism
• Patients with Cochlear Implants
• Percutaneous Electrical Stimulation (E-stim)
• Public Health
• Rehabilitation
• Spasmodic Dysphonia
• Stuttering and Cluttering
• Swallowing and Feeding Disorders (Dysphagia)
• Transnasal Esophagoscopy and Pharyngeal/Esophageal Manometry
• Transgender Voice Modification Therapy
• Voice Therapy
• Dual Certification in SLP and Lactation Consultancy
• Continuing Education is Key to Career Versatility and Longevity in This Field
• Do You Speak with an Accent? … You Can Still Be an Outstanding SLP
• The Challenges and Rewards of Working with English Language Learners
• Some Advice on How to Approach Your Clinical Fellowship
• 4 Things a Job Description Can’t Tell You About the Profession
• 5 Things I Love Most About Being an SLP
• Your Guide to Getting Started in Telepractice
• Why Team Player SLPs are Even More Effective Than Superstars
• Why Working With the Entire Family Gets the Best Results in Kids Struggling with Speech-Language Issues

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What Is a Speech Pathologist?

Also Known as a Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) or Speech Therapist

• What They Do
• Conditions Treated

Training for Speech Pathologists

• When to See an SLP

A speech pathologist, also known as a speech therapist, is a healthcare professional who helps you improve your speech and communication if you have been ill, injured, or have a chronic disability. Speech pathologists may also be called speech-language pathologists (SLP).

Speech pathologists also work with people who have difficulty swallowing food or drink to help them stay safe while eating.

This article examines the important work that speech pathologists do as part of a rehabilitation team of professionals. You will learn what conditions they treat and when you should seek out the services of an SLP.

What a Speech Pathologist Does

A speech pathologist is a trained medical professional who works with patients who are injured or ill and are having difficulty speaking or swallowing. They work to prevent, assess, and treat these disorders in adults and children.

Speech pathologists help people communicate, and this may involve:

• Expressive communication : The ability to communicate verbally and nonverbally
• Receptive communication : The ability to understand verbal and nonverbal communications

Some speech therapists work closely with audiologists (healthcare professionals who treat hearing and balance problems) to ensure that you can hear and understand language correctly. Others work with otolaryngologists , also called ear, nose, and throat physicians (ENTs), to help patients swallow food and drink safely and to assist patients with oral motor function.

Common Specialty Areas

Some speech pathologists have a more generalized practice, while others have a more narrow focus on specific areas or problems such as:

• Social communication
• Voice and vocal hygiene
• Speech sound disorders

Some of the official certifications that a speech pathologist may receive include:

•  Intraoperative monitoring
•  Fluency disorders
•  Swallowing and feeding disorders
•  Child language disorders

Speech pathologists seeking specialty certification have to meet education, experience, and clinical practice requirements as established by independent specialty certification boards.

Where Speech Therapists Work

There are a variety of settings in which speech pathologists work. This may include:

• Schools: Speech therapists working in schools help children with speech disorders learn to overcome their communication challenges.
• Nursing homes: Speech therapists in nursing homes help patients with dementia or communication issues caused by other conditions like stroke learn communication strategies. They also work with staff on ways to help residents communicate more effectively.
• Hospitals: A speech pathologist working in a hospital may help diagnose and treat language communication problems and swallowing disorders in hospitalized patients. 
• Private practices: Speech pathologists may also work in private practices where they may specialize in one or more language problems or health conditions in specific populations.

Speech pathologists can also work as educators in colleges and universities, and they may be involved in research.

Conditions Speech Therapists Treat

Speech pathologists work with people of various ages and with a variety of conditions. They sometimes work with young children who are having problems speaking properly, or they may help older adults with cognitive communication (communication that is affected by memory, attention, organization, and problem-solving, which are examples of executive functioning ).

A stroke can cause damage to the part of the brain responsible for language and communication. Depending on the extent of the stroke, this loss of ability may be short-term or long-term. A speech pathologist can help someone who is recovering from a stroke regain their ability to speak and understand language.

What is aphasia?

Aphasia is a condition of the brain that affects how you communicate with others. It is caused by damage to the part of the brain responsible for language and can affect your ability to speak and understand what is being said.

Hearing Loss

A speech pathologist may work with other professionals such as audiologists and ENTs to help assess, manage, and treat someone with hearing loss. Some of the things a speech pathologist might do to help someone with hearing loss include evaluating the person's speech, helping them improve listening skills, and working with them to develop alternative communication strategies.

Vocal Damage

Vocal cords can become damaged in various ways including persistent coughing and voice overuse. A speech pathologist can teach you muscle strengthing and voice rehabilitation excercises and other strategies to help your vocal cords heal (such as cough modification). 

English Language Learners

If you are learning a new language and wish to alter your accent, you may benefit from the services of a speech-language pathologist, as well. They can help you form words and sounds correctly to alter your normal speech in learning a new language.

Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury after a blow to the head or an accident that affects the parts of the brain that control language can also lead to problems with communication. A speech therapist can help someone with this type of injury recover lost speech and language skills.

Swallowing Disorders

Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty swallowing. It can be caused by several different medical conditions including muscular problems, a narrowed esophagus, damage caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease, or esophageal cancer. 

Untreated dysphagia can lead to problems eating and drinking including choking. A speech pathologist can help you develop strategies for safe chewing and swallowing, including exercises, correct body position, and food preparation recommendations. 

People with autism can have difficulty with both written and spoken communication as well as body-language forms of communication such as pointing and waving. Autism is also associated with difficulties relating to and socializing with other people. 

A speech pathologist can help people with autism understand communication norms and improve their written and spoken communication skills. They can also work with the families of people with autism on strategies that can help develop communication skills.

Alzheimer's Disease

People with dementia or Alzheimer's disease may develop communication problems as the disease progresses. A speech therapist can help the person develop memory skills and other strategies that will help them communicate.

Speech pathologists also work with the family and caregivers of people with dementia so they can help the person implement communication tools and strategies.   

Fluency Disorders

Fluency disorder describes speech patterns characterized by differences in rate and rhythm compared to how most people speak. 

Stuttering is the most common example of a fluency disorder. Another example is cluttering, which describes speech that is atypically fast and irregular.

Speech pathologists usually develop an individualized treatment plan for someone with a fluency disorder, which may include strategies such as:

• Minimizing negative reactions to the problem
• Increasing the person's acceptance of the problem
• Improving confidence
• Reducing avoidance behavior

Speech Sound Disorders

Speech sound disorders describe problems articulating words. People with speech sound disorders may be hard for others to understand. This can result in problems with social relationships, at work, or at school. 

Speech sound disorders are common in childhood and can be treated with the help of a speech pathologist. The pathologist will look at how the person moves their tongue, lips and jaw and help them learn the correct way to make sounds. 

People with speech sound disorders often have other problems with language; their speech therapist can also help them develop strategies to overcome these problems.

Gender-Affirming Voice Therapy

Voice therapy for transgender people can be an important part of gender-affirming healthcare. Learning to speak in ways that align with gender identity can improve a transgender person's quality of life as well as their social and psychological well-being.

A speech pathologist can help a transgender person learn to modify the pitch of their voice in ways that limit fatigue and damage to the vocal cords. They can also help the person learn nonverbal communication, articulation, and other strategies that can help their voice align with their gender identity.

To be a speech pathologist, a person must have a master's degree in communication disorders from a program accredited by the Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology (CAA).

Many undergraduate and graduate programs in speech pathology require time spent observing a speech therapist at work prior to admission. This satisfies the requirement for entry into school and provides a good understanding of what a speech pathologist's job is like.

The first year of work as a speech therapist is called a clinical fellowship year. During this time, aspiring speech pathologists will work under the supervision of a licensed speech pathologist.

Additional steps to becoming a speech pathologist include:

• Obtaining a certificate of clinical competence in SLP (CCC-SLP)
• Passing a national Praxis examination for Speech-Language Pathology
• Applying for SLP licensure in the state in which you will be working

A speech pathologist's education does not end when they leave school and pass the national examination. They must also fulfill continuing education requirements from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) to maintain their license.

When to See a Speech Pathologist

There are certain instances in which you may need to see a speech pathologist. For example, parents commonly notice small speech or language impairments in their children and seek out an SLP.

Adults may want to work with a speech pathologist to help with new or existing communication or language problems.

If you become hospitalized, you may have a speech pathologist come to your room and work with you at your bedside. They can help you with speech and language, swallowing and diet issues, and can work with other members of a rehab team to ensure that it is safe and appropriate for you to return home.

When to see a medical professional

Many speech and language disorders benefit from the help of a speech therapist, but some are more urgent than others. Any sudden onset of impaired speech should be considered an emergency, as the person may be experiencing a life-threatening problem such as a stroke.

Children should be closely monitored for speech and language development. If your child does not have the language skills expected for their age, it is a good idea to see a speech pathologist as soon as you can.

If you or a loved one is having trouble communicating or understanding language, then working with a speech pathologist may be a good idea.

SLPs treat children and adults with a variety of conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, stroke, neurological injuries, autism, and more. They are trained to assess your condition and offer strategies to improve your expressive and receptive communication and swallowing function.

Pascoe A, Breen LJ, Cocks N. What is needed to prepare speech pathologists to work in adult palliative care?: What is needed to prepare SPs to work in adult palliative care? .  International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders . 2018;53(3):542-549. doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12367

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American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Social communication .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Speech sound disorders .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Clinical specialty certification .

Reilly S, Harper M, Goldfeld S. The demand for speech pathology services for children: Do we need more or just different? . J Paediatr Child Health . 2016;52(12):1057-1061. doi:10.1111/jpc.13318

National Aphasia Association. Stroke .

Johns Hopkins Medicine. Aphasia .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Hearing loss in adults .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Autism (autism spectrum disorder) .

Alzheimer's Association. Strategies to support changes in memory, language and behavior in the early stages of dementia .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Fluency disorders .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Gender-affirming voice therapy advocacy .

SpeechPathologyGraduatePrograms.org. How to become a speech pathologist .

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Salary.com. Speech Pathologist Salary in the United States .

By Brett Sears, PT Brett Sears, PT, MDT, is a physical therapist with over 20 years of experience in orthopedic and hospital-based therapy.

What does a speech language pathologist do?

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What is a Speech Language Pathologist?

Speech language pathologists (SLPs) specialize in diagnosing, evaluating, and treating various communication and swallowing disorders that can affect individuals of all ages, from infants to the elderly. They work with patients who experience difficulties in speech articulation, language development, voice production, fluency (stuttering), and cognitive communication skills. They also assist individuals who have challenges with swallowing or feeding due to medical conditions or developmental issues.

Speech language pathologists collaborate closely with patients, their families, and other healthcare professionals to create tailored treatment plans that address specific communication or swallowing goals. Their expertise extends beyond assessment and therapy, encompassing research, education, and advocacy to promote effective communication and enhance the quality of life for individuals with communication disorders.

What does a Speech Language Pathologist do?

Speech language pathologists play an important role in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of communication and swallowing disorders. They employ a range of evidence-based techniques and technologies to help their clients improve their communication and swallowing abilities. By providing personalized therapy plans, counseling, and education, SLPs help individuals with communication and swallowing disorders achieve their fullest potential and enhance their quality of life.

Duties and Responsibilities Some of the key duties and responsibilities of a speech language pathologist include:

• Assessment and Evaluation: SLPs conduct thorough assessments to identify communication and swallowing disorders in patients. They use standardized tests, observations, interviews, and clinical observations to gather information about a patient's speech, language, voice, fluency, and swallowing abilities.
• Diagnosis: Based on assessment results, SLPs diagnose the specific communication or swallowing disorder affecting a patient. They analyze the collected data and provide a comprehensive understanding of the individual's challenges and needs.
• Treatment Planning: SLPs develop individualized treatment plans tailored to each patient's unique needs and goals. These plans may include strategies to improve speech articulation, language development, voice production, fluency, cognitive communication, or swallowing function.
• Therapeutic Interventions: SLPs administer therapeutic interventions to address communication and swallowing difficulties. They guide patients through exercises, activities, and techniques designed to improve their speech clarity, language comprehension, expression, voice quality, and fluency.
• Patient Education: SLPs educate patients and their families about the nature of the disorder, treatment options, and strategies for managing communication challenges in everyday life. They empower individuals to actively participate in their treatment journey.
• Collaboration: SLPs collaborate with other healthcare professionals, such as physicians, audiologists, educators, and occupational therapists, to provide comprehensive care to patients. They work as part of a multidisciplinary team to ensure a holistic approach to treatment.
• Progress Monitoring: SLPs regularly assess and document their patients' progress throughout the treatment process. They adjust treatment plans as needed based on ongoing evaluations and discussions with patients and their families.
• Adaptive Technology: In some cases, SLPs may recommend and assist patients in using adaptive communication devices or technologies to enhance their ability to communicate effectively.
• Swallowing Assessment and Treatment: SLPs evaluate and treat patients with swallowing difficulties (dysphagia). They may develop strategies to improve safe swallowing and prevent aspiration during eating and drinking.
• Research and Education: Some SLPs engage in research to contribute to the advancement of their field's knowledge and practices. They may also provide training and education to students, colleagues, and the community.
• Advocacy: SLPs advocate for individuals with communication disorders, raising awareness about the importance of effective communication and access to appropriate services.
• Documentation: SLPs maintain accurate records of assessments, treatment plans, progress notes, and outcomes to ensure effective communication with patients, families, and other healthcare professionals.

Types of Speech Language Pathologists Speech language pathologists can specialize in various areas within their field to address specific communication and swallowing challenges. Here are some types of specialized speech language pathologists:

• Pediatric Speech Language Pathologists: These professionals work primarily with children, addressing speech and language disorders that can arise from developmental delays, speech sound disorders, language impairments, and early communication difficulties. They may work in schools, early intervention programs, clinics, or private practice.
• Adult Speech Language Pathologists: Adult-focused speech language pathologists work with individuals who have communication and swallowing difficulties due to neurological conditions, strokes, traumatic brain injuries, or degenerative diseases like Parkinson's. They help adults regain or maintain their communication abilities and improve swallowing safety.
• Accent Modification Speech Language Pathologists: Accent modification specialists assist individuals who wish to modify their speech patterns to improve communication clarity and reduce accent-related misunderstandings, often in professional or academic settings.
• Voice Disorder Speech Language Pathologists: Speech language pathologists specializing in voice disorders work with individuals who have conditions affecting their vocal cords, pitch, volume, or quality of voice. They provide therapy to improve voice production and prevent vocal strain.
• Fluency Disorder Speech Language Pathologists: These professionals focus on treating individuals with fluency disorders, commonly known as stuttering. They use techniques to help individuals improve their speech fluency and manage their disfluencies.
• Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Speech Language Pathologists: AAC specialists work with individuals who have complex communication needs and may require alternative methods of communication, such as communication devices, symbols, or gestures.
• Swallowing and Dysphagia Speech Language Pathologists: These speech language pathologists specialize in evaluating and treating individuals with swallowing disorders (dysphagia) caused by various medical conditions. They help patients safely consume food and liquids.
• Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Speech Language Pathologists: Speech language pathologists with expertise in traumatic brain injuries provide therapy to individuals recovering from head injuries, helping them regain language, cognitive, and communication skills.
• Neonatal Speech Language Pathologists: Neonatal speech language pathologists work with infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), addressing feeding and swallowing difficulties in premature or medically fragile newborns.
• Geriatric Speech Language Pathologists: Geriatric speech language pathologists specialize in addressing communication and swallowing issues in older adults, often dealing with age-related conditions such as dementia and age-related changes in speech and swallowing function.
• Educational Speech Language Pathologists: These professionals work in educational settings, such as schools, to provide speech and language therapy to students with communication disorders, supporting their academic success.

Are you suited to be a speech language pathologist?

Speech language pathologists have distinct personalities . They tend to be social individuals, which means they’re kind, generous, cooperative, patient, caring, helpful, empathetic, tactful, and friendly. They excel at socializing, helping others, and teaching. Some of them are also investigative, meaning they’re intellectual, introspective, and inquisitive.

Does this sound like you? Take our free career test to find out if speech language pathologist is one of your top career matches.

What is the workplace of a Speech Language Pathologist like?

Speech language pathologists work in a variety of settings, such as hospitals, schools, private clinics, rehabilitation centers, and nursing homes.

In a hospital setting, speech language pathologists may work in acute care or rehabilitation settings, providing assessment and treatment for patients with speech and language disorders resulting from medical conditions such as strokes, traumatic brain injuries, and cancer. They may also work with patients who have difficulty swallowing, which can be a common issue for individuals who have had strokes or are recovering from surgery.

In schools, speech language pathologists work with children who have communication disorders, such as stuttering, articulation problems, or language delays. They work with teachers, parents, and other professionals to develop and implement individualized education plans for students. They may also work with students who have hearing impairments, providing assistance with hearing aids and other assistive devices.

In private clinics, speech language pathologists may work with clients of all ages who have a variety of communication disorders. They may specialize in working with specific populations, such as children with autism or adults who have had strokes. In these settings, speech language pathologists work closely with clients and their families to develop treatment plans tailored to the client's specific needs and goals.

Rehabilitation centers and nursing homes may also employ speech language pathologists to work with patients who have suffered from strokes, traumatic brain injuries, or other medical conditions that affect speech and language. In these settings, speech language pathologists may work with patients to improve their ability to communicate effectively, both verbally and non-verbally.

Speech Language Pathologists are also known as: SLP Speech-Language Pathologist

How to Become a Speech-Language Pathologist

A career in speech-language pathology requires a master's degree and a clinical fellowship.

How to Become a Speech Pathologist

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Speech-language pathologists specialize in treating various speech impediments and addressing language comprehension difficulties.

Humans use their mouths and throats constantly, often unconsciously, to perform basic tasks like swallowing food or speaking aloud, so problems within this section of the body need to be addressed immediately and thoroughly.

Speech-language pathologists assist in these situations, and demand for their services is growing rapidly. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that employment within this profession will grow 25% through 2029, partly as a result of the aging American population and health ailments that are common among seniors that hinder talking and eating, such as strokes and Alzheimer's.

The median annual wage among U.S. speech-language pathologists in May 2020 was $80,480, according to the BLS, which notes that the usual entry-level academic credential within this field is a master's degree . Licensing requirements for this profession depend upon the state where a person practices, and many jobs within this field require national certification.

What Is Speech Pathology and What Does a Speech Pathologist Do?

The field of speech-language pathology encompasses much more than just communication disorders. The area of study also includes lessons about accent reduction and how to encourage children who are extremely picky eaters to consume food so that they are well-nourished, for example.

Speech-language pathologists specialize in treating various speech impediments and addressing language comprehension difficulties. They teach social skills to people with developmental disabilities, provide guidance to individuals with cognitive disorders and intervene when a person struggles to swallow food or beverages.

These clinicians routinely advise people who cannot hear well on how to understand others and express themselves, and they also show people who cannot speak how to communicate using picture boards and technological devices.

"Speech therapists help toddlers say 'mama' for the first time, assist teenagers who have a fluency disorder (stutter), and help adults who have suffered strokes be able to eat on their own again," Kassie Hanson, a Nebraska-based certified pediatric speech-language pathologist, wrote in an email.

Hanson recalls the beginning of her career and how working with a 2-year-old girl who was unable to talk solidified her career path. "After many sessions with the little girl, she said some of her very first words," Hanson says. "Just months later, she was talking in short phrases and sentences. Getting to help a little girl say her first words was life-changing and confirmed for me that I was in the right career!"

Steps to Become a Speech-Language Pathologist

Speech-language pathologists recommend that people who want to join their field complete all of the following tasks:

• Pursue a bachelor's degree and take college courses that relate to speech-language pathology.
• Search for accredited speech-language pathology master's programs using the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's EdFind Tool .
• Gain relevant work experience and prepare a strong graduate school application with solid grades, essays and recommendation letters.
• Excel on the GRE General Test if the targeted graduate school considers GRE scores.
• Get into a master's program, ideally with a generous scholarship to reduce the cost.
• Obtain a master's degree in speech-language pathology.
• Complete a clinical fellowship in speech-language pathology.
• Take and pass the Praxis Examination in Speech-Language Pathology, a national test that assesses understanding of key content and current practices within the field.
• Secure a state license to practice independently if it is offered or required by your state.
• Get certified by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, or ASHA.

An undergraduate education in a related subject, such as communication sciences and disorders, may be mandatory for admission into a master's program in speech-language pathology, though academic prerequisites depend upon the graduate school, and some programs have a more flexible policy on college majors .

Speech-language pathology master's students learn about the many health conditions that can interfere with a person's ability to swallow, communicate or eat, including ailments that primarily affect children and diseases that are common among seniors.

Jolene Hyppa-Martin, an associate professor and a speech-language pathologist with the University of Minnesota—Duluth 's Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, notes that master's programs in speech-language pathology generally include lessons about how people who are unable to talk can express themselves via various alternative and augmentative communication devices.

Hyppa-Martin, who has a Ph.D. in speech, language and hearing sciences, adds that speech pathology students often have coursework where they learn how to counsel patients.

Standards set by ASHA's Council on Academic Accreditation mandate that all entry-level speech-language pathology programs allow students to accumulate at least 400 hours of supervised clinical practice experience. These rules also require faculty at such programs to focus on teaching certain core values like accountability, concern for patients, cultural competence and professional duty.

Hawaii board-certified speech-language pathologist Julia Kuhn explains that speech-language pathologists are expected to do a clinical fellowship – which is usually a paid, entry-level job immediately after graduation – so they can supplement their broad academic training with hands-on experience in a particular focus area, such as swallowing disorders or pediatric language issues, before they practice independently within that specialty.

Isa Marrs, a board-certified speech-language pathologist in New York, says that licensure helps to ensure that speech-language pathologists are trained thoroughly enough to care for vulnerable people. "There are so many important things that you are doing in somebody's life that having the proper training is crucial," she says.

What It Is Like to Work as a Speech-Language Pathologist

Although other health care providers such as physicians and nurse practitioners tend to earn higher wages than speech-language pathologists, there are many perks to this profession, including a solid work-life balance and a strong sense of purpose, according to experts.

But Kuhn warns that there are some hassles that come with the territory of speech-language pathology, such as a reliance on government payouts from social welfare programs like Medicare, which occasionally reduce compensation rates substantially.

Another downside to the field is the heavy caseloads that many speech-language pathologists carry, Kuhn says. Pathologists may feel frustrated by a limited amount of upward mobility since they rarely ascend to management positions, and their pay rates don't necessarily increase steadily over the course of their career, she notes.

An interest in social interaction is necessary to enjoy a career in this field, Kuhn says, as is genuine enjoyment of therapy sessions, which encompass the majority of a pathologist's workday.

Most speech-language pathologists emphasize the meaningful nature of their work. Marrs notes that there is a particular satisfaction that comes from teaching a person with a lisp to speak in a way that makes the individual feel proud rather than self-conscious.

She recalls teaching a child with autism how to chew so he could eat food that wasn't pureed. "When we accomplished that, it opened up so much for this child, as far as learning how to eat things other than baby food," Marrs says.

Hyppa-Martin says she uses voice banking tools to record those who will lose their voices due to degenerative health conditions. The software programs produce simulations of patients' voices and can be used to converse with others. Hyppa-Martin notes that one of her former clients who had a terminal illness was able to use voice bank technology to deliver a speech at his oldest daughter's wedding before his death.

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What Does a Speech Pathologist Do?

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Speech@Emerson / Resources

August 20, 2020 

Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) provide care to people with speech, language, cognition or swallowing impairments, from infants to older adults and everyone in between. If you are interested in a health care career that offers an array of specialties, practice settings or clientele, speech-language pathology may be the field for you. This resource will outline what a career in speech-language pathology entails, highlight the differences between a speech-language pathologist and speech therapist, and describe the different settings where SLPs offer their services.

What Is a Speech-Language Pathologist?

A speech-language pathologist is responsible for assessing, diagnosing, treating and developing plans of care to help improve, maintain and restore certain skills and functions in their clients. Such functions include:

• Articulation or phonological disorders, such as dysarthria or apraxia of speech.
• Language processing challenges.
• Language fluency, including stuttering.
• Feeding and swallowing difficulties due to dysphagia.
• Social communication pragmatics.

Licensing requirements to practice as an SLP vary by state, but most require supervised clinical experience and at least a  Master of Sciences in Communication Disorders (M.S.).  The  American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)  offers certification once individuals have passed the  Praxis Examination in Speech-Language Pathology.

So, why become an SLP? The path to becoming a speech-language pathologist requires hard work. But the career comes with the opportunity to improve an individual’s overall quality of life, and that can be rewarding.

Working in a high-growth field is another reason some people might consider a career as an SLP.  Speech-language pathologists held about 153,700 jobs in 2018,  according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). By 2028, the BLS projects that the number of speech-language pathology jobs will reach 195,600.

Speech Pathologist vs. Speech Therapist

What’s the difference between a speech pathologist and a speech therapist? Actually, there isn’t one. Speech-language pathology is the official profession of an individual who is commonly known as a speech therapist or a speech teacher. The terms are used interchangeably to refer to someone who evaluates clients’ unique communication impairments or disorders and determines a specialized course of treatment to help them improve over time.

Job Description of a Speech Pathologist

The day-to-day duties of a speech-language pathologist may vary based on the work setting and area of specialization. However, some key responsibilities SLPs share are as follows:

• Conduct screenings to assess a client’s speech and swallowing challenges.
• Evaluate and diagnose speech, language and communication disorders.
• Develop an appropriate treatment plan.
• Provide rehabilitation or communication strategies for those who are deaf or hard of hearing.
• Train, communicate and educate family and caregivers of those with communication or swallowing disorders.
• Offer augmentative and alternative communication systems for clients who experience challenges with severe social expression or language comprehension disorders, such as those on the autism spectrum.
• Use an interdisciplinary approach to address a client’s communication and swallowing needs.
• Complete administrative tasks, including the recording of a client’s progress during and after treatment and the maintenance of client records.

There are a variety of work settings that a speech-language pathologist can choose from. SLPs can work in nursing and residential care facilities, offices of audiologists and physical therapists or have offices of their own.

Some SLPs choose to specialize in treating and supporting clients of a specific age group, such as young children or older adults.  Our Master of Sciences in Communication Disorders (M.S.) program includes applied courses,  such as CD642-Autism: Social Communication Development and Disorder, which introduces students to the development of social communication skills in children. By the time students graduate and become licensed, they will be prepared to work with children with autism and help them to build communication and social skills outside of the typical classroom setting. The knowledge and skills acquired during applied courses may also enable students to support adults with autism who may be joining the workforce. In those cases, the SLP provides direction when it comes to writing cover letters and preparing for job interviews.

Our program also includes  clinical placements . During in-person placements, our students have the opportunity to grow their practical understanding of the communication disorders that they study in the virtual classroom. They also gain exposure to clinical settings and can decide whether they’d like to work in such an environment once they become licensed.

Speech-Language Pathologists in Hospitals vs. in Schools

Hospitals and schools are two of the  most common work settings for speech-language pathologists,  according to ASHA. Both settings come with unique challenges and opportunities.

What Does an SLP Do in a Hospital?

Medical speech-language pathologists work in health care facilities such as hospitals. They belong to an interdisciplinary treatment team that designs and implements a client’s acute or rehabilitation care plan. They may collaborate with physicians, psychologists, social workers, audiologists, or physical and occupational therapists to get the job done. The BLS indicates that  hospital-based SLPs make up 14% of all practicing SLPs.

A hospital-based or medical SLP’s main job functions may include the following:

• Diagnosing and treating cognitive, language, communication and swallowing disorders.
• Working with a range of clients who suffer from chronic diseases or have been affected by neurological events causing trauma to the brain, such as stroke, seizure, cancer or physical trauma.
• Prescribing modified diet plans for clients experiencing difficulty swallowing and symptoms of dysphagia.
• Conducting periodic screenings.
• Providing guidance, support and education to clients and their primary caregivers.
• Informing clinical staff about communication disorders to provide clients with a holistic health treatment plan.
• Conducting research on treatment methods for communication and swallowing disorders.

What Does an SLP Do in a School?

Speech-language pathologists working in education settings constitute 38% of all SLPs,  according to the BLS. Education settings include pre-kindergarten, K–12 public and private schools, and colleges and universities.

SLPs who work in early childhood education settings employ intervention strategies and support students throughout their learning cycles. It is also important for school-based SLPs to advise and work with educators and administrators. This ensures that students’ communication challenges are addressed holistically, so as not to disrupt their learning.

A school-based SLP or speech teacher’s key responsibilities may include the following:

• Conducting diagnostic evaluations and assessing students’ communication skills.
• Working with school-age children or college students with a range of learning, physical and auditory disabilities or disorders that adversely affect their educational performance.
• Identifying students who may be at risk for future communication and swallowing disorders or challenges.
• Consulting with and informing teachers, administrators and families about the prevention of and treatment for communication disorders.
• Performing classroom-based services as well as facilitating small-group and individual speech sessions.
• Working collaboratively to develop a treatment plan tailored to an individual student’s communication and swallowing challenges.
• Developing and implementing Individualized Family Service Plans and Individualized Education Programs.
• Documenting as required by federal, state and local agencies.
• Supervising clinical practicums for students working toward their SLP certification.
• Participating in schoolwide curriculum and literacy teams.

The first step to  becoming an SLP  and achieving your career goals is earning a Master of Sciences in Communication Disorders (M.S.). To learn more about the Speech@Emerson program, including its length, a look into our online campus and what to expect of immersion experiences, visit our  Speech@Emerson program page , contact the admissions team by phone at 855-997-0407 or send an email to  [email protected] .

Citation for this content:  Speech@Emerson, Emerson College’s online Master of Sciences in Communication Disorders (M.S.)

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Home / Speech Pathology Career Guide / The Guide to the ASHA Speech Pathology Scope of Practice

The Guide to the ASHA Speech Pathology Scope of Practice

The  ASHA scope of practice is an official policy document of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) , covering the breadth of practice in speech-language pathology. It defines the job of certified speech language pathologists (SLPs) in the United States—what they do, where they work, and how they help patients. Here’s a summary of the scope of practice—and what it means for you as an aspiring SLP.

What is the ASHA Scope of Practice for Speech Pathologists?

What is a scope of practice? Before getting into that, we first have to understand the role of the ASHA. Borrowing from its website, the ASHA is a “national professional, scientific, and credentialing association” covering a range of disciplines—including speech pathology. 

In brief, the ASHA’s scopes of practice details what licensed and  certified speech pathologists  are expected to do in their respective fields—and what they’re legally allowed to do in their profession. Adhering to scopes of practice are important, both for keeping patients safe and your license from liability. 

Focusing on speech pathology, the  ASHA’s scope of practice  covers the profession in detail. To quote from its website:

“The Scope of Practice in Speech-Language Pathology of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) includes the following: a statement of purpose, definitions of speech-language pathologist and speech-language pathology, a framework for speech-language pathology practice, a description of the domains of speech-language pathology service delivery, delineation of speech-language pathology service delivery areas, domains of professional practice, references, and resources.”

Definitions of Speech Language Pathologist 

The ASHA defines speech language pathologists as:

 “..professional[s] who [engage] in professional practice in the areas of communication and swallowing across the life span.” 

Communication and swallowing disorders are central to an SLP’s work. These areas are defined below:

• Communication.  SLPs who focus on communication help clients and patients in a number of areas, including language, cognition, fluency, resonance, and hearing.
• Swallowing . SLPs who focus on all aspects of swallowing, including feeding and related behaviors. 

Speech Language Pathology Framework for SLP Practice 

A  career in speech language pathology  involves helping individuals with  swallowing and communication disorders  to improve their quality of life. SLPs play a valuable role in their patients’ development and wellbeing. 

Practitioners in the field of speech therapy, who must obtain at least a  master’s in speech pathology degree , are expected to use high-quality and collaborative research and evidence to inform their decisions. Beyond that, after  becoming an SLP , practitioners work across the span of speech language pathology. In general, the ASHA scope divides SLP into service delivery and professional practice. 

Though service delivery and professional practice are interconnected—and both invaluable to the discipline at large—they approach SLP from slightly different angles. In brief, service delivery is how SLPs work directly with clients and patients, from direct counseling to screening for and treating medical conditions. The ASHA divides SLP service delivery into eight distinct areas:

• Collaboration
• Prevention and Wellness
• Modalities, Technology, and Instrumentation
• Population and Systems

The professional practice aspect goes beyond  clinical practice , encompassing research, education, and administration. This branch of SLP is ideal for individuals who want less direct relationships with patients but still want a lively career in the field. Per the ASHA’s scope of practice, professional practice includes the following five areas:

• Advocacy and Outreach
• Supervision
• Administration/Leadership

Domains of Speech Pathology Service Delivery 

Working in SLP service delivery means being comfortable in different fields. Though not an exhaustive list, here’s an overview of the ASHA’s eight service delivery domain areas.

• Collaboration . SLPs are expected to work with colleagues to create a collaborative culture. In practice, that involves encouraging communication and sharing decision-making—both with other professionals and with patients and their families. When working in a team, you’ll be expected to ensure colleagues have the skills and experience to make a difference.
• Counseling . SLPs educate, guide, and support individuals and their families. The best service delivery SLPs will therefore approach their work sensitively—giving emotional support to patients as they battle communication disorders, feeding and swallowing disorders, or related diseases.
• Prevention and Wellness . SLPs often promote prevention and wellness activities—aimed either at preventing disorders before they appear or mitigating their impact once they have. Public awareness is vital here, with SLPs often working to educate people about communication disorders and swallowing problems.
• Screening.  SLPs are experts at screening people for possible communication or swallowing disorders. Train as a SLP in service delivery, and you’ll use a range of tools to sharpen screening, including coordinating screening programs and analyzing medical records.
• Assessment . Speech language pathologists are experts in diagnosing different types of communication and swallowing disorder. They understand that some conditions occur developmentally, while others happen in isolation, without any obvious underlying condition. SLPs use a range of techniques to make diagnoses, from interviewing patients and their families to understanding their personal backgrounds. 
• Treatment . Speech language services are aimed at helping individuals’ ability to communicate and swallow—improving their quality of life. How treatment looks in practice depends on the patient, but SLPs may find themselves integrating academic research into their therapies, or working with colleagues in related fields. 
• Modalities, Technology, and Instrumentation . SLPs use the latest technologies to evaluate and care for people with communication and swallowing disorders. Endoscopy and fibre-optic machines are commonly used to assess swallowing, while ultrasound and other biofeedback systems can help with speech or voice production. 
• Population and Systems.   Apart from direct care responsibilities, SLPs also have a broader social role. Some focus on education and relating to the public. Others work to reduce the cost of care, liaising with partners to implement case management strategies.

Speech Pathology Service Delivery Areas 

What do SLPs actually do in practice? A career in service delivery means helping patients across a range of areas, from fluency to resonance. What exactly you work on will depend on your interests and job, but here’s an overview.

• Fluency and Speech Production .  From stuttering to cluttering, helping individuals with fluency is a crucial part of SLP. Speech production is important too, with articulation, motor planning, and phonology all key service delivery areas.
• Language . Encompassing both spoken and written communication, SLPs help people across the spectrum of language. This includes working on literacy, syntax, semantics, phonology, morphology, among other areas. 
• Cognition . SLPs often help people with cognitive difficulties. Attention and memory are two common areas of focus, as are problem solving and executive functioning.
• Voice .  Supporting patients with phonation quality, pitch, and loudness are important parts of a SLP’s work. Helping them overcome alaryngeal disorders are too.
• Resonance .  Service delivery SLPs will be expected to help individuals’ resonance, with hypernasality and hyponasality both pillars of the field. Treating cul-de-sac resonance and forward focus resonance are important areas too. 
• Feeding and Swallowing .  Service delivery SLPs cover all three phases of swallowing—oral, pharyngeal and esophageal. They’re also expected to deal with atypical eating disorders, including food refusal and negative physiologic responses.
• Auditory Habilitation/Rehabilitation .  Hearing loss and deafness can negatively affect an individual’s speech, language, or communication. SLPs are there to help—and support auditory processing in general.
• Elective Services .  Though most SLP services are a standard part of the job, more specialized focuses are available too. For instance, some choose to work on transgender communication, while others deal with business communication. Helping people change their accent or dialect is another popular option.

Domains of SLP Professional Practice

Working in SLP professional practice offers a range of career paths, across advocacy, administration, leadership, and more. Here’s a summary of the ASHA’s list of SLP professional practice domains.

• Advocacy and Outreach .  From academic literacy to training programs and political action, SLPs promote their profession in a variety of ways. Their ultimate goal is to reduce social and linguistic barriers in SLP—recruiting colleagues from diverse backgrounds and lobbying for funding and recognition from policymakers. 
• Supervision .  SLPs are responsible for supervising colleagues in the field—from trainees and assistants to clerical staff and other administrative support staff. This work requires strong social skills, as SLPs are expected to promote a collegial atmosphere in their workplace, and support individual growth while providing guidance and support.
• Education .  SLPs are often educators, teaching students in universities and colleagues in the workplace. This formal teaching dovetails with educating individuals, their families, caregivers, and policymakers about communication and swallowing.
• Research .  Research is crucial to a SLP’s work. Whether focusing on cognition, communication, pragmatics, literacy, and feeding and swallowing, there are plenty of areas to explore—either in specific facilities or across different institutions. 
• Administration and Leadership .  SLPs administer programs in schools, universities, healthcare settings, and more. Their responsibilities may include making financial and personnel decisions, designing programs, ensuring regulatory compliance, and cooperating with outside agencies.

Disclaimer: The information in this content is from the  American Speech-Language Hearing Association  as of August 2020. SpeechPathologyMastersPrograms.com is not responsible for changes that may occur after this date. Check ASHA’s website for the most up-to-date information.

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Speech-Language Pathologist Career

What is a speech-language pathologist.

A speech-language pathologist specializes in treating various speech impediments and addressing language comprehension difficulties. They also teach social skills to people with developmental disabilities, provide guidance to individuals with cognitive disorders, and intervene when someone struggles to swallow food or beverages. For those who cannot hear well, speech-language pathologists teach skills for understanding others and expressing themselves through other means like picture boards or technological devices.

RESPONSIBILITIES

What does a speech-language pathologist do.

These professionals work to prevent, assess, diagnose, and treat speech, language, social communication, cognitive communication, and swallowing disorders in children and adults. If you have a passion for working one-on-one with individuals to give them the tools to improve their quality of life, then speech-language pathology can be a rewarding career. A speech-language pathologist can have several responsibilities and daily tasks. Some of them may include:

• Evaluation and diagnosis.  Often, the first job of a speech-language pathologist is to evaluate individuals to determine a diagnosis. Discovering whether the person has speech, language, communication, or swallowing disorders, or a combination of these, is a crucial first step to determining a treatment plan.
• Treating disorders.  Once disorders are diagnosed, speech-language pathologists can work on treating them. One method may work well for a child struggling to swallow, while a quite different one may serve an adult struggling with communication.
• Providing training.  Speech pathologists have an important responsibility to train family members and caregivers to assist the individual in specific ways. An individual’s support group plays a key role in helping them improve. 
• Working with other professionals . It’s common for speech-language pathologists to work closely with an individual’s care team. This team may consist of school counselors, physicians, and others. Being skilled at working with these professionals to gain insight and provide the best care plan for each client is key.
• Educating future pathologists.  Speech-language pathologists often train younger aspiring pathologists. They must be prepared for students who will shadow them and be willing to provide education and lectures if asked by local universities or interested groups.
• Providing counseling.  Speech-language pathologists may provide guidance and exercises to improve speech in a counseling setting. In addition to assigning drills and tasks, they may provide support and counsel.
• Running a clinic.  It’s common for speech-language pathologists to have their own clinic or private practice. Knowing what this entails and being on top of the aspects of running a business is important. Most clinics have office staff and accountants, so the speech-language pathologist whose clinic it is must be able to supervise them effectively.
• Working with agencies.  Speech pathologists should maintain strong relationships with associations and government agencies that advocate for those with speech, language, and hearing impairments. One such agency is the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA).
• Supervising school programs.  Often, elementary schools will provide speech lessons for young students who are struggling with communication or pronunciation. Speech-language pathologists supervise these sessions and sometimes provide speech therapy themselves.
• Conducting research.  Our understanding of speech disorders and the ways to treat them is expanding. Thanks to research carried out by speech-language pathologists, we discover new treatments and gain needed knowledge to improve care and enhance progress. As a speech-language pathologist, you should plan to keep up on the latest research and even engage in your own research.

EDUCATION & BEST DEGREES

How do i become a speech-language pathologist.

There are several steps to becoming a speech-language pathologist. Here is the typical path from speech-language pathologist schooling to fellowship and examination.

• Earn a relevant bachelor’s degree. Prospective speech-language pathologists often pursue undergraduate degrees in communication sciences and disorders,  healthcare and nursing , or  special education . 
• Earn a master’s degree in speech-language pathology. After earning a bachelor’s degree, you must also earn a master’s degree to become a speech-language pathologist.  Here  is a list of these types of accredited graduate programs in each state.
• Complete a clinical fellowship. To become a speech-language pathologist, you must complete 1,260 hours and gain at least 36 weeks of full-time clinical experience. ASHA has a  helpful fellowship guide .
• Pass the Praxis exam. The  Praxis examination in speech-language pathology  is commissioned by ASHA. In general, to pass the exam, you must achieve a score of at least 162 on a 100 to 200 scale. That said, certain states may require different scores, so be sure to understand the specific requirements where you live.

5. Get certified. To become a licensed speech-language pathologist, you must be certified by both ASHA and the state you’ll be practicing in. ASHA provides links to state-specific requirements .

6. Apply for speech-language pathologists jobs. ASHA offers  career development resources  to help you find a job. Sites like Indeed, LinkedIn, and ZipRecruiter may also have job postings.

Best Degrees for a Speech-Language Pathologist

An online health degree program for students who are committed to making a...

An online health degree program for students who are committed to making a difference for patients in a variety of ways.

• Time:  63% of students finish this program in 24 months
• Tuition:  $4,085 per 6-month term
• Courses:  35 total courses in this program

Skills for your résumé that you will learn in this program:

• Epidemiology
• Community and Public Health
• Cultural Awareness
• Pathophysiology
• Healthcare Values and Ethics
• Substance Abuse Support

This degree allows you to work inside the healthcare industry, while also directly working with patients who need help.

Special Ed and Elementary Ed (Dual Licensure) – B.A.

An online teaching degree and teacher certification program for aspiring...

An online teaching degree and teacher certification program for aspiring K–12 special education teachers. Leads to dual licensure—elementary education teaching license and special education teaching license.

• Time: 60% of students finish this degree within 38 months.
• Tuition:  $3,825 per 6-month term.
• Courses: 44 total courses in this program (45 for Washington residents).

(Specific grade levels will vary depending on licensure in your state.) If your state offers a single K–12 special education teaching license and you are interested in focusing on teaching students with mild to moderate exceptionalities, consider the  B.A. Special Education (Mild to Moderate)  online teaching degree. 

Skills for your résumé included in this program:

• Elementary Reading Methods
• Elementary Mathematics Methods
• Elementary Social Studies Methods
• Elementary Science Methods
• Language Arts Instruction and Intervention

This special education teaching online degree program requires in-classroom observation and a term of full-time student teaching. 

How Much Does a Speech-Language Pathologist Make?

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the national average annual  salary for speech-language pathologists  in 2022 was $84,140. The higher percentile earners  can make  more than $100,000, but salary can vary by state.

What is the Projected Job Growth?

The BLS projects the number of speech-language pathologist jobs to  grow by 19%  from 2022 to 2032. They expect 13,200 job openings each year.

What Skills Does a Speech-Language Pathologist Need?

It takes a specialized set of hard and soft skills to excel as a speech-language pathologist. They should be skilled in the following areas:

• Active listening.  Knowing how to listen is crucial for speech-language pathologists, as understanding sounds and knowing how to improve speech is a key job function. They must know how to listen to concerns as well as incorrect speech patterns.
• Adaptability.  Every individual is different. Speech-language pathologists must be able to adapt to meet the needs of every person they meet with.  
• Leadership.  Speech-language pathologists often orient others in their field, as well as caregivers and family members. They should have strong leadership skills and have a presence that inspires confidence.
• Creativity.  It’s not always easy to help someone improve their speech. Sometimes, speech-language pathologists must find creative ways to teach language skills, especially if they’re working with children.
• Verbal and written communication.  Communication is key, especially since speech-language pathologists are teaching this very skill. Getting messages across succinctly and accurately to both individuals and their caregivers is critical.
• Critical thinking.  Finding solutions to complex speech problems is rarely easy. Speech-pathologists must be able to think critically through difficult issues to find solutions.
• Decision-making.  To be a speech-language pathologist, you must be skilled at making decisions and shifting gears. An approach that works for one client may not work for the next, so be ready to make the decision that’s best for the individual.
• Time management.  There’s high demand for speech-language pathologists, which means their schedules fill up quickly. To serve each client well, you must be intentional with your time and spend it on exercises that will best serve the client.
• Enthusiasm.  It’s much easier to work for someone who is positive and excited. The best speech-pathologists are optimistic and enthusiastic as they motivate and support the individuals they work with.
• Compassion.  Working through a speech or language difficulty can be challenging and embarrassing for individuals. Speech-language pathologists should have compassion and show kindness as they’re working with people.

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Interested in Becoming a Speech-Language Pathologist?

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Department of Speech-Language Pathology

Fostering collaborative excellence. discover the advantages of a transformational educational experience in carlow university’s master of science in speech-language pathology.

Carlow’s Master of Science in Speech-Language Pathology is committed to hands-on, interprofessional collaborative education. The program was inspired by the view that effective team collaborations improve the quality of clinical service delivery. It is our belief that frequent hands-on training transforms learning from theoretical knowledge into high-quality, evidence-based, person-centered care. Students train to prevent, assess, and treat communication and swallowing disorders within a clinically focused learning environment comprised of faculty, clinical educators, and students from several different professions including:

• Occupational Therapy
• Physical Therapy
• Physician Assistant
• Respiratory Therapy

Unique to Carlow University, students learn the value of clinical application through extensive clinical skills labs that will prepare you with the knowledge and skills needed to enter professional practice as a licensed, certified speech-language pathologist working in any clinical environment.

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Carlow SLP students said Carlow was the right fit for them 

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Faculty & staff

At Carlow, we are devoted to a teaching-learning climate of compassion, mutual respect, and ethical accountability as these elements are fundamental to cultivating a higher level of professional practice. Our faculty and staff are dedicated to delivering transformational educational experiences through innovation, close faculty mentorship, and diverse learning experiences.

Samantha Dalessio, CScD, CCC-SLP Chair, Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Founding Program Director, M.S. in Speech-Language Pathology, Associate Professor

Amanda Smith, Ed. D. CCC-SLP Director of Clinical Education, Assistant Professor

Jacqueline Gartner-Schmidt, PhD, CCC-SLP, ASHA Fellow Associate Professor

Allegra Cornaglia, PhD, CCC-SLP Assistant Professor

Amy Bernett, MS, CCC-SLP Adjunct Faculty

Mona a. el-kady, md, phd, ccc-a adjunct faculty, jerald b. moon, phd adjunct faculty, megan nanna, m.s., ccc-slp adjunct faculty, david rule, ph.d., ccc-slp, bcs-s adjunct faculty, josif stakic, md adjunct faculty, lauren mcdonald administrative assistant ii, accreditation.

The Master of Science (M.S.) education program in speech-language pathology (residential) at Carlow University is a Candidate for Accreditation by the Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology (CAA) of the American Speech-Language- Hearing Association, 2200 Research Boulevard, #310, Rockville, MD 20850, +1 (800) 498-2071 or +1 (301) 296-5700. Candidacy is a “pre accreditation” status with the CAA, awarded to developing or emerging programs for a maximum period of 5 years.

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• Loyola Today

Loyola’s master’s in speech-language pathology ranked nationally

Loyola University Maryland’s Master of Science in Speech-Language Pathology tied for No. 78 in the nation in U.S. News & World Report’s 2024 rankings for Best Graduate Schools . Loyola’s two-year, full-time speech-language pathology program provides students with the professional skills necessary to become advocates for people with communication disorders.

“As the need for speech-language services continues to grow, we offer an unrivalled academic program coupled with unique hands-on clinical training through the Loyola Clinical Centers in Baltimore,” said Frank D. Golom, Ph.D., ’04, interim dean of Loyola College, the University’s school of arts and sciences. “The national ranking recognizes the strength of Loyola’s program.”

U.S. News & World Report’s rankings reflect peer assessments of academic quality as well as location, environment, cost after tuition and financial aid, and job placement.

Loyola offers an undergraduate bachelor of arts degree, as well as a master of science degree in speech-language pathology. Undergraduate students are introduced to the profession through foundational coursework—which lays the academic foundation and clinical exposure to prepare students to successfully pursue a graduate degree. Loyola's graduate program is accredited by the Council on Academic Accreditation of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.

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If you are a member of the media and have questions about this story, please contact Rita Buettner at [email protected] .

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The Master of Arts in Speech-Language Pathology (SLP) Program at California State University, Long Beach is accredited by the Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology (CAA) of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA).

The primary purpose of CSULB’s Speech-Language Pathology Graduate Program is to prepare students as professional speech-language pathologists. The program’s objectives are to provide our students with: 

• Advanced knowledge in congenital, developmental, acquired, and neurogenic speech, language and communication disorders across the lifespan 
• Competence in implementing evidence-based practice in making ethical clinical decisions    
• Knowledge of procedures and methods for differential diagnosis in speech-language pathology 
• 400 clinical contact hours working with individuals with various communication and swallowing disorders 
• Competence in working with individuals with different cultural and linguistic backgrounds
• On-campus clinical practicum and off-campus internships to develop and refine clinical skills consistent with the defined scope of practice
• Internship experience in both school and medical/private practice settings 
• Development of cultural competence through seminars, clinical courses, internships, and student exchange program 
• Coursework and clinical contact hours for certification as a speech-language pathologist by the American Speech-Language and Hearing Association 
• Opportunities to participate in faculty-led or student-led research projects

CSULB SLP M.A. program is a cohort program to be completed in 5 semesters which include a semester of school-based internship and a semester of medical/private practice internship. Students who successfully complete the SLP M.A. program at CSULB are eligible for Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language Pathology (CCC-SLP), California State License in Speech-Language Pathology, and California Speech-Language Pathology Services Credential (SLPSC). 

Admission to the Graduate Program

Enrollment in 500/600 level courses in Speech-Language Pathology is restricted to students who have been accepted to the graduate program of the department as unconditionally classified students. Students wishing to be admitted must complete the following procedures:

• Students must meet the criteria for acceptance by the University as a graduate student;
•  Every student must apply directly to the university through Cal State Apply. Cal State Apply applications are processed by the university online at  https://www2.calstate.edu/apply . The department will access the transcripts electronically for department evaluation. 
• Students applying to the SLP M.A. program must apply to the Department of Speech-Language Pathology for admission using the Department Application Form. The appropriate Department Application Form which is available on the SLP Department website:  https://www.csulb.edu/college-of-health-human-services/speech-language-pathology . The Department of Speech-Language Pathology admits students to the M.A program once per year for fall start dates.  

Prerequisites

Students applying to the graduate program in Speech-Language Pathology must have completed one of these two prerequisites:

• A bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution with a major in Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD), Speech-Language Pathology (SLP), Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences; or
• A bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution in a discipline other than Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD). The applicant must have at least 30 semester units (or 45 quarter units) of coursework in speech-language pathology/communication sciences and disorders before enrollment in the graduate program.

Note 1: A minimum of 30 semester units (45 quarter units) in SLP coursework must be completed before enrollment in the graduate program.

Note 2: Any course deficiencies will be determined by the department graduate advisor and the department chairperson after consultation with the student and the student’s faculty advisor. Students applying to the graduate program in Speech-Language Pathology will have completed the identified coursework prior to enrollment in graduate classes.

Advancement to Candidacy

In order to be advanced to candidacy for a master’s degree, a student must meet the following criteria:

• enrollment in the semester in which advancement takes place;
• must complete all undergraduate requirements if any course deficiencies are identified by the department graduate advisor and the department chairperson;
• complete a minimum of 9 units of SLP graduate-level coursework at CSULB;
• maintenance of a GPA of at least 3.0 in (a) all graduate work completed in Speech-Language Pathology, (b) all graduate work completed at CSULB, and (c) all graduate work transferred to meet graduation requirements with no grade below “C”;
• submission of the Department’s Advancement to Candidacy Form which will be reviewed and approved by the department graduate advisor and the department chairperson. 

Note: Once a student advances to candidacy, he/she must continue to maintain at least a 3.0 cumulative GPA; otherwise, candidacy may be revoked.

Requirements

Fifty-six to fifty-eight (57-59) units of graduate coursework are required:

Take all of the following courses (51 units):

• SLP 661 - Seminar in Cognitive-Communication Disorders after Acquired Brain Injury (3 units)
• SLP 662 - Seminar in Language and Literacy Disorders in School-Age Children and Adolescents (3 units)
• SLP 663 - Seminar in Preschool Language Disorders and Speech Sound Disorders (3 units)
• SLP 665 - Seminar in Aphasia and Related Neurogenic Language Disorders (3 units)
• SLP 666 - Seminar in Motor Speech Disorders (3 units)
• SLP 667 - Seminar in Autism Spectrum Disorders (3 units)
• SLP 668 - Seminar in Dysphagia (3 units)
• SLP 669A - Multicultural Clinical Practicum: Developmental Speech and Language Clinic (4 units)
• SLP 669H - Multicultural Clinical Practicum: Entry Level Clinic (3 units)
• SLP 669J - Multicultural Clinical Practicum: Acquired Neurogenic Speech and Language Clinic (4 units)
• SLP 696 - Research Methods: Applied and Basic (3 units)
• SLP 670 - Clinical Internship in Speech-Language Pathology (5 units)
• SLP 672 - Seminar in Augmentative and Alternative Communication (3 units)
• SLP 676 - Seminar in Voice, Resonance and Fluency Disorders (3 Units)
• SLP 686A - Public School Practicum in Speech-Language Pathology (5 units)

Complete two (2 units) of the following course

• SLP 678 - Clinical Methods in Speech-Language Pathology (1 Unit)

Complete one of the following culminating requirements (4-6 units) in the final semester of the program

• SLP 575 - Educational Topics in Speech-Language Pathology (3 units)
• SLP 695 - Directed Readings (1‑3 units)
• SLP 698 - Thesis (1‑4 units)

Regulations governing the preparation and eligibility for culminating activity options are available in the Department Office and Graduate Handbook.