vmware case study discussion

VMware case studies: 10 real-life enterprise success stories

Vmware's products are used in a whole host of sectors, from education to banking. explore some real-life vmware success stories in our case study guide..

In a dramatically short space of time, the world of enterprise has undergone a transformation. In fact, it's kind of like a friend you haven't seen in years. It's got a new haircut and a new attitude.

Legacy apps are rapidly taking a back seat as software and data are moved en masse to the cloud.

No matter what industry you work in, the cloud is where it's at – and VMware has been leading the way with its powerful suite of virtualisation and cloud computing software.

From banking to education, from healthcare to networking – more and more enterprises are taking the plunge. In this article, we look at ten case studies that owe their success not only to their forward-thinking team leaders but also to VMware.

We begin with a household name: Lloyd's Banking Group.

Lloyd's Banking Group

Given the ubiquity of cloud solutions, you might be surprised to learn that the banking sector is trailing behind – comparatively speaking, at least.

At the time of writing, just a quarter of banks run more than 30% of their software on the cloud.

However, there are powerful arguments to be made for cloud banking, from its capacity to reduce infrastructure costs to its consolidation of data silos.

Lloyd's Banking Group has heard the good news and acted accordingly. It's the UK's biggest retail bank – and the bank of choice for many household high-street names.

Speaking in 2022, Sarah Lucas, Head of Migration Services, told an interviewer all about the cloud transformation journey that Lloyd's has been on.

To begin with, small teams were spun up to test the waters. But private and public teams were using different solutions – and this didn't always make for clear communication.

Over time, these teams were unified, "making", as Lucas says, "a clearer path to the cloud".

Massachusetts Consortium for Innovative Education Assessment

How do you know what a school's strengths are? In Massachusetts, MCIEA realised there were a couple of obstacles in the way – and it turned to VMware to help remove them.

First, data from schools isn't always of a high quality. Second, it's often delivered long after the fact. Both of these things can make it difficult for parents to decide whether a school is right for their kids.

MCIEA tackled this problem by building a web portal in partnership with VMware Tanzu. This interface gives parents useful data about the areas of strength and areas of improvement in Massachusetts schools.

In MCIEA's own words , VMware has helped them to be a "lighthouse" and show what can be accomplished in the world of education assessment.

Sentara Brock Cancer Center

Sentara is a North American healthcare system with 14 hospitals across Virginia and North Carolina. It's used VMware on Azure to move its operations to the cloud.

IT, says Matt Douglas, Chief Enterprise Architect at Sentara, is a critical part of healthcare with the capacity to save lives. Sentara's clinical research, which contributed to the COVID-19 vaccine rollout, depends on mammoth data sets. This data can be analysed with greater speed and precision when run on the cloud.

There's another problem that the cloud helps solve. Healthcare records are vulnerable to hacking and identity theft. Sentara wanted to ensure its patient data was as safe as its clinical data.

It leveraged VMware on Azure to move its mission-critical software to the cloud, weeding out legacy apps that were reaching the end of their lifecycles or were compromised by compliance issues. It also used VMware HCX to automate and schedule the migration of workloads.

In its own words, Sentara, in partnership with VMware, is part of a "healthcare revolution".

Lumen is a networking firm that operates around 400,000 route miles of fibre and 160,000 on-net fibre locations.

It worked with VMware to converge compute, storage, network and security functions and enable customers to build firewalls, VPNs and more in minutes rather than days.

It's also partnered with VMware to create joint solutions: Lumen Private Cloud on VMware Cloud Foundation, Lumen Edge Private Cloud with VMware Tanzu, Lumen SD-Wan with VMware and Lumen Managed VMware Cloud on AWS.

American Tire Distributors (ATD)

ATD is a success story in more ways than one. It's an independent supplier of tyres with more than 100 distribution centres and 80,000 customers in the USA.

In recent years, ATD has undergone a dramatic digital transformation in partnership with VMware, making the most of both VMware's products and its services.

In the words of Chris Green, Enterprise Infrastructure Management at ATD, VMware helps the company to "analyse where we want to get to in a software-defined data centre and what our gaps are now".

And the winner is…

In August 2023, VMware's "Explore" convention was held in Las Vegas – and it handed out gongs for customer achievement to business leaders from a range of sectors.

These companies were singled out both for their "transformational journeys" and for making the move from on-prem to cloud with innovation in mind.

The winners were:

• Putnam Investments, Weathering the Change Hero
• ADT (not to be confused with ATD!), Customer Experiences Hero
• OSDE, Modern Apps Innovator
• City of Edmonton, Cloud Infrastructure Innovator
• The Boeing Company, Hybrid Workforce Innovator

This should give you a sense of the breadth of VMware's versatility. From smart homes to investment management, from aeroplanes to an entire city – name an enterprise that can't benefit from cloud migration and we'll show you a flying pig.

Are you looking for cloud consultancy services to help you on your digital transformation journey? At Ascend Cloud Solutions, we know the VMware software suite like few others – and we're old hands at cloud migration. Get in touch to book a no-obligation consultation.

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SD-WAN Cut Costs, Sped Branch Connections

VMware IT needed a better, cost-efficient solution than high-cost, traditional, router-based VPNs and MPLS connecting global remote offices.

The challenge

As a major enterprise, VMware has global offices that need to be interconnected to deliver support for unified communications, disaster preparedness, and operational efficiencies. While state of the art when deployed, the traditional router-based WAN VPNs currently utilized as the connection backbone between offices (and headquarters) have proven prohibitively expensive relative to other operations due to the labor- intensive nature of updating configurations.

The solution

The answer came in the form of software-defined WAN (SD-WAN)—an improved approach to traditional WAN—made possible by the VMware SD-WAN solution. Traditional WAN routers and their architectures were designed for another era, one where mass adoption of cloud applications, services, and similar resources was not an issue. VMware SD-WAN was designed specifically to operate and support the cloud, enabling VMware’s offices to easily meet unceasing end-user demands while offering unprecedented flexibility and connectivity.

Take back the drawbacks

VMware SD-WAN eliminates the drawbacks inherent with traditional WAN. SD-WAN delivers reduced connectivity protection and link remediation, plus superior scalability and flexibility. CapEx-centric hardware, individual site-by-site management, and exclusive dependence on MPLS are no longer challenges. In addition, VMware SD-WAN is simple to deploy and maintain, whereas premises-based routers are exceedingly complex to install, upgrade, and maintain—as well as require a lot of handholding by highly trained, skilled, onsite technicians.

A truly different way of connecting

VMware IT replaced edge routers, increasing overall performance for end users with the proprietary VMware SD-WAN Dynamic Multipath Optimization (DMPO), and deployed a new WAN standard for branch offices by using the Internet alongside MPLS as an additional method of transport. Depending on demand and the circumstances of individual offices, several remote offices use only a single circuit rather than costly dual MPLS circuits.

Routers are unable to proactively optimize regular traffic before congestion becomes an issue, thereby ineffectively managing multi-service inbound quality of service (QoS). With VMware SD-WAN, IT team members simplified overly complex QoS policies and resolved previous QoS router issues.

Safe and sound

With VMware SD-WAN, intelligence moves from the data plane to the programmable control plane. This enables the architecture to be transport independent; operate across any combination of public or private circuits; and offer secure connectivity to enterprise data centers, cloud and edge compute, and software-as-a-service (SaaS) applications. Standards-based encryption (such as AES) provides secure connectivity over any type of transports, forming a highly secure cloud network. Devices are only granted access after authentication in the management plane and, if they fully adhere to assigned business policies, prevent a rogue player from infiltrating connections.

Start local, go global

Like any major infrastructure shift, VMware IT began its VMware SD-WAN implementation in phases, starting in October 2018, with the migration of the Chennai office in India. Three more offices in San Francisco, California; Colorado Springs, Colorado; and Coral Gables, Florida have since been deployed with SD-WAN, replacing existing edge and Internet routers for VMware SD-WAN Edges.

In the San Francisco office, DMPO allowed automatic link monitoring; autodetection of which service provider was in use; and autoconfiguration of link characteristics, routing, and QoS settings. Enhanced QoS, via the business policy, optimized the application behavior that drives queuing, bandwidth utilization, link steering, and mitigation of network errors. Overall network performance was enhanced, and IT was able to eliminate the MPLS single point of failure. In addition, substantial cost savings were realized due to the replacement of the existing edge routers. After the deployment of VMware SD-WAN, VMware IT observed a 200 percent performance improvement as it could use both links using the DMPO feature.

Similar results were achieved in Colorado Springs. MPLS and Internet circuits were migrated to management by VMware SD-WAN rather than routers, improving network performance and eliminating the MPLS single point of failure. By taking advantage of this second site deployment, the team was able to utilize all three network overlays when communicating between two sites enabled with VMware SD-WAN. This offered additional performance improvements as well as better reliability, results that mirrored the San Francisco metrics.

A fourth pilot program in Coral Gables went live with VMware SD-WAN. During this maintenance, IT teams migrated Internet circuits to VMware SD-WAN and replaced two edge routers. This solution provides improved network performance and allows connectivity to VMware sites without using MPLS. VMware will also be able to use overlays when communicating with the San Francisco and Colorado Springs VMware SD-WAN sites, providing improved performance and reliability.

Always trust your pilot

Data and metrics demonstrated that the pilot programs have proven successful, solving the networking challenges posed by the legacy architecture. Results included:

• The MPLS single point of failure was eliminated for Tier 2 sites.
• DMPO and forward error correction (FEC) prevented packet loss and eliminated reduced connectivity situations.
• Upload and download speeds increased by 200 percent by sharing capacity on backup links.
• Second site deployment enabled the utilization of all network overlays in a mesh when communicating between two sites enabled with VMware SD-WAN. This contributes to additional performance improvements as well as better reliability.
• VMware SD-WAN addressed the single point of failure for sites with a single MPLS line.
• VMware SD-WAN provided VMware internal connectivity for sites using broadband rather than MPLS.
• DMPO allowed the use of all available WAN transports.

Branch Office with VMware SD-WAN

Company Profile

VMware, a subsidiary of Dell Technologies, provides cloud computing and platform virtualization software and services. It was the first commercially successful company to virtualize the x86 architecture. Today, VMware software powers the world’s complex digital infrastructure. The company’s various offerings provide a dynamic and efficient digital foundation to more than 500,000 customers globally, aided by an ecosystem of 75,000 partners.

Company Name: VMware

Industry:  Cloud Computing and Platform Virtualization Software and Services

Headquarters:  Palo Alto, California

Key Challenges

• Traditional WAN router infrastructure was expensive
• Branch offices were suffering due to an inflexible and unscalable network that lacked MPLS

VMware SD-WAN enables remote offices to experience faster connectivity performance, secure transmission, optimized QoS, and scalability and flexibility that enable future growth. VMware offices can now easily adapt to the increasing demands of cloud applications, services, and resources inherent in today’s enterprises.

Business Benefits

• Enables optimized connectivity performance
• Substantially reduces cost outlays, shifting the business from CapEx to OpEx
• Enables remote office employees to share the same network experience as those in primary business offices

"VMware SD-WAN Cuts Costs, Accelerates Performance for Branch Office Connections”

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Case Study: VMware

• Based on work at Stanford in the late 1990s.
• The founders realized that rather than solving existing problems in large, complex, operating systems, one could innovate in a layer below the OS.
• VMware Workstation for Linux Ran on top of Linux.
• VMware Workstation for Windows Ran on top of Windows.
• Aimed at the server consolidation market.
• Prior practice: buy a server for each email, web, DB server application.
• Machines were often at 10% capacity!
• 2002: Virtual Center / vSphere : Manage 1000s of virtual machines from one application.
• VMotion : Live migrate servers.

• The first virtualization product for 32-bit x86.
• Intel and AMD build the chips.
• Microsoft (Windows) and open source (Linux) provide the OS.
• A third group of companies build peripherals.
• A fourth group of integrators (Dell, HP) build systems for retail sale.
• What's more, there was no hardware support for virtualization.
• So VMware had to use existing techniques of virtualization, borrow techniques from other areas, and invent some.

More on VMware Workstation

Hypervisors add a level of indirection to the domain of computer hardware. They provide the abstraction of a virtual machine : each one thinks if is "king of the hill," and has a whole machine to itself. Ideally, the VMs should be just like the emulated machine, as fast as the emulated machine, and completely isolated from each other. VMware had these goals (general to most virtualization):

• Compatibility: Any x86 OS, and all of its applications, should be able to run on without modifications on the VM.
• Performance: The overhead of the hypervisor had to be low enough the users could use a VM as their primary machine. Ideally, things run as fast as on a native OS, but at least as fast as the previous chip generation.
• Isolation: The hypervisor had to ensure complete isolation of each VM, i.e., be completely in charge of the real physical resources. A VM might be infected with malicious code: this will not impact any other VM.

There was tension between the requirements. E.g., total compatibility might need to be sacrificed for performance. But the designers held isolation as paramount. The primary challenges were:

• The x86 architecture did not support virtualization. ( Popek and Goldberg requirements for virtualization ) Example: POPF (pop flags) would fail silently in user mode.
• The x86 architecture was of daunting complexity. Decades of "cruft" built up due to backwards compatibility goal. Four modes: real, protected, v8086, and system management . x86 operating modes.
• x86 machines had diverse peripherals.
• The need for a simple user experience. The users would be doing the installs themselves, not (e.g.) an IBM technician.
• VMM (Virtual Machine Monitor): runs the actual virtual machine.
• VMX: interacts with host OS.

Possible approaches:

• Rely on hardware support for virtualization to trap-and-emulte privileged instructions . Not available on x86 until 2005. Trap
• Dynamic binary translation : the VMM emulates all instructions. Problem: too slow for most uses. (5x)

The solution:

• Trap-and-emulate can be used when user programs are running.
• In other cases, resort to binary translation.
• Run an algorithm to decide which to do. This doesn't need to examine code, just registers!

Binary translation must be used if:

• The virtual machine is running in kernel mode (ring 0).
• The virtual machine can disable interrupts and issue I/O instructions.
• The virtual machine is running in real mode, a legacy 16-bit mode used by BIOS.

VMware can speed up binary translation to near-native speeds because it sets the hardware to run the code instead of translating it in software. Runs at 80% of native speed, instead of 20%.

• Ideally, we want the hypervisor to emulate the hardware so successfully that any OS that runs on that hardware will run on the hypervisor.
• With the x86 family, this was not possible: no hardware support for virtualization, too complex.
• So the VMware engineers focused on just a few, like Linux, Windows 3.1, 95/98 and NT. (But Minix ran as well, by accident.)
• Only OS/2 ever used x86 rings 1 and 2, so VMware would just shut down the VM if it tried to enter those rings.

Two layers:

• Software model that "looks like" the device to the guest OS.
• A back-end that communicates with the host OS.

Example: the "Lance" 10-Mbps ethernet card. VMware "supported" this card long after the real thing was off the market, and eventually could run 10x faster. The actual hardware did not have to be what the guest OS thought was there! It just talked to the VMware drivers, and they could be coupled with different back-ends.

• By creating a type 2 hypervisor, VMware could be installed like a normal program.
• It could use the host's drivers to handle the problem of multiple peripherals.
• But VMware needed to do fancy things an ordinary application could not.
• And many of those things an ordinary kernel-level device driver shouldn't do either.

So , create three components:

• VMX: a user-space program the user interacts with: one per VM.
• VMX driver: A small kernel-mode device driver that can suspend the host OS for the...
• VMM: multiplexes the CPU and memory; contains trap-and-emulate, device drivers, shadow paging module, binary translator. Runs in kernel mode, but not "in" the host OS.

VMX runs as an OS process. But the VMM is a peer. The VMX suspends the host OS and gives the VMM full control of the machine. This is a world switch . The VMM and the host OS have entirely different address spaces. Although earlier described as very time consuming, here the book says the world switch only takes 45 instructions!

The VMM / hhost OS architecture remains the same. But today, VMware Workstation can rely on:

• Trap-and-emulate all the time
• Nested hardware page tables instead of the shadow page table

Not having a host OS to rely upon means ESX has more work to do than VMware Workstation. But in a situation where IT organizations are trying to run 1000s of virtual machines, a type 1 hypervisor makes sense: it will run significantly faster.

• The CPU scheduler ensures that each virtual machine gets a fair share of the CPU: no starvation.
• Scalability: VMs run efficiently even when they need more memory than is actually available. Ballooning and transparent page sharing introduced.
• An optimized I/O subsystem: device drivers run directly within the ESX hypervisor, with no world switch required.
• ESX uses a file system (VMFS) optimized to store virtual machine images. A single ESX Server can issue over 1 million disk operations per second.
• The workstations were aimed at developers: one could experiment with new OS releases inside a VM.
• ESX Server made it easy to implement new capabilities.
• VMotion: live migrate a VM from one box running ESX Server to another. This required the coordination of the memory manager, the CPU scheduler, and the networking stack.

• A key attribute of an ideal virtual machine would be
• it runs as fast as the real machine
• it runs just like the real machine
• it is completely isolated from other VMs
• all of the above.
• Live migrating a VM between physical devices requires coordination of
• the file system and the stack pointer
• the CPU scheduler the memory manager and the network stack
• the RAID array
• the number of applications running on each VM.
• A motivation for VMware was
• the desire to copy IBM
• the need for a research grant
• the fact that no one had ever created a VM before
• the difficulty in innovating in complex modern operatings systems.
• One factor making VMs easier to implement on mainframes than on PCs was
• vertical integration in the mainframe world
• Microsoft's opposition to virtualization
• the complexity of mainframe design
• the lack of UNIX versions on PCs
• Another factor making virtualization difficult on the WinTel platform was
• the overly simple chip architecture
• the amazing diversity of peripherals
• the competition from IBM
• all of the above
• A virtualization approach called "trap-and-emulate" involves
• a switch to the hypervisor when certain instructions are executed by the VM
• faking the guest into "thinking" is has really executed certain instructions
• allowing most instructions to run directly on the hardware
• VMware must use binary translation to handle
• graphics programs
• playing video
• executing privileged instructions
• floating point mathematics
• VMware manages to interact with the host OS by
• creating a kernel-mode device driver
• relying on a re-written version of the host OS
• using binary translation
• using direct execution
• Ballooning consists in
• pumping up each virtual machine to believe it is in charge of the hardware
• creating a process inside a virtual machine that can reclaim memory for the hypervisor
• On an x86 machine privileged instructions
• make the user who runs them the superuser
• are ignored by virtual machines
• can only be used by the rich
• can only be executed in kernel mode

1. d; 2. b; 3. d; 4. a; 5. b; 6. d; 7. c; 8. a; 9. b; 10. d;

Case Study: VMware

VMware, which is a member of the Dell Technologies family of businesses, is a global leader in B2B2C cloud infrastructure and digital workspace technologies. Through its class-leading solutions such as VSphere Suite and vCloud Air, and supported by a workforce of more than 15,000 professionals, VMware accelerates digital transformation by enabling unprecedented freedom and flexibility in how organizations build and evolve IT environments.

VMware’s Challenges

The IT team based at VMware’s Bangalore Campus in India are responsible for managing more than 300 servers and over 1,300 remote connections. However, the team was facing significant efficiency and workflow-related challenges.

Learn more about these challenges and how Remote Desktop Manager has changed the way they work on our blog:

https://blog.devolutions.net/2017/04/case-study-vmware-inc.html

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Google begs court for relief from Epic Games' Play Store demands

$137m needed to overhaul play store too great to bear, google argues. oh, and user security is important, too.

Google has asked a California judge to deny Epic Games' requested remedies after the Play Store was found to be an illegal monopoly, arguing the changes would be too costly and create new security risks for Android users. 

The Chocolate Factory filed a briefing [PDF] objecting to Epic's demands on Monday, arguing that its internal estimate of up to $137 million to implement catalog access, library porting and distribution of third-party app stores, plus ongoing charges to keep the whole thing running, was simply too much to bear.

"These estimates reflect the technical and review costs to Google," the company says in the filing. "They do not include the incalculable costs that Google would suffer from the harms to the Google and Play brands or to the security and viability of the Android ecosystem caused by these remedies." 

Google reported a net income of $23.7 billion in the first quarter of 2024.

Google's objections revolve around three requests from Epic: First, providing third-party app stores with access to Google Play's catalog of apps not available on their stores for easier linking back to Google Play, which Google says gives third-party app stores a free ride to benefit from Google's own app catalog. Google said this would also require it to create a new method of sharing metadata with third-party stores, which it believes would harm user security. 

Second, Google doesn't want to support library porting that would allow Android users to change ownership for apps installed via Google Play to the same app available from a third-party store. Google says Android 14 already "largely address the goal of the library porting remedy" and as such additional measures aren't necessary. 

Third, Google doesn't want to comply with Epic's request that Google Play be required to distribute third-party app stores because "the Play Store as it exists today is designed to distribute apps, not app stores." Modifying it to do so would be costly, and also pose a security risk to users, Google argues. 

The Android maker is asking for more time to file an additional briefing on other potential legal issues of Epic's request, which the judge has yet to issue a decision on. 

The Epic saga continues

It's been six months since a California jury decided that Google Play was an illegal monopoly, but that verdict hasn't settled matters. 

Epic and Google have been in and out of court in the months following the verdict to hammer out terms of agreement on the injunction Epic proposed in April, and the court's decision [PDF] to have Google file the aforementioned briefing followed a discussion between "economic experts" in May, during which Judge James Donato reportedly expressed skepticism of Google's Play Store apocalypse claims. 

• Meta, Microsoft, X, Match pledge selves to Epic battle against Apple App Store
• Apple's had it with Epic's app store shenanigans, terminates dev account
• Epic Games' court dates with Apple and Google pushed into 2024
• Epic payout: FTC opens Fortnite settlement claim floodgates

"Google has a history of malicious compliance and has attempted to circumvent legislation and regulation meant to reign in their anti-competitive control over Android devices," Epic said of its demands of the search behemoth. "Our proposed injunction seeks to block Google from repeating past bad-faith tactics and open up Android devices to competition and choice for all developers and consumers."

Epic has until July 24 to respond to Google. The Fortnite maker declined to comment on the matter, and Google hasn't responded to questions. 

Epic's other big app store antitrust case against Apple, decided in 2021 , isn't over yet either.

The games developer mostly lost its case against Apple, though US District Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers of the Northern District of California did decide in Epic Games's favor that Apple could no longer stop developers from linking to outside payment sources for in-app purchases. The decision was passively upheld by the Supreme Court last August.

Yet the fight still hasn't ended, and the pair were back in court recently for a discovery hearing to determine whether Apple has complied with the injunction issued in the case. 

According to court documents [PDF] filed last week, the May 8 hearing "exposed serious gaps in Apple's narrative of compliance," and additional documents the court asked Apple to hand over "did not comply with the Court's orders." 

Apple and Epic were back in court yesterday to discuss the matter, records for which are not yet available. ®

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Retrospective analysis of glacial lake outburst flood (glof) using ai earth insar and optical images: a case study of south lhonak lake, sikkim.

1. Introduction

2. study setting, 3. data and method, 3.1.1. sar images, 3.1.2. optical images, 3.2. insar calculation in cloud platform, 3.2.1. gpu-assisted insar processing module, 3.2.2. automated full-resolution fast insar time-series analysis method.

• Employ the small baseline principle to select interferometric pairs and generate the optimal interferometry network [ 40 ].
• Calculate burst offsets between each image and the reference image, generating a burst offset file and determining the burst offsets of each slave image based on the AOI of the reference image.
• Automatically download the corresponding orbit auxiliary files and external DEM files. SRTM DEM with a resolution of 30 m was utilized to subsequently mitigate terrain phase effects.
• Utilize GPU to accelerate the generation of differential interferograms; details of GPU-accelerated InSAR processing are available in Section 3.2.1 . Subsequently, all generated differential interferograms are resampled based on the registration parameters to ensure consistency with the SAR coordinate system of the reference image.
• Image cutting. Interferograms are cropped according to the specified range of the AOI.
• SHPS phase filtering and phase unwrapping. Utilize the SHPS algorithm to reduce noise in the interferograms while preserving the spatial resolution of SAR images. Coherent points surrounding each reference pixel are selected, aiming to retain interferogram details while eliminating phase noise from incoherent and low-coherence areas. Then, phase unwrapping of interferograms was achieved using minimum cost flow (MCF) networks [ 41 ].
• Corrections for orbital error and terrain-related atmospheric delay errors.
• Time-series analysis in SAR coordinate system. With high-pass and low-pass filters, the average deformation rate is calculated using the linear least squares (LS) method. Subsequently, a time-series analysis is performed. The InSAR time-series analysis module follows the traditional method, employing the Small Baseline Subset method to derive deformation time series through the singular value decomposition (SVD) algorithm [ 6 ].

4. Results and Analysis

4.1. analysis of insar deformation results, 4.2. optical image analysis, 5. discussion, 5.1. correlation between insar deformation results and multiple factors, 5.1.1. rainfall factor, 5.1.2. lake area factor, 5.1.3. slope factor, 5.2. possible causes of landslide and glof, 5.3. secondary landslide risk, 6. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Yu, Y.; Li, B.; Li, Y.; Jiang, W. Retrospective Analysis of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Using AI Earth InSAR and Optical Images: A Case Study of South Lhonak Lake, Sikkim. Remote Sens. 2024 , 16 , 2307. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132307

Yu Y, Li B, Li Y, Jiang W. Retrospective Analysis of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Using AI Earth InSAR and Optical Images: A Case Study of South Lhonak Lake, Sikkim. Remote Sensing . 2024; 16(13):2307. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132307

Yu, Yang, Bingquan Li, Yongsheng Li, and Wenliang Jiang. 2024. "Retrospective Analysis of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Using AI Earth InSAR and Optical Images: A Case Study of South Lhonak Lake, Sikkim" Remote Sensing 16, no. 13: 2307. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132307

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