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From total quality management to Quality 4.0: A systematic literature review and future research agenda

• Review Article
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• Published: 13 March 2023
• Volume 10 , pages 191–205, ( 2023 )

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• Hu-Chen Liu 1 ,
• Ran Liu 1 ,
• Xiuzhu Gu 2 &
• Miying Yang 3  

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Quality 4.0 is an emerging concept that has been increasingly appreciated because of the intensification of competition, continually changing customer requirements and technological evolution. It deals with aligning quality management practices with the emergent capabilities of Industry 4.0 to improve cost, time, and efficiency and increase product quality. This article aims to comprehensively review extant studies related to Quality 4.0 to uncover current research trends, distil key research topics, and identify areas for future research. Thus, 46 journal articles extracted from the Scopus database from 2017 to 2022 were collected and reviewed. A descriptive analysis was first performed according to the year-wise publication, sources of publication, and research methods. Then, the selected articles were analyzed and classified according to four research themes: Quality 4.0 concept, Quality 4.0 implementation, quality management in Quality 4.0, and Quality 4.0 model and application. By extracting the literature review findings, we identify the Quality 4.0 definitions and features, develop the quality curve theory, and highlight future research opportunities. This study supports practitioners, managers, and academicians in effectively recognizing and applying Quality 4.0 to enhance customer satisfaction, achieve innovation enterprise efficiency, and increase organizational competitiveness in the era of Industry 4.0.

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Hu-Chen Liu & Ran Liu

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This work was partially supported by the major project of National Social Science Fund of China (Grant No. 21ZDA024).

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Liu, HC., Liu, R., Gu, X. et al. From total quality management to Quality 4.0: A systematic literature review and future research agenda. Front. Eng. Manag. 10 , 191–205 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-022-0243-z

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Received : 31 July 2022

Accepted : 01 November 2022

Published : 13 March 2023

Issue Date : June 2023

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-022-0243-z

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Quality 4.0: the efqm 2020 model and industry 4.0 relationships and implications.

1. Introduction

• RQ1. What are the novel features of the EFQM 2020 model?
• RQ2. What are the relationships and implications between the EFQM 2020 model and Industry 4.0?
• RQ3. Is the EFQM 2020 model a novel Quality 4.0 management system?

2. Materials and Methods

3. literature review, 3.1. the efqm 2020 model, 3.2. industry 4.0.

• The industrial Internet of Things (IoT) allows people and things to be always interconnected, digitalizing all physical systems towards ensuring transformational solutions that will be foundational for future complex business ecosystems [ 43 ].
• Cloud computing, using cloud applications and services conveniently combined towards enhancing systems interoperability, data sharing, and the improvement of systems’ performance over time [ 63 ].
• Big data: “large volumes of high velocity, complex and variable data requiring advanced techniques to enable the capture, storage, distribution, management and analysis of the information” [ 64 ].
• Simulation: the development of digital twin models to better understand the dynamics of simulations in business systems applicable to all product lifecycle phases. The combination of real-life data with simulation models improves productivity and maintenance performance, based on realistic data [ 65 , 66 ].
• Augmented reality (AR) improves human performance by providing the information required for a given task [ 67 ]. As an example, AR enhances human performances in technical maintenance task execution as it supports improved maintenance decision making [ 67 ].
• Additive manufacturing is a technology, also known as rapid prototyping, digital manufacturing, or 3D printing, that enables the development of new products and business models [ 68 ].
• Horizontal and vertical system integration, with collaborative scenarios of system integration and real-time sharing [ 69 ].
• Autonomous robots with AI and improved adaptation and flexibility can support different manufacturing processes and decrease production costs [ 69 ].
• Cybersecurity (CS) is related to a high level of information security and involves technology to protect, detect, and respond to attacks [ 70 , 71 ].

3.3. Quality 4.0

4. discussion of the efqm 2020 model and industry 4.0 relationships and implications, 5. conclusions and outlook, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Fonseca, L.; Amaral, A.; Oliveira, J. Quality 4.0: The EFQM 2020 Model and Industry 4.0 Relationships and Implications. Sustainability 2021 , 13 , 3107. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063107

Fonseca L, Amaral A, Oliveira J. Quality 4.0: The EFQM 2020 Model and Industry 4.0 Relationships and Implications. Sustainability . 2021; 13(6):3107. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063107

Fonseca, Luis, António Amaral, and José Oliveira. 2021. "Quality 4.0: The EFQM 2020 Model and Industry 4.0 Relationships and Implications" Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3107. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063107

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• DOI: 10.1108/ijqrm-07-2021-0247
• Corpus ID: 242581963

Quality 4.0: literature review analysis, definition and impacts of the digital transformation process on quality

• Ana Dias , André M. Carvalho , P. Sampaio
• Published in International Journal of… 14 October 2021
• Computer Science, Business

46 Citations

From total quality management to quality 4.0: a systematic literature review and future research agenda, quality 4.0: results from a systematic literature review, a systematic review of the integration of industry 4.0 with quality-related operational excellence methodologies.

• Highly Influenced

Soft TQM Elements for Digital Transformation in the Public Sector

Human resources management in quality 4.0 maturity assessment, digital transformation and marketing: a systematic and thematic literature review, from concept to industry: development of a capability roadmap towards quality 4.0, industry 5.0: guidelines to digital transformation as a strategy for sustainability, investigating the barriers to quality 4.0 adoption in the indian manufacturing sector: insights and implications for industry and policy-making, developing a systematic and practical road map for implementing quality 4.0, 106 references, industry 4.0, quality management and tqm world. a systematic literature review and a proposed agenda for further research, technology and quality management: a review of concepts and opportunities in the digital transformation, total quality management 4.0: adapting quality management to industry 4.0, quality 4.0: the efqm 2020 model and industry 4.0 relationships and implications, the new efqm model: what is really new and could be considered as a suitable tool with respect to quality 4.0 concept, essential ingredients for the implementation of quality 4.0, proposal and application of a framework to measure the degree of maturity in quality 4.0: a multiple case study, the contribution of quality management to an organisation’s digital transformation: a qualitative study, digital transformation of modern quality management, mapping the implications and competencies for industry 4.0 to hard and soft total quality management, related papers.

Showing 1 through 3 of 0 Related Papers

Quality 4.0: leveraging Industry 4.0 technologies to improve quality management practices – a systematic review

PurposeQuality 4.0 is an emerging research topic concerned with rethinking how quality management needs to be adopted in the digital era. The purpose of this research is to conduct a systematic review on the state of the research in the field of Industry 4.0 impact on improving quality management aspects and how technology can be leveraged to enhance its practices.Design/methodology/approachA systematic review of the literature published in the last 5 years is conducted. 52 papers were selected, mapped based on the technology they focused on and categorized based on the addressed quality aspects.FindingsThe review revealed various areas where quality management can benefit from Industry 4.0 technologies, identified several research gaps and suggested new directions for future research. Firstly, the literature provided some insights about industry 4.0 potential contributions but lacks further detail on the exact applications and solutions through use cases and case studies. Secondly, there has been a focus on the potential benefits provided for quality control while there is a clear scarcity in terms of the other quality management tools and methodologies. Thirdly, there is a lack of studies on economic analysis or detailed impacts on quality costs that justifies the substantial investments needed. Finally, there is a need for including more studies about the mapping and integration of ISO 9001 requirements and Industry 4.0 features.Originality/valueThis is the first attempt to conduct a comprehensive review on the ways industry 4.0 technologies can be leveraged for the field of quality management. Based on this review, several directions for further research in this area are identified.

• Related Documents

Total quality management 4.0: adapting quality management to Industry 4.0

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to explore the new concept of TQM 4.0 as a way of adapting quality management (QM) in Industry 4.0 (I4.0), guiding industries to this new phase, which has generated adaptations in numerous areas, one of which is QM and human resources.Design/methodology/approachA systematic review of the literature was carried out. Methodi Ordinatio was applied to build the portfolio of articles with scientific relevance, which is the source of data collections and content analysis. To help out in the analysis, NVivo 12 and VOSviewer software programs were used.FindingsThe results demonstrate that when adapting the QM to the technologies of I4.0, the result is an ecosystem that supports the integration between technology, quality and people in the industrial scenario.Research limitations/implicationsThis article presents a systematic review of the literature, but without delving into specific issues such as the different industrial sectors and the culture of countries in which industries may be inserted, for example, which characterizes a limitation of this research.Practical implicationsThis study provides an ecosystem model that can guide future research, regarding the concept of TQM 4.0, in addition to pointing out some ways of combining technologies, quality and people in the industrial context.Originality/valueThis is one of the first articles to employ a systematic review of the literature using Methodi Ordinatio to build a bibliographic panorama on the intertwining of the themes total QM (TQM) and I4.0, focusing on the emerging concept of TQM 4.0.

Portuguese primary healthcare – sustainability through quality management

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to apply quality management tools and practices in the design of an integrated accreditation model for Local Health Trusts, in order to contribute to the sustainability of the Portuguese Primary HealthCare Service. Following the guidelines of the Portuguese Health Quality Strategy, the proposed model is an adaptation of the model from Agencia para la Calidad Sanitaria de Andaluzia. Design/methodology/approach The development of the integrated accreditation model was based on a literature review, complemented with observation and analysis of the usual working methods in a Local Health Trust (Western Oporto Health Trust). Findings Local Health Trusts include not only clinical management units but also non-clinical administrative units. Therefore, the National Model for Accreditation of HealthCare Institutions is not easily or directly applicable to them. To overcome this problem, the model proposed in this study incorporates ISO 9001 principles, widely accepted regarding organizational management. The success of the application of this model is highly dependent on the ability of public Primary HealthCare organizations to deal with potential problems such as resistance to change, lack of leadership and inadequate people management and involvement. Originality/value The integrated accreditation model proposed in this research is expected to promote the cohesion of Local Health Trust units, encouraging integrated quality management practices and continuous improvement strategies, leading Local Health Trusts, Primary Care and HealthCare in a global perspective toward sustainability.

Social innovation drivers in social enterprises: systematic review

PurposeIdentify the drivers of social innovation (SI) that bring together the main management tools and approaches associated with the creation of SI in social enterprises (SEs).Design/methodology/approachA systematic review was developed in the Web of Science, Scopus and EBSCO databases, using the keywords: social innovation, social enterprise and management. After analysis of quality and application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 54 articles were selected for full analysis.FindingsSI process was systemised into four steps: mapping and development, consolidation, scaling up and evaluation. The drivers of SI were mapped and classified into three main factors: contextual, organisational and managerial.Practical implicationsIn organisational factors, business model was emphasised, as well as partnerships, participatory culture and intrapreneurship, adequate levels of bricolage and continuous learning. The management factors included the characteristics of the entrepreneur/innovator and managerial practices, where those that facilitate teamwork and the participation of all involved are best suited. In contextual factors, the highlight was the need for support from policy makers; community participation and demand for innovations that consider local context and usability.Originality/valueThis study connects previously scattered knowledge in a generic model of SI, highlighting routines and processes used, and provides a starting point for innovators and social entrepreneurs in the complex, uncertain and often unknown process of SI. Additionally, several research gaps were identified to be addressed by future research in the context of SI management.

Quality management in the global brewing industry

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to stimulate interest in the use of quality management methods and tools and to provide a basis and direction for further improvement in the global brewing industry. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology that is followed in the paper is based on the study of quality management tools and best practices in global brewing companies. Findings – From all evidence found by this research, the conclusion is that quality management can dramatically improve certain operations and reduce cost or increase profit as well. All of the global brewing companies examined in this paper have their quality policies and each one of them uses what fits best to its business profile. Research limitations/implications – This study refers to some of the largest brewing companies in the world. Future research could be addressed toward the analysis of other smaller brewing companies, which are characterized by the concepts of quality management. Practical implications – The analysis of quality management in the global brewing industry may cause the interest of other brewing companies and other stakeholders affected by this industry. Quality tools can be very useful for dealing with problems and improving procedures in a brewery. Furthermore, the extension of this work with detailed references to these tools could produce a quality guide for brewing companies. Originality/value – The value of this paper lies in the identification and presentation of tools and quality policies which have been successfully developed by global brewing companies and may as well be implemented by others.

HRM practices and innovation: an empirical systematic review

Purpose The relationship between human resource management practices (HRMP) and innovation has been described as a black box, where a lot still needs to be investigated. Thus, the aim of this paper is to investigate the nature of the link that exists between HRMP and innovation in both public and private organizations. To do so, theoretical underpinnings and existence of a mediating or a moderating mechanism is inspected. Design/methodology/approach Based on an empirical systematic review of research conducted between 2010 and 2018, content analysis has been conducted for 31 peer-reviewed articles in the English language. Findings Inspecting the nature of relations existed in the chosen articles, interesting findings are addressed relative to the nature of the human resource management systems (HRMS) used, practices encompassed and their different utility. HRMS has been shown to be associated with product innovation yet more evidence is needed for supporting process innovation. Practical implications The HRMS/HRMP and innovation relationship is inspected, important practices that would guide managers to induce innovation are highlighted. Usage of multiple HRMS and contingency in constructing such systems is indicated. Originality/value Contribution to comprehend the black box and areas for future research has been offered.

Environmental training: a systematic review of the state of the art of the theme

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to carry out a systematic review of the state of the art of the environmental training theme and to propose a research agenda to shed light on this subject by suggesting new research in the area. Design/methodology/approach This is a systematic review of the state of the art of the environmental training theme. Findings The authors’ main contribution is the proposal of a research agenda with 11 recommendations for future research, such as conducting research in developed countries; research focusing only on environmental training; qualitative research using case studies; research that explores the co-evolution of environmental training practices with environmental management practices and with the maturity stage of environmental management in organizations; and research that addresses all aspects of environmental training phases proposed by ISO 10015: 2001. Originality/value This is the most recent research which conducts a systematic review of the state of the art on environmental training and proposes a research agenda with several suggestions that can guide researchers in human resources, environmental management, sustainability and supply chain management.

Systematic review of crisis reactions toward major disease outbreaks: application of the triple helix model in the context of tourism

Purpose While academia, industry and government have made various efforts to ameliorate the impacts of Covid-19, no study has hitherto used an integrative framework to assess the reactions of all three of these sectors to previous multinational epidemics. Such fragmentation ignores the holistic nature of crisis management. To better understand the impacts of health crises on tourism, this study aims to examine the past literature related to academic, industrial and governmental responses to multinational epidemics through the lens of the triple helix model. Design/methodology/approach Based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyzes and the best-fit approach, this paper conducts a systematic review of the literature published between 2000 and 2020 on five multinational epidemics that had significant impacts on the tourism industry: food and mouth disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome, bird flu (novel influenza A and avian flu), Ebola and middle east respiratory syndrome. Thematic analysis was used to identify major themes in the 63 relevant articles identified. Findings No substantial increase was found in the quantity of multinational epidemic-related studies after 2010. Collectively, the 10 identified themes strongly emphasized economic recovery. Originality/value No existing tourism-related study examines reactions toward multiple health crises by integrating three important sectors: academia, industry and government. This study fills that research gap with a systematic review of past multinational epidemics and proposes an integrative framework. It also provides recommendations for future research and health-crisis management practices.

A systematic and network-based analysis of data-driven quality management in supply chains and proposed future research directions

PurposeThis work aims to review past and present articles about data-driven quality management (DDQM) in supply chains (SCs). The motive behind the review is to identify associated literature gaps and to provide a future research direction in the field of DDQM in SCs.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review was done in the field of DDQM in SCs. SCOPUS database was chosen to collect articles in the selected field and then an SLR methodology has been followed to review the selected articles. The bibliometric and network analysis has also been conducted to analyze the contributions of various authors, countries and institutions in the field of DDQM in SCs. Network analysis was done by using VOS viewer package to analyze collaboration among researchers.FindingsThe findings of the study reveal that the adoption of data-driven technologies and quality management tools can help in strategic decision making. The usage of data-driven technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning can significantly enhance the performance of SC operations and network.Originality/valueThe paper discusses the importance of data-driven techniques enabling quality in SC management systems. The linkage between the data-driven techniques and quality management for improving the SC performance was also elaborated in the presented study.

TQM, employee outcomes and performance: the contingency effect of environmental uncertainty

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between total quality management (TQM), employee outcomes and performance. Moreover, how environmental uncertainty (EU) influences the relationship between employee outcomes and performance is regarded in the context of automobile part manufacturing and suppliers of Iran. Four theories namely resource-based view theory, ability, motivation, opportunity framework, contingency theory and quality management theory have been adopted in this research.Design/methodology/approachA research project is conducted in 191 automobile part manufacturing and suppliers plants using the questionnaire method. Confirmatory factor analysis is applied to assess the reliability and validity of the measurement instrument. The correlations between latent constructs are examined through partial least squares method.FindingsThe results show positive relationship between TQM, employee outcome and performance. The EU also moderates the relationship between employee outcome and performance.Research limitations/implicationsIt is recommended that some contextual factors such as culture be noticed in future research studies. Data were collected from Iranian automobile part manufacturing and suppliers plants, which may limit the generalization of results to other organizations in other countries.Practical implicationsIn this paper, some beneficial insights are addressed to assist managers in recognizing the organizational problems, which weaken implementing TQM, employee outcomes and the effect of EU on organizations.Social implicationsBy improving the quality of management practices and employee outcomes, the society gains benefits such as customer satisfaction.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the TQM advance and human resource management literature and provides better foundations for employee outcomes improvement through TQM practices in the Middle East. By investigating the effect of EU, this study fills the current gap in this field.

Green innovation: a multidomain systematic review

PurposeThis paper examines the status and evolution of green innovation research from 1948 to 2018.Design/methodology/approachUsing a systematic review of 293 peer-reviewed scholarly articles, the authors classify journal outlets, publication trends, research methods (research type, approach, design), themes/topics focus, country and regional distribution and theoretical perspectives, identifying main trends. They apply mixed methodologies, integrating both content and descriptive analyses.FindingsResults reveal the following critical conclusions: (1) publication trends disclose a steady growth of interest in green innovation research in the last decade (2011–2018), with most of the articles appearing in top-ranked journal outlets; (2) empirical studies involving quantitative surveys dominate the field over other methods like experiments, case studies (qualitative) and conceptual models; (3) research themes/topics are multi-perspectives, covering management and strategic dimension of green innovation (e.g. green innovation integration and adoption strategy; collaboration and networking in green innovation; green innovation management systems, green supply chain management, etc.), performance (financial, non-financial and both), drivers/antecedents and consumer green behavior; however, the “management and strategy” papers are by far higher; (4) studies are preponderately multi-country focused, concentrated in Europe and Australasia, with a low concentration in emerging markets like Africa and South America; And (5) the field lacks the adoption and development of novel theories. So far, the research fields principally focus on the “Porter hypothesis” and resource-based view in terms of the theory-driven studies. Based on these findings, knowledge gaps are identified, as are limitations and actionable agenda for future research.Originality/valueAs the first systematic review to adopt a comprehensive, holistic approach in synthesizing and summarizing research vis-à-vis the phenomenon of green innovation, the study offers practitioners and researchers an insightful understanding of the relevant issues that have been investigated on green innovation, thereby anchoring the evolutions for further sustainable-oriented research and improvement in management practices.

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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, industry 4.0, quality management and tqm world. a systematic literature review and a proposed agenda for further research.

The TQM Journal

ISSN : 1754-2731

Article publication date: 26 June 2020

Issue publication date: 21 July 2020

The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the current literature situation in terms of relationships between Industry 4.0 and quality management and TQM. The author wanted to understand what topics and issues can be considered the most relevant referring to the so-called Quality 4.0, what the literature is missing opening avenues for further research.

Design/methodology/approach

This research employed a systematic literature review. In total, 75 papers from different sources were reviewed using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Four categories of topics emerged, namely: creating value within the company through quality (big) data, analytics and artificial intelligence; developing Quality 4.0 skills and culture for quality people; customer value co-creation; cyber–physical systems and ERP for quality assurance and control. This paper also tried to understand if there is a definition of Quality 4.0 based on determined methods.

Research limitations/implications

Systematic literature review could have introduced some limitations in terms of the number and reliability of reviewed papers. Probably some interesting papers had been not intentionally missed.

Practical implications

Consultants and managers in developing and implementing their own Quality 4.0 models could use many practical and discussed implications concerning I4.0 technologies and quality management.

Originality/value

This is one of the first papers which employed the systematic literature review for researching Industry 4.0, quality management and TQM relationships.

• Quality 4.0
• Industry 4.0
• Quality management
• Systematic literature review

Chiarini, A. (2020), "Industry 4.0, quality management and TQM world. A systematic literature review and a proposed agenda for further research", The TQM Journal , Vol. 32 No. 4, pp. 603-616. https://doi.org/10.1108/TQM-04-2020-0082

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Reference Examples

More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual . Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual .

To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of work (e.g., journal article ) and follow the relevant example.

When selecting a category, use the webpages and websites category only when a work does not fit better within another category. For example, a report from a government website would use the reports category, whereas a page on a government website that is not a report or other work would use the webpages and websites category.

Also note that print and electronic references are largely the same. For example, to cite both print books and ebooks, use the books and reference works category and then choose the appropriate type of work (i.e., book ) and follow the relevant example (e.g., whole authored book ).

Examples on these pages illustrate the details of reference formats. We make every attempt to show examples that are in keeping with APA Style’s guiding principles of inclusivity and bias-free language. These examples are presented out of context only to demonstrate formatting issues (e.g., which elements to italicize, where punctuation is needed, placement of parentheses). References, including these examples, are not inherently endorsements for the ideas or content of the works themselves. An author may cite a work to support a statement or an idea, to critique that work, or for many other reasons. For more examples, see our sample papers .

Reference examples are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Chapter 10 and the Concise Guide Chapter 10

Related handouts

• Common Reference Examples Guide (PDF, 147KB)
• Reference Quick Guide (PDF, 225KB)

Textual Works

Textual works are covered in Sections 10.1–10.8 of the Publication Manual . The most common categories and examples are presented here. For the reviews of other works category, see Section 10.7.

• Journal Article References
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Data and Assessments

Data sets are covered in Section 10.9 of the Publication Manual . For the software and tests categories, see Sections 10.10 and 10.11.

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Audiovisual Media

Audiovisual media are covered in Sections 10.12–10.14 of the Publication Manual . The most common examples are presented together here. In the manual, these examples and more are separated into categories for audiovisual, audio, and visual media.

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Online media are covered in Sections 10.15 and 10.16 of the Publication Manual . Please note that blog posts are part of the periodicals category.

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Impact Rankings 2024: quality education (SDG 4) methodology

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The Impact Rankings 2024 will be published on 12 June.

This ranking focuses on universities’ contribution to early years and lifelong learning, their research on quality education and their commitment to inclusive education. Because early years provision and lifelong learning are not the main focus of education at universities, this table should not be used to assess the overall quality of teaching at a university.

View the  methodology for the Impact Rankings 2024  to find out how these data are used in the overall ranking.

Research on early years and lifelong learning education (27%)

• Proportion of research papers that are viewed or downloaded (10%)
• Proportion of research papers in the top 10 per cent of journals as defined by Citescore (10%)
• Number of publications (7%)

This focuses on research that is relevant to quality education, measuring paper views, the proportion of papers in the top 10 per cent of cited journals and the volume of research produced.

The data are provided by Elsevier’s Scopus dataset, based on a query of keywords associated with SDG 4 (quality education) and supplemented by additional publications identified by artificial intelligence. The data include all indexed publications between 2018 and 2022 and are normalised across the range using Z-scoring.

Proportion of graduates with a teaching qualification (15.4%)

To understand how a university is supporting early years education, we measure the proportion of its graduates who receive a degree that would entitle them to teach at primary school level in their country. The data relate to the number of graduates in the 2022 academic year.

The data were provided directly by universities and normalised across the range using Z-scoring.

Lifelong learning measures (26.8%)

• Free access to educational resources for those not studying at the university (5%)
• Educational activities that are open to the general public, such as lectures or specific courses (5%)
• Educational events that provide vocational training for those not studying at the university (5%)
• Educational outreach activities in the local community, including schools (5%)
• Policies to ensure that these activities are open to all, regardless of ethnicity, religion, disability, immigration status or gender (6.8%)

The evidence was provided directly by universities, evaluated and scored by  THE  and not normalised.

Proportion of first-generation students (30.8%)

This is defined as the number of students starting a degree who identify as being the first person in their immediate family to attend university, divided by the total number of students starting a degree. All data are provided as full-time equivalents.

When we ask about policies and initiatives – for example, the existence of mentoring programmes – our metrics require universities to provide the evidence to support their claims. In these cases, we give credit for the evidence, and for the evidence being public. These metrics are not usually size-normalised.

Evidence is evaluated against a set of criteria, and decisions are cross-validated where there is uncertainty. Evidence need not be exhaustive – we are looking for examples that demonstrate best practice at the institutions concerned.

In general, the data used refer to the closest academic year to January to December 2022. The date range for each metric is specified in the full methodology document.

The ranking is open to any university that teaches at undergraduate or postgraduate level. Although research activities form part of the method­ology, there is no minimum research requirement for participation.

THE  reserves the right to exclude universities that it believes have falsified data, or are no longer in good standing.

Data collection

Institutions provide and sign off their institutional data for use in the rankings. On the rare occasions when a particular data point is not provided, we enter a value of zero.

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COVID-19: Long-term effects

Some people continue to experience health problems long after having COVID-19. Understand the possible symptoms and risk factors for post-COVID-19 syndrome.

Most people who get coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recover within a few weeks. But some people — even those who had mild versions of the disease — might have symptoms that last a long time afterward. These ongoing health problems are sometimes called post- COVID-19 syndrome, post- COVID conditions, long COVID-19 , long-haul COVID-19 , and post acute sequelae of SARS COV-2 infection (PASC).

What is post-COVID-19 syndrome and how common is it?

Post- COVID-19 syndrome involves a variety of new, returning or ongoing symptoms that people experience more than four weeks after getting COVID-19 . In some people, post- COVID-19 syndrome lasts months or years or causes disability.

Research suggests that between one month and one year after having COVID-19 , 1 in 5 people ages 18 to 64 has at least one medical condition that might be due to COVID-19 . Among people age 65 and older, 1 in 4 has at least one medical condition that might be due to COVID-19 .

What are the symptoms of post-COVID-19 syndrome?

The most commonly reported symptoms of post- COVID-19 syndrome include:

• Symptoms that get worse after physical or mental effort
• Lung (respiratory) symptoms, including difficulty breathing or shortness of breath and cough

Other possible symptoms include:

• Neurological symptoms or mental health conditions, including difficulty thinking or concentrating, headache, sleep problems, dizziness when you stand, pins-and-needles feeling, loss of smell or taste, and depression or anxiety
• Joint or muscle pain
• Heart symptoms or conditions, including chest pain and fast or pounding heartbeat
• Digestive symptoms, including diarrhea and stomach pain
• Blood clots and blood vessel (vascular) issues, including a blood clot that travels to the lungs from deep veins in the legs and blocks blood flow to the lungs (pulmonary embolism)
• Other symptoms, such as a rash and changes in the menstrual cycle

Keep in mind that it can be hard to tell if you are having symptoms due to COVID-19 or another cause, such as a preexisting medical condition.

It's also not clear if post- COVID-19 syndrome is new and unique to COVID-19 . Some symptoms are similar to those caused by chronic fatigue syndrome and other chronic illnesses that develop after infections. Chronic fatigue syndrome involves extreme fatigue that worsens with physical or mental activity, but doesn't improve with rest.

Why does COVID-19 cause ongoing health problems?

Organ damage could play a role. People who had severe illness with COVID-19 might experience organ damage affecting the heart, kidneys, skin and brain. Inflammation and problems with the immune system can also happen. It isn't clear how long these effects might last. The effects also could lead to the development of new conditions, such as diabetes or a heart or nervous system condition.

The experience of having severe COVID-19 might be another factor. People with severe symptoms of COVID-19 often need to be treated in a hospital intensive care unit. This can result in extreme weakness and post-traumatic stress disorder, a mental health condition triggered by a terrifying event.

What are the risk factors for post-COVID-19 syndrome?

You might be more likely to have post- COVID-19 syndrome if:

• You had severe illness with COVID-19 , especially if you were hospitalized or needed intensive care.
• You had certain medical conditions before getting the COVID-19 virus.
• You had a condition affecting your organs and tissues (multisystem inflammatory syndrome) while sick with COVID-19 or afterward.

Post- COVID-19 syndrome also appears to be more common in adults than in children and teens. However, anyone who gets COVID-19 can have long-term effects, including people with no symptoms or mild illness with COVID-19 .

What should you do if you have post-COVID-19 syndrome symptoms?

If you're having symptoms of post- COVID-19 syndrome, talk to your health care provider. To prepare for your appointment, write down:

• When your symptoms started
• What makes your symptoms worse
• How often you experience symptoms
• How your symptoms affect your activities

Your health care provider might do lab tests, such as a complete blood count or liver function test. You might have other tests or procedures, such as chest X-rays, based on your symptoms. The information you provide and any test results will help your health care provider come up with a treatment plan.

In addition, you might benefit from connecting with others in a support group and sharing resources.

• Long COVID or post-COVID conditions. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects.html. Accessed May 6, 2022.
• Post-COVID conditions: Overview for healthcare providers. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/post-covid-conditions.html. Accessed May 6, 2022.
• Mikkelsen ME, et al. COVID-19: Evaluation and management of adults following acute viral illness. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 6, 2022.
• Saeed S, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 and cardiovascular complications: Focused clinical review. Journal of Hypertension. 2021; doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000002819.
• AskMayoExpert. Post-COVID-19 syndrome. Mayo Clinic; 2022.
• Multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/mis/index.html. Accessed May 24, 2022.
• Patient tips: Healthcare provider appointments for post-COVID conditions. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/post-covid-appointment/index.html. Accessed May 24, 2022.
• Bull-Otterson L, et al. Post-COVID conditions among adult COVID-19 survivors aged 18-64 and ≥ 65 years — United States, March 2020 — November 2021. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2022; doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7121e1.

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Application of VLF-EM response and geoelectrical sounding in groundwater investigation around an active dumpsite

• Adeniji, A. A.
• Ajani, O. O.
• Adagunodo, T. A.

An integrated geophysical method combining very low frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods were carried out around Adaland, Southwestern Nigeria, located within latitude 7° 54' 0" and longitude 4° 43' 0", with a view to investigate the possible impact of dumpsite on groundwater. This is the major study in the environment to offer extensive evidence regarding the suitability of obtaining quality groundwater. In this research, eight VLF-EM and twelve VES data sets were generated, which were then used to estimate the linear structure, bedrock formation, subsurface geological characteristics, and identification of leachate pathways. The VLF-EM data were analyzed by employing Karous_Hjelt and Microsoft Excel, while the VES data were investigated using the WinRESIST software. TheVLF-EM results confirmed the presence of conductive zones, which might be due to fracture, fault and contact zones or weathered basements. The lithological units acquired from the electrical resistivity results revealed four geoelectrical layers such as topsoil, weathered-based, fractured basement and fresh basement. However, the identified weathered layers and fractured basements from the geoelectrical sections and the corresponding Karous and Hjelt (K-H) pseudo sectionresults around the dumpsite, constitute the main passages for the possible impact of the open dumpsite on groundwater quality, since leachates from the dumpsite could slowly percolate downwards from the topsoil to the water table. Therefore, the impact of the dumpsite on the groundwater is caused by the inadequate clay materials, near-surface features such as fractures/faults, and lateral in-homogeneity. Thus, integrating both methods has been recommended in site characterization for accessing quality groundwater around a dumpsite environment.

• Geophysical method;
• Environments;
• Groundwater