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GRE Essay Prompts

The GRE Analytical Writing section requires you to write two essays—one will be an analysis of an issue and the other will be an analysis of an argument. You will have 30 minutes for each essay. Try your hand at these GRE essay prompts, and read our explanations for what makes a great GRE essay. We pulled these sample questions from our book GRE Premium Prep and from our GRE prep course  materials.

The GRE Issue Essay

The Issue Essay of the GRE requires you to present your opinion on the provided topic.

Issue Topic

You will be given a brief quotation that states or implies an issue of general interest and specific instructions on how to respond to that issue. You will have 30 minutes to plan and compose a response in which you develop a position on the issue according the specific instructions. A response to any other issue will receive a score of zero.

A high-scoring Issue essay accomplishes four key tasks: (1) considers the complexities of the issue; (2) supports the position with relevant examples; (3) is clear and well organized; (4) demonstrates superior facility with the conventions of standard written English. Make sure that you respond to the specific instructions and support your position on the issue with reasons and examples drawn from such areas as your reading, experience, observations, and/or academic studies.

[+] See the Answer

The GRE Argument Essay

The Argument Essay of the GRE asks you to examine and critique the logic of an argument.

Argument Topic

You will be given a short passage that presents an argument, or an argument to be completed, and specific instructions on how to respond to that passage. You will have 30 minutes to plan and compose a response in which you analyze the passage according to specific instructions. A response to any other issue will receive a score of zero.

A high-scoring Argument essay accomplishes these tasks: (1) clearly identifies and insightfully analyzes important features of the argument; (2) develops ideas clearly and logically with smooth transitions; (3) effectively supports the main points of the critique; (4) demonstrates superior facility with the conventions of standard written English. Note that you are NOT being asked to present your own views on the subject. Make sure you that you respond to the specific instructions and support your analysis with relevant reasons and/or examples.

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GRE Issue Essay: Strategies + 8 Real Student Essays with Scores

The content in this post applies in 2024 to the new, shorter GRE!

When you sit down at the computer on test day, the very first thing you’ll encounter is the GRE AWA Issue essay. For a lot of test-takers, this will feel daunting. But not you! In this article, Magoosh’s experts will guide you through the most important steps in attacking the analyze an issue task. In addition, we’ll take a look at student examples of the GRE “Analyze an Issue” task so that you can understand what gets a high score—and what doesn’t—on the official exam.

Table of Contents

An overview of the gre issue essay.

• Top 5 AWA Issue Strategies

Student GRE Issue Essay Analysis: Prompts, Essays, and Grading Samples

So, what do you need to do for the GRE AWA Issue essay? Well, your goal is to read the prompt, then agree or disagree with the premise—and explain the extent to which you agree or disagree. Think you can’t prepare in advance? You’d be wrong! There are two main things you can do to get ready for the AWA portion of the GRE.

Review the Topic Pool

First, because the prompts are drawn from GRE’s published pool of Issue Essay topics , a bit of research will give you an idea of what to expect in terms of subject matter and presentation. Don’t try memorize all of them! There’s far too many. But! Do spend time browsing the topics and thinking about how to approach them.

Plan of Attack

Second, come up with a plan to navigate the GRE “analyze an issue” task. Not sure where to start? We can help! Here’s an example of a tried and true process for high-scoring essays that you can use to address any Issue task:

• Read the directions carefully
• Brainstorm and outline pros and cons
• Choose a side
• Select a concession point
• Be sure to leave around two minutes for proofreading and editing

Top 5 GRE Analyze an Issue Task Strategies

Now that you have the basics down, let’s take a look at some more detailed strategies you can use to maximize your score on the GRE AWA Issue essay.

1. Be Organized

Even an impassioned, cogent response falls apart if it is not bundled into a proper essay format: An introduction, a few body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

2. Focus Your Paragraphs

The Introduction The Intro paragraph has a very limited purpose: The Intro should only introduce the topic and present a clearly defined thesis statement. The thesis will indicate your position on the issue. Your stance should be just ONE of the many points of view about the topic, not more than one. Often it is easiest for the writer—and the reader—if the last sentence in the Intro is the thesis.

The Body Paragraphs The 2-3 body paragraphs make up the bulk of analyzing the issue and should focus on using examples (ideally one per body paragraph) to develop and support your thesis. Make sure you use appropriate transitions and that your sentences link together cohesively so that by the end of each body paragraph you have persuasively—and clearly—shown how your examples supports your thesis.

The Conclusion The conclusion should be very short. In fact, it should only be a few sentences that recap your thesis and supporting points.

3. Keep It Engaging

Repetitive sentence structure makes for repetitive reading. Vary up the way you write—don’t be afraid to use a colon (or a dash), drop in a semi-colon, and vary up the syntax. A constant stream of noun followed by verb followed by adjective implies that you are a hesitant writer. You don’t want the overall impression your essay leaves on the graders to be a resounding meh .

4. Be Specific

Hypotheticals are fine, if you can use them to convincingly back up your point. However, that’s the tough part; “some people,” “mankind,” or “you” are dull and vague. Let’s say you are addressing this prompt: “Knowledge can sometimes be used for destructive ends.” Stating that “Oppenheimer’s knowledge of nuclear fusion allowed him to create the most destructive weapon the world had ever known” is far more impactful than, “scientists can sometimes use technology to hurt us.”

5. Stay On Topic

Perhaps the most important point (lest you wonder why you received a ‘1’ on your essay) is to keep your essay on topic. Imagine you had to respond to the mock prompt on knowledge I used above. If you begin talking about how technology is destructive because smartphones cause us to become insular… you have totally forgotten to answer the question, “Knowledge can sometimes be used for destructive ends.” Address the most compelling examples, yes—but the most compelling examples that relate directly to your topic!  

Now, it’s time to take a look at how sample essays meet (or fail to meet) the above criteria—and how this affected their scores. All of the following essays were written in response to the GRE Issue prompts , so check them out if you haven’t already, and then come back to analyze some examples!

Note: We’ve formatted the essays so that you can see the prompt and instructions first, then try writing your own response (this is great practice!). Once you’ve done that, click on the “essay and analysis” arrows to view examples of graded student essays and see how yours compare.

GRE Issue Essay Prompt 1: University Requirements

Prompt Universities should require students to take courses only within those fields they are interested in studying. Instructions Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.

Student Essay

Some people believe that universities should put stringent policies in place that require students to take courses only within a chosen field of study, thus harshly limiting the breadth of knowledge that they are able to study. Concentrating on only one field is important in terms of developing expert knowledge and specialization, but it is also crucial that the student hone a well rounded knowledge of the nature of the world so that their field of specialization is accented with courses from outside disciplines as well. It is for this reason that I believe that students should focus their study on a specific field yet also be allowed and encouraged to accent and expand their specialized knowledge by sampling courses from other areas of specialty as well.

Our current globalizing world contains diversity of knowledge, culture and creed that is increasing at a rapid pace and in order to succeed in a world such as this, it is necessary to hone a diverse skill set of knowledge and expertise. Therefore, university policies should encourage students to accent their study of a specific discipline with outside courses that will enhance the breadth of their knowledge about the nature of the world. A student studying medicine, for example, clearly needs to focus the majority of their time on understanding the inner workings of the human body on a scientific level. However, it is also crucial for them to have a more general knowledge of the way in which humans function on an individual or cultural scale (i.e. psychology and anthropology), because effective doctors are not simply capable of diagnosing diseases, but can also interact effectively, with individual and cultural sensitivies, with their patients in order to provide the most well-rounded care. A mathematician who knows only about math and knows nothing about the ancient civilizations whose cultures discovered geography will be ill-suited to make math interesting to his future students or to understand the real world implications of the equations he slaves over daily. A one-dimensional course of study will only serve to foster bias and an uncritical approach to life in such students. Thus, because we live in a world that is multi-faceted, it is important for every specialist to learn a bit about specialities outside of their main discipline in order to augment their understanding of the world at large.

When universities provide a structure of encouragement for their students to augment their specified studies by selecting some courses from outside their discipline, there are some possible consequences, such as the potential for students to change their mind about what they want to focus on. Some may say this is an inefficient use of time and that it will confuse students. However, I would argue that it will foster a wider breadth of knowledge that is ultimately beneficial for any student; a student that started studying biology but then switched to psychology, for example, will always appreciate and pay heed to the importance of our life sciences and will not neglect to consider how the functions of the body may affect someone’s mental health. The existence of knowledge in a wider range of disciplines will only provide the student with more information with which to take charge in a world that is highly complex and rapidly changing all the time, and so allowing them to experiment a little and change their mind once or twice is to their benefit rather than to their detriment.

In conclusion, I disagree that universities should require students to take courses only within their specific, chosen field of study. When students are able to focus their study on one specific topic but then augment it by sampling courses from other disciplines, their knowledge becomes more wide ranging and interdisciplinary, thus providing a better foundation for them to succeed in a rapidly globalizing world. While they may change their minds as to their preferred topic of study one or two times, they will ultimately succeed by having a wide breadth of knowledge that will teach them to approach the world without a subject specific bias. Overall, it is best that universities allow their students to take courses outside of their chosen course of study in order to diversify their pallate of knowledge.

Issue Essay Analysis

This GRE Issue essay starts off with a strong intro that clearly articulates the author’s position. The essay is also very long, and the body paragraphs well developed. In terms of ideas this is a strong—though if slightly limited—essay. It makes a compelling case for interdisciplinary learning. A physician studying anthropology will be more culturally sensitive; a psychologist who studied biology will have a great appreciation for the biological underpinnings of the psyche. The writer justifies this well-roundedness in terms of relevancy: a one-dimensional person will struggle in our complex, globalized world. As well thought out and supported as these points, they are far too similar, and this essay would have benefited from picking another example that argues in favor of allowing students to take courses outside of their majors. Another flaw is the essay doesn’t directly addresses the directions: “should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy.” Is a world of well-rounded, complex individuals the consequence of allowing students to choose subjects outside of their majors?

Stylistically this essay is not perfect, and I have some minor grumblings.

The ongoing debate about whether a university should require students to take courses only within their fields of study or take extra classes to fulfill graduation requirements is an interesting one. There any many valid arguments to each side and it is not a simple black or white choice when deciding who is right. However, by requiring students to only take courses within their major, it allows for students focus on taking classes that are only applicable to their future careers and allows them to save money in a time where saving money is equally important to a college degree.

In many situations, students will finish high school and go on to college with an idea of what they want to do with their life. For students who are in majors such as engineering or the a science field such as chemistry or biology, it is important to for them to stay on top of all of their course work because of the higher number of courses that they must take in order to fulfill the university requirements for a degree. Many of these students knew before they entered college that this would be the case and gladly accepted that challenge, however by requiring students to take extra general education classes to fulfill their diploma requirements seems counter intuitive to a level of education where students are beginning to focus and narrow in on their future career goals. By forcing say a engineering student to take music theory or British literature just simply to fulfill a general education requirement and having that class conflict with a engineering major course seems to prevent these students from coming to college and fully obtaining their goal as quickly as possible.

The other aspect to consider is the financial aspect. In many of these situations, the students are under pressure to finish their degree as soon as possible because of many state budget cuts to education which limit the number of classes offered with in their major. Not only does this mean extra classes that students must take and thus more money they have to spend because tuition is usually based on a per unit fee, forcing these extra classes upon can have a longer impact if they are forced to stay longer in college than they originally assumed they would. College already charges an extremely large amount to attend and that already does not take into account the other expenses that students have to pay (such as room and board, food, and books), but adding on extra semester, quarters, or even years because a student had to take general education classes instead of strictly major classes is an unfair system to put a student through.

As with any situation though, there are always exceptions to the rule. For one not every student enters college with the same career focus and direction as their peers. Many students will come into college unsure of the direction they want to take and many students who think they know what direction they want to go, end up changing their minds (sometimes multiple times). By requiring students to take classes from a broad range of spectrums, Universities can help students narrow down what career path they may want to follow. Many times students may have a preconceived notion of what a subject may be about and not want to try it, yet by requiring it, they may be able to find themselves in a new class with something they may choose to pursue in the future, something they perhaps never would have considered. There is also something to be said about being able to take higher education classes simply for the benefit of wanting to learn about something that interests you. College allows you to do that and by making it a requirement, it allows students a bigger chance to do that.

Overall though, universities that force students to take upwards of 10-12 general education classes just to fulfill a requirement for their diploma seems unfair. When a student comes into college with a specific end game in site, the universities should not hinder their goals by overloading them with extra requirements and instead focus on helping hem obtain their goals as quickly as possible. The time and financial benefits that could be reaped by not requiring students to take these classes could have a direct impact on the success of all students as well as the future communities they intend to help.

Score: 5.0 This essay covers most of the bases: it offers analysis on both sides of the issue, it throws in a few sentences that address the specific instructions, and it, for the most part, clearly articulates a position. The essay does not wow with thorough analysis, great sentence variety (or indeed any stylistic flourishes). In other words, it gets the job done without making too many missteps.

While I award this essay a ‘5’, there are moments when that score seems shaky. This is not mainly due to the ideas (though the generalizations don’t help: “As with any situation though, there are always exceptions to the rule”); at times the sentences become overloaded and tend to digress.

Word choice could have also been a little more dynamic. “Large”, “bigger”, etc. could be spiced up a little more: “astronomical”, “excessive”, etc.

In addition to making the sentence more readable, and varying up the syntax a little, the essay could have been improved with a little more analysis. I would have like to say more than taking more courses is expensive. Sure, that is a totally valid point, but to spend an entire paragraph on it the overly long first paragraph about students who are not engineers as well.

Additionally, the last body paragraph is confusing: “There is also something to be said about being able to take higher education classes simply for the benefit of wanting to learn about something that interests you. College allows you to do that and by making it a requirement,it allows students a bigger chance to do that.” Is the author implying that colleges shouldn’t require students to take only course in their field (which would go against the main point of the essay)? And by saying that colleges make “it a requirement” that college require students to take courses outside their field?

Had this paragraph been a little clearer and had the writer expanded the scope of the financial issue, this essay—along with a little more dynamic writing and sentence variety—could get at least a definitive ‘5’, if not a ‘5.5’.

Liberal arts colleges and professional schools often debate whether they are required to develop well-rounded individuals. The primary purpose of universities is to establish the ground work for future field experts and specialists, meaning the developing into other fields would detract from the development of specialization. A basic understanding of how to delve into other fields is all that’s necessary.

A college degree in a field suggests that a graduate has the basic understanding of a specialized field, and they may continue to develop into a true expert. At every level of the collegiate process, students have further expansion into their speciality. For instance, science majors start with basic fundamentals that are required for latter learning. They soon go off into their own fields, isolated from the humanities and, often, other science majors. Because students usually have only four years to achieve a set requirement of tested standards in a particular field, universities must push students into their fields quickly. There simply isn’t enough time to truly explore all the possible fields of study at the university level. Exploratory learning shouldn’t be required as it doesn’t serve any purpose when the student won’t continue to explore in those extracurricular fields.

If a student were to only hole themselves away into the fields of physics, they may never truly understand how their physical knowledge relates to society and the social world. Universities tend to have to weigh this “roundedness” against the need to produce future field experts. The outcome is introductory classes that relate to your field, but intertwine with other fields of study, and push students to explore on their own time. These initial exploratory classes would be necessary for any field of study anyway, as creativity and individual pursuit is essential for any expert to further their field’s knowledge.

These exploratory classes are necessary for students to apply their growing expertise, but leaving their fields of study should be done on their own because they can only expand into the elementary levels of other fields within their time restraints at the university level. In this way, students aren’t led by the hand through fields they aren’t interested in, but they would still have the capability to explore their fields if they truly were intrigued. Allowing students to create their own directions, intertwining their interests, creates dynamic individuals who are happier with their degrees and more productive to the world through their specialization.

Universities are meant to develop future experts and specialists in particular fields of study. They should lay the groundwork for students to be able to explore of fields, but not in a way that detracts from their field’s work. At a moment when their time is so precious, students can’t afford to be left behind in their fields as they are forced by curriculum to explore unwanted alternatives.

There are some things about the essay that I like: it brings up interesting ideas relating to the prompt. Do specialists with “roundedness”contribute more to their fields than those specialists who focus only on their fields? The sentence variety makes things flow along nicely, until the middle of the essay, where the author becomes vague. Indeed, at times I’m not sure which side of the prompt the author is arguing.

For example, at the end of the second paragraph he states: “Exploratory learning shouldn’t be required as it doesn’t serve any purpose when the student won’t continue to explore in those extracurricular fields.”

The very next sentence—the first sentence of the third paragraph—says the exact opposite: “If a student were to only hole themselves away into the fields of physics, they may never truly understand how their physical knowledge relates to society and the social world.” Suddenly,the paragraph is arguing against what the previous paragraph stated.

The second to last paragraph is weighed down in abstractions, without a useful specific example to clear things up. Consider the topic sentence: “These exploratory classes are necessary for students to apply their growing expertise, but leaving their fields of study should be done on their own because they can only expand into the elementary levels of other fields within their time restraints at the university level.” There is a lot going on here, and I really had to reread the sentence several times to get what the author was saying. The ETS graders won’t take this much time. And given that the essay has already pulled an about-face in the previous paragraphs, makes this sentence even more obfuscatory.

The conclusion is much clearer than the rest of the essays, and allows me to understand what the essay was trying to say alone.Compare the clarity of this sentence to the one I mentioned in the previous paragraph: “They should lay the ground work for students to be able to explore of fields, but not in a way that detracts from their field’s work.”

So how to grade an essay like this? Strong analytical skills, sophisticated writing, and solid organization….yet, a contradictory—and at times muddled (the clause in the intro, “….meaning the developing into other fields) leads to a confusing essay.

The author states that students should only take classes within their realm of study. Although, students may gain more of a grasp on what they are studying, this requirement fails to take in what students can learn outside of their required classes. To say that students can only take classes within their concentration is occluding them to knowledge that they may learn in other fields of study.

For example, universities typically require students to pick their major, as well as a minor. Some programs may also require students to select a few elective classes as well, so students can establish themselves as more rounded individuals.

Also, taking classes outside of a student’s field of study may help boost the student’s overall GPA. For example, if a student has an in major GPA of 2.5 and an out of major GPA of 3.2, then the overall GPA will increase. However, it could be vice versa as well. If someone isn’t doing that great in their elective classes, it could bring their overall GPA down.

If this policy is implemented, the consequences may be severe. One consequence could be that a student may not be able to graduate on time because they may not have enough credits. Or they may not meet the GPA requirements to graduate because they failed a few classes within their major.

If the university decides that students can only take courses within his or her chosen field of study, then the university may not produce well rounded individuals.

This essay is an example of a 4.0—just barely—that is undeveloped and thus on the short side. It is not an example of a longer, totally one-sided ‘4’ that ignores the directions (notice how the final body paragraph addresses the “consequences” mentioned in the instructions).

What the author has written is an intelligent response to the prompt. She doesn’t simply agree with the prompt, but takes the opposing side, providing support (“To say that students can only take classes within their concentration is occluding them to knowledge that they may learning other fields of study.”). In passing, I should mention that “occlude” is used incorrectly. This is not a major problem, but remember that, if you use GRE words, make sure you know how to use them correctly.

I do not agree with the stated policy to allow students to only take course within their chosen fields of study. Instead I feel that students should should have the opportunity to take course outside of their major for the following reasons.

First, I feel that taken course outside ones major gives students variety, and exposure to experiences or interactions they may not have considered previously. Take for example Lisa, an engineering student who spends countless hours studying. Realizing that she needed a change of place an outlet of some sorts decides to take a modern dance course just for fun. What ultimatly was that Lisa learned to relax which interned helped her study more effectively and perform better in her engineering course.

Then take Monique, a political science major who doesn’t know how to swim. decided to take a swimming course and not only learned to over come her fear, but gained confidence in other other aspects of o her live.

Thirdly, lets consider Jason, a physics major who only took courses in his major. He became such an expert in his field us study, but became increasing socially award because of his inability to converse or relate to his peers.

In the even both Lisa and Monique were not able to take course outside of their major, I fear that they would have succumb to the pressure that sometimes too often over takes students adjusting to university lift. By deviating from their mandatory set of course they found a renew focus and inner strength that they may have never know before. Jason however, didn’t fair as well due to his strict focus in University

University is about diversity and gaining new experience for growth and development. Not being allowed to explore this diversity limits the over experience and potential stunts the education growth and perspective of students

Grammatical errors and spelling mistakes mar the effectiveness of this essay. Specifically, commas are misused (or not used at all), incorrect words are used (“interned”, “award” vs. “awkward”). I think many of these mistakes can be remedied if the student spends some time editing.The point in editing isn’t to catch the nitpicky errors but the glaring ones (of which this essay has many).

Next, the essay has very predictable development: take one-side of the prompt, and then come up with three hypothetical examples to support the point. There is zero analysis. This essay could have been improved and gotten within striking range of a ‘4’, or at least a ‘3.5’, had it simply addressed the instructions: “consider the possible consequences of implementing….” Of course, addressing the grammatical and spelling errors would have helped the essay.

Prompt 2: Lasting Legacy

Prompt Those who see their ideas through, regardless of doubts or criticism others may express, are the ones who tend to leave a lasting legacy. Instructions Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

A famous author once remarked that “Winners never quit and quitters never win”. People who see their ideas through, however unpragmatic it may be considered by others are the ones who have truly made a difference.

History is replete with examples of people who were perceived as crazy, illogical and even insane by laymen, yet when their ideas were sedulously worked upon, by the creator , day after day, combined with long hours of toil, the result was nothing, short of marvelous.

Lets’s take the example of the Indian freedom struggle fought by Gandhiji on the basis of Satyagraha. It was very difficult for the Britishers to assume that India would be freed one day under the leadership of a loin cloth covered ordinary looking man without the use of weapons or bloodshed. The reason that Indian freedom could be achieved was the unflagging determination of Gandhiji and the uncommon methodology used of winning freedom by peace and not bloodshed.

Looking not far, I can recall the example of Galileo who was reviled and persecuted by the Church authorities for challenging the existing norms that pervaded the society that time. Galileo’s fierce determination , not to give up on his ideas even during harsh criticism paved the way for modern space research.

Another convincing example is of the Wright Brothers. Who would have ever imagined that it is indeed possible to fly like a bird and traverse different parts of the globe. I am sure that the Wright brothers were reviled when they first came up with this idea of developing an aeroplane. But, again today their invention has become a legacy.

Though there are several examples of people winning through odds because of their determination and unflagging spirit and creating noteworthy inventions, there could be times when this may be the cause of much trouble. Consider the doggedness of Hitler.though he was criticised for his heinous atrocitities on the Jews, he still did not stop the atrocities. These are few examples when people with strong determination can create an ill legacy instead of a legacy.

The writing in this essay has a lot of punch and makes reading it easy. However, there is little to no analysis. Like many essays on this prompt, the essay takes an extreme position, and beyond a vague, jumbled mention of Hitler, does not address the instructions: “…you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true.”

As an SAT essay goes—basically you can take a relatively strong position—this is a good essay. Even then, some of the examples lack persuasiveness: “I am sure the Wright brothers were reviled.” Maybe they weren’t (they actually were, somewhat), but to say “you think” vs. “many notable scientists mocked the Wright Brothers notion of human flight” makes the essay far more tentative than it should be.

Also, the examples are very sparse, especially Galileo. Some more development would have perhaps bumped this essay to a ‘4.5’. But without any analysis, and by failing to take into account the other side, this essay gets only a ‘4.’

Although, doubts and criticism expressed regarding a particular by others seem valid at the particular time of inception of time, if the person follows through his idea or well cherished dream, then he may become success in his endeavor and leave a lasting legacy. So, people who see their ideas through, regardless of doubts or criticism others may express, are the ones who tend to leave a lasting legacy.

New ideas takes time to be accepted by general public, and during the time from the inception till the acceptance, the person who invented or discovered that idea, may be criticized or oppressed. Galileo was put into house arrest for his entire life for his heliocentric model of the solar system, because it came in direct conflict with the church’s geocentric model which regarded Galileo’s theory as heresy. Later, Galileo’s model was readily accepted. So, it’s really important that the people should see their ideas through criticism and doubts of others and shouldn’t be daunted, since other people are not connected to the idea or dream or feel the strength of idea in the same way as the person who invented that idea.

If a person doesn’t

This essay struggles from a lack of clarity. The first two sentences are overloaded with words, and so it is difficult for a reader to figure out what the writer is trying to say. Since the essay graders do not have time to figure out what you are trying to say, you will be penalized. Luckily, the thesis is clear—though it is an almost exact rewording of the prompt.

The Galileo example—while expressed in language that is clearer than that found in the intro—isn’t that developed. We learn that he was arrested and confined for heresy. The essay automatically assumes that this is the same as criticism. I would say the church’s actions against Galileo are a little stronger than mere criticism.

What saves this essay from a sub-3.0 is the final sentence, which discriminates between the person with the idea and those who only have an inkling of that idea. However, this idea is not explored in more depth (and doesn’t really connect to the Galileo example). Indeed the essay ends there.

Prompt 3: Risky Action

Prompt People should undertake risky action only after they have carefully considered its consequences. Instructions Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.

People should undertake risky action only after they have carefully considered its consequences.

People should not let their fears prevent them from taking important risks in life. Taking risks is what allows us humans to achieve success, joy and ultimate fulfillment. However, prior to taking any risky action, it is essential that people should carefully consider the consequences.

For example, there are some risky actions that are life-threatening such as skydiving. Of course, before you can begin to skydive, you must learn the basics of this sport. Additionally, by also studying what can go wrong during a skydive, and learning how to react to that scenario, that person will have the knowledge and ability to stay calm and hopefully make better decisions that will allow them to get out of a bad situation rather than falling into a panic.

This also pertains to decisions about money and business. Everyday people are making decisions that are ‘make or break’. For those who really understand the consequences of their actions, they are able to make a wiser decision that may have less of an impact on them if the business or investment deal goes awry. However, but not educating oneself, the consequences of one’s action are likely to be more severe.

Sometimes, knowing the consequences of an action causes fear that will stops us from taking any risky actions. As a result we miss out on potential successes and most of all “joy”. Therefore, by understanding the consequences, one can eliminate feat, learn how to react in a smarter fashion and lead a much more enriching life than if they had never taken those risks at all.

This is a decent skeleton of an essay. But that’s the problem—it is only a skeleton and the ideas need a lot more fleshing out if this essay is to get at least a ‘5’. For instance, in the skydiving example, the writer barely scratches the surface. What are some things that a skydiver could possibly learn to help them make this risky endeavor less risky? How much less risky would they make sky diving? Is there a point where something is so risky that even if we take measures to prevent disaster from happening that something bad could still happen (skydiving in bad weather, or bungee jumping in a country that offers low prices—and also low quality equipment). In calculating risk, shouldn’t we also weigh the payoff. For the skydiving example, is the thrill worth the danger, even if one has taken the necessary precautions and learned proper technique.

A Final Word

Now that you’ve reviewed student samples from across the spectrum of GRE Issue task grades, you’ll have a better sense of what you need to do to get those high scores! More than anything, practice will help you get the score you want on test day. So take a look at the Issue pool and a few more essay examples, pull up a blank document, and get practicing! Best of luck on test day as you master the GRE Issue essay.

Chris Lele is the Principal Curriculum Manager (and vocabulary wizard ) at Magoosh. Chris graduated from UCLA with a BA in Psychology and has 20 years of experience in the test prep industry. He’s been quoted as a subject expert in many publications, including US News , GMAC , and Business Because . In his time at Magoosh, Chris has taught countless students how to tackle the GRE , GMAT, SAT, ACT, MCAT (CARS), and LSAT exams with confidence. Some of his students have even gone on to get near-perfect scores. You can find Chris on YouTube , LinkedIn , Twitter and Facebook !

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49 responses to “GRE Issue Essay: Strategies + 8 Real Student Essays with Scores”

Hello Magoosh team

First of all, thank you for your amazing tips about the issue essay.

But I still have a question about this task “if I write only two paragraphs, and mainly focus on only one side” Can I still get at least 4 points by doing this

Thank you very much for your kindness and time

Hi Supatat,

By “two paragraphs”, do you mean two body paragraphs? You should aim for an introduction, 2 body paragraphs, and a conclusion. In other words, you should have 4 paragraphs. 🙂 As long as you use strong examples and make your point very clear, you should be able to get 4 points on the exam even without a third body paragraph.

When giving examples whilst supporting our point, can we mention an borrowed idea or opinion and elaborate on it in our own words? Let’s say I mention an idea from Yuval Noah Harari and credit him? Will this be considered plagiarism in any way

Hi Akshata,

You can definitely mention an opinion as long as you state the original source. For example, you can say: “According to Yuval Noah Harari, […]” and that would be acceptable. 🙂

Hello Firstly, thank you for this wonderful article. I have a question which is: How can I say a concession point without making any contradictions to previous paragraphs? I hope that my question is clear. Thanks

Hi there! Thank you, we’re glad you found it helpful. 🙂 I’d recommend reading over the example essays in this blog post to see how they handle the concession point. In addition, be sure to check out our blog article 12 Tips to Ace GRE Writing as well.

I have a question regarding where to include the concession point in my essay. Does it receive its own paragraph within the body of the essay, or does each supporting idea have a concession point paired with it? And do you include the concession point in the intro and conclusion as well?

Thanks, Joe

Hi Joe! You can add a third body paragraph that discusses your concession if you have time, but you can also just make a quick concession point, say at the end of your second body paragraph. Just remember that the goal is to use the concession to prove your point. The most common mistake is to spend too much time on the concession, so it can be safer to do less than more. I would not recommend bringing up a concession in the introduction or conclusion. It’s possible, but it’s just too risky. Use your concession to say, “While it may seem that people are distracted by their cell phones, they are actually socializing while looking at their screens. Therefore, technology brings people together.” Something like that is a strong, quick concession, whereas if you spend a paragraph going on and on about how people never talk anymore, you run the risk of arguing for the other side! Hope that helps 🙂

Hi, It is OK to write issue essay from first person perspective?

There is no specific prohibition of the first person and some people do well on the essay and use the first person. But I tend to recommend avoiding first person language, especially “I think” and “in my opinion.” Both of these phrases tend to be redundant because you usually can take these phrases out of the sentence and your sentence will still maintain its meaning and grammar. You can completely avoid the first person and your writing will likely end up with a more sophisticated tone.

If you do use the first person, I’d recommend that you use it once in the introduction paragraph for your thesis, and that is it.

I recommend taking a look at some of the sample essays written on some topics. These are released by ETS, the testmakers, and will give you an excellent idea of what a great, good, and poor essay will look like. You’ll notice that the essays rated 5 and 6 do not have first person language but the other, lower scored essays do.

http://www.ets.org/gre/revised_general/prepare/analytical_writing/issue/sample_responses

I guess I am a lot of thoughts to put on, but facing trouble to make my writing more persuasive. Can you please suggest how i can make my writing more persuasive as to better reflect my thoughts.

In the AWA issue Essay, being persuasive is all about using evidence. Anytime you make a claim, think of the reasons people might doubt that claim. Address all of those most obvious doubts. Also think about any questions people might ask you to get a better idea about what you’re saying in your essay, and why you’re saying it. Always put forth a very complete set of supporting details and argumentative evidence.If you think you won’t have the time or space to complete your argument within the time and pace limits of AWA, then choose a different argument, or find a way to simplify your argument.

One set of directions states to “discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement…” I’m confused by “extent.” Does this mean that ETS simply wants us to take a side either in agreement or disagreement and explain why? Or by “extent” do they mean that it is okay to strongly disagree, or to somewhat agree, etc.

Hi Meredith,

The second option is more accurate–another way to think about “extent” is “degree.” So not only do your agree or disagree, but what are the limitations of that opinion? I hope that helps! 🙂

Can you write in first person on either GRE essays?

There is no specific prohibition of first person and some people do well on the essay and use the first person. But I tend to recommend avoiding first person, especially “I think” and “in my opinion.” Both of these phrases tend to be redundant. You usually can take these phrases out of the sentence and your sentence will still maintain its meaning and grammar. So, you can completely avoid first person and writing in a more sophisticated tone.

If you do use first person, I’d recommend that you use it once in the introduction paragraph for your thesis. And that is it.

I recommend taking a look at some of the sample essays written on some topics . These are released by ETS, the testmakers, and will give you an excellent idea of what a great, good, and poor essay will look like. You’ll notice that a 5 and 6 do not have first person but the other lower scored essays do.

I hope that helps! 🙂

Hi Chris! I have a questions about the intro paragraph/thesis statement. Do you have to include the points you plan on discussing in your body paragraphs in your intro/thesis?

It’s not necessary to state your points verbatim in your intro — in fact, it will probably save you time not to do so 🙂

My exam is on 13th February and I have about 1 month from now on. I tried to focus on verbal and math section more until now and did not spend enough time on AW section of the GRE. Would you recommend writing one essay per day to gain acceleration on practicing ?

Any suggestion would be appreciated. Thanks.

I am so sorry this didn’t get answered quickly, but hopefully our advice can help! I’d suggest that you first take a look at these ETS topic pools:

List of AWA Issue Prompts List of AWA Argument Prompts

Familiarize yourself with these topics, and then write several practice essays of your own using these ETS topics as a way to familiarize yourself with the questions and expectations. If you are careful to answer the actual question posed by the AWA tasks and you prepare yourself by knowing what will be expected of you on that day, you won’t have any trouble getting a good score. 🙂

Oppenheimer used nuclear fission, not fusion. 🙂 The GRE grader do not care if your facts are correct, though.

Dear Chris,

Firstly, thanks for keeping up with the blog. It’s been a great help.

Secondly, I was wondering if there is any way to insert special characters on the Gre essay software during the exam – such as those required in ‘vis-a-vis’ or ‘blase’ or ‘cliche’. If not, should these phrases/words be avoided? I’m from India and keyboards here don’t have these characters on them by default.

That is a good question. I have no idea of the keyboards here allow you to do so. Regardless, I don’t think ETS will hold that against you. Of course, there is a computer grader, but maybe it has been programmed not to dock. Still, I can’t image ETS being so picayune as to do you for not having the proper diacritic.

Hope that helps!

One thing that concerns me when writing my essays in the issue part is that a lot of the examples that come to my mind are not that well-known in the Anglosphere. I’m German, and I often think of something German scientists or politicians did or said, events that happened in Germany or things taught in German high school. The example essays that I compare my essays to usually score high by drawing on a wide range of examples that are well-known in the US. Stating my examples, that the examiner has possibly never heart of, either requires a longer explanation, for which I don’t have time, or googling on part of the examiner.

What would you suggest? In theory, the GRE should not be culturally biased. But I am afraid if I simply drop unknown German examples, the examiners might be confused.

Thank you for your advice,

PS: To know what I mean, I thought of some examples for you. Let’s say the issue is about privacy and I refer to the surge in users of the Posteo.de email client, a Berlin-based start-up whose unique selling point is that they protect their clients’ privacy as much as possible. Or in an essay about rebellion I could refer to the way the German authorities dealt with house occupiers in Dresden in contrast to those in Berlin after the fall of the Berlin wall – the occupiers in Dresden were given proper rent contracts while those in Berlin were forcefully evicted, causing violent clashes with the police. Or when writing about technology, I might want to cite the website dawanda.de where people sell self-crafted goods. I know that there exists a similar format in the US – etsy – but I am not that familiar with it and would not feel comfortable writing about it and would prefer the German example. This issue comes up for me with almost every essay I write at least once!

I am on the same boat and would love to see this question answered!

Hi Holing and Cornelia!

I know this is a late reply, but hopefully it can help others in your positions. 🙂

It is perfectly fine to use non-US examples for the GRE essays, but you want to make sure you give relevant context and information on the events so that the reader doesn’t have to guess whether or not your example really applies to the point you are trying to make. If you can do that, then any examples from your own country should be fine. 🙂

Hi, I have read in most sites that practicing essays is the best way to go for AW. But writing a full length AW issue essay or argument essay takes 30 mins each for a time limited atmosphere. So my question is while practicing from the ets pool of topics, do we need to write full length essays for every topic or just structuring and brainstorming on the topic and writing mock essays 3-4 times will be enough?

Hi, Karishma

30 minutes for each essay can definitely be tough to fit into your schedule! Doing quick structuring/brainstorming is a good alternative when you don’t have a lot of time. However, especially as you near your exam date, make sure to sit down and do a few full-length essays (not all in a row, but maybe one every few days) just so you can feel comfortable with the experience. I hope that helps! 🙂

Best, Margarette

Thanks Margarette!!

Hello people of Magoosh,

I have a question about writing a thesis for an issue task. I noticed that in the video lesson, the thesis contained a statement indicating choosing a side. However, there’s no mention of the main points covered in the body paragraphs. Is that a good practice? Don’t you think that a reader ought to know what to expect in the body paragraphs just from reading the thesis statement?

Referred thesis: “a college curriculum should be designed around the career a student will pursue upon graduation”

Excellent question! In a typical, untimed essay you definitely would want to let the reader know what is coming. The intro and thesis should give the reader some idea of where the discussion is headed and what will be discussed. This is a common practice in American essay writing.

But with the GRE, our strategies are a little different. Since we have such a limited amount of time to write an essay, we recommend spending as little time as possible writing the introduction and conclusion. The bulk of your time should be spent crafting the body paragraphs. As such, we only recommend stating your opinion or stance on the topic and not worry about prefacing your examples and reasons.

This isn’t to say that you can’t do this. If you are a quick writer and have the time, then you can definitely indicate what the main points of your body paragraph will be. 🙂

Happy Studying!

I just started practicing the AWA and am following the 90-day study plan for beginners. I’m trying my best to follow the outlined time structure you suggested in the videos, but in my first two essays I’ve always run out of time and always seem to produce mediocre work. Would you recommend that I practice writing without a time limit for now? Or should I just keep working with the time limit and would I gradually improve with more practice?

Hi Lara, Happy to help!

First, I recommend to keep practicing. Writing the essays on the GRE is a particular type of skill that needs lots of practice. So keep your head down and keep at it.

Second, if you feel like you need extra practice, try writing an essay more often. Instead an essay a week, write two. This will give you more opportunities for improvement.

Third, I recommend that you keep timing yourself. It doesn’t help to be good at writing an essay in an hour. We need to be good at writing an essay in half an hour.

One thing that I have done with my students in the past is have them write only an introduction or only an introduction and body paragraph in a set amount of time. So give yourself a time limit of 8 minutes and see if you can complete an introduction and body paragraph. This allows you to practice writing under time constraints and you can take baby steps towards completing an essay in 30 minutes.

I hope that this helps! Best of luck in your studies! 🙂

I just started reading the book you recommended: On Writing Well, by William Zinsser. Although I would love read all of it, I don’t have much time to spare. Could you suggest what chapters would most benefit us for the GRE AWA ?

Good question! I think the grammar-related passages are important. As are the chapters that relate to crafting sentences and creating paragraphs.

Hi Chris, Do you know if there are any sites where I can find high scoring sample essays? I’ve been practicing but feel as though I’m in a void as I have no point of comparison. Getting feedback from family and friends is helpful, but I’d just feel so much better if I could compare my essays to actual GRE essays. I could only find one sample set on the ets website…

It seems that only gre.org offers example essays. Just google “example GRE essays” and it should be the second hit.

Besides that there aren’t too many others I can think of that are online. Writing higher scoring essays, ‘5.5-6’ for blog posts is something I plan to do soon though :).

Hello! I would enormously appreciate if you can clarify me this. Which link are you referring to in the following sentence?:

” For practical advice on practicing: the link below provides access to hundreds of essay prompts by ETS”.

I cannot find it anywhere and it would be of invaluable help for me to have these essay prompts in order to practice.

Thank you very much!

No problem :).

Here is the link: http://www.ets.org/gre/revised_general/prepare/analytical_writing/issue/pool

Thanks for your quick response!

So I just found out ETS has started employing their e-rater technology. Thoughts?

Thanks for reporting that! Well, I hope it is better than the GMATs, which apparently counts number of words, a couple of transition sentences, etc. I guess time will tell.

whats e-rater technology, mentioned by J, Chris??

Sometime it seems that we cannot write enough in the issue task.

If we practice one essay per day, who will rectify this and will tell us how to improve our score in analytic. So that we can BUT ALL feel confident to write essay with positive tone.

Yes, that is true, and indeed I need to write another post on generating ideas.

As for somebody to give you feedback, find a trusted family member or friend. Of course, that person would not want to read everyone of your essays, but as long as you get feedback every once in awhile that will help :).

This sentence is dead-on, “If you think you did poorly on the essays, that knowledge could very well affect your performance on the rest of the test.”

I recently talked with a student who was consistently scoring in the 80th percentile on math and verbal in practice. But he wasn’t prepared for the writing section on test day and it affected his concentration throughout the rest of the exam. He scored in the 60th percentile. Doing well on writing can definitely set a positive tone for the rest of the exam.

Yes, I am happy to hear that student’s experience echo my thoughts. Really, “Doing well on writing can definitely set a positive tone for the rest of the exam” is perhaps the greatest GRE tip that nobody has ever heard of.

Did u mean non-native below?? “Two of the preeminent prose stylists of the English-language novel were both native-English speakers.”

Ha! Yes, I definitely did. Thanks for catching that :).

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GRE Analytical Writing Sample Essays

Introduction

The GRE ® essay section is also referred to as the AWA or the GRE ® Analytical Writing Assessment which experts believe is one of the most neglected sections of the GRE ® test. Most test-takers believe that they can master the section in a few days at the most. A couple of GRE ® sample essays should be sufficient. The outcome is not desirable with an average global score of 4.0 with the Indian score even lower.

GRE ® Essay Sections

This Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA) portion is made up of two parts:

• Issue essays
• Argument essays

It is aimed at measuring the following:

• Communicate intricate thoughts distinctly and effectually
• Back notions with appropriate explanations and illustrations
• Scrutinize claims and supplementary proof
• Maintain a well-focused, articulate argument
• Command the components of standard written English

The structure of the GRE ® essay has been designed to test your ability to write a cogent thesis statement that you must defend over the course of several paragraphs.

• You are allocated a time limit of 30 minutes to complete each section. The is the first section and the structure of the test does not allow you to skip it and come back to it later.
• The GRE ® Essay expects you to analyze your critical thinking abilities.
• This allocated topic is usually a statement that is rather broad in nature.
• You will be evaluated for your capabilities to reason analytically and to debate the given topic from your perspective.
• You will need to support your viewpoint with appropriate instances and substantiation and structure your answer according to the precise guidelines that will be associated with the task.
• It is difficult to understand the requirements of this task without first going through relevant GRE ® sample essays.

How to use this Guide for AWA Passage Writing?

• There are two ways by which you can make use of this guide not just to improve your essay but also to master essay grading.
• Begin by taking a look at some of these perfectly scored sample essays.
• Remember that these samples that you go through will help you understand sentence structures, body paragraphs, etc. You should never ever think of copy-pasting direct sentences when you are writing your test as that will be considered as plagiarism.
• Use the guide in a manner that helps to incorporate features that help to highlight your position on the issue.
• The secondary objective of using this guide is to overcome your writing weaknesses in conjunction with essay grading.
• To ensure that you score high, begin the process with the rubrics for the Issue and Argument Tasks and subsequently zero in on the section that you find most difficult to meet.
• The idea is for you to identify the areas that you have trouble with the most. By taking adequate GRE ® prep, and going through samples and essay responses from experts, you will be able to overcome these difficulties.

What’s new?

Knowing how to get that perfect score is important. Find out more about GRE ® Score and the grading system.

How does the GRE ® essay work?

• With two parts to the GRE ® Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA), you are allotted 30 minutes for each essay.
• This is aimed to test your ability to write a thesis statement that is cogent, which you should be able to support with adequate evidence over the course of the essay.

What is the difference between the Issue and Argument essays?

• A sample topic reads like – “It could be argued that the most important technological breakthroughs have happened by chance and through surprise discoveries. However, others argue that deliberate, well-planned research with specific goals is the only way to ensure technological advancement.
• Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.”
• You are expected to respond by analyzing this general statement by taking a stance over a matter that is understandably complex.
• You may get similar topics encompassing several different areas such as politics, education, or culture.
• A sample topic reads – “SuperCorp recently moved its headquarters to Corporateville. The recent surge in the number of homeowners in Corporateville proves that Corporateville is a superior place to live then Middleburg, the home of SuperCorp’s current headquarters. Moreover, Middleburg is a predominantly urban area and according to an employee survey, SuperCorp has determined that its workers prefer to live in an area that is not urban. Finally, Corporateville has lower taxes than Middleburg, making it not only a safer place to work but also a cheaper one. Therefore, Supercorp clearly made the best decision.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on the assumptions and what the implications are if the assumptions prove unwarranted.”

• In contrast to the Issue essay, the Argument essay will ask the author to dissect the logic behind the stance or position taken by him or her.

Where can I find sample topics?

• You can log on to the ETS website where they publish pools of Issue and Argument essay topics.
• These topics have been taken from previous tests.

How are the essays scored?

• There is an initial human grader of the essay who has received rigorous training to qualify to be a grader.
• He or she is typically a university literature/writing professor.
• Additionally, there is an ‘E-rater’ which is an automated essay grader.
• This system ensures that the human grader has justifiably scored the essays without bias or prejudice.
• The final score is an average of the two scores and the result rounded off to fit the half point scale.

How does the GRE ® AWA scoring range work?

• Take a look at the scoring guidelines that will help you understand where you stand with the score that you have received.Compare the essays that you have written with sample essays in order for you to get a sense of what score you might receive for them.
• Compare the essays that you have written with sample essays in order for you to get a sense of what score you might receive for them.

Is there anywhere I can get my essays graded?

• You can have someone that you trust give you their honest feedback.
• Alternatively, ETS offers a service to grade your sample GRE ® AWA essays but that does not give you any feedback, only the score.
• You can also access forums where you can upload your sample essays to get insights and analysis.

What do the graders look for?

• When your essays are graded, the three key pillars that graders look for that determine your score are clarity, coherency, and cogency.
• You must communicate your ideas as clearly as you can which should be logically connected to one another as you transition between sentences and paragraphs.
• Whatever be your claims, it should be supported by sufficient evidence and examples that are sustainable.
• Style of writing is important which means you should avoid essay with choppy sentences, bad grammar, misspellings and unsophisticated vocabulary.
• A typical grader takes 30 seconds to score your essay if he or she is satisfied with clear organization of your information, check if your paragraphs start with a topic sentence and flow into specific examples that support your analysis.

How long does my essay have to be?

• The substance in your essay is of paramount importance as long as it has been clearly bifurcated into a five-paragraph format including an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
• Keep a lookout for your paragraph lengths as long paragraphs minus logical matter will not grab you better scores.

How do I practice for GRE ® Analytical Writing?

• Practice makes it perfect and it is no different for the GRE ® Analytical Writing Assessment.
• Get a better command and facility on the language by writing more.
• Create an outline and brainstorm on your position and think of a relevant example to support your claim.
• Set aside time to edit your practice essays.
• Look through tons of approved sample essays and correlate it with the grades that they have received.
• While grammar is not of top priority as clarity of thought, it still holds weight and must be given its due importance in the scheme of things.

How do I improve my grammar and style?

• You can improve your grammar by going through books such as William Zinsser’s On Writing Well.
• To improve on your writing style, a book that comes highly recommended is Strunk and White’s Elements of Style.
• You may consult other resources to complement these books and help in an overall improvement of grammar and style.

Are there any sample essays I can read?

• Sample Issue Essays from ETS
• Sample Argument Essays from ETS
• The essays on the ETS website have been written by students.
• You can use these essays as benchmarks to assess your own levels of writing.

GRE ® Sample Essays for the Issue Task

ETS provides brief information about an issue of common interest and tells the test taker to evaluate and analyze it. The candidate is required to essentially develop a sound argument for the issue and support it with examples.

ETS Essay Pool for Issue Essays (1 to 10):

The GRE ® Issue essay is similar in structure to the classic 5-paragraph short essay. You can go through the following links for familiarizing yourself with GRE ® sample essays pertaining to the Issue task.

• GRE ® Issue Essay-1: "We learn through direct experience; to accept a theory without experiencing it is to learn nothing at all."
• GRE ® Issue Essay-2: "Laws should not be rigid or fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places."
• GRE ® Issue Essay-3: "People are too quick to take action; instead, they should stop to think of the possible consequences of what they might do."
• GRE ® Issue Essay-4: "It is possible to pass laws that control or place limits on people's behavior, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts and minds."
• GRE ® Issue Essay-5: "Success in any realm of life comes more often from taking chances or risks than from careful and cautious planning."
• GRE ® Issue Essay-6: "Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways."
• GRE ® Issue Essay-7: "It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the details may be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of an individual."
• GRE ® Issue Essay-8: "The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes."
• GRE ® Issue Essay-9: "If people disregard the great works of the past, it is because these works no longer answer the needs of the present."
• GRE ® Issue Essay-10: "As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious."

GRE ® Sample Essays for the Argument Task

The GRE ® Argument Essay asks you to change perspective from the one you had for the Issue Essay. Your essay should be about 5-6 paragraphs in which you will criticize an argument, describe how it could be improved, and reiterate that it is overall weak and unconvincing.

ETS Essay Pool for Argument Essays (1 to 10):

Take a look at the following sample argument essay topics:

• GRE ® Argument Essay-1: "Seven years ago, homeowners in nearby Brookville community adopted a set of restrictions on how the community's yards should be landscaped and what colors the exteriors of homes should be painted. Since then, average property values have tripled in Brookville. In order to raise property values in Deerhaven Acres, we should adopt our own set of restrictions on landscaping and house painting."
• GRE ® Argument Essay-2: "Of the two leading real estate firms in our town, Adams Realty, and Fitch Realty, Adams is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents. In contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago, I listed my home with Fitch and it took more than four months to sell; last year when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams."
• GRE ® Argument Essay-3: "A jazz music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise. Currently, the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away; thus, our proposed club, the C Note, would have the local market all to itself. Plus, jazz is extremely popular in Monroe: over 100,000 people attended Monroe's jazz festival last summer, several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe, and the highest-rated radio program in Monroe is 'Jazz Nightly,' which airs every weeknight. Finally, a nationwide study indicates that the typical jazz fan spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz entertainment. It is clear that the C Note cannot help but make money."
• GRE ® Argument Essay-4: "Mesa Foods, a manufacturer of snack foods that currently markets its products within a relatively small region of the country, has strong growth potential. Mesa enjoyed a 20 percent increase in profits last year, and its best-selling product, Diabolique Salsa, has had increased sales over each of the past three years. Since Omni Inc. is interested in reaching 14-to-25-year-olds, the age group that consumes the most snack food, we should buy Mesa Foods, and concentrate in particular on marketing Diabolique Salsa throughout the country."
• GRE ® Argument Essay-5: "During the past year, Alta Manufacturing had thirty percent more on-the-job accidents than nearby Panoply Industries, where the work shifts are one hour shorter than ours. Experts believe that a significant contributing factor in many on-the-job accidents is fatigue and sleep deprivation among workers. Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents at Alta and thereby increase productivity, we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that our employees will get adequate amounts of sleep."
• GRE ® Argument Essay-6: "Previous experience has shown that our stores are most profitable in areas where residents are highly concerned with leading healthy lives. We should, therefore, build our next new store in Plainsville, which has many such residents. Plainsville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs. The local health club, which nearly closed five years ago due to lack of business, has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full. We can even anticipate a new generation of customers: Plainsville's schoolchildren are required to participate in a 'fitness for life' program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age."
• GRE ® Argument Essay-7: “In Megalopolis, the number of law school graduates who went to work for large, corporate firms declined by 15 percent over the last three years, whereas an increasing number of graduates took jobs at small, general practice firms. Even though large firms usually offer much higher salaries, law school graduates are choosing to work for smaller firms most likely because they experience greater job satisfaction at smaller firms. In a survey of first-year students at a leading law school, most agreed with the statement that earning a high salary was less important to them than job satisfaction. This finding suggests that the large, corporate firms of Megalopolis will need to offer graduates more benefits and incentives and reduce the number of hours they must work.”
• GRE ® Argument Essay-8: "Given that the number of people in our country with some form of arthritis is expected to rise from 40 million to 60 million over the next twenty years, pharmaceutical companies that produce drugs for the treatment of arthritis should be very profitable. Many analysts believe that in ten years Becton Pharmaceuticals, which makes Xenon, the best-selling drug treatment for arthritis, will be the most profitable pharmaceutical company. But the patent on Xenon expires in three years, and other companies will then be able to produce a cheaper version of the drug. Thus, it is more likely that in ten years the most profitable pharmaceutical company will be Perkins Pharmaceuticals, the maker of a new drug called Xylan, which clinical studies show is preferred over Xenon by seven out of ten patients suffering from the most extreme cases of arthritis."
• GRE ® Argument Essay-9: "In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council, because the current members are not protecting our environment. For example, during the past year, the number of factories in Clearview has doubled, air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses. If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved."
• GRE ® Argument Essay-10: "Two years ago, our consultants predicted that West Egg's landfill, which is used for garbage disposal, would be completely filled within five years. During the past two years, however, town residents have been recycling twice as much aluminum and paper as they did in previous years. Next month the amount of material recycled should further increase since charges for garbage pickup will double. Furthermore, over ninety percent of the respondents to a recent survey said that they would do more recycling in the future. Because of our residents' strong commitment to recycling, the available space in our landfill should last for considerably longer than predicted."

Issue Essay 1: Technology and Human Ingenuity

The topic assigned here is: “As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.”

• The essay on this specific issue prompts the author to take a position instead of deterring their ability to reason about how technology will stimulate the human race to reach greater goals in life.
• The sample essay looks at a number of possible avenues by which it strikes the right chord with the GRE ® essay rubric criteria to attain that perfect score.
• The primary rubric criteria are the way in which the author adopts an insightful and clear stance on the given issue in the essay.
• Over the entire course of the essay, the author articulates his or her position about the possibilities of embracing new technology as opposed to being fearful of it.
• Paragraph 1: The author recognizes the fact that “technology has revolutionized the world.”
• Paragraph 2: The author elucidates the thinking behind the declaration in the prompt - “The assumption is that an increased reliance on technology negates the need for people to think creatively to solve previous quandaries”.
• Paragraph 3: The author refutes the rationale that was deliberated in paragraph 2, writing that “reliance on technology does not necessarily preclude the creativity that marks the human species.”
• Paragraph 4: The author progresses with her counterclaim one step further, stating that “technology frees the human imagination.”
• Paragraph 5: The author additionally cultivates the notion from Paragraph 4, stating “By increasing our reliance on technology, impossible goals can now be achieved.”
• Paragraph 6: This final paragraph successfully ends the essay with a fully expressed thesis that also computes to what went before: “There is no need to retreat to a Luddite attitude to new things, but rather embrace a hopeful posture to the possibilities that technology provides for new avenues of human imagination.”
• The author’s clear-cut rationalizations of her opinion and logic augment the lucidity of her position, while the nuanced content of the position itself establishes perception into the issue.

Issue Essay 2: Cooperation Vs. Competition

The topic assigned here is: “The best way for a society to prepare its young people for leadership in government, industry, or other fields is by instilling in them a sense of cooperation, not competition.”

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons or examples that could be used to challenge your position.

• The author of this sample Issue essay has decided on a position on the issue by siding with the cooperation and not competition which is the preferred value to inculcate in young adults in preparation for government
• The last line of the first paragraph “I would have to agree that the best way to prepare young people for leadership roles is to instill in them a sense of cooperation,” makes a clear declaration that absolutely fulfills the first part of the criteria.
• The conclusion, particularly the last two sentences reiterates this stance.
• Just being clear on your stance alone will not help you achieve that perfect score as you need to complement it with demonstrable insights into the core issue.
• In the second part, the author takes on a two-pronged approach in order to answer the essay question as opposed to just clarifying how cooperativeness spearheads optimistic results in government, industry, and other fields and competitiveness results in negative consequences.
• In the opening and closing paragraphs, the author makes this position even more categorical.
• The following rubric criteria deal with how successfully the author fosters his standpoint with examples and reasoning, for example, by reviewing the downsides of competition.
• Opening with general perceptions of human behaviors at school and the office to present his argument, the author then deftly segues into precise instances of competitiveness gone bad.
• Each illustration is used by the author to drive his point down deeper with a final round off that competitiveness can help people only up to a certain point, but the price is that it is also “damaging and in due course quite disparaging.”
• The logical interlinking of notions through paragraphs is the third parameter that makes this a perfectly scoring essay.
• The manner in which the paragraphs are connected, the core focus still remains on the issue.
• The author’s skill of using accurate language to communicate precise meaning epitomizes the author’s grasp of the language.

Argument Essay 1: Mason City Riverside Recreation

The topic assigned here is: “In surveys, Mason City residents rank water sports (swimming, boating, and fishing) among their favorite recreational activities. The Mason River flowing through the city is rarely used for these pursuits, however, and the city park department devotes little of its budget to maintaining riverside recreational facilities. For years there have been complaints from residents about the quality of the river’s water and the river’s smell. In response, the state has recently announced plans to clean up Mason River. The use of the river for water sports is therefore sure to increase. The city government should for that reason devote more money in this year’s budget to riverside recreational facilities.

• The outcome of the survey is binding and demonstrative.
• The explanation of why Mason River is not being used is by reason of its smell and contamination.
• Getting rid of the contamination in the river will help free you from the smell thus leading to more residents using it.
• The author recognizes the supposition that complaints point to countless people wanting to use the river and scrutinizes it by interpretation across potential situations other than the one exhibited in the prompt.
• The understanding comes from the information that the exact opportunities deliberated by the author are exceedingly believable alternative clarifications for the facts that would transform the validity of the prompt’s assumption.
• The outcome of her assessment concludes that there are unsatisfactory data to back the theory that Mason River is not used due to its smell and contamination.
• The author of this sample GRE ® essay accomplishes the prerequisites of a textbook scoring Argument essay is by delivering wide-ranging support for each of her key points.
• All through the essay, the author is able to illuminate accurately why every single assumption made is challenging by sourcing instances that exactly validate her argument.
• What makes this sample Argument essay achieve a perfect score is how it has been organized logically, with clear transitions between ideas.
• The author of this GRE ® essay sample is able to meet the first part of this requirement with a simple five-paragraph organizational structure: an introduction, one paragraph for each assumption discussed, and a conclusion.
• Additionally, an Argument essay must be detailed and actual in its argument of notions, with minimum errors that the author successfully met with using purposeful language to efficiently and clearly get her point across.

Argument Essay 2: Super Screen Movie Advertising

The topic assigned here is: “According to a recent report from our marketing department, during the past year, fewer people attended Super Screen-produced movies than in any other year. And yet the percentage of positive reviews by movie reviewers about specific Super Screen movies actually increased during the past year. Clearly, the contents of these reviews are not reaching enough of our prospective viewers. Thus, the problem lies not with the quality of our movies but with the public’s lack of awareness that movies of good quality are available. Super Screen should, therefore, allocate a greater share of its budget next year to reaching the public through advertising.”

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.”

• The first aspect of the essay examines how it successfully the content recognizes and assesses the portions of the argument that bears a close resemblance to the demands of the task.
• As part of the conclusion, there are many queries that Super Screen is answerable to prior to making use of this advertising director’s plan.
• There is a need to closely look into the actual numbers for viewership and positive reviews and ascertain the relationship that their target audience has with movie reviewers and establish how their target audience feels about their movies.
• The author strikes on the three key points that should be taking into consideration prior to reaching an agreement with the advertising director’s plan: viewer and review numbers, audience reactions to reviews, and whether or not reviews are a useful metric by which to measure movie success.
• An example that the author puts forward in relation to a particular argument can be found in the third paragraph of this GRE ® essay sample.
• The paragraph begins by asserting the question that requires an answer – “What the number of positive reviews was and how it compared to pass reviews?”
• Subsequently, post this preliminary recognition of the question, the author also justifies how responding this question would have an influence on the effectiveness of the recommendation: “If the increase in positive reviews was from 1% to 2%, allocating more money to advertising to emphasize this fact is likely to have less impact than if the money were instead budgeted towards improving film quality.”
• The author of the GRE ® essay sample fulfills the requirement of sustaining every question she elevates the argument in the prompt by presenting how its reaction would shape the recommendation.
• The author has also developed and connected notions in a clear and logical fashion.
• The organization of this GRE ® argument essay sample facilitates in accomplishing this by steering the author’s views into an introduction, four body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
• A perfect-scoring Argument essay must make use of complex and precise language, with few errors that the author of this essay has achieved.

Introduction – GRE ® Analytical Writing Sample Essays

Just like your verbal and Quant sections, you need tons of practice to master the essay section too. Go through these GRE ® sample AWA and response essays that will help test your ability.

Essay Response Score 6

The statement linking technology negatively with free thinking plays on the recent human experience over the past century. Surely there has been no time in history where the lived lives of people have changed more dramatically. A quick reflection on a typical day reveals how technology has revolutionized the world. Most people commute to work in an automobile that runs on an internal combustion engine. During the workday, chances are high that the employee will interact with a computer that processes the information on silicon bridges that are .09 microns wide. Upon leaving home, family members will be reached through wireless networks that utilize satellites orbiting the earth. Each of these common occurrences could have been inconceivable at the turn of the 19th century.

The statement attempts to bridge these dramatic changes to a reduction in the ability for humans to think for themselves. The assumption is that increased reliance on technology negates the need for people to think creatively to solve previous quandaries. Looking back at the introduction, one could argue that without a car, computer, or mobile phone, the hypothetical worker would need to find alternate methods of transport, information processing, and communication. Technology short circuits this thinking by making the problems obsolete.

However, this reliance on technology does not necessarily preclude the creativity that marks the human species. The prior examples reveal that technology allows for convenience. The car, computer, and phone all release additional time for people to live more efficiently. This efficiency does not preclude the need for humans to think for themselves. In fact, technology frees humanity to not only tackle new problems but may itself create new issues that did not exist without technology. For example, the proliferation of automobiles has introduced a need for fuel conservation on a global scale. With increasing energy demands from emerging markets, global warming becomes a concern inconceivable to the horse-and-buggy generation. Likewise, dependence on oil has created nation-states that are not dependent on taxation, allowing ruling parties to oppress minority groups such as women. Solutions to these complex problems require the unfettered imaginations of maverick scientists and politicians.

In contrast to the statement, we can even see how technology frees the human imagination. Consider how the digital revolution and the advent of the internet have allowed for an unprecedented exchange of ideas. WebMD, a popular internet portal for medical information, permits patients to self-research symptoms for a more informed doctor visit. This exercise opens pathways of thinking that were previously closed off to the medical layman. With increased interdisciplinary interactions, inspiration can arrive from the most surprising corners. Jeffrey Sachs, one of the architects of the UN Millenium Development Goals, based his ideas on emergency care triage techniques. The unlikely marriage of economics and medicine has healed tense, hyperinflation environments from South America to Eastern Europe.

This last example provides the most hope in how technology actually provides hope for the future of humanity. By increasing our reliance on technology, impossible goals can now be achieved. Consider how the late 20th century witnessed the complete elimination of smallpox. This disease had ravaged the human race since prehistorical days, and yet with the technology of vaccines, free-thinking humans dared to imagine a world free of smallpox. Using technology, battle plans were drawn out, and smallpox was systematically targeted and eradicated.

Technology will always mark the human experience, from the discovery of fire to the implementation of nanotechnology. Given the history of the human race, there will be no limit to the number of problems, both new and old, for us to tackle. There is no need to retreat to a Luddite attitude to new things, but rather embrace a hopeful posture to the possibilities that technology provides for new avenues of human imagination.

• Rater Commentary for Essay Response — Score 6
• The instances are convincing, have been developed with careful thought are logically aligned and well supported.
• The transitions within ideas and paragraphs are smooth.
• With a complex and varied sentence structure, the essay adheres to all standard norms of written English, i.e., grammar, usage, and mechanics.
• Even though there are periodic errors visible, the essay still meets all the requirements thus attaining 6 which is the top GRE ® score for analytical writing.

Essay response score 5

Surely many of us have expressed the following sentiment, or some variation on it, during our daily commutes to work: "People are getting so stupid these days!" Surrounded as we are by striding and strident automatons with cell phones glued to their ears, PDA's gripped in their palms, and omniscient, omnipresent CNN gleaming in their eyeballs, it's tempting to believe that technology has isolated and infantilized us, essentially transforming us into dependent, conformist morons best equipped to sideswipe one another in our SUV's.

Furthermore, hanging around with the younger, pre-commute generation, whom tech-savviness seems to have rendered lethal, is even less reassuring. With "Teen People" style trends shooting through the air from tiger-striped PDA to zebra-striped PDA, and with the latest starlet gossip zipping from juicy Blackberry to teeny, turbo-charged cell phone, technology seems to support young people's worst tendencies to follow the crowd. Indeed, they have seemingly evolved into intergalactic conformity police. After all, today's tech-aided teens are, courtesy of authentic, hands-on video games, literally trained to kill; courtesy of chat and instant text messaging, they have their own language; they even have tiny cameras to efficiently photo-document your fashion blunders! Is this adolescence, or paparazzi terrorist training camp?

With all this evidence, it's easy to believe that tech trends and the incorporation of technological wizardry into our everyday lives have served mostly to enforce conformity, promote dependence, heighten consumerism and materialism, and generally create a culture that values self-absorption and personal entitlement over cooperation and collaboration. However, I argue that we are merely in the inchoate stages of learning to live with technology while still loving one another. After all, even given the examples provided earlier in this essay, it seems clear that technology hasn't impaired our thinking and problem-solving capacities. Certainly it has incapacitated our behavior and manners; certainly, our values have taken a severe blow. However, we are inarguably more efficient in our badness these days. We're effective worker bees of ineffectiveness!

If technology has so increased our sense of self-efficacy that we can become veritable agents of the awful, virtual CEO's of selfishness, certainly it can be beneficial. Harnessed correctly, technology can improve our ability to think and act for ourselves. The first challenge is to figure out how to provide technology users with some direly-needed direction.

• Rater Commentary for Essay Response — Score 5
• The strengths and weaknesses of this essay are clearly evident in the language used.
• While some of the flowery representations do have a powerful impact, at times the descriptions are awkwardly placed, with the comparisons often being stressed.
• The author has used complex vocabulary and syntax consistently – “Surrounded as we are by striding and strident automatons with cell phones glued to their ears, PDA's gripped in their palms, and omniscient, omnipresent CNN gleaming in their eyeballs, it's tempting to believe..."
• Too much reliance on abstractions in the essay has not borne the desired effect as it lacks appropriate reasoning.
• On the whole, the essay demonstrates credible ideas with examples with thoughtful analysis, taking an overall complex approach to the issue, thus earning a score 5.

Essay Response Score 4

In all actuality, I think it is more probable that our bodies will surely deteriorate long before our minds do in any significant amount. Who can't say that technology has made us lazier, but that's the keyword, lazy, not stupid? The ever-increasing amount of technology that we incorporate into our daily lives makes people think and learn every day, possibly more than ever before. Our abilities to think, learn, philosophize, etc. may even reach limits never dreamed of before by average people. Using technology to solve problems will continue to help us realize our potential as a human race.

If you think about it, using technology to solve more complicating problems gives humans a chance to expand their thinking and learning, opening up whole new worlds for many people. Many of these people are glad for the chance to expand their horizons by learning more, going to new places, and trying new things. If it wasn't for the invention of new technological devices, I wouldn't be sitting at this computer trying to philosophize about technology. It would be extremely hard for children in many poorer countries to learn and think for themselves without the invention of the internet. Think what an impact the printing press, a technologically superior machines at the time, had on the ability of the human race to learn and think.

Right now we are seeing a golden age of technology, using it all the time during our everyday lives. When we get up there's instant coffee and the microwave and all these great things that help us get ready for our day. But we aren't allowing our minds to deteriorate by using them, we are only making things easier for ourselves and saving time for other important things in our days. Going off to school or work in our cars instead of a horse and buggy. Think of the brainpower and genius that was used to come up with that single invention that has changed the way we move across this globe.Using technology to solve our continually more complicated problems as a human race is definitely a good thing. Our ability to think for ourselves isn't deteriorating, it's continuing to grow, moving on to higher though functions and more ingenious ideas. The ability to use what technology we have is an example.

• Rater Commentary for Essay Response — Score 4
• Developing a clear position, the author presents appropriate reasons to hold true and explain in support of the issue.
• The point on technology usage is supported with relevant concepts that show how it enables users to access data and information and their potential that users would not normally have access to.
• The ‘golden age’ point has also been appropriately supported by the basic description of our technologically saturated social condition.
• Paragraph 3 on coffee pots to the benefits of technology to cars does showcase that the overall development and organization of this essay does live through the rare bouts of misdirection.
• The essay seamless flows from one idea to another but often only scratching the surface level of the core issue rather than probing in-depth.
• Taking the analysis further, the author creates a marked distinction between the essay and the level 3 response that supports the idea of technology advancing to help progress human thinking abilities, drawing an intelligent parallel between the promise of the modern sophisticated technology (computer) and the actual "impact" of equally "promising" and pervasive technologies of the past (printing press).
• The reason why this essay has received a score of 4 as the language meets the expectations and the author has demonstrated a satisfactory control over it.
• Overall, the mistakes are minor in nature and do not really hinder with the clarity of the notions being presented.

Essay Response Score 3

There is no current proof that advancing technology will deteriorate the ability of humans to think. On the contrary, advancements in technology had advanced our vast knowledge in many fields, opening opportunities for further understanding and achievement. For example, the problem of debilitating illnesses and diseases such as Alzheimer's disease is slowing being solved by the technological advancements in stem cell research. The future ability to grow new brain cells and the possibility to reverse the onset of Alzheimer's is now becoming a reality. This shows our initiative as humans to better our health demonstrates the greater ability of humans to think.

One aspect where the ability of humans may initially be seen as an example of deteriorating minds is the use of the internet and cell phones. In the past humans had to seek out information in many different environments and aspects of life. Now humans can sit in a chair and type anything into a computer and get an answer. Our reliance on this type of technology can be detrimental if not regulated and regularly substituted for other information sources such as human interactions and hands-on learning. I think if humans understand that we should not have such a reliance on computer technology, that we as a species will advance further by utilizing the opportunity of computer technology as well as the other sources of information outside of a computer. Supplementing our knowledge with internet access is surely a way for technology to solve problems while continually advancing the human race.

• Rater Commentary for Essay Response — Score 3
• The author has been able to transcend beyond the superficial strata of the core issue.
• How technology has advanced overall human know-how in multiple domains and the way forward is to supplement the usage to “surely a way for technology to solve problems while continually advancing the human race."
• However, the author has failed to offer sufficient evidence to support this point.
• Point two is where the author has created an outline by citing the need for regulation/supplementation and cautions of the flipside of depending on technology heavily which is vague and restrictive - "Our reliance ... can be detrimental. If humans understand that we should not have such a reliance ... we will advance further."
• Much of the second paragraph is filled with loosely connected generalizations which need more groundwork.
• Some minor language errors are also present in this essay. However, the author’s meaning and implications are clear, thus earning this essay a score of 3.

Essay Response Score 2

In recent centuries, humans have developed the technology very rapidly, and you may accept some merit of it, and you may see a distortion in society that occurred by it. To be lazy for humans in some meaning is one of the fashion issues in these days. There are many symptoms and reasons for it. However, I can not agree with the statement that technology makes humans be reluctant to think thoroughly.

Of course, you can see the phenomena of human laziness along with developed technology in some places. However, they would happen in specific conditions, not general. What makes human to be laze of thinking is not merely technology, but the tendency of humans that they treat them as a magic stick and a black box. Not understanding the aims and theory of them courses the disapproval problems.

The most important thing to use thechnology, regardless of the new or old, is to comprehend the fundamental idea of them and to adapt suit tech to tasks in need. Even if you recognize a method as an all-mighty and it is extremely over-spec to your needs, you can not see the result you want. In this procedure, humans have to consider as long as possible to acquire adequate functions. Therefore, humans can not escape from using their brains.

In addition, the technology as it does not vain automatically is created by humans. Thus, the more developed tech and the more you want a convenient life, the more you think and emit your creativity to breakthrough some banal method sarcastically.

Consequently, if you are not passive to the new tech, but offensive to it, you would not lose your ability to think deeply. Furthermore, you may improve your ability by adopting it.

• Rater Commentary for Essay Response — Score 2
• This essay is no better than a score 2 simply because of the language used.
• Serious errors in grammar, only specific moments of clarity, sentence mechanics and usage of terms minus meanings contribute to this.
• If one were to overlook the obvious flaws, the author has made an effort to respond to the prompt - "I can not agree with the statement that the technology makes humans be reluctant to thinking thoroughly."
• However, the author has not been successful in his assertion of - "Not understanding the aims and theory of them [technology] courses the disapproval problems" and "The most important thing to use the technology ... is to comprehend the fundamental idea of them."
• Overall, the essay presents a badly inconsistent but not essentially lacking in an endeavor to produce and sustain its statements.

Essay Response Score 1

Humans have invented machines but they have forgotten it and have started everything technically so clearly their thinking process is deteriorating.

• Rater Commentary for Essay Response — Score 1
• The author’s manner of using significant terms from the prompt "technically" (technologically), "humans," "thinking" (think) and "deteriorating" (deteriorate) clearly demonstrates that the essay is topic and offers evidence of understanding.
• It also shows the author’s inability to create an appropriate response that is in adherence to the instructions and guidelines provided - ("Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement above and explain your reasoning for the position you take."
• The language used also demonstrates that the essay is no better than a level 1 as the sentences formed are not coherent.

6 Tips for a Perfect-Scoring GRE ® Essay

Go over these fundamental pointers that should help you get that perfect score on your four GRE ® essays.

• The common factor in all perfect-scoring GRE ® sample essays is an introduction and a conclusion.
• Ideally, you need to introduce the core ideas in the first few lines, not necessarily a paragraph and ensure that you wrap them up at the end of the essay.
• It is imperative that the author states their position on the issue clearly.
• While you may scrape through a vague standpoint in an Argument essay and still score a 4.0, the same approach will not work in an Issue essay where you may just get a 3.0.
• Regardless of the essay type or prompt, in order to get that perfect score, you will need to include a statement that clarifies your position and the extent to which you agree or disagree with it.
• From the sample essays and their analysis, one aspect that is clearly identifiable is the need for the author to concentrate on relevant support for any claims or statements being made.
• It is always more persuasive if the essay demonstrates claims that have been backed up by sufficient evidence than just making general points.
• Therefore, going backward, if you are unable to find sufficient support for your arguments, then in all probability, that is a sign that you need to rethink your position or draw inspiration from another part of the argument that will withstand critique.
• The communication of your notions and ideas and the support that you provide transcends polished writing, perfectly worded or spelt essays.
• Issues that have been clearly-explained with compelling examples, evaluations and assessments by cutting through the heart of the argument is bound to get a higher score in comparison to imprecise essays that have been skillfully crafted.
• A key factor in any of the essays getting a high score is a seamless and smooth transition of ideas between paragraphs that have been linked at multiple levels.
• Even ideas within paragraphs should have linguistic transition levels.
• All of the GRE ® essay samples adhere to the basic standard five paragraph routine that includes an introduction, body paragraphs and a conclusion.
• The ETS website states, “You are free to organize and develop your response in any way you think will enable you to effectively communicate your ideas about the issue.”
• But having your essay organized across these five paragraph formats it will save you the time of having to figure out a new organizational strategy for every essay you write.
• And the more consistently you stick to a simple (but clear) organizational structure, the faster you’ll get at it until organizing your thoughts logically comes as second-nature.

Download your FREE eBook on AWA essay writing, now!

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• Table of Contents
• What is the GRE?
• GRE Scores & Admissions
• How the GRE CAT Works
• GRE Tips & Strategies
• Reading Intro
• 1. Passage Classification
• 2. Analyzing Paragraphs
• 3. GRE Passage Mapping
• 4. Find the Main Idea
• 5. Determine Purpose
• Detail of the Passage
• Definition of a Term
• Support for a Premise
• Function of Passage Part
• Cultural Hard Ex. 1
• Society Passages
• Science Medium Ex. 1
• Science Medium Essay 2
• GRE Reasoning Intro
• Most Strongly Supported
• Argument Structure Questions
• Ad Hominem Flaws
• Argumentative Flaws
• Assumptions Questions
• Parallel Reasoning
• Parallelism Questions
• Causal Arguments
• Statistical Reasoning
• Weaken Reasoning
• Sufficient/Necessary
• Paradox Questions
• Modify Questions
• Consecutive Numbers
• Divisibility
• Algebra Simplifying Rules
• Exponent Expressions
• Complex Expressions
• Inequalities
• Working With Formulas
• Intersecting Lines
• Coordinate Geometry
• Simple Probability
• Independent Events
• Dependent Events
• Working Backwards
• Using Outcomes
• Other Scenarios
• Permutations
• Problem Variations
• Combinations
• Combination or Permutation
• Statistics Introduction
• Normal Distribution
• Seven Techniques
• Quantitative Comparisons
• Ratio and Proportion
• Distance, Rate & Time
• Graphs and Data Interpretation
• Mean, Median and Mode
• Analytical Writing Intro
• Analysis of Issue: Content
• Analysis of Issue: Structure
• Analysis of Issue: Timing
• Dissecting Arguments
• Finding Errors
• Eliminating Fill Sentences
• Qualification
• Start Strong
• Active Voice
• Self-Reference
• Vague Writing
• Voice Shifting
• Colloquialisms
• Using Hyphens Correctly
• Analysis of Argument Questions
• Analysis of Issue Questions
• 10 Most Common Errors
• GRE VOCABULARY LIST
• Text Completion
• Sentence Equivalence
• Sample GRE Tests
• Course near me
• 5 GRE Tests
• Mission / About Us

The Real GRE Essay Questions

Home » Free GRE Prep Course » Free GRE Prep Course » The Real GRE Essay Questions

1. Look at all the Real GRE AWA Questions

To beat the competition, you will need to do some brainstorming for all 400 AWA questions. Any of them could appear on your GRE, so you should spend some time preparing in advance. While there are many questions possible, the good news is there are no surprises. You will be able to review all of the potential questions beforehand.

• Analyze an Issue
• Analyze an Argument

Skim through all of the essay questions. You are guaranteed to see one question from each section on test day, so take quick notes on each of the questions. Then go back and read each one again. Pause for a minute to ponder the topic. At least three or four ideas will probably pop into your mind; jot them down. At this point, don’t try to organize your thoughts or commit to a position.

2. Review Sample Essay Answers

We’ve provided ten sample responses for each type of essay. These will help you get a sense of the caliber of writing expected by the GRE graders.

• There is no one “correct” response to any AWA question.
• These essays were written in 30-45 minute periods. They represent 5-6 score essays.

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Gre prep online guides and tips, the 15 best gre essay tips to improve your score.

The GRE’s Analytical Writing section can be pretty intimidating. It’s the very first thing you’ll face when you sit down to take the exam, and you have to write two essays in one hour. No wonder a lot of students find it the most stressful part of the GRE!

But fear not: to help make the Analytical Writing section more approachable, I’ll teach you 15 great GRE essay tips to aid both the newbie and the experienced test taker.

feature image credit: Essays!! /used under CC BY-SA 2.0 /Resized from original.

10 Awesome Overall GRE Writing Tips

We’ll start out with our best general GRE Analytical Writing tips to help you prepare for both essays.

#1: Use POWERPREP Online to Type Your Essays

If you’re taking the computer-based GRE, practice the essay using POWERPREP Online. PowerPrep Tests 1 and 2 have built-in essay answering capabilities, as does the Preview Tool; after writing on the prompts in the program, you can continue to use those capabilities to write additional essays. Read more about how to get the most out of PowerPrep with this article .

If for some reason you can’t get PowerPrep to work, it’s okay to practice the essay with another word processor (like Word, OpenOffice, or GoogleDocs). However, to make your experience more realistic, make sure to avoid using any of the following when writing your essay: shortcuts (including ones for cut, paste, select all, and undo), spellcheck and grammar check , and the redo and copy functions.

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You may be surprised to find how much lacking these extras affects the speed of your essay writing. For example, while there is an “undo” feature in the GRE word processor, you can’t access it by CTL+Z or CMD+Z, a shortcut that’s drilled into muscle memory for most people familiar with word processors; instead, you must click the “Undo” button.

#2: Keep Within Strict Time Limits

Time pressure is part of what makes the GRE essays difficult. If you’re not taking the test under realistic conditions, including with time limits , then you’re not practicing in a way that’s going to help you on test day.

If you’re really struggling with the timed part of the GRE essays, you could try writing as much as you can in 30 minutes, marking where you are when the timer runs out, continuing to write until you’re finished, and then marking how long that took. This technique is not as useful for GRE Writing practice as it might be for Verbal or Quantitative practice because there is no set amount you have to write or set points you have to cover. However, marking when you hit the time limit and continuing to write until you’re finished with the essay could be helpful to help you readjust your expectations for what you can accomplish on the essay in 30 minutes vs. what you might think an ideal essay should look like, given enough time.

In general, though, do stick to the 30-minute time limit for reading the task and writing your answer for each practice essay.

#3: Grade Your Essays With the Official Rubrics

Be ruthless in identifying your essay weaknesses by comparing your GRE essays to the standards set forth in the rubrics for the Issues and Arguments essays and grading your practice essays accordingly. Don’t give yourself the benefit of the doubt, because the GRE essay grader and computer program grader won’t.

Sample GRE essays at each score point are helpful in giving you concrete examples of the points made in the rubric for each score level (as we’ll discuss in the next GRE essay tip). If you’re still concerned you can’t be objective enough about your own writing, find a GRE essay buddy to help you grade your work according to the rubrics.

Learn more about this topic with our guide to how the GRE essay is scored .

#4: Write Practice Essays With Pre-Existing Samples You Can Compare

When choosing essay prompts to practice on, you should start out by choosing topics that ETS has sample essays on , so you can compare your responses to the anchor ones that have already been scored by ETS.

Understanding the GRE writing rubric is important for doing well on the test, since that’s what the real GRE essay graders will be using to score your responses, but it can sometimes be difficult to take the abstract ideals of a rubric and see how your own writing measures up. It’s easier to see how you’ve done when you compare your writing to how others have written on the same topic.

Currently, the ETS website has one Issues task and one Argument task with sample scored essay responses free and publicly available. There are two additional instances each for the Issues and Argument tasks in the answer keys of Chapters 8 and 9 of The Official Guide to the GRE revised General Test (2nd edition) . To get access to these four prompts with sample essays, you can either purchase the guide or take it out of your local library, if they have it.

#5: Only Use Official Prompts

There are 328 official GRE writing prompts available (152 Issue and 176 Argument), so there’s very little point in practicing for the essay with non-official prompts.

The only reason to use non-official GRE essay prompts is if they’re the six bonus prompts on ScoreItNow! which will get your essay scored by the e-scorer software that the real GRE uses (more on that below). Otherwise, writing practice essays on non-official prompts is just not worth it.

#6: Do Mock Analyses of Official Prompts

As mentioned in the previous tip, there are so many GRE essay prompts that you won’t run out of topics to practice with (unless you’re planning on spending 164 hours doing practice Analytical Writing essays). Because of this, you can supplement your GRE Writing practice by practicing outlining essays without having to write out a full essay.

For practice Issue essay outlines, you should come up with at least three examples and a few bullet points to explain how each one supports your point. Work on not just explaining the content of each example, but on showing how the example is relevant to the issue and why the example is evidence to back up your position.

For practice Argument essay outlines, come up with at least three points of analysis and a few bullet points to explain the importance of each. These points of analysis could be the assumptions made in the argument, what evidence is needed to evaluate the argument, alternative explanations, and so on.

#7: Try ScoreItNow! or POWERPREP PLUS Online

For $20, ScoreItNow! lets you get two essays on real GRE prompts (plus six essays on bonus non-official prompts) scored by the e-rater used for the real GRE. You won’t receive human grading on your essays, but you will at least receive a grade and insights into how the e-rater might score your writing on the real test. If you write fewer than 50 or more than 1,000 words you’ll get an “advisory” notice and won’t get a grade on ScoreItNow! (although if the reason you got an advisory notice is because your essay was too long, you can get a refund).

ScoreItNow! is pretty pricey ($10 per real GRE essay scored) so it’s not a good choice for everyone, but if you are concerned about how your writing will fare on the GRE, particularly with a computer grader, it’s good to know this is an option.

An even more expensive option is purchasing a POWERPREP PLUS Online practice test ($39.95 per test per purchase; you may only take the test once per purchase, and it expires after 90 days). With each of the two adaptive practice tests, you’ll be able to submit one Issue and one Argument essay to be scored by the e-rater. You should only go with this option if you plan on taking advantage of the full computer-based practice test as well as getting your essays scored; otherwise, ScoreItNow! is the more cost-effective option for official GRE essay grading.

#8: Leave Time to Review and Edit Your Work

As I mentioned in the first tip, the GRE Writing word processor has no spell check, no grammar check, and no auto-correct. Because of this, it’s likely you’ll make some mistakes when you’re writing your essay, especially if you’re typing fast. It’s okay to make a few small mistakes , but if your essay is riddled with spelling and grammatical errors, that will make it difficult to understand, which will have a negative effect on your score. Take a look at the two examples below:

Example with too many errors : Genetics is not density. The argument that naure is paramount over nurture failes, to ake into acount, the eyr reel affects that environment can ahve on behavior.

Example with minor errors : Genetics is not destiny. The argument that naure is paramount over nurture fails to take into account the very reel effects that environment can have on behavior.

In the second example, there are still some errors (“naure” instead of “nature,” “reel” instead of “real”), but the meaning is much clearer. Leaving yourself time to read over and edit your work will make sure you don’t end up with an essay that looks like the first example.

In other cases, it’s necessary to edit for clarity not only for mechanical things like spelling and punctuation, but also to make sure your ideas are organized in a way that makes sense. This illustrated in the two contrasting examples below:

Out of order : Because Dr. Field visited only Tertia, while Dr. Karp visited “the group of islands that includes Tertia,” it’s possible that the children Dr. Karp interviewed were primarily from islands other than Tertia, reflecting a bias towards those other islands’ cultures. Similarly, without knowing more about the sample sizes of Dr. Field and Dr. Karp’s studies and of the populations they were studying, it’s hard to know if the two studies are at all comparable. Another important question that would need to be answered in order to make this recommendation would be whether or not the group of islands including Tertia that Dr. Karp visited had similar cultures.

Better ordered : Another important question that would need to be answered in order to make this recommendation would be whether or not the group of islands including Tertia that Dr. Karp visited had similar cultures. Because Dr. Field visited only Tertia, while Dr. Karp visited “the group of islands that includes Tertia,” it’s possible that the children Dr. Karp interviewed were primarily from islands other than Tertia, reflecting a bias towards those other islands’ cultures. Similarly, without knowing more about the sample sizes of Dr. Field and Dr. Karp’s studies and of the populations they were studying, it’s hard to know if the two studies are at all comparable.

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#9: You Don’t Need a Perfect GRE Essay Score

Your GRE Writing score is a very, very small part of most grad school apps. A 4.5 or above is good enough for most programs , and there’s certainly no need to sweat over not getting a perfect 6.0. The reason for this is that even if the rest of your application is mediocre, a high Writing score won’t have a huge positive effect on your chances.

Once you manage to get a 4.5 (or higher, if programs you’re applying to have a higher score cut-off), it’s far better to spend your time on your Verbal and Quantitative scores, GRE subject test scores, or other parts of your grad school applications.

#10: Write Essays as Part of Full-Length Practice Tests

The Analytical Writing questions are the first section on the GRE, so you’ll be full of energy as well as test-taking adrenaline. However, this first hour of writing is then followed by 4-5 more sections (depending on whether or not you get an experimental section), so you can’t expend all your energy in the essays.

As part of your preparation for the GRE, you need to learn how to conserve your concentration and stamina, and the best way to do this is by taking realistic practice tests. This ties in with the advice in Tips 1, 2, and 5, which all aim to get you the most realistic testing experience possible. Only by doing a practice GRE in realistic conditions can you know what will be a problem for you on test day and address the issue.

In addition to our top ten general GRE Analytical Writing tips, we have five strategies specific to the two different types of essay questions.

GRE Essay Tips: Analyze an Issue Advice

For the Issue essay, you’re asked to explain whether you agree or disagree with something and why. The general structure of the task means that there are a couple of things you can do to write a good essay on every Issues prompt, no matter the topic. Our GRE Writing tips below will help you craft a clear and compelling response.

Issues Tip 1: Always Include a Thesis Statement

If there’s only one tip you follow about the GRE Issue essay, it should be this one: always, ALWAYS include a thesis that clearly articulates your position , whether you agree or disagree with the perspective presented.

If you don’t state a position, you are neglecting a fundamental aspect of the Issue essay task. There are six different variations on the issue task wording, but every single one of them requires you to either discuss your views explicitly or explain whether you agree or disagree with a given statement, recommendation, or claim. Failing to state your point of view in your essay makes it impossible for the graders to judge how well you’ve supported your position, and will result in a low essay score.

Issue Tip 2: Preplan Essay Opinions and Examples

You can’t memorize 152 different essays for each possible Issues prompt, but there are enough similarities between the different prompts that you can research some examples ahead of time to use as support.

Start by formulating your own opinions about common issues topics like the role of government and public officials, activities in everyday life, and teaching. Next, pick evidence you can use to support each of those opinions. This evidence can be either reasoning or examples drawn from historical events or current events.

When it comes time for the Issue essay, you’ll be able to draw from this pool of examples and reasoning to support your position; at the very least, even if the exact examples or reasoning isn’t applicable to the specific topic, you’ll be in the habit of thinking of ways examples and reasoning could support your point of view.

Find out more about how to get a perfect score on the GRE Issue essay here .

GRE Essay Tips: Analyze an Argument Advice

For all “Analyze an Argument” Analytical Writing questions, you’re asked to judge the soundness of an argument. Below, we have three GRE writing tips to help with writing analyze an argument essays successfully.

Argument Tip 1: Focus on the Task

Don’t get caught up in analyzing whether the author’s claims are true or false, or whether or not you agree with them or what your own views are – that’s not the task. Instead, analyze the logic behind the argument being made and the flaws (or lack of flaws) in the argument’s construction.

Staying focused on the task may take practice, as you might find it difficult to be objective about some of the arguments made due to personal experience or outrage at some of the logical jumps being made. To do well on the argument essay, harness that rage into analysis and explanation of how the argument is flawed.

Learn more about how to do this in our discussion of how to get a perfect 6 on the GRE Argument essay .

Argument Tip 2: Only Write About Major Points

Because you only have 30 minutes for the GRE argument essay, you don’t have to analyze every single facet of the argument. It’s more important to analyze major features that contribute to the argument’s efficacy (or lack thereof).

Imagine yourself like a lawyer in a courtroom, trying to get across the story of the case to the jurors. You can’t dwell on every single detail that proves your opponent is incorrect or your case will be a shapeless mess of information, even if all of it is true. Instead, you need to hit the main points first and then, if you have time, you can circle back to minutiae.

Argument Tip 3: Only Use Information Included in the Argument

The GRE is pretty good about using made-up names and places for the prompts, so you won’t be tempted to use outside knowledge to make assumptions. Still, you should make sure you confine your analysis to what’s written in the prompt only and don’t assume beyond what’s there.

Sticking to the information included in the prompt is an important part of completing many of the argument tasks, since the arguments are often flawed due to unstated assumptions. As a test taker, it’s your job to point out those flaws, not make more assumptions of your own.

What’s Next?

When you’re studying, it’s important to have an end goal. Find out what’s a good GRE writing score here !

Looking for the source of all GRE Writing prompts? Look no further – we have over 60 official prompts and links to the others in this complete list of GRE essay topics .

Unsure of what a good GRE essay looks like? Then be sure to read through our analyses of perfect scoring GRE essay samples .

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Check out our best-in-class online GRE prep program . We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your GRE score by 7 points or more.

PrepScholar GRE is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses . We also feature 2,000 practice questions , official practice tests, 150 hours of interactive lessons, and 1-on-1 scoring and feedback on your AWA essays.

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Author: Laura Staffaroni

Laura graduated magna cum laude from Wellesley College with a BA in Music and Psychology, and earned a Master's degree in Composition from the Longy School of Music of Bard College. She scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and GRE and loves advising students on how to excel and fulfill their college and grad school dreams. View all posts by Laura Staffaroni

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GRE sample essays to nail the GRE Analytical writing section!

Worried about your performance in the gre analytical writing section follow the instructions, tips, and methods in this blog, and learn from these 8 gre sample essays to nail your exam, table of contents, gre sample essays | an overview, gre analytical writing section, issue essay, sample topics, gre sample essay response with the highest score (6):, gre sample essays response with a medium score (3):, argument essay, what do graders look for, how is the gre analytical writing section scored, how to practice for the gre analytical writing section, key takeaways.

A lot of students find the Quants and the Verbal sections of the GRE (Graduate Record Examination) exam fairly easy to deal with. It’s the GRE Analytical Writing section that gives almost everybody a run for the woods. To reduce your nervousness and help you prepare for the GRE Analytical Writing section, I have included in-depth details about each question type and shared tips on how to nail it. Along with that, you will also find some GRE sample essays to help you. So, what are you waiting for? Dive in!

Before we begin, it’s important to understand what the GRE Analytical Writing section is all about and why it’s so important.

The GRE Analytical Writing section tests a student’s critical thinking and analytical writing skills.

In simpler words – universities want to make sure that their students know how to construct complex ideas, analyze them, and express their thoughts on paper.

So the Analytical Writing score helps them see if a student will perform well while giving presentations, doing projects, or writing papers and assignments for a class.

Consequently, the Analytical Writing section in GRE consists of two tasks-

• The “Analyze an Issue” task – 30 minutes
• The “Analyze an Argument” task – 30 minutes

Below, we talk about each of these tasks, what they test, and look at a few sample

The “Analyze an Issue” task will present an opinion to you. This opinion can be about any general topic, like technology, economics, health, etc.

But don’t worry about not knowing too much about these topics. If you usually keep up with the news, it will be straightforward to come up with a response.

Now, after reading the opinion, you will go through a set of instructions on how to respond to that issue.

All you have to do is evaluate the issue, come up with an opinion, and use clear arguments and examples to support your opinion.

Give it a whirl and see how you’re performing-

• A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college. Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.
• The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold and explain how these considerations shape your position.
• In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold and explain how these considerations shape your position.

GRE sample essays with analysis

Now that you have practiced writing a couple of essays, take some time to look at this GRE sample essay for the “Analyze an Issue” task.

Not only will it help you see which areas you can improve on, but it will also help you look at the same topic from a different perspective.

As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold and explain how these considerations shape your position.

The statement linking technology negatively with free thinking plays on the recent human experience over the past century. Surely there has been no time in history when the lived lives of people have changed more dramatically. A quick reflection on a typical day reveals how technology has revolutionized the world. Most people commute to work in an automobile that runs on an internal combustion engine. During the workday, chances are high that the employee will interact with a computer that processes information on silicon bridges that are .09 microns wide. Upon leaving home, family members will reach through wireless networks that utilize satellites orbiting the earth. Each of these common occurrences could have been inconceivable at the turn of the 19th century.

The statement attempts to bridge these dramatic changes to a reduction in the ability of humans to think for themselves. The assumption is that increased reliance on technology negates the need for people to think creatively to solve previous quandaries. Looking back at the introduction, one could argue that without a car, computer, or mobile phone, the hypothetical worker would need to find alternate methods of transport, information processing, and communication. Technology shortcircuits this thinking by making the problems obsolete.

However, this reliance on technology does not necessarily preclude the creativity that marks the human species. The prior examples reveal that technology allows for convenience. The car, computer, and phone all release additional time for people to live more efficiently. This efficiency does not preclude the need for humans to think for themselves. In fact, technology frees humanity not only to tackle new problems but may itself create new issues that did not exist without technology. For example, the proliferation of automobiles has introduced a need for fuel conservation on a global scale. With increasing energy demands from emerging markets, global warming becomes a concern inconceivable to the horse-and-buggy generation. Likewise, dependence on oil has created nation-states that are not dependent on taxation, allowing ruling parties to oppress minority groups such as women. Solutions to these complex problems require the unfettered imaginations of maverick scientists and politicians.

In contrast to the statement, we can even see how technology frees the human imagination. Consider how the digital revolution and the advent of the internet have allowed for an unprecedented exchange of ideas. WebMD, a popular internet portal for medical information, permits patients to self-research symptoms for a more informed doctor visit. With increased interdisciplinary interactions, inspiration can arrive from the most surprising corners. Jeffrey Sachs, one of the architects of the UN Millenium Development Goals, based his ideas on emergency care triage techniques. The unlikely marriage of economics and medicine has healed tense, hyperinflation environments from South America to Eastern Europe.

This last example provides the most hope in how technology actually provides hope for the future of humanity. By increasing our reliance on technology, we can now achieve impossible goals. Consider how the late 20th century witnessed the complete elimination of smallpox. This disease had ravaged the human race since prehistorical days, and yet with the technology of vaccines, free-thinking humans dared to imagine a world free of smallpox. Using technology, battle plans were drawn out, and smallpox was systematically targeted and eradicated.

Technology will always mark the human experience, from the discovery of fire to the implementation of nanotechnology. Given the history of the human race, there will be no limit to the number of problems, both new and old, for us to tackle. There is no need to retreat to a Luddite attitude to new things but rather embrace a hopeful posture to the possibilities that technology provides for new avenues of human imagination.

There is no current proof that advancing technology will deteriorate the ability of humans to think. On the contrary, advancements in technology have advanced our vast knowledge in many fields, opening opportunities for further understanding and achievement. For example, the problem of debilitating illnesses and diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease is slowly being solved by technological advancements in stem cell research. The future ability to grow new brain cells and the possibility of reversing the onset of Alzheimer’s is now becoming a reality. This shows our initiative as humans to better our health and demonstrates the greater ability of humans to think.

One aspect where the ability of humans may initially be seen as an example of deteriorating minds is the use of the internet and cell phones. In the past, humans had to seek out information in many different environments and aspects of life. Now humans can sit in a chair, type anything into a computer, and get an answer.

Our reliance on this type of technology can be detrimental if not regulated and regularly substituted for other information sources, such as human interactions and hands-on learning. I think if humans understand that we should not have such a reliance on computer technology, we as a species will advance further by utilizing the opportunity of computer technology as well as other sources of information outside of a computer. Supplementing our knowledge with internet access is surely a way for technology to solve problems while continually advancing the human race.

The “Analyze an Argument” task, on the other hand, will ask you to analyze both sides of an argument about an issue according to specific instructions.

So rather than agreeing or disagreeing with a given issue, you will have to consider the logical strength of an argument.

Again, the argument can be on any general topic of interest, like technology, economics, health, etc. But if you usually keep up with the news, it will be effortless to come up with a response.

Now that you know what this task expects of you, you can get to writing-

1. “To reverse a decline in listener numbers, our owners have decided that WWAC must change from its current rock-music format. The decline has occurred despite population growth in our listening area, but that growth has resulted mainly from people moving here after their retirement. We must make listeners of these new residents. We could switch to a music format tailored to their tastes, but a continuing decline in local sales of recorded music suggests limited interest in music. Instead, we should change to a news and talk format, a form of radio that is increasingly popular in our area.”

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

2. “A jazz music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise. Currently, the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away; thus, the proposed new jazz club in Monroe, the C-Note, would have the local market all to itself. Plus, jazz is extremely popular in Monroe: over 100,000 people attended Monroe’s annual jazz festival last summer; several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe; and the highest-rated radio program in Monroe is ‘Jazz Nightly,’ which airs every weeknight at 7 P.M. Finally, a nationwide study indicates that the typical jazz fan spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz entertainment.”

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence can evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

3. “In an effort to improve our employees’ productivity, we should implement electronic monitoring of employees’ Internet use from their workstations. Employees who use the internet from their workstations need to be identified and punished if we are to reduce the number of work hours spent on personal or recreational activities, such as shopping or playing games. By installing software to detect employees’ Internet use on company computers, we can prevent employees from wasting time, foster a better work ethic at Climpson, and improve our overall profits.”

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

Now that you have practiced writing a couple of essays, take some time to look at this GRE sample essay for the “Analyze an Argument” task.

In surveys, Mason City residents rank water sports (swimming, boating, and fishing) among their favorite recreational activities. The Mason River flowing through the city is rarely used for these pursuits, however, and the city park department devotes little of its budget to maintaining riverside recreational facilities. For years there have been complaints from residents about the quality of the river’s water and the river’s smell. In response, the state has recently announced plans to clean up Mason River. The use of the river for water sports is therefore sure to increase. The city government should, for that reason, devote more money to this year’s budget for riverside recreational facilities.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on the assumptions and what the implications are if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

While it may be true that the Mason City government ought to devote more money to riverside recreational facilities, this author’s argument does not make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use. It is easy to understand why city residents would want a cleaner river, but this argument is rife with holes and assumptions and, thus, not strong enough to lead to increased funding.

Citing surveys of city residents, the author reports city residents’ love of water sports. It is not clear, however, the scope and validity of that survey. For example, the survey could have asked residents if they preferred using the river for water sports or would like to see a hydroelectric dam built, which may have swayed residents toward river sports. The sample may not have been representative of city residents, asking only those residents who live on the river. The survey may have been 10 pages long, with 2 questions dedicated to river sports. We just do not know. Unless the survey is fully representative, valid, and reliable, it can not be used to back the author’s argument effectively.

Additionally, the author implies that residents do not use the river for swimming, boating, and fishing, despite their professed interest, because the water is polluted and smelly. While a polluted, smelly river would likely cut down on river sports, a concrete connection between the resident’s lack of river use and the river’s current state is not effective. Though there have been complaints, we do not know if there have been numerous complaints from a wide range of people or perhaps from one or two individuals who made numerous complaints. To strengthen his/her argument, the author would benefit from implementing a normed survey asking a wide range of residents why they do not currently use the river.

Building upon the implication that residents do not use the river due to the quality of the river’s water and the smell, the author suggests that a river clean-up will result in increased river usage.

If the river’s water quality and smell result from problems that can be cleaned, this may be true. For example, if pollution causes decreased water quality and aroma by factories along the river, there is certainly a solution for this. But if the quality and aroma result from the natural mineral deposits in the water or surrounding rock, this may not be true. There are some bodies of water that emit a strong smell of sulfur due to the geography of the area. This is not something that a clean-up can resolve. Consequently, a river clean-up may have no impact on river usage. Regardless of whether the river’s quality is able to improve or not, the author does not effectively show a connection between water quality and river usage.

A clean, beautiful, safe river often adds to a city’s property values, leads to increased tourism and revenue from those who come to take advantage of the river, and a better overall quality of life for residents. For these reasons, the city government may decide to invest in improving riverside recreational facilities. However, this author’s argument is not likely significantly persuade the city government to allocate increased funding.

Surveys speak for the people; however, surveys do not always speak for the whole community. A survey completed by Mason City residents concluded that the residents enjoy water sports as a form of recreation.

If that is so evident, why has the river not been used? The blame can not solely be placed on the city park department. The city park department can only do as much as they observe. The real issue is not the resident’s use of the river but their desire for a more pleasant smell and more pleasant sight.

If the city government cleans the river, it might take years for the smell to go away. If the budget is changed to accommodate the clean-up of the Mason River, other problems will arise. The residents will then begin to complain about other issues in their city that will be ignored because of the great emphasis being placed on the Mason River.

If more money is taken out of the budget to clean the river, an assumption can be made. This assumption is that the budget for another part of city maintenance or building will be tapped into. In addition, to the budget being used to clean up Mason River, it will also be allocated to increase riverside recreational facilities.

The government is trying to appease its residents, and one can warrant that the role of the government is to please the people. There are many assumptions being made; however, the government can not make the assumption that people want the river to be cleaned so that they can use it for recreational water activities. The government has to realize the long-term effects that its decision will have on the monetary value of its budget.

While both the Issue and the Argument essays seem similar, graders look at both these tasks differently.

When it comes to the “Analyze an Issue” task, they see if a student-

• Forms a clear and thoughtful opinion on the issue
• Comes up with cogent arguments and examples to support the opinion
• Is able to sustain a well-focused, well-organized analysis, connecting ideas coherently
• Conveys ideas using effective vocabulary and sentence variety

For the “Analyze an Argument” task, they see if a student-

• Forms a clear understanding of the argument
• Develops ideas cogently , organizes them logically, and connects them well
• Comes up with coherent arguments and examples to support the opinion

However, as you can see, the main idea stands out clearly – the graders are looking for students with good vocabulary, clear decision-making ability, cogent (you might want to Google that :P) thought processes and coherent expression.

Although the GRE Analytical Writing section consists of two essays, they are not scored separately.

You will be scored anywhere between 0 and 6, in 5-point increments, for both the essays you write.

Almost nobody gets a score below 2-2.5 because most students are able to write down something sensible.

However, a score of 4 or greater is considered to be a good score for this section (go through the GRE sample essays on the ETS website and read graders’ comments on essays that have been scored 4 and above).

Moreover, your GRE Analytical Writing Score will be separate from your GRE overall score, which comprises the Quantitative and Verbal section reports.

Here’s a step-by-step process (with tips) on how to prepare for the GRE Analytical Writing section-

• Pick up a random essay question and write about it
• Read the GRE sample essays for that question and gauge what your score might be
• Go through graders’ comments on these GRE sample essays and find out where you went wrong
• Take up another essay and write

Keep on doing this on a loop until you feel you have reached the score you are aiming for.

• Keep a standard essay structure in mind – Introduction, Problem Statement, Solution, Benefits of the solution, Drawbacks of the solution, and Conclusion.
• Dedicate each para to one heading, and understand that they do not necessarily have to be in this order.
• Make sure you use examples to support your argument – you can either use an extended example or multiple ones. But without them, your argument will seem flimsy.
• Write the entire essay first. Don’t listen to the critical side of your brain just now. Once you’ve finished your first draft, you can always come back and edit.
• If there is one writing tip one could never give enough of, it’s this – practice, practice, practice!

There you have it! Everything you need to know about the GRE Analytical Writing section is here – pattern, scoring, GRE sample essays, sample answers, and GRE Analytical Writing question tips.

If you feel like we missed out on something or have any doubts, feel free to drop a comment or reach out to us ! We’d be very happy to help.

Like this blog? Then read the blog on GRE sample test | Everything you need to know about this exam!

Question 1: What is a good GRE Writing score?

Answer: Anything about 4.5 is considered a good score. 

Question 2: How do I start my introduction?

Answer: Provide your reader with a clear understanding of what your topic is about and what direction you will take it in. 

Question 3: Do essays matter for GRE?

Answer: Yes, the GRE essays are scored on a separate scale; they are not part of your total GRE score.

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GRE essay topics 2024 with answers

GRE issue pool topics with answers 2024

001-if a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it are justifiable..

I fundamentally disagree with the statement that “if a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it are justifiable.” While it is essential to pursue noble objectives, the means used to achieve them should adhere to ethical principles, legality, and the well-being of individuals and society as a whole.

One of the most significant reasons for my disagreement is that the end does not always justify the means, as it can lead to morally reprehensible actions. History is replete with examples where individuals or groups justified horrific acts, such as violence, oppression, and discrimination, in the name of noble goals. For instance, authoritarian regimes have argued that suppressing dissent and violating human rights are necessary for stability and economic growth. However, such actions violate fundamental ethical principles and human dignity, illustrating the danger of pursuing worthy ends through unjust means.

Furthermore, employing unjust means can undermine the legitimacy of a goal and its long-term sustainability. Achieving a noble objective through unethical or illegal methods can tarnish the reputation of the cause and erode public support. Sustainable progress and social cohesion often depend on the moral integrity of the means used to achieve goals.

Additionally, the notion that any means are justifiable to attain a worthy goal can create a slippery slope, leading to a culture of ends-based justifications. This can erode the rule of law and democratic principles, as individuals and organizations may become more willing to bend or break the rules in pursuit of their objectives.

002- Governments should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development

I disagree with the recommendation that governments should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development. While fostering scientific progress is important, there are critical considerations that necessitate responsible regulation in this domain.

To begin, the advancement of science can undoubtedly lead to numerous societal benefits. For instance, the unrestricted research in renewable energy technologies has the potential to mitigate climate change and reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. However, this potential for good must be balanced with the potential for harm. Consider genetic research, where manipulating genes could have profound implications for medicine and agriculture. Without proper regulation, there is a risk of unethical experimentation, unintended consequences, and the creation of genetically modified organisms that could pose ecological threats.

Moreover, scientific research is not immune to external pressures, including financial interests. In some instances, private corporations may prioritize profit over the public good, potentially compromising safety and ethics. Government regulations are crucial to ensure that research remains in the best interests of society and does not serve narrow financial interests.

Another vital aspect to consider is national security. Certain scientific research, such as the development of advanced weaponry or highly contagious pathogens, can pose significant risks if it falls into the wrong hands. Governments must maintain oversight to prevent potential misuse of scientific knowledge for destructive purposes.

Furthermore, ethical concerns surrounding human experimentation and invasive research on sentient beings, such as animals, underscore the importance of regulations to protect the rights and welfare of all living creatures involved in scientific studies.

003- The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.

I disagree with the statement that the best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones. While positive reinforcement and encouragement are valuable tools in education, a balanced approach that addresses both positive and negative actions is more effective in promoting holistic learning and personal growth.

Firstly, it’s important to recognize that ignoring negative actions completely can lead to missed opportunities for valuable teaching moments. Constructive feedback, provided in response to negative actions or mistakes, is essential for the learning process. Students often learn more from their errors and challenges than from their successes. Ignoring negative actions denies learners the chance to understand and rectify their mistakes, hindering their overall progress.

Furthermore, the real world does not operate solely on praise and positivity. In professional, social, and personal settings, individuals encounter both positive and negative consequences for their actions. Teaching students to cope with negative feedback, setbacks, and criticism is a vital life skill. Shielding them from this reality can leave them ill-prepared for the challenges they will inevitably face in adulthood.

Balancing praise with constructive criticism helps students develop resilience, problem-solving skills, and a growth mindset. When they receive feedback on their mistakes, they can learn to analyze, adapt, and improve, ultimately becoming more competent and self-reliant individuals.

That said, it’s crucial to emphasize that the manner in which feedback is delivered matters greatly. Constructive criticism should be provided with empathy and support, focusing on the action or behavior rather than attacking the individual. This approach ensures that students do not feel demoralized but instead motivated to do better.

004- Governments should offer college and university education free of charge to all students

I agree with the recommendation that governments should offer college and university education free of charge to all students. Providing free higher education can have numerous advantages for individuals and society as a whole.

Firstly, free college and university education can significantly reduce financial barriers to higher learning. As the cost of education continues to rise, many individuals are deterred from pursuing a college degree due to the burden of student loans and tuition fees. By removing these financial obstacles, governments can ensure that education is accessible to all, regardless of their economic background. This democratization of education promotes social mobility and equal opportunities for individuals to reach their full potential.

Moreover, free higher education can lead to a more educated and skilled workforce. When education is affordable, more students are likely to pursue degrees and acquire valuable knowledge and skills. A highly educated workforce is essential for economic growth and innovation, which, in turn, benefits society by creating job opportunities, fostering technological advancements, and enhancing overall prosperity.

Additionally, free college and university education can alleviate the student debt crisis, which has become a significant burden for many individuals and the broader economy. Graduates without the heavy weight of student loans are more likely to invest in their futures, start businesses, buy homes, and contribute to economic growth, rather than struggling to repay debt for years after graduation.

However, it’s essential to consider the potential downsides and challenges of implementing free higher education. The primary concern is the cost to taxpayers, as governments would need to allocate substantial funds to cover tuition and operational expenses for colleges and universities. To mitigate this concern, governments can explore funding models, such as higher taxes on the wealthy or public-private partnerships, to ensure the sustainability of free education.

005- The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.

I partially agree with the statement that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life can, to some extent, hinder the development of truly strong and independent individuals. While modern comforts do provide numerous advantages, they can also lead to dependency and a lack of resilience if not managed appropriately.

On one hand, the conveniences of contemporary life have undeniably improved our quality of life in many ways. Access to information, technology, healthcare, and transportation has made our lives more comfortable, efficient, and connected. However, it’s essential to recognize that excessive reliance on these conveniences can have detrimental effects on personal growth.

One potential drawback is a reduced need for problem-solving and self-sufficiency. With the ease of ordering food delivery, for instance, individuals may become less inclined to cook or prepare meals independently. Over time, this can erode essential life skills and lead to dependency on external services for even the most basic needs.

Additionally, the constant availability of digital entertainment and social media can create a culture of instant gratification and shallow relationships. People may find it challenging to build deep, meaningful connections or to delay gratification for long-term goals when they are accustomed to immediate rewards and constant distraction.

However, it’s crucial to recognize that the impact of modern luxuries and conveniences on personal development varies from person to person and depends on how individuals choose to use them. While some may become overly reliant, others may use these resources to empower themselves and pursue personal growth.

Moreover, modern conveniences can also enable individuals to pursue their passions and interests more effectively. Access to online education, for example, allows people to acquire new skills and knowledge independently, fostering self-reliance and personal development.

006- In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.

I disagree with the statement that in any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions. While beginners may bring fresh perspectives and enthusiasm, expertise and experience are typically more critical factors in making substantial contributions in most fields.

Firstly, expertise and experience often go hand in hand with a deep understanding of the field and its nuances. Experts have typically spent years or even decades honing their skills and knowledge, which allows them to identify unexplored avenues, challenges, and potential breakthroughs. Their accumulated knowledge and insights are invaluable when tackling complex problems.

Moreover, experts possess a broader and more comprehensive view of the existing body of knowledge within their field. They are aware of prior research, methodologies, and the historical context, which helps them build upon existing work and avoid repeating past mistakes. Beginners may lack this foundational knowledge, making it more challenging for them to make groundbreaking contributions without reinventing the wheel.

Furthermore, experts often have access to resources, networks, and collaboration opportunities that beginners may not. They can leverage their reputation and connections to gain access to funding, research facilities, and other critical resources needed for significant contributions.

While beginners can bring a fresh perspective and unconventional thinking to a field, their lack of experience and expertise may hinder their ability to navigate the complexities and nuances that experts understand well. Additionally, the learning curve for beginners can be steep, requiring time to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills.

However, it’s important to note that there are specific situations where beginners can indeed make important contributions, particularly in fields that are rapidly evolving or undergoing paradigm shifts. In such cases, newcomers may challenge established norms and bring disruptive innovations. Additionally, interdisciplinary collaboration between beginners and experts can yield valuable insights by combining the expertise of the seasoned professional with the creative thinking of the novice.

007- The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.

I wholeheartedly agree with the statement that the surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people. A nation’s greatness should ultimately be measured by the well-being and quality of life of its citizens rather than the accomplishments of a select few.

First and foremost, a nation exists to serve its people and provide for their collective welfare. The primary goal of governance is to ensure the safety, prosperity, and happiness of the population. Achievements in art, science, or leadership are commendable, but they should ultimately contribute to the well-being of the citizens. A nation where the general population enjoys a high standard of living, access to quality healthcare, education, and economic opportunities is undeniably a great nation.

Furthermore, focusing solely on the achievements of rulers, artists, or scientists can be misleading. Such accomplishments may not necessarily reflect the overall condition of the nation. A nation may have celebrated artists or scientists while its citizens face poverty, inequality, or lack basic services. These achievements can sometimes serve as a distraction from the pressing issues that affect the majority of the population.

Additionally, the well-being of the people is a comprehensive indicator of a nation’s success. It encompasses not only economic prosperity but also social factors such as healthcare, education, social justice, and environmental sustainability. A nation that excels in these areas demonstrates a commitment to the holistic development and happiness of its citizens.

However, it’s important to acknowledge that the achievements of rulers, artists, and scientists can contribute positively to a nation’s general welfare. Rulers who enact policies that improve the lives of their citizens, artists who inspire positive change, and scientists who develop innovations that enhance well-being all play crucial roles in a nation’s progress. These accomplishments should be recognized and celebrated, but they should not overshadow the fundamental goal of serving the population’s welfare.

008- Teachers' salaries should be based on their students' academic performance.

I disagree with the claim that teachers’ salaries should be based solely on their students’ academic performance. While student outcomes are an essential part of evaluating a teacher’s effectiveness, there are several compelling reasons why this should not be the sole determinant of their salaries.

Firstly, student academic performance can be influenced by numerous factors beyond a teacher’s control. These factors may include socioeconomic background, parental involvement, students’ innate abilities, and even external events like the COVID-19 pandemic. Judging teachers solely on student outcomes fails to account for these external variables, which can significantly impact results. It would be unfair to punish or reward teachers for factors beyond their purview.

Secondly, focusing solely on academic performance may lead to “teaching to the test,” where educators prioritize test preparation over holistic and meaningful learning experiences. Teachers may be incentivized to narrow their curriculum to focus solely on subjects and skills that are directly tested, neglecting other critical aspects of education such as critical thinking, creativity, and character development.

Additionally, this approach could discourage teachers from working in challenging or underprivileged school districts, where students may face more significant academic hurdles. Teachers might opt for schools with higher-performing students to secure better salaries, exacerbating educational inequalities and leaving disadvantaged students with fewer qualified educators.

Furthermore, it can create a disincentive for teachers to work with students who have special needs or require additional support. These students may not perform as well academically as their peers, and if teachers’ salaries are solely tied to student outcomes, educators might avoid such students, depriving them of the assistance they need to succeed.

Rather than solely using academic performance as the basis for teachers’ salaries, a more comprehensive evaluation system should consider a range of factors, including classroom observations, professional development, contributions to the school community, and the ability to engage and motivate students. Such an approach would provide a fairer and more accurate assessment of a teacher’s overall effectiveness.

009- Society should make efforts to save endangered species only if the potential extinction of those species is the result of human activities.

I disagree with the notion that society should make efforts to save endangered species only if their potential extinction is the result of human activities. While it is essential to address the human-induced threats to species, we should not exclude the responsibility to protect biodiversity in cases where natural factors are at play. My position is based on the understanding that all species, regardless of the cause of their endangerment, play unique roles in ecosystems, and their preservation benefits both the natural world and humanity.

Firstly, the preservation of biodiversity is critical for the overall health and stability of ecosystems. Each species contributes to the intricate web of life, and their interactions often have far-reaching consequences. Removing a species from an ecosystem, whether due to human activities or natural factors, can disrupt the balance and lead to cascading effects that negatively impact other species and ecosystem services vital for human well-being, such as clean water, pollination, and climate regulation.

Secondly, our understanding of ecosystems is still limited, and we cannot always definitively determine whether the threat to a species is entirely natural or influenced by human activities. In many cases, it is a complex interplay of both. Ignoring species in peril due to primarily natural factors may inadvertently allow us to neglect our role in exacerbating those threats or miss opportunities to mitigate them.

Furthermore, the idea that human-induced threats should be the sole criterion for conservation efforts is ethically flawed. All species have intrinsic value and a right to exist, irrespective of the cause of their endangerment. It is not our place to judge the worthiness of a species’ preservation based on human culpability.

Additionally, conservation efforts often benefit more than just the target species. They can lead to the protection of habitats, which in turn helps conserve many other species. These efforts contribute to the overall health and resilience of ecosystems, benefiting biodiversity as a whole.

In practical terms, making efforts to save species endangered by natural factors does not divert substantial resources from addressing human-induced threats. Conservation programs are typically limited in scope and can be tailored to address the specific challenges a species faces, whether they are natural or human-induced.

010- College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.

I disagree with the claim that college students should base their choice of a field of study solely on the availability of jobs in that field. While job prospects are an important consideration, there are several compelling reasons why this should not be the sole determining factor in choosing a field of study.

Firstly, the job market is dynamic and can change rapidly. What may be a high-demand field today may not necessarily be in demand by the time a student graduates. Conversely, emerging industries and job opportunities may not have been apparent when a student first selects their field of study. Therefore, choosing a field solely based on current job availability can be shortsighted and may not align with long-term career goals.

Secondly, individual aptitude and passion for a subject play a crucial role in academic success and job satisfaction. Students are more likely to excel in fields they are passionate about and have a natural aptitude for, which can lead to greater job satisfaction and success in the long run. Forcing students into fields solely based on job availability can lead to disengagement, burnout, and unfulfilling careers.

Furthermore, an education is not just about job preparation; it is also about personal and intellectual growth. College provides an opportunity for students to explore diverse subjects, develop critical thinking skills, and gain a broader perspective on the world. Choosing a field solely based on job availability may limit these educational benefits and deprive students of a well-rounded and enriching academic experience.

Moreover, society benefits from a diverse range of skills and expertise. While certain fields may have more immediate job openings, all disciplines contribute to the advancement of knowledge and the betterment of society. Encouraging students to pursue their passions and interests can lead to innovation and breakthroughs that may not have been possible if everyone solely pursued fields with high job availability.

That said, it is essential for students to strike a balance between their interests and the job market. Career counseling and academic advising can help students explore fields that align with their passions while also considering job prospects and market trends. Internships, co-op programs, and networking opportunities can further bridge the gap between academic interests and practical career goals.

011- As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious

I agree with the statement that as we acquire more knowledge, things do not necessarily become more comprehensible; in fact, they often become more complex and mysterious. Knowledge is like a vast and interconnected web, and the more we explore it, the more we realize its intricacies and the depths of what we don’t know.

Firstly, knowledge tends to expand exponentially, leading to greater specialization and complexity in various fields. As we delve deeper into any subject, we uncover nuances, exceptions, and complexities that were previously hidden. For example, in the field of physics, as scientists discovered subatomic particles and the theory of relativity, the world of the very small and the very large became more complex and mysterious, challenging our intuitive understanding of the physical universe.

Secondly, knowledge often raises more questions than it answers. Scientific discoveries can lead to new hypotheses and inquiries that were inconceivable before. For instance, advances in genetics have led to profound questions about the nature of DNA, epigenetics, and the ethical implications of genetic engineering. In this way, knowledge not only deepens our understanding but also expands the boundaries of our ignorance, making the world appear more mysterious.

Moreover, the more we learn, the more interconnected we realize different fields of knowledge are. This interconnectivity can reveal the complexity of seemingly unrelated topics. For example, understanding climate change requires knowledge of atmospheric science, geology, economics, and sociology, among other disciplines. This interdisciplinary complexity can make it challenging to grasp the full scope of an issue.

However, it’s important to acknowledge that while knowledge can make things appear more complex and mysterious, it also equips us with tools to navigate this complexity. Scientific methods, critical thinking, and the accumulation of knowledge are essential for addressing complex problems and finding solutions. In many cases, what may appear mysterious at first can be unraveled through rigorous inquiry and exploration.

012- In any situation, progress requires discussion among people who have contrasting points of view.

I wholeheartedly agree with the statement that progress often requires discussion among people who have contrasting points of view. Such discussions foster critical thinking, innovation, and a well-rounded understanding of complex issues. However, it’s essential to recognize that while contrasting viewpoints are valuable, they are not always sufficient on their own, and progress also requires effective communication and collaboration.

Contrasting viewpoints are valuable because they challenge the status quo and encourage individuals to think critically about their beliefs and assumptions. When people with different perspectives engage in constructive dialogue, they are more likely to identify weaknesses in their arguments and consider alternative solutions. This process of intellectual conflict often leads to the refinement of ideas and the development of more robust, evidence-based approaches.

Furthermore, contrasting viewpoints are essential for innovation. When diverse voices come together, they can generate creative ideas and novel solutions to complex problems. For example, the development of new technologies and scientific breakthroughs often arises from the collaboration of experts with different approaches and insights.

However, it’s crucial to recognize that progress also depends on how discussions among individuals with contrasting viewpoints are conducted. Healthy debates and constructive dialogue are essential for fruitful exchanges of ideas. In contrast, unproductive or hostile debates can lead to polarization and hinder progress.

Moreover, for progress to occur, it’s often necessary for individuals with contrasting viewpoints to find common ground and work together toward shared goals. Collaboration and compromise are essential elements of problem-solving in complex and diverse societies. In some cases, too much emphasis on contrast and disagreement can impede the ability to find common solutions.

Additionally, the nature of the issue at hand can influence the role of contrasting viewpoints in progress. While differences in opinion are crucial for debates related to public policy, ethics, and ideology, scientific and technical fields may rely more on empirical evidence and consensus-building. In these cases, contrasting viewpoints alone may not lead to progress; they must be part of a broader process of scientific inquiry and peer review.

013- Educational institutions should dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed

I disagree with the policy of educational institutions dissuading students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed. While it is essential to provide guidance and support, discouraging students from pursuing their interests or passions can have negative consequences, both for the individuals involved and society as a whole.

Firstly, it is important to recognize that success is not solely determined by innate talent or immediate aptitude. It is also influenced by factors such as dedication, hard work, and perseverance. Discouraging students from pursuing a field simply because they might initially struggle in it can deny them the opportunity to develop valuable skills, resilience, and a growth mindset. It is essential to foster an environment where students are encouraged to take on challenges and learn from both successes and failures.

Secondly, dissuading students from their chosen fields can limit their personal growth and self-discovery. College is not just about vocational training; it is also a time for students to explore their interests, passions, and potential career paths. Forcing students into fields where they have no interest can lead to disengagement, dissatisfaction, and potentially dropping out of college altogether.

Furthermore, it is essential to consider the broader societal implications of dissuading students from pursuing certain fields. Diversity of thought, experience, and expertise is vital for innovation and progress. Discouraging students from fields in which they are passionate, even if they initially struggle, can limit the diversity of perspectives and talents within those fields. This can hinder creativity and problem-solving, particularly in areas where interdisciplinary collaboration is essential.

That said, it is essential for educational institutions to provide students with guidance, support, and realistic expectations. Instead of dissuading students outright, they can offer resources such as tutoring, mentorship, and academic assistance to help students overcome initial challenges. Additionally, career counseling and assessments can help students make informed decisions about their chosen fields and set realistic goals.

014- Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear

I disagree with the recommendation that governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear. While it is important for governments to allocate research funding prudently, restricting funding only to projects with clear and immediate outcomes overlooks the inherent nature of scientific exploration, which often involves uncertainty and the pursuit of new knowledge.

Firstly, scientific progress frequently emerges from investigations into the unknown and the pursuit of questions that do not have readily apparent answers. Many groundbreaking discoveries, from penicillin to the cosmic microwave background radiation, were made through research that initially had unclear consequences. By limiting funding to projects with immediate clarity of outcomes, governments risk stifling the potential for groundbreaking discoveries and innovations.

Secondly, the consequences of scientific research are not always evident at the outset. Research can lead to unexpected findings that have far-reaching implications. For instance, the development of lasers, initially a solution in search of a problem, has revolutionized fields from medicine to telecommunications. By funding research even when the ultimate consequences are unclear, governments create an environment where serendipitous discoveries can occur, leading to unanticipated benefits.

Furthermore, imposing strict clarity of outcomes as a funding criterion can discourage scientists from exploring complex, long-term, or interdisciplinary research questions. Many pressing global challenges, such as climate change, require sustained and multidisciplinary research efforts. These endeavors may not yield immediate or straightforward results, but they are essential for addressing complex problems.

However, it is crucial to ensure that research funding is allocated responsibly and transparently. Governments should establish rigorous peer-review processes to evaluate the scientific merit and feasibility of research proposals. Funding decisions should be based on the potential for advancing knowledge and solving problems, even if the precise outcomes are uncertain.

There are, of course, situations where adopting the recommendation to fund only research with clear consequences might seem advantageous, such as in times of severe budget constraints. However, even in such cases, it is important to strike a balance between funding immediate, high-impact projects and maintaining support for more speculative but potentially transformative research.

015- Society should identify those children who have special talents and provide training for them at an early age to develop their talents

I agree with the recommendation that society should identify children with special talents and provide training to develop those talents at an early age, but this agreement comes with some important considerations. While nurturing young talent is crucial, it must be done in a way that promotes equitable access, respects the autonomy of children, and recognizes the importance of a well-rounded education.

Identifying and supporting children with special talents can be advantageous in several ways. Firstly, it allows these children to reach their full potential, contributing to their personal growth and self-esteem. Early development of talent can lead to greater achievements and personal satisfaction.

Secondly, nurturing talent from a young age can benefit society as a whole. Exceptional talents in fields such as music, sports, mathematics, and the arts can lead to innovations and achievements that enhance culture, science, and technology. Recognizing and supporting young talent can foster an environment conducive to such breakthroughs.

However, it is essential to address some potential drawbacks and challenges in implementing this recommendation. One concern is the risk of creating a two-tiered educational system, where children with identified talents receive special attention and resources, while others may be neglected. This can exacerbate inequalities and limit opportunities for those without identified talents.

Another challenge is the potential for undue pressure and stress on young children. Early talent development can sometimes lead to a narrow focus on a specific skill or area, neglecting the importance of a well-rounded education and the social and emotional development of the child.

Furthermore, the identification of talent in children can be subjective and prone to bias. Some talents may not manifest until later in life, and prematurely labeling a child as exceptionally talented can lead to misplaced expectations and limited personal growth.

To address these concerns, it is crucial to implement talent development programs in an inclusive and equitable manner. Such programs should be designed to provide opportunities for all children to explore their interests and talents, rather than singling out a select few. They should also prioritize the holistic development of children, including their social and emotional well-being.

016- It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.

I partially agree with the statement that it is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves. Social groups play a significant role in shaping our identities, but they are not the sole determinant. Our identities are influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including personal experiences, values, and individual characteristics.

On one hand, social groups have a profound impact on our identities. We are social creatures, and our connections with family, friends, communities, and larger societal groups provide us with a sense of belonging and purpose. These groups often share common values, beliefs, and norms, which can shape our attitudes, behaviors, and self-perception. For example, being part of a religious community can instill certain moral values and beliefs that influence one’s identity.

Additionally, social groups can provide a framework for self-definition. We often use labels such as “student,” “parent,” “athlete,” or “artist” to describe ourselves, reflecting our affiliations and roles within specific groups. These labels not only convey our social identities but also reflect our interests and activities, which are influenced by our social connections.

However, it’s essential to recognize that our identities are not solely determined by our social groups. Personal experiences, individual values, and unique characteristics also play significant roles in shaping who we are. Our life experiences, including triumphs and challenges, contribute to the development of our identities. Moreover, we have individual preferences, talents, and aspirations that may not align perfectly with the norms and expectations of our social groups.

Furthermore, individuals can belong to multiple social groups, each with its own set of values and expectations. In such cases, individuals may navigate the complexities of their identities by drawing from various group affiliations and personal attributes.

017- College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs.

I strongly agree with the recommendation that college students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than simply choosing courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs. While practical considerations are important, fostering a love for learning and allowing students to follow their passions can lead to more fulfilling lives and, paradoxically, better career prospects in the long run.

Firstly, pursuing subjects of personal interest often leads to greater engagement and dedication. When students are passionate about their studies, they are more likely to invest time and effort into learning, leading to a deeper understanding of the subject matter and improved academic performance. This dedication can translate into valuable skills and knowledge that are attractive to employers in a wide range of fields.

Moreover, encouraging students to follow their interests can lead to innovation and creativity. Some of the most groundbreaking discoveries and innovations have arisen when individuals pursued their passions and explored unconventional paths. Fields like art, music, and technology have been profoundly shaped by individuals who were driven by their interests rather than solely by job prospects.

However, it’s important to note that this approach should not disregard practical considerations entirely. College is a significant financial investment, and students should be mindful of their career goals and financial responsibilities. In some cases, students may choose to combine their passions with practical skills or pursue interdisciplinary studies that allow them to bridge their interests with job opportunities.

Furthermore, society benefits from a diverse range of talents and expertise. Encouraging students to follow their interests fosters a broader spectrum of knowledge and skills that can contribute to a dynamic and innovative workforce. It is essential to have individuals with various interests and backgrounds in fields ranging from science and technology to the arts and humanities.

In contrast, if students were solely encouraged to choose courses based on job prospects, we risk limiting their potential and stifling their creativity. This narrow focus can lead to a workforce that lacks the diversity of thought and skills needed to address complex and evolving challenges in today’s world.

018- Claim: When planning courses, educators should take into account the interests and suggestions of their students. Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what they are studying.

I agree with the claim that when planning courses, educators should take into account the interests and suggestions of their students. The reason behind this claim, that students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what they are studying, is well-founded and has significant implications for effective teaching and learning.

Firstly, when students have a say in their education and can influence the topics or approaches used in a course, they tend to become more engaged and motivated. Feeling heard and respected as active participants in their learning journey enhances their sense of ownership and responsibility for their education. This empowerment can lead to increased enthusiasm for the subject matter and a willingness to invest time and effort in the learning process.

Secondly, aligning course content with students’ interests can help bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world application. When students see the relevance of what they are learning to their lives or future careers, they are more likely to be motivated to master the material. This practical connection between the curriculum and their personal or professional goals can be a powerful motivator.

Moreover, taking students’ interests and suggestions into account can foster a more inclusive and culturally responsive learning environment. It allows educators to acknowledge the diverse backgrounds and perspectives of their students, which can be particularly important in today’s multicultural classrooms. This approach can make education more relatable and accessible to a wider range of learners.

However, it’s important to strike a balance between accommodating students’ interests and maintaining the integrity of the curriculum. Not all student suggestions or interests may align perfectly with the educational objectives of a course. Educators should use their professional judgment to determine which modifications or adjustments are appropriate while ensuring that the core content and learning outcomes are not compromised.

019- The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.

I agree with the statement that the greatness of individuals can often be more accurately assessed by those who live after them, rather than by their contemporaries. While contemporaries may have some insight into a person’s achievements and impact, historical perspective and the passage of time provide a more comprehensive view of an individual’s lasting contributions and influence.

Firstly, the assessment of greatness often requires a long-term perspective. Greatness is not always immediately recognized, and the full extent of an individual’s accomplishments may take years or even generations to become apparent. For example, many renowned artists, scientists, and social reformers faced skepticism or even ridicule during their lifetimes, only to be celebrated and recognized as great figures in the years that followed.

Secondly, the judgment of contemporaries can be influenced by biases, personal opinions, and the prevailing norms of the time. Some individuals who challenge the status quo or introduce innovative ideas may face resistance or rejection from those who are invested in the existing order. It is only with the benefit of hindsight that the true impact and significance of their contributions become clear.

Furthermore, historical context matters. Evaluating greatness requires an understanding of the historical circumstances, challenges, and obstacles that an individual faced. It also involves considering the long-term consequences of their actions and ideas. Greatness is often associated with lasting positive change, and this can only be fully appreciated with the passage of time.

However, it is essential to acknowledge that not all individuals who are considered great by later generations were unappreciated in their lifetimes. Some people achieve recognition and acclaim during their lives, and their contemporaries can accurately assess their significance. Additionally, greatness is a subjective concept, and different people may have different criteria for evaluating it.

020- Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.

I strongly agree with the statement that students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively. Encouraging critical thinking, curiosity, and a questioning attitude is essential for both personal growth and the advancement of knowledge.

Firstly, questioning what one is taught is fundamental to the process of critical thinking. Critical thinking involves evaluating information, analyzing its credibility, and considering alternative viewpoints. When students actively question what they are taught, they engage in a process of intellectual inquiry that sharpens their analytical skills and helps them become more discerning consumers of information.

Secondly, questioning can lead to a deeper understanding of the subject matter. When students ask questions, seek clarification, and explore the “why” and “how” of what they are learning, they are more likely to grasp the underlying concepts and principles. This active engagement with the material can enhance their retention of knowledge and their ability to apply it effectively.

Furthermore, questioning fosters a spirit of curiosity and a thirst for knowledge. It encourages students to explore beyond the boundaries of their textbooks and classrooms, seeking answers and insights in a broader context. This curiosity is a driving force behind scientific discoveries, artistic innovations, and societal progress.

Moreover, questioning can lead to the refinement and improvement of educational content. When students raise valid questions or express confusion about a topic, it can signal to educators the need for clearer explanations or different teaching methods. In this way, student questioning can contribute to the continuous improvement of the educational process.

However, it’s important to emphasize that questioning should be constructive and respectful. It is not about challenging authority for the sake of it but rather about seeking understanding and seeking to improve knowledge and education. Constructive questioning encourages dialogue, collaboration, and the exchange of ideas, which are essential components of a vibrant and intellectually stimulating learning environment.

In contrast, passive acceptance of information can lead to rote memorization without comprehension, limiting students’ ability to apply knowledge in real-world situations. It can also perpetuate misinformation and uncritical acceptance of authority, which can have negative societal consequences.

021- The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves.

I agree with the statement that the increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves. While the rapid pace of life has brought about many conveniences and opportunities, it has also given rise to several significant challenges and drawbacks.

Firstly, the rapid pace of life can lead to chronic stress and burnout. The constant pressure to keep up with the fast pace of work, social commitments, and technological advancements can take a toll on individuals’ mental and physical well-being. Stress-related health issues, such as anxiety, depression, and cardiovascular problems, are on the rise, in part due to the relentless pace of modern life.

Secondly, the rapid pace of life can contribute to a sense of disconnection and social isolation. In the pursuit of efficiency and productivity, people often find themselves with less time for meaningful social interactions and relationships. The prevalence of digital communication and social media, while offering connectivity, can also lead to superficial and less fulfilling connections, exacerbating feelings of loneliness.

Moreover, the fast pace of life can undermine work-life balance. The expectation of constant availability and the blurring of boundaries between work and personal life can result in a lack of downtime and relaxation. This imbalance can negatively impact physical health, family relationships, and overall life satisfaction.

Additionally, the rush of modern life can lead to impulsive decision-making and a focus on short-term gains, often at the expense of long-term well-being and sustainability. People may prioritize immediate gratification over long-term planning, which can have adverse consequences for personal finances, the environment, and societal stability.

However, it is important to acknowledge that the rapid pace of life has also brought about significant advancements in technology, communication, and access to information. These developments have improved productivity, connected people across the globe, and accelerated scientific and technological progress. They have also created new opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship.

022- Claim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero. Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.

I disagree with the claim that it is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero solely because the reputation of anyone subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished. While media scrutiny can certainly impact public perception, the concept of heroism is multifaceted and can withstand the challenges posed by modern media.

Firstly, it’s important to recognize that heroism is not solely based on flawless, unblemished reputations. Heroes are often admired for their actions, values, and the positive impact they have on society, rather than for being perfect individuals. Even historical heroes faced controversies and imperfections, but their contributions and virtues were deemed more significant.

Secondly, media scrutiny does not necessarily diminish heroism; it can also uncover and highlight heroic acts and qualities. The media has the power to shed light on the actions of individuals who selflessly help others, overcome adversity, or champion noble causes. Such individuals can become heroes precisely because their stories are shared through media outlets, inspiring others to emulate their actions.

Furthermore, society has the capacity to differentiate between private flaws and public heroism. While media scrutiny may reveal personal missteps or mistakes, people often consider the broader context and impact of an individual’s actions when assessing heroism. For instance, a public figure who has made personal mistakes can still be regarded as a hero if their contributions to society or their resilience in the face of adversity are seen as heroic.

It’s also important to acknowledge that the perception of heroism can vary among individuals and communities. What one group views as heroic, another may not. This diversity of perspectives allows for a wide range of heroes to emerge, each resonating with different segments of society.

While the reason suggests that media scrutiny will inevitably diminish reputations, it does not account for the ability of individuals to rehabilitate their images, make amends for their mistakes, or continue to perform heroic deeds. People are capable of growth and redemption, and society is often willing to forgive and reevaluate its judgments over time.

023- Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education.

I agree with the statement that competition for high grades can seriously limit the quality of learning at all levels of education, but I believe it is important to clarify that it is not competition itself that is the problem but rather the way it is often implemented and emphasized in educational systems.

Competition can be a powerful motivator, encouraging students to strive for excellence and reach their full potential. Healthy competition can foster a sense of achievement and drive for self-improvement. However, the issue arises when the pursuit of high grades becomes the sole focus of education, overshadowing the importance of deep, meaningful learning.

One of the ways in which competition for high grades can limit the quality of learning is by promoting surface-level learning. When students are primarily focused on earning the highest marks, they may resort to memorization and rote learning to meet grading criteria, rather than truly understanding and internalizing the subject matter. This approach may allow them to excel on tests and assignments but does not promote critical thinking, problem-solving, or a deep appreciation for the material.

Moreover, excessive competition can create a culture of academic stress and anxiety, which is detrimental to the well-being of students. The pressure to outperform peers and achieve top grades can lead to high levels of stress, sleep deprivation, and mental health issues. In such an environment, the joy of learning is often replaced by the fear of failure.

Additionally, an emphasis on competition can deter collaboration and hinder the development of important life skills such as teamwork, communication, and empathy. When students view their classmates as competitors, they may be less inclined to share knowledge, support one another, or engage in collaborative learning experiences.

However, competition for high grades can also have some positive aspects. It can incentivize hard work and discipline, encouraging students to put in the effort required to master challenging subjects. It can also prepare students for competitive environments they may encounter later in their academic or professional careers.

To mitigate the negative effects of grade-centered competition and enhance the quality of learning, it is crucial for educational institutions to adopt a balanced approach. This includes promoting intrinsic motivation for learning, emphasizing the development of critical thinking skills, and assessing students in ways that go beyond traditional exams and grades. Encouraging a growth mindset, where effort and learning from mistakes are valued, can also help create a healthier learning environment.

024- Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.

I agree with the recommendation that universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside their field of study. Encouraging students to pursue a well-rounded education by exploring diverse subjects can have several significant advantages.

Firstly, requiring students to take courses outside their field of study promotes intellectual diversity and fosters a more comprehensive education. Exposure to a range of disciplines, from the humanities to the sciences, allows students to develop a broader perspective and a more profound understanding of the interconnectedness of knowledge. This multidisciplinary approach can enhance critical thinking skills and creativity by encouraging students to draw connections between different fields.

Secondly, such a requirement can help students discover new interests and talents they might not have otherwise explored. Many students enter university with a limited understanding of their own passions and aptitudes. By exposing them to various subjects, universities can assist students in identifying previously unknown areas of interest and potential career paths. For example, a student majoring in physics may discover a passion for philosophy or art history through these mandatory courses.

Furthermore, taking courses outside one’s field of study can foster a more well-rounded skill set. For instance, a computer science major who takes courses in literature or ethics may develop better communication skills, ethical reasoning, and a broader cultural understanding, all of which are valuable in a diverse and interconnected world.

However, it’s essential to acknowledge that there are potential challenges and objections to this approach. Some argue that such requirements can extend the time and cost of obtaining a degree, making it more difficult for students to graduate on time or manage their financial commitments. Additionally, there is concern that mandatory courses outside one’s field may divert attention and resources away from core major requirements.

To address these concerns, universities can design their curriculum with flexibility in mind. They can offer a variety of courses that fulfill the requirement, allowing students to choose subjects that align with their interests and career goals. Additionally, universities can explore ways to integrate interdisciplinary learning into major coursework, minimizing the need for separate mandatory courses.

025- Educators should find out what students want included in the curriculum and then offer it to them.

I agree with the recommendation that educators should seek input from students regarding the curriculum, but I believe that the process should be more nuanced and balanced. While incorporating student preferences can enhance engagement and relevance, it must be done in a way that maintains educational standards and objectives.

Incorporating student input into the curriculum has several advantages. It can increase student engagement and motivation by allowing them to explore topics they are genuinely interested in. When students have a say in what they learn, they often become more invested in their education. Additionally, it can make the curriculum more relevant to students’ lives and future goals, as they can provide insights into the skills and knowledge they believe will be valuable.

However, there are limitations to relying solely on student preferences. First, students may not always have a complete understanding of their educational needs. They may prioritize subjects that seem interesting in the short term but overlook foundational knowledge or essential skills that are necessary for their academic and professional development. Educators have the expertise to design a curriculum that balances immediate interests with long-term educational goals.

Second, curricular decisions should align with educational standards and objectives. In many cases, there are specific skills and knowledge areas that students need to master to meet these standards and be prepared for future academic or career challenges. Curriculum development should be guided by these standards to ensure that students receive a well-rounded and comprehensive education.

Furthermore, curricular decisions should consider the diverse needs and backgrounds of students. While it’s essential to incorporate student preferences, educators must also address the needs of the entire student body and ensure that the curriculum is inclusive and equitable. Student preferences alone may not account for the varying educational requirements of all students.

To strike a balance, educators can employ a consultative approach. They can seek input from students about their interests and preferences and incorporate this feedback into the curriculum development process. However, educators should also use their expertise to design a curriculum that meets educational standards and objectives, providing a well-rounded education that prepares students for future challenges.

026- Educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts.

I agree with the recommendation that educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. This approach, often referred to as a “conceptual framework” or “inquiry-based learning,” offers several advantages for students’ understanding and retention of information.

When students are introduced to concepts and ideas before being presented with facts, they are more likely to engage in critical thinking and active learning. Rather than passively memorizing isolated facts, students are encouraged to explore the underlying principles and connections between pieces of information. This approach fosters a deeper and more meaningful understanding of the subject matter.

Moreover, teaching concepts and ideas before facts can promote a more holistic view of the subject. Students gain a broader context and can better appreciate the relevance and significance of the facts they encounter. This approach encourages students to ask questions, make connections, and explore the subject matter in a more comprehensive manner.

For example, in a history class, educators might first introduce the concepts of imperialism, nationalism, and colonialism before delving into specific historical events. By understanding these overarching ideas, students can better analyze and interpret the facts related to specific historical periods, making their learning more coherent and insightful.

However, there are instances where teaching facts before concepts may be advantageous. In subjects that require a foundational knowledge of facts to build upon, such as mathematics or certain sciences, introducing facts early can provide a necessary scaffold for more advanced learning. Learning multiplication tables, for instance, is essential before moving on to more complex mathematical concepts.

Furthermore, the timing of when to introduce facts may also depend on the developmental stage of the students. Younger learners, for instance, may benefit from a more fact-based approach to build foundational knowledge and then gradually transition to a more concept-driven approach as they advance in their education.

027- Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own. Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.

I disagree with the claim that we can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own. While there is value in learning from like-minded individuals, the notion that disagreement always causes stress and inhibits learning is overly simplistic.

Firstly, learning from people who share our views can be comfortable and affirming, but it often leads to confirmation bias, where we only seek information that supports our existing beliefs. This can limit intellectual growth and critical thinking. In contrast, engaging with individuals who hold opposing views challenges us to reconsider our perspectives, question assumptions, and deepen our understanding. Disagreement, when approached constructively, can lead to more robust and well-rounded knowledge.

Secondly, diverse viewpoints are essential for innovation and progress. In fields like science, technology, and social sciences, breakthroughs often result from the clash of differing ideas. When individuals with different perspectives collaborate and engage in healthy debate, they can collectively arrive at more comprehensive and innovative solutions to complex problems. Disagreement fosters creativity and drives intellectual exploration.

Moreover, the claim overlooks the importance of emotional intelligence and effective communication in handling disagreements. While it is true that poorly managed disagreements can cause stress and inhibit learning, individuals can develop skills to engage in respectful and constructive discourse. Learning to navigate differences of opinion with empathy and open-mindedness can lead to personal growth and the acquisition of new insights.

It’s also worth noting that not all disagreements are equal in terms of their impact on stress levels and learning. Civil, well-informed debates can be stimulating and intellectually rewarding, while hostile or unproductive arguments are more likely to lead to stress and inhibit learning. It is the manner in which disagreements are approached that largely determines their effect.

028- Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve.

I disagree with the recommendation that government officials should rely solely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carrying out the will of the people they serve. While government officials should exercise their expertise and judgment, they are elected or appointed to represent the interests and preferences of the citizens. A balance between their judgment and the will of the people is crucial for a functioning democracy.

There are instances where officials should exercise their own judgment. They bring expertise and experience to the table, which can be valuable when making complex decisions. For example, in matters of national security, economic policy, or public health, officials may need to rely on their knowledge and analysis to make informed choices that may not align with popular opinion.

However, it is equally important to consider the circumstances where disregarding the will of the people can be disadvantageous. Democracy is founded on the principle of government by the people and for the people. Public officials are accountable to the electorate and should respect the values and preferences of their constituents.

Disregarding the will of the people can lead to a disconnect between the government and the governed. When officials consistently act against the wishes of the majority, it can erode trust in government and the democratic process itself. Citizens may become disengaged and disillusioned, leading to a breakdown of the social contract.

Moreover, there are mechanisms in democratic systems, such as elections and public input, that allow for the expression of the people’s will. Ignoring these mechanisms undermines the democratic foundations of a society. Government officials should be responsive to the changing needs and desires of the population, and their judgment should be informed by a deep understanding of the public’s concerns.

In circumstances where officials believe that the will of the people conflicts with what they perceive as the greater good or the long-term interests of the nation, they should engage in open dialogue and persuasion rather than outright disregard. Public officials have a responsibility to communicate their rationale and engage in a constructive debate that respects democratic principles.

029- Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.

I agree with the recommendation that young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seeking immediate fame and recognition. While the desire for fame and recognition is not inherently negative, it’s essential to prioritize goals that are sustainable and contribute to personal growth and societal well-being.

Encouraging young people to focus on long-term, realistic goals has several advantages. Firstly, it promotes patience and resilience. Achieving meaningful and lasting success often requires sustained effort, dedication, and the ability to weather setbacks and failures along the way. Pursuing immediate fame can lead to frustration and disappointment when quick success does not materialize.

Secondly, long-term goals tend to be more personally fulfilling and satisfying. They provide a sense of purpose and direction in life, allowing individuals to make meaningful contributions to their communities and society as a whole. In contrast, seeking immediate fame may lead to shallow or superficial achievements that do not bring lasting happiness.

Moreover, pursuing realistic long-term goals encourages personal development and skill acquisition. It necessitates the acquisition of knowledge, the development of expertise, and the cultivation of a strong work ethic. These qualities are essential for long-term success and are transferable to various aspects of life.

However, it’s important to acknowledge that there are situations where the pursuit of immediate fame and recognition may be advantageous. In the realm of entertainment, for example, aspiring actors, musicians, or social media influencers may benefit from early exposure and recognition. Nevertheless, even in these fields, it is often individuals with long-term dedication and talent development who achieve lasting fame and success.

Additionally, it is crucial to consider the potential downsides of seeking immediate fame, such as the pressure to maintain a public image, the risk of burnout, and the impact on mental health. Pursuing fame for its own sake can lead to a shallow and externally driven life, which may not contribute to overall well-being.

030- The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.

I disagree with the recommendation that the best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones exclusively. While positive reinforcement is an effective teaching strategy, it should be complemented by addressing negative actions and providing constructive feedback. A balanced approach to teaching includes both praise for positive actions and guidance for improvement when negative actions occur.

Praising positive actions is essential for several reasons. It boosts students’ confidence and self-esteem, motivating them to continue their efforts. Positive reinforcement acknowledges their accomplishments and encourages a growth mindset, where students believe in their ability to learn and improve. This approach is particularly effective when students demonstrate enthusiasm, creativity, or effort in their work.

However, ignoring negative actions can have detrimental consequences. It can send the message that mistakes and misbehavior are acceptable, potentially leading to a lack of discipline, accountability, and responsibility. It also misses valuable opportunities for teaching and learning.

Addressing negative actions and providing constructive feedback is essential for students’ growth and development. When students make mistakes or exhibit inappropriate behavior, they need guidance to understand why their actions were incorrect and how to correct them. Ignoring these actions may result in recurring problems and hinder their overall progress.

For example, if a student consistently fails to complete assignments or disrupts the classroom, ignoring these negative actions would not help the student or the learning environment. Instead, constructive feedback, discussion, and guidance are necessary to address the underlying issues and provide a path for improvement.

Furthermore, a balanced approach that addresses both positive and negative actions teaches students about responsibility and accountability. It helps them understand that their actions have consequences and that learning from mistakes is a valuable part of the educational process.

In certain circumstances, excessive focus on negative actions can lead to a punitive and demoralizing learning environment, which is not conducive to effective teaching. However, the key is to provide constructive feedback and guidance when addressing negative actions, rather than simply ignoring them.

031- If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it are justifiable.

I strongly disagree with the statement that if a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it are justifiable. While it is important to pursue worthy goals, the means chosen to achieve them must also align with ethical principles and moral values. The idea that any means are justifiable can lead to serious ethical and societal problems.

First and foremost, adopting a “ends justify the means” mentality can result in unethical and harmful actions. When individuals or organizations prioritize the attainment of their goals above all else, they may resort to dishonesty, deception, exploitation, and even violence to achieve those objectives. History is replete with examples of atrocities committed in the name of ostensibly “worthy” goals, such as political ideologies, religious beliefs, or economic interests.

Furthermore, such a mindset erodes trust within society. When people observe that individuals or groups are willing to employ unethical or immoral means to achieve their goals, it erodes trust in those entities and can lead to a breakdown in social cohesion. Trust is a foundational element of a stable and functioning society, and sacrificing it for the sake of goals undermines the very fabric of that society.

Moreover, the idea that any means are justifiable is at odds with the principles of justice and the rule of law. In a just and civilized society, individuals and institutions are held accountable for their actions. Allowing any means to be justifiable undermines the principles of accountability, fairness, and the protection of individual rights.

However, it is important to recognize that the pursuit of worthy goals often involves overcoming challenges and obstacles. This may require creative problem-solving, determination, and resilience. Ethical means that align with societal values and legal frameworks should be employed to overcome these challenges.

For example, the pursuit of social justice, environmental sustainability, or economic equality are certainly worthy goals. However, achieving these objectives should not involve infringing upon the rights of others, engaging in corruption, or causing harm. Ethical means, such as peaceful protests, advocacy, education, and collaboration, are essential for achieving these goals while upholding moral standards.

032- In order to become well-rounded individuals, all college students should be required to take courses in which they read poetry, novels, mythology, and other types of imaginative literature.

I agree with the recommendation that all college students should be required to take courses in which they read poetry, novels, mythology, and other types of imaginative literature. Such courses offer several advantages that contribute to the well-rounded development of students.

Firstly, courses in imaginative literature foster critical thinking and analytical skills. Analyzing poems, novels, and mythology requires students to delve deep into the text, interpret symbolism, explore themes, and make connections. This type of intellectual engagement hones their ability to think critically, consider multiple perspectives, and construct well-reasoned arguments—a skill set that is valuable in various academic disciplines and professional contexts.

Secondly, these courses promote empathy and an understanding of diverse perspectives. Literature often explores the human experience through different cultures, historical periods, and social contexts. Reading about characters and situations from various backgrounds allows students to develop empathy and gain insights into the lives and struggles of others. This empathetic understanding is essential in fostering a sense of cultural awareness and global citizenship.

Moreover, imaginative literature sparks creativity and imagination. Exposure to different forms of storytelling and literary techniques can inspire students to think creatively and express themselves more effectively. This creative thinking is not limited to the realm of literature but can also benefit students in problem-solving, innovation, and artistic pursuits.

However, it’s essential to acknowledge potential objections to this recommendation. Some argue that college curricula should focus exclusively on practical and career-oriented subjects to ensure graduates are job-ready. While vocational skills are crucial, an exclusive focus on practical education can lead to a one-dimensional, utilitarian approach to learning that neglects the development of well-rounded individuals.

Furthermore, it is important to consider that not all students may have an inherent interest in imaginative literature. Some may argue that forcing students to take such courses could lead to disengagement and a lack of enthusiasm. To address this concern, universities can design these courses to be engaging and relevant to students’ interests and career goals, demonstrating the real-world applicability of literature studies.

033- In order for any work of art — for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song — to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.

I disagree with the statement that for any work of art to have merit, it must be understandable to most people. Art is a deeply subjective and diverse form of expression, and its value and meaning can vary greatly from person to person. While some art may resonate with a broad audience, the idea that all art must be universally understandable oversimplifies the nature and purpose of artistic creation.

Art serves multiple functions, and one of its primary roles is to provoke thought, emotion, and dialogue. Art often challenges societal norms, explores complex themes, and provides a platform for self-expression. As such, many works of art are intentionally designed to be thought-provoking, abstract, or unconventional. These qualities can make them less accessible to a mass audience but are essential for pushing the boundaries of artistic expression and engaging with deeper layers of meaning.

Moreover, art often reflects the unique perspective, experiences, and emotions of the artist. It serves as a window into the individual’s creativity, imagination, and inner world. The very essence of art lies in its ability to capture and convey these personal and subjective elements, which may not resonate with everyone but can deeply affect those who do connect with it.

Furthermore, the idea of universal understandability can stifle artistic innovation and diversity. If all art were required to cater to a broad, easily understandable audience, it would discourage experimentation and the exploration of new and unconventional forms of expression. It could lead to a homogenization of art, where creativity is constrained by the need for mass appeal.

It’s important to recognize that different people have different tastes, backgrounds, and levels of exposure to art forms. What is understandable and meaningful to one person may not be to another. The diversity of artistic expression allows for a rich tapestry of voices and perspectives, which contributes to the cultural richness and vitality of society.

That said, there is a place for art that is intentionally created for a broad audience. Many popular films, novels, songs, and other forms of art are designed to entertain, resonate with a wide range of people, and convey messages in a readily understandable way. However, the existence of such art does not negate the value of more abstract, challenging, or niche forms of artistic expression.

034- Many important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another.

I agree with the statement that many important discoveries or creations are accidental, often occurring when seeking the answer to one question leads to the discovery of the answer to another. This phenomenon, known as serendipity, has played a significant role in scientific, technological, and artistic advancements throughout history.

One way in which accidental discoveries occur is through the process of experimentation and observation. Scientists and researchers may set out to investigate a specific question or hypothesis, but during the course of their experiments, they stumble upon unexpected findings. For example, the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming came about when he noticed that a mold, which had accidentally contaminated his bacterial culture, killed the bacteria. This chance observation led to the development of antibiotics, revolutionizing medicine.

Similarly, in the realm of technology, serendipity has often played a role in innovations. For instance, the creation of the microwave oven was a result of accidental discovery. Percy Spencer, an engineer working with radar technology during World War II, noticed that a candy bar in his pocket had melted while he was working with a magnetron. This observation eventually led to the development of microwave cooking.

In the arts, accidental discoveries and creative breakthroughs are also common. Artists and musicians may experiment with different techniques, materials, or melodies, and in the process, they stumble upon novel ideas and styles that they had not originally set out to create. These accidental discoveries often lead to the creation of masterpieces that redefine artistic genres.

However, it’s important to note that serendipity is not entirely random. It often occurs when individuals have a deep understanding of their field and are actively engaged in seeking solutions or answers. In other words, they are “prepared” to recognize the significance of the unexpected findings. Without the foundational knowledge and curiosity that drive the search for answers, accidental discoveries would be less likely.

While serendipity has led to many important discoveries, it is not a reliable or systematic method for advancing knowledge or creating breakthroughs. Research, experimentation, and focused inquiry remain essential components of progress in various fields. Accidental discoveries are more like fortunate accidents that happen along the way.

035- The main benefit of the study of history is to dispel the illusion that people living now are significantly different from people who lived in earlier times.

I agree with the statement that one of the main benefits of the study of history is to dispel the illusion that people living now are significantly different from people who lived in earlier times. The study of history provides valuable insights into the continuity of human nature, behaviors, and societal patterns over time. While there are certainly differences in technology, culture, and circumstances between eras, the fundamental aspects of human experience remain surprisingly consistent.

History reveals that the core motivations, emotions, and challenges faced by individuals and societies have remained remarkably similar throughout different historical periods. For example, themes of love, ambition, conflict, and resilience are prevalent in literature, art, and historical records from ancient civilizations to modern times. The study of history reminds us that the human condition, including our desires, struggles, and triumphs, has enduring qualities that transcend time and place.

Moreover, examining historical events and societies can help us recognize recurring patterns and lessons. History is replete with examples of the rise and fall of civilizations, the consequences of political decisions, and the impact of social and economic changes. By studying these patterns, we gain valuable insights into the potential outcomes of our actions and decisions today. History serves as a guide for navigating the complexities of the present and making informed choices about the future.

However, it’s important to acknowledge that the study of history can also highlight the significant differences between different eras. Technological advancements, cultural shifts, and societal changes have transformed the way people live and interact with the world. These differences are essential to understanding the context in which historical events occurred and the unique challenges faced by people in the past.

Furthermore, history is not a static or monolithic field but a dynamic and evolving one. New historical discoveries and interpretations continuously reshape our understanding of the past. As such, while there are enduring aspects of human nature, the study of history also emphasizes the importance of context and the need to appreciate the nuances of each historical period.

036- Learning is primarily a matter of personal discipline; students cannot be motivated by school or college alone.

I agree with the statement that learning is primarily a matter of personal discipline and that students cannot be motivated by school or college alone. While educational institutions play a crucial role in providing resources, guidance, and opportunities for learning, the ultimate responsibility for learning and motivation lies with the individual student.

Personal discipline is a fundamental aspect of effective learning. It involves the ability to set goals, manage time, stay organized, and persist in the face of challenges. Students who possess strong self-discipline are better equipped to engage with their studies, complete assignments, and master complex subjects. Without personal discipline, even the best educational programs and teachers may struggle to facilitate effective learning.

Motivation, similarly, is an intrinsic quality that drives individuals to learn and excel. While schools and colleges can create a conducive environment for learning, including engaging lessons and supportive instructors, motivation ultimately comes from within. Students who are genuinely interested in a subject or have a personal connection to their educational goals are more likely to be motivated to learn and succeed.

Furthermore, the idea that external factors alone, such as school or college, can motivate students can be problematic. Relying solely on external motivation can lead to a superficial pursuit of grades or certificates rather than a genuine thirst for knowledge. When students are primarily driven by extrinsic rewards, they may not develop a deep understanding of the material or a lasting passion for learning.

However, it’s important to acknowledge that educational institutions can play a significant role in fostering motivation and discipline. Effective teaching methods, mentorship, and a supportive learning environment can inspire students and provide them with the tools they need to develop discipline and motivation. Great educators have the ability to ignite students’ curiosity and passion for learning, making the educational experience more rewarding and engaging.

Additionally, the relevance and quality of the curriculum can influence students’ motivation. When students see the real-world applications of what they are learning and perceive its value, they are more likely to stay motivated and disciplined in their studies.

037- Scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of people.

I agree with the recommendation that scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of people. This approach aligns with the principles of responsible and ethical research, which aim to maximize the positive impact of scientific endeavors on society as a whole.

Focusing research on areas that benefit the greatest number of people is advantageous for several reasons:

• Social Utility : Science and research are powerful tools for addressing pressing societal challenges and improving the quality of life for a broad population. Research in areas such as healthcare, renewable energy, agriculture, and education has the potential to bring about widespread positive changes.
• Resource Allocation : Limited research resources, including funding, time, and manpower, must be allocated judiciously. Prioritizing research in areas with broad societal relevance ensures that these resources are put to the best possible use.
• Ethical Considerations : There is an ethical imperative to prioritize research that has the potential to alleviate suffering, improve health outcomes, enhance living standards, and address global challenges like climate change and infectious diseases.
• Economic Benefits : Research that benefits a large number of people can have a substantial economic impact by driving innovation, creating jobs, and boosting economic growth.
• Global Health : Many global health crises, such as pandemics, require a concerted scientific effort. Prioritizing research in these areas is crucial for the well-being of entire populations.

However, it’s important to note that this does not mean all research should be limited to only the most immediately applicable areas. Fundamental research, which may not have immediate practical applications but contributes to our understanding of the world, should still be encouraged. Often, breakthroughs in applied science emerge from seemingly unrelated fundamental research. Moreover, niche research can be valuable in specialized fields where it may not benefit a large number of people directly but could have profound implications for those specific areas.

Additionally, the definition of what benefits the greatest number of people can vary. For example, research into rare diseases may not benefit a large percentage of the population, but it can have an immense impact on the individuals and families affected by these conditions. Therefore, a nuanced approach is needed to balance the broad societal benefit with specialized research.

038- Politicians should pursue common ground and reasonable consensus rather than elusive ideals.

I agree with the recommendation that politicians should pursue common ground and reasonable consensus rather than elusive ideals. Pragmatism and compromise are essential components of effective governance, as they enable politicians to address real-world problems and serve the best interests of their constituents.

Here are several reasons why pursuing common ground and reasonable consensus is advantageous:

• Effective Governance : Politics is the art of the possible. Pursuing common ground and consensus allows politicians to pass legislation and make decisions that can actually have a positive impact on people’s lives. In a diverse society with differing opinions, finding common ground is often the only way to move forward.
• Stability and Unity : A focus on common ground fosters stability and unity within a nation. Extreme or divisive ideals can polarize society and lead to social unrest. Consensus-building promotes social cohesion and reduces the risk of conflict.
• Incremental Progress : Politics often involves making incremental progress rather than achieving sweeping change. By finding common ground, politicians can make gradual improvements in areas such as healthcare, education, and the economy, even if they cannot fully realize their ideal visions.
• Practical Solutions : Real-world problems require practical solutions. Pursuing consensus encourages politicians to seek evidence-based policies and pragmatic approaches that are more likely to succeed.
• Representation : In a democratic system, politicians represent a diverse range of constituents with varying needs and beliefs. Pursuing common ground allows them to represent the interests of a broader cross-section of society.

However, it’s important to acknowledge that there are situations where pursuing elusive ideals or principles may be justifiable or even necessary. For example:

• Moral Imperatives : There are moments in history when politicians must stand firmly for moral imperatives, such as human rights or social justice, even if they cannot immediately achieve consensus. Martin Luther King Jr.’s pursuit of civil rights in the United States is a powerful example.
• Long-Term Vision : Sometimes, visionary leadership is required to set long-term goals and ideals for a society. While immediate consensus may be elusive, articulating a vision can inspire future generations to strive for a better future.
• Emergencies and Crises : In times of crisis, such as a natural disaster or public health emergency, politicians may need to act decisively rather than seek consensus. However, these actions should be guided by expert advice and the best available evidence.

039- Scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of people

Scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of people. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.

I agree with the recommendation that scientists and researchers should focus their efforts on areas likely to benefit the greatest number of people. This approach not only aligns with ethical principles but also maximizes the societal impact of research endeavors. However, it is essential to acknowledge that there are nuanced situations where the pursuit of niche research can also yield valuable outcomes.

Focusing research on areas with broad societal relevance is advantageous in numerous ways. Firstly, it ensures that limited research resources, including funding and manpower, are channeled into endeavors with the potential for widespread positive impact. Consider the example of medical research. Prioritizing research into common diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease has led to groundbreaking treatments and improved healthcare for millions of people globally.

Secondly, research that benefits a large number of people has significant economic and social benefits. For instance, advancements in renewable energy technologies have not only addressed environmental concerns but have also created jobs and stimulated economic growth. These benefits extend to both urban and rural communities, illustrating the wide-reaching influence of research with broad applications.

Moreover, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of scientific research that addresses global health challenges. Collaborative research efforts have led to the rapid development of vaccines, which are essential in protecting populations worldwide.

However, it’s important to acknowledge that not all research can be neatly categorized as solely benefiting the greatest number of people. In niche fields, such as archaeology or certain aspects of fundamental physics, research may not have immediate, widespread applications. Yet, this does not diminish its value. For example, research into ancient civilizations may reveal crucial insights into human history and culture, enriching our understanding of the past.

040- Politicians should pursue common ground and reasonable consensus rather than elusive ideals.

I wholeheartedly agree with the recommendation that politicians should prioritize pursuing common ground and reasonable consensus over chasing elusive ideals. While ideals can provide inspiration and a vision for the future, the practical realities of governance often necessitate compromise and collaboration for the greater good. There are several compelling reasons for this perspective, and specific examples illustrate the advantages of this approach.

First and foremost, politics is fundamentally about achieving practical outcomes that improve the lives of citizens. In a diverse and pluralistic society, it’s rare to find a single ideal or vision that will satisfy the needs and preferences of all constituents. Consider the case of healthcare policy. While some politicians may have an idealized vision of a perfect healthcare system, the reality is that crafting effective healthcare policies often requires input from a broad spectrum of stakeholders. Pursuing common ground in this context means finding solutions that can garner bipartisan support and deliver tangible benefits to the population, even if they don’t align perfectly with any one ideal.

Furthermore, politics is inherently a process of negotiation and compromise. Elected officials represent constituents with diverse opinions and interests. Attempting to rigidly adhere to elusive ideals can lead to gridlock and political polarization. For instance, the United States has experienced political paralysis in recent years due to extreme ideological positions that make consensus-building challenging. In such situations, focusing on common ground and achievable consensus becomes essential to breaking the deadlock and making progress on important issues.

Moreover, governing effectively often requires pragmatism in the face of complex challenges. Idealized visions may not account for the practical constraints, budgetary limitations, and unintended consequences that policymakers must grapple with. Take environmental policy as an example. While some may hold idealistic views about completely eliminating carbon emissions, the reality is that achieving such a goal may be technologically or economically unfeasible in the short term. Pursuing common ground by implementing incremental steps toward sustainability can be more practical and effective.

However, it’s important to acknowledge that there are instances when adhering to ideals can be justified. For instance, during moments of profound moral urgency, such as the civil rights movement, leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. pursued the ideal of equality with unwavering commitment. Their dedication to this ideal ultimately brought about transformative societal change.

041- People should undertake risky action only after they have carefully considered its consequences.

I strongly agree with the recommendation that people should undertake risky actions only after carefully considering their consequences. This cautious approach to risk management is a fundamental aspect of responsible decision-making and can prevent a wide range of adverse outcomes. Specific circumstances and examples further illustrate the wisdom of this approach.

First and foremost, careful consideration of the consequences is essential to personal safety. Engaging in risky activities without thought to potential harm can lead to accidents, injuries, or even fatalities. For instance, consider the case of extreme sports like rock climbing or skydiving. While these activities can be exhilarating and rewarding, they also involve inherent risks. Those who engage in such activities often undergo extensive training and planning, taking time to understand the consequences of their actions and mitigate potential dangers.

Moreover, responsible risk assessment is crucial in the realm of financial decision-making. Investments, for example, carry inherent risks, and individuals who plunge into the market without a clear understanding of potential losses can suffer significant financial setbacks. During the global financial crisis of 2008, many investors were enticed by the prospect of high returns but failed to consider the consequences of the housing market bubble’s burst. As a result, they faced severe financial consequences.

Furthermore, in the realm of public policy and governance, decisions with far-reaching consequences should be made only after thorough consideration. For instance, climate change policy decisions must take into account the potential environmental, economic, and social consequences of various approaches. A rush to implement policies without considering these ramifications can lead to unintended negative outcomes.

However, it is essential to recognize that there are situations where calculated risks are necessary and can lead to positive outcomes. In entrepreneurship, for instance, individuals often take calculated risks when starting a new business. They carefully assess the potential benefits and drawbacks, using data and market research to inform their decisions. These risks can be essential drivers of innovation and economic growth.

042- Leaders are created by the demands that are placed on them.

I agree with the statement that leaders are created by the demands placed on them to a significant extent. Leadership often emerges as a response to challenges, responsibilities, and expectations, shaping individuals into effective leaders. However, it is essential to recognize that not everyone who faces demands automatically becomes a leader, and personal qualities and choices also play a crucial role.

The statement holds true in several ways:

• Adaptation to Challenges : When individuals face challenging situations or responsibilities, they are compelled to adapt and develop leadership skills. For instance, in times of crisis, individuals may step up to coordinate efforts, make decisions, and provide guidance to others. This adaptation to demanding circumstances can mold them into leaders.
• Experience and Learning : The demands placed on individuals often lead to valuable experiences and learning opportunities. Leaders often acquire their skills through practical experience, problem-solving, and decision-making. These experiences enhance their ability to lead effectively in the future.
• Recognition of Leadership Potential : As individuals successfully meet the demands placed on them, others may recognize their leadership qualities and abilities. This recognition can lead to opportunities for them to assume formal leadership roles.
• Responsibility and Accountability : Leadership often involves taking on significant responsibilities and being accountable for outcomes. The demands placed on individuals who are accountable for specific tasks or projects can shape them into responsible and effective leaders.

However, it is important to acknowledge that not everyone who faces demands becomes a leader. Personal qualities and choices play a crucial role in determining whether an individual rises to the occasion. Some individuals may not possess the innate qualities or desire to lead, even when faced with demanding circumstances.

Moreover, leadership development is not solely determined by external demands but also by the individual’s response to those demands. Some individuals may respond to challenges by taking on leadership roles, while others may prefer to work collaboratively or in supportive roles.

043- There is little justification for society to make extraordinary efforts — especially at a great cost in money and jobs — to save endangered animal or plant species.

I strongly disagree with the statement that there is little justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, even at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered animal or plant species. Protecting and preserving biodiversity is not just a moral imperative but also essential for the well-being of ecosystems and humanity as a whole. Several reasons underscore the importance of investing in the conservation of endangered species, even when it comes at a substantial cost.

• Ecosystem Stability : Every species plays a unique role within its ecosystem. The loss of a single species can have a domino effect, disrupting the delicate balance of an ecosystem and potentially causing the decline or extinction of other species. For instance, the disappearance of pollinators like bees and butterflies would have severe consequences for agriculture and food production, affecting human livelihoods and global food security.
• Biodiversity’s Value : Biodiversity has inherent value beyond its utility to humans. Each species represents a unique part of Earth’s evolutionary history and contributes to the rich tapestry of life on our planet. Preserving this diversity is an ethical obligation, as all species have an intrinsic right to exist.
• Economic Benefits : Conservation efforts often bring economic benefits in the long run. Biodiversity supports various industries, including tourism, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. Ecosystem services, such as clean air and water, are also directly tied to biodiversity. Neglecting conservation can lead to economic costs in the form of declining agricultural yields, increased healthcare expenses due to loss of medicinal plants, and damage to tourism-dependent economies.
• Scientific Knowledge : Studying endangered species can advance scientific understanding in various fields, from ecology to genetics. This knowledge can have practical applications, such as in medical research or agriculture, and contribute to human progress.
• Future Generations : We have a moral responsibility to safeguard Earth’s biodiversity for future generations. Failing to do so would mean bequeathing a world with diminished natural wonders and a less stable environment, which would harm our descendants’ quality of life.

While it’s crucial to prioritize conservation efforts, it’s also essential to acknowledge that the cost of conservation can be substantial. Funding, workforce, and resources are often required for species recovery programs, habitat protection, and research. However, these costs must be viewed in the context of the long-term benefits and the ethical imperative to protect the planet’s natural heritage.

044- The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.

I respectfully disagree with the statement that the human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds. While the human mind is undeniably remarkable and unique, the capabilities of machines have evolved significantly, and there are areas where machines have already demonstrated superiority. The relationship between humans and machines is more complex, characterized by complementarity rather than one-sided superiority.

Here are several reasons to support this perspective:

• Computational Power : Machines, especially modern computers, possess extraordinary computational power that far exceeds the human brain’s processing capabilities. This computational power allows machines to perform complex calculations, process vast amounts of data, and execute repetitive tasks with precision and speed. In fields like data analysis, weather forecasting, and cryptography, machines outperform humans.
• Memory and Information Retrieval : Machines have the ability to store vast amounts of information accurately and access it instantaneously. Search engines, for example, can retrieve information from the internet in seconds, a task that would take humans significantly longer. This enhances our ability to gather knowledge and make informed decisions.
• Pattern Recognition : Machine learning and artificial intelligence have enabled machines to excel in pattern recognition tasks. In healthcare, machines can detect early signs of diseases from medical images with high accuracy. In finance, algorithms analyze market trends and make trading decisions more swiftly and efficiently than human traders.
• Repetitive and Dangerous Tasks : Machines excel at performing repetitive and dangerous tasks, which may be tedious or hazardous for humans. Robots in manufacturing, for instance, can work tirelessly and precisely on assembly lines, reducing human labor and the risk of accidents.
• Unbiased Decision-Making : Machines can make decisions based on objective data without the influence of emotions or biases. In fields like criminal justice, this can lead to more equitable outcomes by reducing the impact of human subjectivity.

However, it’s important to emphasize that machines and the human mind have distinct strengths and weaknesses. Machines excel in tasks that require computational speed, accuracy, and efficiency, while the human mind excels in creativity, emotional intelligence, complex problem-solving, and ethical decision-making. Human-machine collaboration, known as augmented intelligence, leverages the strengths of both humans and machines to tackle complex challenges effectively.

Furthermore, the idea that machines are tools of human minds is not necessarily limiting. Instead, it reflects the capacity of human innovation and creativity to develop tools that extend our capabilities. Machines can serve as valuable tools to enhance human potential and address societal challenges.

045- People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are also the most critical of it.

I agree with the statement that people who are deeply committed to an idea or policy are often the most critical of it. This phenomenon can be observed in various contexts, and there are several reasons why committed individuals tend to be highly critical.

• In-Depth Knowledge : People who are deeply committed to an idea or policy typically invest significant time and effort in understanding it thoroughly. This deep knowledge allows them to identify nuances, potential flaws, and areas for improvement that might not be apparent to those with a more superficial understanding.
• Passion and Emotional Investment : Commitment to an idea or policy often comes with a strong emotional attachment. This passion can drive individuals to critically evaluate the idea or policy to ensure its success and effectiveness. They are motivated to address any shortcomings they perceive.
• Desire for Improvement : Committed individuals are motivated to see their idea or policy succeed in the best possible way. This desire for success leads them to engage in critical analysis, seeking opportunities to enhance and refine the concept.
• Anticipation of Opposition : Committed individuals often anticipate opposition or skepticism from others. To bolster their position and address potential objections, they engage in self-critique and develop counterarguments, making them even more critical of their own idea or policy.
• Avoiding Complacency : Deep commitment can lead to a fear of complacency. Those deeply committed may worry that blind adherence to their idea or policy could lead to stagnation or failure. To prevent this, they engage in self-examination and critical thinking to ensure continued progress.

However, it’s important to note that while committed individuals tend to be more critical, this is not universally true in all cases. Some individuals may become so ideologically entrenched that they resist any form of criticism or introspection, leading to a lack of critical self-assessment. This can result in a form of dogmatism that hinders progress and adaptation.

Additionally, the degree of critical self-assessment can vary among individuals. Some may be more open to constructive criticism and self-reflection, while others may be less receptive, leading to varying levels of critical evaluation.

046- Some people believe that society should try to save every plant and animal species, despite the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being. Others believe that society need not make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.

I believe that society should make efforts to save endangered plant and animal species, but the extent of these efforts should be carefully balanced with the potential costs to humans. Both views presented have valid points, and a nuanced approach is necessary to strike the right balance between conservation and human well-being.

The argument for saving every plant and animal species, regardless of the cost, is rooted in several important considerations:

• Biodiversity’s Intrinsic Value : Every species on Earth has intrinsic value and a right to exist. The diversity of life forms contributes to the richness of our planet’s ecosystems, and many people believe that preserving this diversity is an ethical imperative.
• Ecosystem Stability : Each species plays a unique role within its ecosystem. The loss of a single species can have a cascading effect, disrupting the balance of an ecosystem and potentially causing the decline or extinction of other species. This can have far-reaching consequences for human livelihoods and environmental stability.
• Future Discoveries : Species extinction means the loss of potential scientific discoveries. Many species hold untapped secrets that could lead to medical breakthroughs, new materials, or innovations that benefit humanity.

However, it’s crucial to acknowledge the opposing view that society should not make extraordinary efforts if the costs are too high:

• Resource Allocation : Society has limited resources, and allocating a disproportionate amount of these resources to save a single species may come at the expense of addressing other pressing issues like poverty, healthcare, or education. Striking a balance in resource allocation is essential.
• Economic Impact : Conservation efforts can sometimes lead to economic costs, including job losses in industries that rely on natural resources. Communities dependent on logging, fishing, or agriculture may be adversely affected by stringent conservation measures.
• Pragmatic Conservation : Some argue for a pragmatic approach to conservation, focusing on species with the greatest ecological significance or potential for recovery. This approach aims to achieve meaningful conservation goals without overextending resources.

In my view, the most reasonable approach lies in finding a middle ground. While we should strive to protect endangered species and biodiversity, we must also consider the economic and social costs associated with conservation efforts. Efforts should be directed toward species that play crucial roles in their ecosystems, have the potential for recovery, or offer unique scientific insights. Additionally, conservation initiatives should involve local communities and consider their livelihoods, ensuring that efforts to save species also benefit human well-being.

047- Some people believe that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit. Others believe that formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.

The purpose of education is a complex and multifaceted topic, and I believe that it can serve both to free the mind and spirit and, in some instances, restrain them. The views presented in the argument have validity, and the effectiveness of education in freeing or restraining the mind and spirit largely depends on how it is delivered and experienced.

The view that education’s purpose is to free the mind and spirit has several compelling arguments:

• Fostering Critical Thinking : Education, when well-designed, encourages critical thinking and intellectual curiosity. It equips individuals with the skills to question, analyze, and evaluate information, thereby liberating them from ignorance and dogma.
• Promoting Personal Growth : Education can empower individuals to explore their interests, develop their talents, and achieve their full potential. It offers opportunities for personal growth, self-discovery, and self-expression.
• Cultivating Open-mindedness : Exposure to diverse perspectives, cultures, and ideas through education can lead to open-mindedness and empathy. It can broaden one’s horizons and promote tolerance and acceptance.

However, the view that formal education can restrain the mind and spirit is also valid, and it is important to acknowledge its limitations:

• Standardization and Conformity : Traditional educational systems often prioritize conformity and standardization, which can stifle creativity and individuality. Rigid curricula and standardized testing may limit the exploration of unique talents and interests.
• Pressure and Stress : The pressure to perform academically in formal education can sometimes lead to stress, anxiety, and burnout. This pressure may hinder personal exploration and self-discovery.
• Narrow Focus : Specialization within formal education can lead to a narrow focus on specific subjects or disciplines, potentially limiting the breadth of knowledge and perspectives individuals are exposed to.

In my view, the purpose of education should be to strike a balance between these two perspectives. A well-rounded education should free the mind and spirit by fostering critical thinking, creativity, and personal growth. It should encourage individuals to explore their interests and talents while also providing them with the skills and knowledge needed to engage with the world effectively. Education should empower individuals to question, challenge, and contribute to society while respecting diverse perspectives.

In practical terms, this means that educational systems should prioritize a holistic approach that combines academic learning with the development of essential life skills, emotional intelligence, and an appreciation for the arts and humanities. It should encourage lifelong learning and adaptability in a rapidly changing world.

048- Some people believe it is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public. Others believe that the public has a right to be fully informed.

The question of whether political leaders should withhold information from the public or provide full transparency is a complex issue with valid arguments on both sides. My position leans more towards the belief that, in most cases, political leaders should prioritize transparency and provide the public with as much information as possible. However, there are exceptions where limited information may be necessary, primarily for national security reasons.

The argument for political leaders withholding information can be understood as follows:

• National Security : In situations involving national security, disclosing certain information can potentially jeopardize the safety and security of a nation. Protecting sensitive intelligence or military operations is paramount, and full transparency may not be feasible or advisable.
• Diplomacy and Negotiations : During delicate diplomatic negotiations, public disclosure of every detail may hinder the negotiating process. Some level of confidentiality is often necessary to facilitate diplomatic solutions to complex international issues.
• Crisis Management : In crisis situations, leaders may need to carefully manage information to prevent panic or confusion. Providing full information without context or a clear plan of action can exacerbate crises.

However, my view aligns more closely with the belief that the public has a right to be fully informed, and transparency should be the default approach for political leaders. Here’s why:

• Accountability : Transparency is essential for holding leaders accountable for their actions and decisions. In a democratic society, citizens have the right to know how their government operates, how policies are made, and how taxpayer funds are spent.
• Informed Decision-Making : An informed public can make better decisions. Citizens need access to accurate and comprehensive information to participate in the democratic process effectively, including voting and engaging in public discourse.
• Trust and Legitimacy : A transparent government is more likely to be trusted by its citizens. When leaders are open about their actions, it fosters trust and confidence in the government’s legitimacy.
• Preventing Corruption : Transparency is a deterrent to corruption. When government operations and transactions are open to public scrutiny, it becomes more difficult for corruption to thrive in secrecy.
• Checks and Balances : A well-informed public serves as an important check on the power of political leaders. It encourages healthy debate, oversight, and accountability.

While I advocate for transparency in most cases, there are exceptions, particularly related to national security and individual privacy, where limited information may be justified. In such instances, political leaders should carefully balance the need for secrecy with the principles of democracy and the public’s right to know. Decisions to withhold information should be subject to checks and balances, such as oversight by independent bodies or the judiciary.

049- Claim: Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's major field of study. Reason: Acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated.

I agree with the claim that universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside their major field of study. This approach, often referred to as a liberal arts education, provides several significant benefits, including a well-rounded education, critical thinking skills, and adaptability.

The reason behind this claim is that acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated. I concur with this reasoning for the following reasons:

• Promotes a Well-Rounded Education : A well-rounded education exposes students to a wide range of subjects, including humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and the arts. This breadth of knowledge helps students develop a more comprehensive understanding of the world and the various forces that shape it.
• Fosters Critical Thinking : Diverse coursework challenges students to think critically and analytically. When students engage with different disciplines, they learn to evaluate information, synthesize ideas, and apply knowledge across various contexts. This critical thinking ability is valuable both inside and outside the classroom.
• Prepares for an Ever-Changing World : In today’s rapidly evolving world, adaptability is a crucial skill. Exposure to different academic disciplines enhances students’ ability to adapt to new situations, learn new skills, and navigate the complexities of an ever-changing job market.
• Encourages Interdisciplinary Insights : Interdisciplinary learning can lead to innovative ideas and solutions. When students combine knowledge from different fields, they are more likely to make connections that lead to breakthroughs in research, problem-solving, and creativity.
• Cultivates Well-Informed Citizens : A diverse education equips individuals to be informed and engaged citizens. They are better prepared to participate in civic life, make informed decisions, and contribute meaningfully to society.

While I support the idea of requiring students to take courses outside their major field, it’s essential to strike a balance. Universities should ensure that these requirements are not overly burdensome and that students have the flexibility to explore their individual interests within the broader framework of a liberal arts education. Additionally, advising and support systems should be in place to help students navigate these requirements effectively.

050- Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.

I strongly agree with the statement that young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition. While fame and recognition can be appealing, they often come with superficiality and short-lived success, whereas long-term, realistic goals offer more profound personal and societal benefits.

Here are some reasons to support this perspective:

• Sustainable Success : Pursuing long-term, realistic goals tends to lead to sustainable success. Fame and recognition acquired quickly can be fleeting and may not be based on substantial achievements or skills. In contrast, working toward realistic goals over time allows individuals to build a solid foundation for lasting success.
• Skill Development : Long-term goals require individuals to develop skills, knowledge, and expertise. These skills can serve them well throughout their lives and can lead to more meaningful and fulfilling careers. Seeking immediate fame often skips this crucial skill-building phase.
• Resilience and Perseverance : Pursuing long-term goals fosters resilience and perseverance. Young people learn to overcome setbacks and challenges, which are essential life skills. Immediate fame often does not provide the same level of personal growth and resilience.
• Contribution to Society : Realistic long-term goals often involve contributing to society in meaningful ways. Whether it’s through a career in medicine, education, environmental conservation, or any other field, working toward these goals benefits not only the individual but also society at large.
• Avoiding Superficiality : The pursuit of immediate fame can lead to a focus on external appearances, quick fixes, and shallow achievements. Encouraging young people to pursue long-term goals promotes depth, substance, and a focus on values and principles.

However, it’s essential to acknowledge that there may be some situations where seeking immediate fame and recognition is appropriate, such as in the entertainment or sports industries. In such cases, fame can be a byproduct of talent and hard work. Still, even in these fields, individuals often benefit from long-term goals, such as honing their craft or establishing a sustainable career.

051- Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.

I disagree with the statement that governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear. While it is essential for governments to allocate resources wisely, a blanket policy of only funding research with clear consequences can have detrimental effects on scientific progress and societal advancement. Here’s why I hold this view:

• Innovation and Discovery : Scientific research, by its nature, involves exploring the unknown. Many groundbreaking discoveries and innovations have resulted from research with initially unclear consequences. For instance, the development of the internet, antibiotics, and the laser were all products of research that might have seemed unclear or even frivolous at the time.
• Serendipity : Some of the most significant scientific breakthroughs have been the result of serendipity, where researchers stumbled upon unexpected findings while exploring unrelated topics. Restricting funding only to research with clear consequences may stifle the serendipitous discoveries that often have profound implications.
• Long-Term Impact : Scientific research can have both short-term and long-term consequences. While some research may not yield immediate benefits, it can lay the foundation for future advancements. For instance, basic research in physics and chemistry eventually led to the development of technologies like MRI and GPS, which have transformative societal impacts.
• Risk Mitigation : Not all research with unclear consequences is without value. Some may have the potential to address existential threats or mitigate potential risks, such as climate change or pandemics. Limiting funding to research with clear consequences could hinder our ability to address these critical challenges.
• Global Competition : In the global arena, scientific competition is fierce. If one country restricts funding for research with unclear consequences, it risks falling behind nations that are more willing to invest in cutting-edge, high-risk, high-reward research. This can have economic, technological, and geopolitical implications.

However, it’s important to acknowledge that responsible allocation of resources is crucial. To address concerns about misuse of funds, governments should have robust mechanisms in place to evaluate and prioritize research proposals based on their scientific merit, potential societal impact, and feasibility.

052- Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.

I respectfully disagree with the statement that knowing about the past cannot help people make important decisions today. Understanding the past is a valuable source of knowledge and wisdom that can significantly inform and influence decision-making in various aspects of life. Here are several reasons why the past remains relevant for making important decisions in the present:

• Historical Precedents : The past is filled with examples of both successful and failed strategies, policies, and decisions. Studying historical precedents can provide valuable insights into what has worked and what has not. For instance, examining past economic crises can inform decisions on how to navigate current financial challenges.
• Lessons Learned : History is a repository of lessons learned from past experiences. Individuals, organizations, and governments can draw from these lessons to avoid repeating mistakes and to capitalize on successful strategies. This is particularly relevant in areas like public policy, where understanding the past can lead to more effective decision-making.
• Cultural Understanding : Understanding the history of different cultures and societies is crucial in today’s interconnected world. Cultural awareness can guide individuals and organizations in making respectful and culturally sensitive decisions, whether in business, diplomacy, or interpersonal relationships.
• Ethical Considerations : History often provides a context for understanding ethical dilemmas and moral choices. Past instances of ethical lapses or achievements can inform contemporary ethical decision-making and guide individuals and organizations in making principled choices.
• Political Decision-Making : In politics, knowledge of the past is essential for crafting effective policies and governance. Past political events, both successes and failures, influence the decisions made by leaders and policymakers today. A deep understanding of history can lead to more informed political choices.
• Personal Development : On a personal level, reflecting on one’s own past experiences and decisions can be instrumental in personal growth and decision-making. Learning from past mistakes and successes helps individuals make wiser choices in their personal and professional lives.
• Crisis Management : In crisis situations, historical knowledge can be invaluable. Decision-makers can look to past crises for guidance on how to respond effectively, mitigate harm, and navigate uncertain circumstances.

While the past can provide valuable insights, it is important to recognize that historical context should be considered alongside current circumstances and future goals. Simply replicating past solutions without adaptation to the present may not always be effective. Moreover, it is essential to critically evaluate historical sources and interpretations to avoid bias or misinterpretation of events.

053- In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.

I respectfully disagree with the statement that in this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero. While the nature of heroism and media coverage has evolved, there are still individuals who are widely regarded as heroes in contemporary society. My position is shaped by several considerations:

• Evolution of Heroism : The concept of heroism has evolved over time. Today’s heroes are not necessarily those engaged in traditional acts of bravery on the battlefield but can also be individuals who make significant contributions to society, advocate for positive change, or display extraordinary compassion and selflessness.
• Diverse Forms of Heroism : Modern heroes often emerge from various fields, such as science, humanitarian work, activism, and innovation. Their heroism is evident through their dedication to improving the world, alleviating suffering, and promoting social justice. For example, figures like Malala Yousafzai, Greta Thunberg, or healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic are regarded as contemporary heroes.
• Media Amplification : While media coverage can sometimes scrutinize public figures, it can also amplify the heroic deeds and actions of individuals. In today’s digital age, stories of heroism can spread rapidly through social media, reaching a global audience and inspiring others to follow in their footsteps.
• Community Heroes : Many heroes are not necessarily globally famous but are celebrated within their communities for their contributions and acts of kindness. These local heroes may not receive extensive media coverage but are revered by those they have directly impacted.
• Complex Narratives : The intense media coverage of individuals may reveal both their strengths and flaws. Heroes in the modern era are often portrayed with greater complexity, acknowledging their imperfections while highlighting their extraordinary achievements. This nuanced perspective does not necessarily diminish their heroism but humanizes them.
• Personal Inspiration : Heroes serve as sources of inspiration and role models for individuals. Media coverage, whether positive or negative, can spark discussions and reflections on what it means to be a hero and the qualities that define heroism.
• Ongoing Challenges : Despite advancements in media coverage, numerous challenges persist in the world, from humanitarian crises to environmental issues. These challenges create opportunities for heroism to emerge as individuals and organizations work tirelessly to address them.

054- We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own.

I respectfully disagree with the statement that we can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own. While it is undoubtedly valuable to engage with those who share our perspectives, learning from individuals with opposing views can be equally if not more beneficial. My position is shaped by several key considerations:

• Diverse Perspectives Foster Critical Thinking : Interacting with individuals who hold opposing views encourages critical thinking and challenges our preconceived notions. It prompts us to question our own beliefs and seek a deeper understanding of the subject matter.
• Conflict Stimulates Growth : When we engage with people whose views contradict our own, it often leads to constructive debates and discussions. These interactions force us to research, analyze, and articulate our positions more effectively, which contributes to personal growth and intellectual development.
• Innovation and Problem-Solving : In many fields, innovation and effective problem-solving often emerge from diverse teams that bring together individuals with varying viewpoints. Different perspectives can lead to creative solutions that might not have been considered in a homogenous group.
• Cultural Awareness : Learning from people with diverse backgrounds and beliefs enhances cultural awareness and promotes empathy. It helps break down stereotypes and fosters a more inclusive and tolerant society.
• Avoiding Confirmation Bias : If we only engage with like-minded individuals, we risk falling into the trap of confirmation bias, where we only seek information that confirms our existing beliefs. Engaging with diverse viewpoints helps us avoid this cognitive bias and encourages a more well-rounded perspective.
• Learning to Communicate Effectively : Engaging with individuals with opposing views teaches us how to communicate more effectively and persuasively. It requires us to listen actively, find common ground, and present our arguments in a clear and compelling manner.
• Political and Social Progress : Many of the most significant social and political advancements have occurred when individuals and groups with contrasting views came together to find common ground and effect change. History is replete with examples of movements that succeeded through coalition-building.

However, it is essential to note that the quality of learning from individuals with opposing views depends on the nature of the interaction. Engaging in respectful and open-minded dialogue is more likely to yield productive outcomes than confrontational or dismissive exchanges.

055- The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth.

I partially agree with the statement that analyzing the trends of youth is an effective way to understand contemporary culture. While the youth play a crucial role in shaping cultural trends, a comprehensive understanding of contemporary culture requires consideration of various age groups and societal factors. Here’s how I see it:

• Youth as Cultural Innovators : It is undeniable that young people often drive cultural innovation. They are more likely to adopt and create new trends in fashion, music, technology, and social movements. Studying youth trends can provide valuable insights into emerging cultural shifts.
• Impact on Pop Culture : Youth culture has a significant impact on popular culture. Many influential artists, musicians, and content creators emerge from the younger generation and contribute to shaping the cultural landscape.
• Adaptation of Technology : Youth are early adopters of new technologies, and their digital behaviors can reflect broader shifts in communication, entertainment, and social interaction. Analyzing how young people use technology can shed light on broader digital culture.
• Social and Political Activism : Youth engagement in social and political movements, such as climate activism and civil rights advocacy, has been prominent in recent years. Understanding youth-driven movements is essential for comprehending contemporary social and political trends.

However, there are limitations to solely relying on youth trends to understand contemporary culture:

• Generation Gaps : Different age groups often have distinct cultural references, values, and experiences. Relying solely on youth trends can lead to a narrow and biased view of culture, as it may not capture the perspectives and contributions of older generations.
• Complexity of Society : Contemporary culture is multifaceted and influenced by a wide range of factors, including economics, politics, history, and globalization. To fully grasp contemporary culture, one must consider the interplay of these factors rather than focusing solely on youth.
• Subcultures and Diversity : Cultural trends among youth may not represent the entire spectrum of contemporary culture. Different subcultures, ethnicities, and regions contribute unique elements to the cultural landscape, and these should not be overlooked.
• Cultural Evolution : What is trendy among youth today may not hold the same significance in the future. Trends are transient, and a more holistic understanding of culture should consider its evolution over time.

056- People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by society as a whole.

I disagree with the statement that people’s attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by society as a whole. While immediate circumstances can influence individuals, attitudes are shaped by a complex interplay of factors, including broader societal influences. Here are my reasons for this stance:

• Socialization and Upbringing : Society plays a pivotal role in shaping individuals’ attitudes from an early age. Family, education, and community norms, which are integral parts of society, instill values and beliefs that persist throughout one’s life. These foundational influences often override the impact of immediate situations.
• Media and Information : In the digital age, individuals are constantly exposed to information and ideas from beyond their immediate surroundings. Mass media, including television, the internet, and social media, serve as powerful agents of influence, disseminating societal values, norms, and perspectives that can shape attitudes on a broad scale.
• Cultural and Historical Context : Cultural and historical factors deeply influence attitudes. These are societal elements that transcend immediate situations. The values and traditions of a particular culture, as well as historical events and collective memory, contribute significantly to shaping how individuals view the world and their place in it.
• Peer and Group Dynamics : While immediate social surroundings, such as peer groups, can exert influence, these groups often reflect and reinforce broader societal norms. Individuals are drawn to social groups that align with their values, which are largely influenced by the broader society in which they live.
• Societal Issues and Movements : Societal attitudes often drive social and political movements. Issues such as civil rights, gender equality, and environmental conservation are shaped by the collective attitudes and values of society as a whole, transcending individual immediate circumstances.
• Economic and Political Forces : Economic and political structures, which are integral components of society, have a profound impact on individuals’ attitudes. Economic policies, for example, can shape attitudes toward wealth, inequality, and government intervention.

While immediate situations and surroundings undoubtedly influence individuals’ attitudes, these influences exist within the larger context of societal norms, values, and structures. Society as a whole provides the foundation upon which immediate influences operate. Moreover, attitudes can vary significantly among individuals within the same immediate situation, highlighting the importance of broader societal factors in shaping attitudes.

057- Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.

I respectfully disagree with the recommendation that nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed. While addressing issues of hunger and unemployment is undoubtedly important, cutting funding for the arts is not necessarily the most effective or equitable solution. Here’s why:

• The Arts as a Source of Inspiration and Hope : The arts play a crucial role in society by providing inspiration, fostering creativity, and offering hope. In times of economic hardship and high unemployment, the arts can serve as a source of solace, motivation, and even employment for artists and cultural workers.
• Economic Impact : The arts sector contributes significantly to the economy by generating jobs, driving tourism, and supporting small businesses. Cutting funding for the arts can have a negative ripple effect, leading to job losses and reduced economic activity, which may exacerbate unemployment and hunger issues.
• Quality of Life : A thriving arts scene contributes to a higher quality of life for citizens. Access to cultural events, museums, theaters, and music enriches people’s lives and can serve as a source of enjoyment and distraction during difficult times.
• Preservation of Cultural Heritage : Government funding for the arts often includes support for preserving cultural heritage, including historical sites, traditions, and artifacts. These aspects of the arts are vital for maintaining a sense of identity and continuity in society.
• Inequality and Misallocation of Resources : Suspending arts funding may not necessarily address the root causes of hunger and unemployment. It can be seen as a short-term solution that fails to address deeper issues of economic inequality and the misallocation of resources within society.
• Complementary Solutions : Hunger and unemployment require comprehensive policy approaches that go beyond cutting arts funding. Governments can simultaneously invest in social safety nets, job creation, education, and healthcare to address these pressing issues.

However, it is essential to consider specific circumstances in which temporarily reallocating funds from the arts to address immediate crises might be warranted. For example, during a severe economic recession or natural disaster, governments may need to redirect resources temporarily to meet the urgent needs of their citizens. Yet, even in such situations, it is crucial to recognize the value of the arts and work towards a balanced approach that prioritizes both immediate needs and the long-term well-being of society.

058- All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.

I agree with the recommendation that parents should be encouraged to volunteer time in their children’s schools. While making it a mandatory requirement may not be feasible or practical in all cases, promoting parental involvement in education has several advantages. Here’s my reasoning for this position, considering specific circumstances:

Advantages of Parental Involvement in Schools:

• Enhanced Educational Support : When parents volunteer in schools, they can provide valuable educational support to teachers and students. They can assist in classrooms, tutor students, and help with homework, which can lead to improved academic outcomes for children.
• Fostering a Positive Learning Environment : Parental presence in schools fosters a sense of community and collaboration. Students tend to feel more secure and supported when they see their parents actively involved in their education, contributing to a positive learning environment.
• Improved Communication : Volunteering provides parents with firsthand insights into the school environment, allowing them to communicate more effectively with teachers and administrators. This can lead to better understanding and cooperation between parents and educators.
• Parent-Teacher Partnerships : Collaboration between parents and teachers is crucial for identifying and addressing individual student needs. Regular interaction through volunteering can strengthen these partnerships, leading to tailored support for students.
• Positive Role Modeling : When parents actively engage in their children’s education, they set a positive example and reinforce the importance of learning. This can motivate students to take their education more seriously.

Circumstances where Mandating Parental Volunteering may not be Advantageous:

• Working Parents : Many parents have demanding work schedules that may make it challenging for them to volunteer during school hours. Mandating volunteering may place an undue burden on working parents.
• Single-Parent Households : Single parents often have limited time due to the responsibilities of both earning a living and caring for their children. Forcing them to volunteer may not be practical.
• Privacy Concerns : Some parents may have valid concerns about privacy and boundaries when it comes to spending extensive time in their child’s school. Mandating volunteering may raise these concerns.
• Resource Allocation : Schools may not have the infrastructure or capacity to accommodate a large influx of parent volunteers, especially in schools with limited resources.

059- Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.

I agree with the recommendation that colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country. Studying abroad offers numerous advantages, both academically and personally, which can significantly enrich a student’s educational experience. Here are my reasons for supporting this position, along with some considerations:

Advantages of Mandatory Study Abroad:

• Cultural Exposure : Studying abroad exposes students to different cultures, languages, and ways of life. This firsthand experience promotes cultural understanding, tolerance, and the development of a global perspective, which are increasingly important in our interconnected world.
• Academic Enrichment : Many countries have unique educational systems and approaches that differ from those in the student’s home country. This exposure to diverse teaching methods and perspectives can enhance a student’s academic skills and critical thinking abilities.
• Language Proficiency : Immersion in a foreign country provides an excellent opportunity for language learning and proficiency. Being immersed in the local language accelerates language acquisition and fluency, which is a valuable skill in today’s global job market.
• Personal Growth : Living and studying in a foreign country fosters personal growth and independence. Students often become more self-reliant, adaptable, and open-minded as they navigate unfamiliar environments and situations.
• Networking Opportunities : Study abroad programs often facilitate networking and connections with students, professors, and professionals from around the world. These connections can be beneficial for future career opportunities and collaborations.
• Enhanced Resume : Graduates who have studied abroad are often viewed favorably by employers. The experience demonstrates adaptability, resilience, and an ability to work in diverse and cross-cultural settings.

Considerations and Circumstances:

• Financial Accessibility : It’s crucial to address financial barriers to studying abroad. Colleges and universities should provide financial aid, scholarships, and support to ensure that all students, regardless of their economic backgrounds, can participate.
• Academic Programs : Some fields of study may have specific requirements that make it challenging for students to study abroad without delaying their graduation. In such cases, flexibility in program requirements is necessary.
• Health and Safety : Ensuring the health and safety of students studying abroad is paramount. Institutions must have robust support systems, safety protocols, and emergency plans in place.
• Diversity of Locations : It’s essential for institutions to offer a wide range of study abroad locations to cater to students’ diverse interests and needs.

060- Teachers' salaries should be based on the academic performance of their students.

I disagree with the recommendation that teachers’ salaries should be based solely on the academic performance of their students. While student academic performance is an important factor in evaluating a teacher’s effectiveness, using it as the sole criterion for determining salaries has significant drawbacks and may not lead to better education outcomes. Here are my reasons for this position, along with specific circumstances that illustrate its disadvantages:

• Diverse Student Backgrounds:
• Teachers often have students with diverse backgrounds, including varying levels of prior knowledge, home environments, and socioeconomic factors. It’s unfair to hold teachers solely responsible for the academic performance of students when these factors can significantly influence outcomes.
• Incomplete Evaluation:
• Academic performance is just one aspect of a student’s development. Teachers also play a crucial role in fostering social and emotional growth, critical thinking, creativity, and other skills that may not be adequately measured by standardized tests or grades.
• Potential for Teaching to the Test:
• Tying teacher salaries to student performance can lead to a focus on “teaching to the test” rather than fostering a holistic education. This can narrow the curriculum and discourage innovative teaching methods.
• Disincentive for Teaching Challenging Students:
• Teachers may be discouraged from taking on challenging classes, such as those with students who have special needs or behavioral issues, if their salaries are directly tied to student performance. This can exacerbate educational inequalities.
• Unpredictable Factors:
• Some factors that affect student performance, such as family crises, health issues, or external disruptions, are beyond a teacher’s control. It’s unfair to penalize teachers for circumstances they cannot influence.
• Pressure and Stress:
• Relying solely on student performance to determine salaries can increase stress and pressure on teachers. This can lead to burnout and negatively impact the quality of teaching.

Alternative Approaches:

• Teacher evaluation should consider a combination of factors, including classroom observations, peer reviews, professional development, and student feedback, in addition to academic performance. This multi-faceted approach provides a more comprehensive assessment of a teacher’s effectiveness.

Specific Circumstances:

• Imagine a teacher who works tirelessly with a group of students in an underfunded school with limited resources. Despite their best efforts, the students may struggle academically due to external factors. Tying the teacher’s salary solely to student performance in this scenario would be unjust and demoralizing.

061- It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.

I disagree with the claim that it is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero. While the concept of heroism has evolved, and the scrutiny of individuals has increased due to the media, there are still contemporary figures who inspire and embody heroic qualities. It is important to acknowledge that heroism can take various forms, and heroes of today may not fit the traditional mold. Here’s why I hold this position, addressing potential challenges:

• Evolving Notions of Heroism:
• Heroism is no longer confined to acts of physical valor or celebrity status. In modern society, heroes can emerge from various fields, such as healthcare, education, social justice, and environmental activism. They are individuals who make significant positive impacts on their communities or the world.
• Everyday Heroes:
• Many people demonstrate heroism in their everyday lives by selflessly helping others, standing up against injustice, or making sacrifices for the greater good. These unsung heroes may not receive widespread recognition but are revered by those they’ve touched.
• Examples of Contemporary Heroes:
• There are numerous examples of living individuals who are widely regarded as heroes. For instance, healthcare workers who put their lives at risk during the COVID-19 pandemic, environmental activists like Greta Thunberg advocating for climate action, and human rights defenders like Malala Yousafzai who champion education for girls in challenging circumstances.
• Changing Media Landscape:
• While the media can subject individuals to increased scrutiny, it also has the power to highlight heroic deeds and bring attention to important causes. Positive stories of heroism continue to be shared through various media platforms.
• Inspirational Figures:
• Living figures who inspire others through their actions, words, and values can be regarded as heroes. These individuals may not be perfect, but they embody qualities that inspire others to make positive changes in their own lives and communities.

Challenges to the Position:

• Public Skepticism:
• In an age of skepticism, some people may question the authenticity of heroism, especially when media portrayals and public relations efforts can create false or exaggerated images of individuals.
• Controversies and Flaws:
• Living individuals can face controversies and reveal flaws, which may challenge their status as heroes. However, these challenges do not necessarily negate their heroic actions or contributions.
• Varied Definitions of Heroism:
• The definition of heroism can vary widely among individuals and cultures. What one person sees as heroic, another may not.

062- Some people believe that in order to thrive, a society must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens. Others believe that the well- being of a society can only be measured by the general welfare of all its people.

I firmly believe that the well-being of a society can only be measured by the general welfare of all its people. While there may be arguments in favor of prioritizing the overall success of a society, I find the emphasis on the collective welfare of individuals to be more aligned with ethical and practical considerations. Here’s my reasoning for this position:

• Ethical Considerations:
• Prioritizing the general welfare of all citizens is inherently more ethical. It upholds the principles of justice, fairness, and equality, ensuring that the most vulnerable members of society are not left behind or sacrificed for the benefit of a few.
• Social Cohesion:
• A society where all individuals experience well-being and have access to opportunities is more likely to foster social cohesion. When people feel that their needs are met and they have a stake in the success of the society, it can lead to greater unity and a sense of shared purpose.
• Sustainable Progress:
• Societies that prioritize the well-being of individuals tend to be more sustainable in the long run. When people have access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities, they are more likely to contribute positively to the overall success of the society.
• Human Capital Development:
• Investing in the well-being of individual citizens is an investment in human capital. A society that values the health, education, and skills of its people is better positioned for economic growth and innovation.
• Inclusive Growth:
• Prioritizing individual well-being does not preclude overall success; in fact, it can lead to more inclusive and equitable growth. When everyone has a chance to participate and benefit from societal progress, the society as a whole can thrive.

Addressing the Counter-Argument:

• Those who argue for prioritizing the overall success of a society might contend that focusing on collective goals, such as economic growth or geopolitical power, can lead to prosperity that benefits everyone in the long term. However, history has shown that when individual well-being is neglected, it can lead to social unrest, inequality, and long-term instability, ultimately undermining societal success.

063- Claim: Any piece of information referred to as a fact should be mistrusted, since it may well be proven false in the future. Reason: Much of the information that people assume is factual actually turns out to be inaccurate.

I disagree with the claim that any piece of information referred to as a fact should be mistrusted solely because it might be proven false in the future. While it is true that our understanding of facts can evolve over time, it does not mean that all factual information should be automatically mistrusted. The reason provided, that much assumed factual information can be inaccurate, does not justify blanket skepticism towards all facts. Here’s why:

• Degrees of Certainty:
• Not all facts are equal. Some facts are based on extensive research, empirical evidence, and rigorous testing, making them highly reliable and unlikely to be proven false in the future. For example, well-established scientific principles like the laws of gravity or the Earth’s spherical shape are highly unlikely to change.
• Practical Reliance:
• Society relies on factual information for daily functioning. If we were to mistrust all facts, it would lead to chaos and uncertainty in decision-making. People make countless choices based on the information they consider factual, from healthcare decisions to engineering projects.
• Evolving Understanding:
• Science and knowledge evolve over time. New discoveries can refine our understanding of facts, but this does not mean the previous understanding was incorrect. It’s a natural part of the scientific process to build upon existing knowledge.
• Verification and Source Credibility:
• The credibility of sources and the verification process are critical in determining the reliability of a fact. Information from reputable, peer-reviewed sources is more likely to be trustworthy.
• Misinterpretation vs. Falsification:
• Some instances of inaccuracies stem from misinterpretation rather than the actual falsification of facts. These errors can be corrected without undermining the overall trust in facts.

Addressing the Reason:

• While it is true that some assumed factual information can be inaccurate, this should be seen as a call for critical thinking and skepticism when evaluating sources and claims. It does not mean that all facts are equally untrustworthy. Instead, we should encourage a nuanced approach, distinguishing between well-established, evidence-based facts and less substantiated claims.

064- Claim: Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed. Reason: It is inappropriate — and, perhaps, even cruel — to use public resources to fund the arts when people's basic needs are not being met.

I disagree with the claim that nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed. While it is essential to address the basic needs of the population, such as food and employment, it is not inappropriate or cruel to support the arts simultaneously. Here’s why:

• Holistic Well-Being:
• A society’s well-being is not solely defined by meeting basic needs. Art and culture are essential components of a vibrant and meaningful society. Supporting the arts can contribute to the emotional and intellectual well-being of citizens, which is equally important as addressing their physical needs.
• Economic Impact:
• The arts sector often contributes significantly to a nation’s economy. Cutting funding for the arts can result in job losses and economic downturns in this sector, exacerbating the unemployment problem rather than solving it.
• Cultural Enrichment:
• The arts are a reflection of a nation’s cultural identity and heritage. They provide a sense of belonging and identity for citizens. Neglecting the arts can erode cultural diversity and diminish national identity.
• Public Engagement:
• The arts have the power to engage and mobilize communities. They can address important social issues, stimulate critical thinking, and foster dialogue, making them a valuable tool in addressing societal challenges.
• Balance and Prioritization:
• Governments can and should find a balance between meeting basic needs and supporting cultural and artistic endeavors. Budgets can be allocated strategically to address multiple facets of society simultaneously.
• While it is crucial to address hunger and unemployment, it is a false dichotomy to suggest that supporting the arts is inappropriate or cruel in such circumstances. Instead of suspending funding for the arts, governments can adopt measures to ensure that resources are allocated efficiently to meet both basic needs and artistic and cultural endeavors. Moreover, art can be a source of solace and inspiration during difficult times, making it a valuable asset even when addressing societal challenges.

065- Claim: Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system. Reason: Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts or minds.

I agree with the claim that many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system. The reason behind this claim, that laws cannot change what is in people’s hearts or minds, highlights an essential limitation of legal mechanisms in addressing certain societal issues. Here’s why:

• Moral and Behavioral Complexities:
• Laws and regulations can address outward behaviors and actions, but they often struggle to address the underlying moral or ethical dimensions of individuals. Many societal problems, such as prejudice, intolerance, and hate, are rooted in personal beliefs and attitudes that cannot be legislated away. Changing these deeply ingrained views requires a more nuanced approach involving education, dialogue, and social change.
• Enforcement Challenges:
• Even when laws are enacted to address certain issues, enforcing them effectively can be challenging. For example, laws against discrimination may exist, but discriminatory behavior can still persist covertly. Proving intent or changing attitudes through legal means is often complex and limited in its efficacy.
• Social Norms and Culture:
• Societal problems are often perpetuated by prevailing social norms and culture. Laws can be out of sync with these norms and may face resistance in implementation. Changing societal attitudes and norms takes time and often requires a combination of legal measures and social awareness campaigns.
• Individual Responsibility:
• While laws can establish rules and consequences, they cannot make individuals personally responsible for their actions. True change in society often comes from individuals choosing to act differently due to their own moral and ethical convictions.
• Education and Awareness:
• Many issues, such as environmental conservation or public health, require education and awareness campaigns to change behavior and attitudes. Laws alone cannot achieve the necessary shifts in behavior and mindset.
• Balancing Freedom and Regulation:
• In democratic societies, there is a constant tension between individual freedom and government regulation. Overly restrictive laws can infringe on personal freedoms, making it essential to strike a balance.

066- Educators should take students' interests into account when planning the content of the courses they teach.

I strongly agree with the recommendation that educators should take students’ interests into account when planning the content of the courses they teach. Tailoring educational content to align with students’ interests can have numerous advantages for both the students and the educational system as a whole. Here are some reasons why I support this recommendation:

• Increased Engagement and Motivation:
• When students find the subject matter relevant to their interests, they are more likely to be engaged and motivated to learn. This enthusiasm can lead to better academic performance and a deeper understanding of the material.
• Personalized Learning:
• Each student is unique, with their own set of interests, strengths, and weaknesses. Customizing course content allows educators to meet individual learning needs and preferences, creating a more personalized learning experience.
• Long-Term Interest in Learning:
• By incorporating students’ interests into the curriculum, educators can instill a lifelong love for learning. When students see the connection between their interests and what they are learning, they are more likely to continue pursuing knowledge beyond the classroom.
• Real-World Relevance:
• Aligning course content with students’ interests can help bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world applications. Students can better understand how the subject matter relates to their lives, making learning more meaningful.
• Improved Classroom Atmosphere:
• When students are actively engaged and interested in the material, it often creates a more positive and cooperative classroom environment. Students are more likely to participate in discussions and collaborate with their peers.
• Encouraging Diverse Interests:
• Emphasizing students’ interests can encourage diversity in the curriculum. It can lead to the inclusion of various perspectives and topics that may not have been considered otherwise, fostering a more inclusive and comprehensive education.

However, it is important to note that there may be instances where completely tailoring the curriculum to individual interests is not practical or advisable. Here are some considerations:

• Core Knowledge:
• There are foundational subjects and skills that every student should be exposed to, regardless of their interests. These subjects provide a common knowledge base and skillset that are essential for functioning in society.
• Balancing Interests:
• In a diverse classroom, it can be challenging to cater to the interests of every student. Educators must strike a balance between accommodating individual interests and covering essential curriculum content.
• Broadening Horizons:
• While it’s important to consider students’ interests, educators also have a role in introducing students to new and diverse topics that they may not have encountered on their own. This helps broaden their horizons and prepares them for a well-rounded education.

067- The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that they have more leisure time

I agree with the statement that the primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people’s efficiency so that they have more leisure time. Technological progress has historically aimed to make tasks easier, faster, and more efficient, ultimately enhancing the quality of life. Here are some reasons why I support this perspective:

• Improved Quality of Life: Technological advancements, such as automation and digitalization, have the potential to simplify everyday tasks and reduce the time required to complete them. This can lead to a better quality of life by giving individuals more time to spend on activities they enjoy, such as spending time with family, pursuing hobbies, or engaging in leisure activities.
• Work-Life Balance: The pursuit of efficiency through technology can help individuals achieve a healthier work-life balance. Reduced working hours and increased leisure time can contribute to reduced stress, improved mental health, and stronger relationships with loved ones.
• Creative and Intellectual Development: Leisure time created by technological efficiency can be used for creative and intellectual pursuits. People can engage in artistic endeavors, read, learn new skills, or explore new interests, fostering personal growth and fulfillment.
• Economic Benefits: A society with more leisure time can also experience economic benefits. Increased leisure time can lead to greater consumer spending on leisure-related industries, thereby creating jobs and boosting the economy.
• Innovation and Progress: When individuals have more time for leisure, they are more likely to engage in innovative and entrepreneurial activities. This can lead to further technological advancements, economic growth, and societal progress.

However, it is essential to consider potential counterarguments and challenges to this perspective:

• Technological Unemployment: Rapid technological advancement can disrupt job markets and lead to unemployment in certain industries. While this may increase leisure time, it can also create economic and social challenges if not managed effectively.
• Dependency on Technology: Excessive reliance on technology for efficiency can lead to reduced human interaction and physical activity, potentially contributing to health issues and social isolation.
• Ethical Considerations: The pursuit of efficiency should not come at the expense of ethical considerations, such as worker rights, environmental sustainability, and privacy. Balancing efficiency with ethical concerns is crucial.
• Cultural and Individual Variation: Different cultures and individuals may have varying perspectives on the ideal balance between work and leisure. What constitutes “leisure” and its value can vary widely.

068- Educators should base their assessment of students' learning not on students' grasp of facts but on the ability to explain the ideas, trends, and concepts that those facts illustrate.

I strongly agree with the recommendation that educators should base their assessment of students’ learning on their ability to explain the ideas, trends, and concepts that facts illustrate rather than merely testing their grasp of isolated facts. This approach promotes critical thinking, a deeper understanding of the subject matter, and real-world application of knowledge.

Advantages of Assessing Understanding over Facts:

• Critical Thinking: Assessing students based on their ability to explain ideas and concepts encourages critical thinking. It prompts students to analyze, synthesize, and apply knowledge rather than rote memorization.
• Long-Term Retention: When students understand the underlying ideas and concepts, they are more likely to retain the information over the long term. Rote memorization often results in short-term memorization without deep comprehension.
• Real-World Application: Understanding the context and implications of facts and concepts is crucial for real-world application. Students who can explain concepts are better prepared to use their knowledge in practical situations.
• Problem Solving: Assessing understanding fosters problem-solving skills. Students who grasp the concepts can apply them to solve complex problems rather than relying on memorized facts that may not be directly applicable.
• Creativity: Encouraging students to explain concepts promotes creativity. They can explore various ways to present and connect ideas, enhancing their ability to think creatively and innovate.

Examples of When This Approach Is Advantageous:

• Science Education: In science, understanding the principles behind experiments is more valuable than memorizing results. Assessing a student’s ability to explain the scientific method and the concepts underlying an experiment promotes a deeper understanding of the scientific process.
• History and Social Studies: History education should focus on understanding the causes and consequences of historical events, not just memorizing dates. Assessing students based on their ability to explain the social, political, and economic factors that shaped history encourages critical analysis.
• Mathematics: In mathematics, the ability to explain the logic behind a mathematical concept or theorem is more valuable than memorizing formulas. Assessing students based on their ability to derive and explain mathematical principles enhances problem-solving skills.

However, it’s important to acknowledge potential challenges and situations where assessing facts may still be necessary:

Disadvantages and Exceptions:

• Foundational Knowledge: In some cases, students need to have a solid foundation of facts before they can understand complex concepts. Assessing their grasp of basic facts may be necessary to ensure they are adequately prepared for advanced learning.
• Standardized Testing: Standardized tests often assess a combination of facts and understanding. In such cases, students should be prepared for both types of assessment.

069- Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image.

I largely agree with the statement that in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image. This phenomenon is evident in various aspects of our lives, including advertising, social media, and even personal relationships.

Reasons for Agreeing:

• Social Media and Self-Presentation: On platforms like Instagram and Facebook, individuals often curate their profiles to showcase an idealized version of their lives. They carefully select and filter photos, emphasizing the appealing aspects while concealing the less attractive ones. This highlights the importance of image over reality.
• Advertising and Marketing: Advertisers frequently prioritize creating a compelling image of their products or services over their actual quality or benefits. They use persuasive techniques and emotional appeals to sell their products, sometimes misrepresenting the reality.
• Political and Celebrity Culture: Politicians and celebrities are often more concerned with maintaining a favorable public image than with addressing substantive issues. Their image management can overshadow the actual impact of their actions or policies.
• Peer Pressure and Conformity: In social groups, individuals may feel pressured to conform to certain images or standards, even if they do not align with their true selves. This can lead to a disconnect between personal identity and the projected image.
• Online Dating: In the realm of online dating, individuals may present themselves in ways they believe are more appealing to potential partners, sometimes exaggerating or misrepresenting their characteristics. This can lead to false expectations and disappointments.

Counterarguments:

While the statement generally holds true, there are instances where the reality behind an image remains important. For example:

• Professional Reputation: In many careers, individuals must deliver on their promises and maintain a solid reputation based on their actual skills and accomplishments. Appealing only to an image may not sustain success in such fields.
• Ethical and Legal Boundaries: Deception or misrepresentation can lead to legal and ethical consequences, which deter some individuals and organizations from prioritizing image over reality.
• Personal Relationships: In close personal relationships, trust and authenticity are paramount. Prioritizing image over truth can damage trust and lead to broken relationships.

070- The effectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining the well- being of that country's citizens.

I wholeheartedly agree with the claim that the effectiveness of a country’s leaders is best measured by examining the well-being of that country’s citizens. The welfare and prosperity of a nation’s population should indeed be the primary yardstick for evaluating the success of its leadership. However, it is important to acknowledge that there are alternative viewpoints and potential challenges to this perspective.

Reasons for Agreement:

• Ultimate Responsibility: Leaders are elected or appointed to serve the interests of the people. Their foremost duty is to ensure the well-being, safety, and prosperity of their citizens. Therefore, the citizens’ well-being is the ultimate criterion by which their effectiveness should be judged.
• Social Contract: In democratic societies, leaders derive their authority from a social contract with the citizens. Citizens entrust their leaders with power and resources, expecting in return that their lives will improve. This implicit contract reinforces the idea that well-being should be the paramount concern.
• Economic and Social Indicators: Common measures of a nation’s progress, such as GDP per capita, healthcare access, education, and poverty rates, are direct reflections of the well-being of its citizens. Leaders have a significant influence on these indicators through policy decisions.
• Public Opinion: In democratic systems, leaders are subject to periodic elections, where citizens have the opportunity to voice their approval or disapproval. Election outcomes often hinge on the perceived impact of leaders’ policies on citizens’ lives.

Potential Challenges:

• Economic Challenges: Some might argue that leaders can face economic downturns beyond their control, which may temporarily affect citizens’ well-being negatively. In such cases, it may be unfair to judge leaders solely on short-term economic fluctuations.
• National Security: National security and foreign policy considerations may sometimes require leaders to prioritize measures that are not immediately conducive to citizens’ well-being, such as military actions to protect the country.
• Long-Term Impact: Leaders’ decisions may not yield immediate results, and their effectiveness should be assessed over the long term. It can be challenging to attribute all changes in well-being to a specific leader’s actions.
• Subjectivity: The concept of well-being is subjective and can be defined differently by various segments of the population. Leaders may prioritize the well-being of one group over another, leading to disagreements about their effectiveness.

071- All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.

I agree with the claim that parents should be encouraged to volunteer their time in their children’s schools, but I do not believe it should be a mandatory requirement. While parental involvement in schools is undoubtedly beneficial, making it mandatory could have unintended consequences and challenges that need to be considered.

• Enhanced Education: Parental involvement can significantly enhance a child’s education. When parents are engaged in their child’s school activities, they can provide valuable support, encouragement, and resources that contribute to academic success.
• Stronger School Communities: Parent volunteers can strengthen the sense of community within schools. They can assist in organizing events, fundraisers, and extracurricular activities, creating a more vibrant and cohesive learning environment.
• Support for Teachers: Teachers often have limited resources and a large number of students to attend to. Parental volunteers can ease the burden on teachers by assisting with tasks such as classroom assistance, grading, and tutoring.
• Parent-Teacher Communication: Parental involvement facilitates better communication between parents and teachers. This open dialogue can lead to early identification and resolution of academic or behavioral issues.

Challenges to Mandatory Involvement:

• Work and Time Constraints: Many parents have demanding work schedules and other family commitments that may prevent them from being able to volunteer regularly. Forcing them to do so could create undue stress and conflict.
• Quality of Involvement: Mandatory volunteering might lead to parents fulfilling the requirement without genuine enthusiasm or commitment. This could result in minimal meaningful contributions to the school community.
• Equity Issues: Not all parents have the same resources or availability. Mandatory volunteering might disproportionately affect single parents, low-income families, or those with limited transportation options.
• Parental Rights: Parents have the right to decide how they participate in their child’s education. Mandating involvement infringes on these rights and can lead to resistance or resentment.
• Administrative Challenges: Schools would need to establish and enforce guidelines for mandatory parental involvement, which could be burdensome and costly.

Instead of making parental involvement mandatory, schools should actively encourage and facilitate it. Providing flexible opportunities for involvement, such as evening meetings, virtual volunteering, or weekend events, can accommodate the diverse needs and schedules of parents. Schools can also emphasize the benefits of involvement and create a welcoming atmosphere that motivates parents to participate willingly.

072- A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.

I disagree with the claim that a nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college. While having a standardized curriculum may have certain advantages, it also comes with significant drawbacks that should be considered.

Reasons for Disagreement:

• Diverse Learning Needs: Students have different learning styles, strengths, and weaknesses. A one-size-fits-all curriculum may not adequately address the diverse needs of students. Some may excel in certain subjects while struggling in others, and a flexible curriculum can better accommodate these differences.
• Encouraging Creativity and Critical Thinking: A standardized curriculum can be overly rigid and limit opportunities for creativity and critical thinking. It may focus on rote memorization rather than fostering independent thought and problem-solving skills.
• Cultural and Regional Variations: Different regions within a nation may have unique cultural and educational needs. A rigid national curriculum may not consider these variations, leading to a lack of cultural relevance and engagement for some students.
• Innovation and Adaptation: In a rapidly changing world, educational needs and priorities evolve. A fixed national curriculum can become outdated quickly, hindering the ability to adapt to new knowledge and technologies.
• Teacher Autonomy: Teachers are professionals who should have the autonomy to tailor their teaching to the specific needs of their students. A national curriculum that leaves little room for teacher creativity can lead to disengagement and frustration among educators.

Challenges to Standardized Curriculum:

• Standardized Testing: A national curriculum often leads to standardized testing, which can result in a narrow focus on test preparation at the expense of a broader and more meaningful education.
• Loss of Local Control: Implementing a national curriculum may limit the ability of local school districts to make decisions that reflect their unique communities and educational priorities.
• Resistance and Compliance Issues: Mandating a single curriculum can lead to resistance from teachers, students, and parents who may not agree with its content or approach.
• Stifling Innovation: A standardized curriculum may discourage innovative approaches to education, as teachers and schools may feel compelled to conform to prescribed content.

Instead of imposing a single national curriculum, a more balanced approach would be to establish overarching educational standards and learning objectives while allowing flexibility at the local level. This approach would provide a framework for educational excellence while permitting individual schools and teachers to adapt to the specific needs and circumstances of their students.

073- Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.

I agree with the claim that colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country. Such a requirement offers numerous benefits to students, including personal growth, cultural awareness, and enhanced academic experiences. While there may be some logistical challenges and potential drawbacks, the advantages of studying abroad outweigh the disadvantages.

• Cultural Exposure: Immersing oneself in a foreign culture provides students with a unique opportunity to gain a deep understanding of different ways of life, customs, and traditions. This exposure fosters cultural competence and empathy, which are valuable skills in today’s globalized world.
• Language Proficiency: Studying abroad allows students to become proficient in a foreign language. Language skills are increasingly important in many fields, including business, diplomacy, and international relations.
• Personal Growth: Living independently in a foreign country challenges students to step out of their comfort zones and become more self-reliant. They learn to adapt to new environments, solve problems, and become more confident and resilient individuals.
• Global Perspective: Exposure to diverse perspectives and worldviews broadens students’ horizons and helps them develop a global perspective. This perspective is crucial for addressing global challenges such as climate change, poverty, and conflict.
• Enhanced Academic Opportunities: Many universities abroad offer specialized courses and academic programs that may not be available at the home institution. This can enrich students’ academic experiences and help them gain expertise in their chosen fields.

Challenges and Counterarguments:

• Financial Constraints: One of the main challenges is the cost of studying abroad. Tuition, travel, and living expenses can be prohibitive for some students. However, scholarships, grants, and financial aid options can help mitigate this issue.
• Logistical Complexity: Coordinating study abroad programs and ensuring that coursework aligns with a student’s major can be logistically complex. However, colleges and universities can streamline this process by offering comprehensive support services.
• Academic Delays: Some argue that requiring study abroad might delay a student’s graduation. However, with proper planning and academic advisement, students can integrate study abroad into their overall academic journey without significant delays.
• Cultural Adjustment: Students may experience culture shock and homesickness when studying abroad. While these challenges are real, they are also valuable learning experiences that contribute to personal growth.

074- Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.

I disagree with the idea that educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study solely based on job availability. While it is important for students to consider their career prospects, education should not be reduced to mere job training. Instead, students should be encouraged to pursue their passions and interests, and educational institutions should provide them with a well-rounded education that equips them with critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

Here are the reasons for my disagreement:

• Limitation of Personal Growth: Encouraging students to choose fields solely based on job availability limits their personal growth and intellectual development. It implies that the sole purpose of education is to secure a job, ignoring the broader goals of learning, such as personal fulfillment, intellectual curiosity, and contributing to society.
• Dynamic Job Market: Job markets are dynamic and can change rapidly due to technological advancements and economic shifts. Encouraging students to chase currently popular fields may lead to oversaturation and reduced job prospects in those areas by the time they graduate.
• Innovation and Creativity: A well-rounded education that includes the liberal arts, humanities, and social sciences fosters creativity, innovation, and adaptability. These qualities are valuable in today’s rapidly changing world, where individuals may need to pivot to different careers multiple times in their lives.
• Mismatched Interests: Forcing students into fields they have no interest in can lead to dissatisfaction and burnout. Students who are passionate about their chosen field are more likely to excel and contribute positively to their chosen professions.
• Economic and Social Impact: Encouraging students to choose fields solely based on job availability may lead to imbalances in the job market, with oversupply in some areas and shortages in others. This can have economic and social consequences.

Instead, educational institutions should provide comprehensive career counseling and guidance to help students make informed decisions. They should encourage students to explore their interests and aptitudes while also teaching them the importance of acquiring a broad skill set that includes critical thinking, communication, and problem-solving abilities.

075- People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.

The claim that people’s behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making is a complex and debated issue. While external factors can certainly influence behavior, I believe that individuals also possess a significant degree of agency and personal responsibility for their actions.

Here are the reasons for my stance:

• Individual Autonomy: Humans have the capacity for rational thought and decision-making. This cognitive ability allows individuals to make choices and decisions based on their own values, beliefs, and preferences. Even in challenging circumstances, people can exercise their autonomy to some extent.
• Free Will: The concept of free will suggests that individuals have the power to make choices that are not solely determined by external factors. While external influences can shape the range of choices available, individuals still have the ability to make choices within those constraints.
• Cultural and Social Variability: People from different cultures and social backgrounds exhibit a wide range of behaviors, even when exposed to similar external conditions. This variability suggests that individuals can resist or reinterpret external influences based on their unique cultural and personal contexts.
• Moral Responsibility: The legal and ethical systems in society are built on the assumption of individual moral responsibility. People are held accountable for their actions in both legal and moral contexts, which implies that society recognizes their capacity to make choices.

However, it’s important to acknowledge that external forces can play a significant role in influencing behavior. These forces include socioeconomic factors, family upbringing, cultural norms, peer pressure, and systemic inequalities. In some cases, these factors can create substantial constraints on an individual’s choices.

Challenges to this position may argue that individuals are often unaware of the extent to which external forces influence their behavior. Psychological studies have shown that unconscious biases and environmental cues can impact decision-making without a person’s explicit awareness. Additionally, structural inequalities can limit opportunities and choices for marginalized individuals.

076- Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.

Requiring college and university students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country is a policy that can offer numerous benefits but should not be mandatory. While international exposure and cultural immersion are valuable experiences, mandating them for all students may not be practical or suitable for everyone. Here are my reasons for this position:

• Diverse Student Needs: Students have diverse needs and circumstances. Some may have family responsibilities, financial constraints, or health issues that make it difficult or impossible to study abroad. Forcing all students to study abroad overlooks these individual challenges and needs.
• Academic Goals: Not all fields of study benefit equally from studying abroad. While it may be highly beneficial for language, international relations, or anthropology majors, it might have less relevance for students in fields like mathematics, engineering, or some medical programs. It should be a choice made based on academic goals.
• Financial Burden: Studying abroad can be expensive, and not all students can afford it. It would be unjust to make it a requirement, potentially excluding those who cannot financially support such an endeavor.
• Logistical Challenges: Coordinating study abroad programs for all students can be a logistical challenge for educational institutions. Ensuring that every student can access suitable programs and that their academic progress is not disrupted can be a complex task.
• Cultural Sensitivity: Some students may not be emotionally or culturally prepared for the challenges of living in a foreign country. Forcing them into such an experience may lead to negative outcomes, both personally and academically.

However, while I do not support mandatory study abroad, I believe that colleges and universities should strongly encourage and facilitate opportunities for international study. Here’s why:

• Cultural Competence: Exposure to different cultures can foster cultural competence, which is increasingly valuable in our interconnected world. It enhances students’ abilities to work in diverse environments and adapt to various perspectives.
• Global Perspective: International experiences broaden students’ global perspectives, which can be advantageous in many professions. It helps them think critically about global issues and understand the interconnectedness of today’s world.
• Personal Growth: Study abroad experiences often lead to personal growth, independence, and increased self-confidence. These are valuable life skills that can benefit students in their future careers and personal lives.
• Enhanced Language Skills: For language students, immersion in a foreign country is one of the most effective ways to improve language proficiency.

077- Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning.

I partially agree with the statement that innovations like video, computers, and the Internet can sometimes distract from real learning in schools. While these technologies indeed offer immense educational potential, they can also lead to distractions and superficial learning if not used thoughtfully. Here’s a balanced perspective:

• Distractions: Computers and the Internet, especially, are full of distractions, such as social media, games, and entertainment websites. These distractions can divert students’ attention away from their studies, leading to procrastination and a lack of focus on educational content.
• Superficial Learning: Relying too heavily on technology can sometimes result in superficial learning. Students might be tempted to seek quick answers online rather than engaging in critical thinking or deep research. This can hinder their ability to develop analytical and problem-solving skills.
• Loss of Interpersonal Skills: Increased screen time can lead to a reduction in face-to-face social interaction. While online communication has its merits, it should not replace the development of essential interpersonal skills that come from interacting with peers and educators in person.
• Enhanced Learning Opportunities: Technology can greatly enhance the learning process when used effectively. Educational videos, online courses, and interactive learning platforms offer engaging ways to convey complex information. They can cater to diverse learning styles and provide access to a wide range of educational resources.
• Real-World Skills: In today’s digital age, digital literacy is crucial. Learning to use computers and the Internet effectively is a real-world skill that prepares students for future careers and life in general.
• Customized Learning: Technology allows for personalized and adaptive learning experiences. Educational software can adjust content and pacing to match individual student abilities, ensuring that no one is left behind or held back.
• Access to Information: The Internet provides access to a vast amount of information, which can be invaluable for research and in-depth learning. Students can explore topics that may not be covered in traditional textbooks or local libraries.

Balanced Approach:

To maximize the benefits of technology while minimizing distractions and superficial learning, a balanced approach is crucial. Educators should:

• Provide Guidance: Teachers should guide students on using technology purposefully, emphasizing the importance of critical thinking and discernment when navigating online resources.
• Set Boundaries: Establishing clear boundaries on technology use during class or study time can help minimize distractions.
• Foster Digital Literacy: Incorporate digital literacy and information literacy into the curriculum so that students can effectively evaluate online content and use technology for constructive purposes.
• Combine Traditional and Digital Methods: A blend of traditional teaching methods and technology can cater to various learning preferences and help maintain a focus on genuine learning outcomes.

078- Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.

I strongly agree that universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside their field of study. Such a policy has numerous benefits for students, fostering a well-rounded education and helping them develop critical skills necessary for success in today’s complex world.

• Broadened Perspective: Encouraging students to explore diverse subjects promotes a broader perspective on life and the world. It helps students appreciate the interconnectedness of different fields and cultures, leading to greater understanding and tolerance.
• Critical Thinking: Courses outside one’s major often require different ways of thinking and problem-solving. This nurtures critical thinking skills and intellectual adaptability, which are valuable in any career.
• Preparation for an Evolving Job Market: The job market is evolving rapidly. Employers increasingly seek candidates with interdisciplinary skills and the ability to adapt to changing circumstances. Exposure to various subjects equips students with transferable skills and a capacity to learn new things quickly.
• Enhanced Creativity: Exposure to different fields can spark creativity. Concepts and insights from one area may inspire innovative solutions in another. This interdisciplinary thinking is vital for innovation and progress.
• Informed Citizenship: An education that goes beyond one’s major enables students to be more informed and engaged citizens. They are better equipped to understand and contribute to discussions on complex societal issues.

Consequences of Not Implementing the Policy:

• Narrowed Perspective: Without exposure to diverse subjects, students may develop a narrow worldview and lack the ability to empathize with others or understand global issues fully.
• Missed Opportunities: Students might miss out on discovering interests or talents in areas outside their major that could lead to unexpected career opportunities or personal growth.
• Professional Limitations: Graduates with a singular focus may find it challenging to adapt to job market changes or to collaborate with professionals from different backgrounds.

Some argue that such requirements could extend the time and cost of obtaining a degree. However, universities can address this concern by designing efficient curricula that integrate general education requirements with major coursework.

079- The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things.

I agree with the statement that the best ideas often arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things. This perspective highlights the power of curiosity and attention to detail, which can lead to breakthroughs and innovations in various fields. Here’s why I support this idea:

• Familiarity and Observation: Commonplace things are all around us, and we interact with them daily. When we are passionate about something familiar, we are more likely to observe it closely, question its workings, and explore its potential. This close examination can uncover hidden complexities and opportunities for improvement.
• Accessibility: Commonplace things are accessible to most people. Unlike highly specialized or obscure subjects, common things are relatable, making it easier for a broader audience to engage with the ideas that stem from them.
• Problem Solving: Many significant inventions and solutions to everyday problems emerge from a passionate drive to solve common, everyday issues. For example, the invention of the wheel or the development of modern communication devices like smartphones all addressed common, practical needs.
• Interdisciplinary Innovation: Passion for commonplace things often leads to interdisciplinary thinking. When people are curious about multiple aspects of their daily lives, they may draw from various fields of knowledge to create innovative solutions. This interdisciplinary approach can result in groundbreaking ideas that bridge gaps between different domains.
• Real-World Impact: Ideas rooted in commonplace things often have a direct, tangible impact on people’s lives. Whether it’s the invention of the lightbulb, the smartphone, or a new sustainable farming technique, these innovations have transformed society and improved our daily experiences.

However, it’s essential to acknowledge that not all great ideas originate from commonplace interests. Some groundbreaking concepts come from highly specialized fields or unique circumstances. Moreover, the effectiveness of an idea depends not only on its origin but also on the execution, resources, and the problem it aims to solve.

080- To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.

I strongly agree with the claim that to be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards. Here are several reasons why I support this assertion, along with a counterargument:

Supporting Points:

• Trust and Credibility: Ethical and moral conduct is fundamental for building trust and credibility among the public. When leaders act with integrity, people are more likely to have confidence in their decisions and judgments.
• Role Model: Public officials serve as role models for their constituents and the broader society. When they uphold high ethical standards, they set a positive example for others to follow, fostering a culture of ethics within the community.
• Social Cohesion: Ethical leaders work towards the betterment of society rather than personal gain. This focus on the common good helps in maintaining social cohesion and promoting the welfare of all citizens.
• Long-Term Viability: Leaders who prioritize ethical behavior tend to make decisions that have a long-term focus, ensuring the sustainability and prosperity of the community they serve.

Counterargument:

Some may argue that a leader’s effectiveness should be solely judged by their ability to get things done, regardless of their ethical conduct. They might point to leaders in history who achieved their goals through morally questionable means, arguing that the ends justify the means.

While it is true that some leaders in history achieved their objectives through unethical means, this does not diminish the importance of ethical leadership. Such examples often come with negative consequences, including social unrest, damage to institutions, and a loss of public trust. Leaders who compromise their moral standards may achieve short-term gains, but these are frequently outweighed by the long-term harm they cause.

081- Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes.

I agree with the claim that imagination is a valuable asset, possibly even more valuable than experience, and I support the reason provided – that people who lack experience are free to imagine without the constraints of established habits and attitudes. Here’s why I hold this perspective:

Imagination Drives Innovation: Imagination is the wellspring of innovation and progress. It allows individuals to envision new possibilities, technologies, and solutions to complex problems. Many of the world’s greatest advancements and inventions have come from individuals who dared to imagine what was previously considered impossible.

Overcoming Established Norms: Experience often comes with ingrained habits and attitudes that can limit creative thinking. Those without substantial experience are not bound by these established norms and are more likely to challenge the status quo, leading to groundbreaking discoveries and transformations.

Problem-Solving: Imagination is a critical tool for problem-solving. When faced with novel challenges, individuals who can think imaginatively are more likely to find creative and effective solutions. They are not confined by preconceived notions of what is possible, allowing for “out-of-the-box” thinking.

Adaptability: In today’s rapidly changing world, adaptability is a key skill. Those who rely solely on experience may struggle when confronted with unforeseen circumstances. Imagination, on the other hand, equips individuals with the ability to adapt and innovate in response to new challenges.

Inspiration: Imagination inspires individuals to pursue their dreams and passions. It motivates them to explore uncharted territories, pushing the boundaries of what humanity can achieve. Without imagination, many of the world’s greatest works of art, literature, and science would never have been created.

However, it’s important to note that imagination and experience are not mutually exclusive; they complement each other. Experience provides valuable insights and knowledge that can inform and refine imaginative ideas. Both are essential components of personal and societal growth.

082- In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.

I partially agree with the statement that in most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge. However, I believe that the importance of imagination and knowledge can vary significantly depending on the specific profession or field. Here’s why I hold this nuanced perspective:

• The Role of Imagination: Imagination plays a crucial role in creativity, innovation, problem-solving, and pushing the boundaries of what is known. In fields such as art, literature, design, and entrepreneurship, where originality and creativity are paramount, imagination often takes precedence over existing knowledge. These fields thrive on fresh, imaginative ideas that challenge the status quo.
• The Role of Knowledge: Conversely, in professions and academic fields that rely heavily on well-established principles, facts, and methodologies, knowledge is indispensable. Fields like medicine, engineering, mathematics, and law require a solid foundation of knowledge to ensure accurate diagnoses, safe constructions, precise calculations, and adherence to legal principles. Without sufficient knowledge, these fields can be fraught with errors and risks.
• Synergy between Imagination and Knowledge: Often, the most successful endeavors in any field involve a synergy between imagination and knowledge. Imagination generates new concepts, while knowledge provides the tools and context to refine and implement those ideas effectively. For instance, scientific research requires imaginative hypotheses but also rigorous testing based on existing knowledge.
• Context Matters: The importance of imagination and knowledge also depends on the specific context within a field. In research, the early stages might rely more on imagination to formulate hypotheses, while later stages involve rigorous testing and reliance on knowledge. In art, the imaginative phase of conceptualization might be followed by the skillful execution based on knowledge of techniques.
• Evolution of Fields: Fields can evolve over time, with some becoming more reliant on imagination as they advance. For example, as technology advances, artificial intelligence and creative design become increasingly important in various industries. Conversely, some fields may become more knowledge-based due to increasing complexity and specialization.

083- To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards

I wholeheartedly agree with the statement that to be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards. Ethics and moral integrity are fundamental qualities that not only define the character of a leader but also influence their ability to lead effectively. Here’s why I hold this position:

• Trust and Credibility: Ethical behavior and moral standards are essential for building trust and credibility with the public. When leaders adhere to high ethical standards, the public is more likely to have confidence in their decisions and actions. Trust is the foundation of effective leadership, and it is difficult to lead effectively without it.
• Public Interest: Public officials have a responsibility to serve the best interests of their constituents and the broader society. Ethical leadership ensures that decisions and policies are made with the welfare of the public in mind rather than for personal gain or special interests. Leaders who prioritize ethical considerations are more likely to make decisions that benefit the greater good.
• Role Model: Public officials often serve as role models for society. When they demonstrate ethical behavior and moral principles, they set a positive example for others to follow. This can have a ripple effect, encouraging citizens and future leaders to uphold similar standards.
• Long-Term Sustainability: Ethical leadership is often associated with long-term sustainability. Leaders who focus on short-term gains or engage in unethical practices may achieve temporary success, but it can come at the cost of long-term stability and public support. Ethical leaders are more likely to make decisions that benefit society over the long haul.
• Legal Compliance: High ethical standards typically align with legal compliance. Public officials who maintain moral integrity are less likely to engage in corrupt or illegal activities, which can have severe legal consequences. Avoiding legal troubles is not only ethically responsible but also crucial for effective leadership.
• International Reputation: Ethical behavior in leadership contributes to a nation’s international reputation. Countries with leaders known for their ethical conduct are often viewed more favorably on the global stage, which can have diplomatic and economic benefits.
• Social Cohesion: Ethical leadership can foster social cohesion and unity within a society. When leaders are perceived as fair, just, and morally upright, it reduces social divisions and polarization, contributing to a more stable and harmonious society.

While the importance of ethical and moral leadership is clear, it’s essential to acknowledge that ethical dilemmas can be complex, and leaders may face difficult decisions. However, maintaining the highest ethical and moral standards means that leaders will consistently strive to make choices that align with the greater good, even in challenging situations.

084- Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.

I partially agree with the statement that critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field. While expertise can certainly enhance the depth and nuance of critical judgment, there are situations where valuable insights can come from individuals who are not experts in a particular field.

Here are some considerations that shape my position:

• Expertise Enhances Depth: Experts in a field possess a deep understanding of its nuances, methodologies, and intricacies. Their critical judgment is often more informed and comprehensive, making their assessments valuable for identifying subtleties and providing specific feedback.
• Context Matters: In certain technical or specialized domains, such as medicine or engineering, expert judgment is crucial. Incorrect assessments can have dire consequences. For example, a medical diagnosis from a non-expert may not be reliable.
• Interdisciplinary Insights: However, expertise in one field does not necessarily translate to expertise in another. Some of the most innovative breakthroughs occur at the intersection of different fields. In such cases, experts from one field might overlook unconventional but valuable ideas from outsiders.
• Fresh Perspectives: Non-experts can offer fresh and unbiased perspectives. They may see things differently because they are not confined by the established norms or paradigms of the field. This outside viewpoint can lead to innovative solutions and alternative approaches.
• Accessibility: Sometimes, experts are not readily accessible or willing to engage with certain works. In these situations, relying solely on experts for critical judgment might limit the availability of valuable feedback.
• Diverse Audiences: Works are often intended for a broader audience that may include both experts and non-experts. Critical judgment from non-experts can provide insights into how the work is received by those who are not deeply immersed in the field.
• Peer Review: In academic and scientific research, peer review processes involve experts evaluating the work of their peers. While this is valuable, it’s not uncommon for peer reviewers to miss certain issues or biases due to their close alignment with the subject matter.
• Balanced Approach: A balanced approach that combines the perspectives of experts and non-experts can lead to well-rounded assessments. Experts can provide in-depth technical evaluations, while non-experts can offer broader insights and user-centered feedback.

085- Some people believe that scientific discoveries have given us a much better understanding of the world around us. Others believe that science has revealed to us that the world is infinitely more complex than we ever realized.

I believe that both views presented have their merits, but the view that science has revealed the world to be infinitely more complex than we ever realized aligns more closely with my perspective. Science has indeed provided us with a better understanding of the world, but this understanding has often led to the realization of the profound complexity that underlies natural phenomena.

Here are my reasons for this viewpoint:

• Better Understanding: Science has undeniably deepened our understanding of the world. Through rigorous observation, experimentation, and analysis, we have uncovered fundamental laws and principles governing the physical and natural world. This enhanced understanding has led to remarkable advancements in technology, medicine, and numerous other fields.
• Unfathomable Complexity: However, as we delve deeper into various scientific disciplines, we encounter intricacies that challenge our initial perceptions. For example, in physics, the discovery of quantum mechanics has revealed a subatomic world that behaves in ways that defy our everyday intuition. In biology, the study of genetics has unveiled the staggering complexity of DNA and the intricate processes of life.
• Emergent Phenomena: Science has shown us that simple systems can give rise to incredibly complex and emergent phenomena. For instance, the behavior of a single ant may seem straightforward, but when it interacts with thousands of other ants in a colony, complex swarm behavior emerges. This is a reminder that the whole can be greater, and more complex, than the sum of its parts.
• Expanding Frontiers: Scientific exploration continually uncovers new questions and areas of study. The more we learn, the more we realize how much we don’t know. For example, the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy in cosmology demonstrate that there are vast realms of the universe still beyond our comprehension.
• Interdisciplinary Nature: Science often requires interdisciplinary collaboration to tackle complex problems. This interconnectedness among scientific fields highlights the multifaceted nature of the world’s complexities.
• Ethical and Moral Implications: Scientific discoveries have also raised ethical and moral questions that stem from our increased awareness of complex issues. Topics like genetic engineering, artificial intelligence, and environmental challenges pose intricate moral dilemmas that require thoughtful consideration.

086- Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.

I agree that expertise is often crucial for providing valuable critical judgment in a specific field, but I also believe that there are situations where judgments from individuals outside the field can have significant value. While expertise is undoubtedly valuable and often necessary, there are compelling reasons to consider the broader context and potential advantages of non-expert perspectives.

First, it’s important to acknowledge the value of expertise. Experts have typically invested significant time and effort into acquiring specialized knowledge, skills, and experience in a particular field. Their judgments are based on a deep understanding of the subject matter, and this expertise can be invaluable when evaluating complex and technical work within that field. Experts can provide nuanced insights, identify subtle errors, and make well-informed recommendations for improvement.

However, there are several reasons to consider that judgments from non-experts can also be valuable:

• Fresh Perspectives: Non-experts may approach a problem or work with fresh eyes and open minds. They may ask unconventional questions and challenge established assumptions, leading to innovative solutions and breakthroughs. This diversity of thought can be particularly valuable in fields facing stagnant or traditional approaches.
• Interdisciplinary Insights: Many challenges and opportunities exist at the intersection of different fields. Non-experts who have knowledge in multiple areas can provide unique interdisciplinary insights that experts in a single field might overlook. These insights can lead to novel and holistic solutions.
• Accessibility: Sometimes, work within a specialized field can become overly technical and jargon-laden, making it difficult for outsiders, including policymakers and the general public, to understand and engage with the work. Non-experts can bridge this communication gap, ensuring that important ideas and innovations reach a wider audience.
• Consumer Perspective: In consumer-oriented fields, such as product design or entertainment, the opinions and preferences of the target audience (who are often non-experts) are paramount. Their feedback is crucial for the success and relevance of the work, and it can provide valuable insights that experts alone might miss.
• Ethical and Societal Considerations: Complex decisions often require ethical and societal considerations. While experts can provide technical guidance, non-experts can contribute by evaluating the broader implications, values, and potential consequences of a given work.

087- In any profession — business, politics, education, government — those in power should step down after five years.

The idea that those in power should step down after five years, regardless of the profession or field, is a concept that has both merits and drawbacks. While term limits can bring fresh perspectives and prevent abuses of power, they also have potential downsides such as limiting the experience and continuity of leadership. Whether or not this approach is effective depends on various factors, and I believe that it is not a one-size-fits-all solution.

Here are some arguments in favor of term limits:

• Preventing Entrenchment: Term limits can prevent individuals from becoming entrenched in power, which can lead to complacency, corruption, or a disconnect from the needs of the people. Regular turnover can help ensure that leaders remain accountable and responsive to their constituents.
• Encouraging Fresh Perspectives: Frequent turnover encourages the emergence of new leaders with fresh ideas and perspectives. This can be particularly important in fields like politics and education, where adaptability and responsiveness to changing circumstances are crucial.
• Reducing the Risk of Authoritarianism: In some cases, leaders may attempt to extend their stay in power indefinitely, undermining democracy and the rule of law. Term limits can serve as a safeguard against the concentration of power.

However, there are also compelling reasons to challenge the idea of mandatory term limits:

• Experience and Continuity: In complex fields like government, business, and education, experience and continuity can be vital. Leaders often need time to learn the ropes, build relationships, and implement long-term strategies. Frequent turnovers could disrupt stability and hinder effective governance.
• Voter Choice: In a democratic system, voters should have the choice to re-elect leaders they believe are doing a good job. Term limits can limit this choice and prevent the re-election of competent leaders, potentially depriving society of effective leadership.
• Potential for Short-Termism: Leaders facing term limits may focus on short-term gains to secure their legacy, rather than making decisions for the long-term benefit of their profession or constituency.
• Varied Professions: Different professions have different needs and requirements. While term limits may be suitable for elected officials, they may not be as applicable or effective in business or education, where specialized knowledge and long-term planning are critical.

088- Requiring university students to take a variety of courses outside their major fields of study is the best way to ensure that students become truly educated.

Requiring university students to take a variety of courses outside their major fields of study can be a valuable component of a well-rounded education, but it may not necessarily be the best way to ensure that students become truly educated. The idea of a well-rounded education is rooted in the belief that exposure to various disciplines can foster critical thinking, creativity, and a broader perspective. While this has its merits, it’s important to recognize that true education is a multifaceted concept that depends on individual goals, career aspirations, and the practicality of diverse coursework.

Here are some points to consider:

• Academic Freedom and Choice: University students are often adults who have chosen a specific field of study based on their interests and career goals. Forcing them to take courses outside their major may impede their academic freedom and hinder their ability to pursue specialized knowledge in their chosen field.
• Relevance to Career Goals: Some fields of study, such as medicine, engineering, or law, require a focused and rigorous curriculum to prepare students for specialized careers. In these cases, mandatory coursework outside the major may be less relevant and potentially counterproductive.
• Diverse Learning Styles: People have different learning styles and preferences. Forcing all students into a particular mold of a “well-rounded” education may not cater to their individual strengths and interests. Some students may thrive in a specialized environment.
• Time and Resources: College is often a time-limited and resource-constrained period in students’ lives. Requiring additional coursework outside their majors may extend the time and cost of education, potentially discouraging some students from pursuing higher education altogether.
• Quality Over Quantity: Rather than mandating a certain number of courses outside the major, the emphasis should be on the quality and effectiveness of education. Universities should ensure that the core curriculum, including major-specific courses, is rigorous and provides students with critical thinking skills.
• Flexibility and Electives: Instead of mandatory courses outside the major, universities can offer a variety of elective courses or encourage students to explore different disciplines through electives. This approach provides flexibility and allows students to tailor their education to their interests while still exposing them to diverse perspectives.

089- Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Reason: The surest indicator of a great nation is actually the welfare of all its people

I agree with the claim that the surest indicator of a great nation is the welfare of all its people rather than the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. While the accomplishments of leaders, artists, and scientists can be significant, the overall well-being of a nation’s population reflects a more comprehensive and meaningful measure of greatness.

Firstly, the welfare of all citizens encompasses a wide range of factors, including access to education, healthcare, economic opportunities, and a safe and clean environment. When a nation prioritizes the welfare of its people, it demonstrates a commitment to improving the lives of its citizens in a holistic way. Achievements in art, science, or leadership, while important, may not directly translate into improvements in the everyday lives of the population.

Secondly, a focus on the welfare of all citizens promotes social cohesion and inclusivity. A great nation should be characterized by a sense of unity and equality among its people, regardless of their backgrounds or circumstances. When the well-being of all citizens is a priority, it helps bridge social and economic disparities and fosters a more just and equitable society.

Moreover, the welfare of a nation’s people is a long-term indicator of greatness. It reflects sustainable development and the ability of a nation to provide for the needs of its citizens not just in the present, but also in the future. Achievements of rulers, artists, or scientists may be momentous, but they might not necessarily contribute to the long-term stability and prosperity of a nation.

On the other hand, measuring a nation’s greatness solely by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists can be limited and may not capture the overall well-being of the population. These achievements are often specific to certain individuals or groups and may not reflect the conditions experienced by the majority of citizens.

090- Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little.

I agree with the statement that any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion may accomplish little. Effective leadership often requires a degree of stability, consistency, and a clear sense of purpose. However, it’s important to recognize that this perspective has both advantages and limitations.

Leaders who constantly change their positions or decisions in response to public opinion may indeed struggle to accomplish significant goals for several reasons:

• Lack of Vision: Leaders who are solely driven by popular opinion may lack a long-term vision for their organization, community, or country. They might prioritize short-term gains over long-term stability and progress.
• Ineffectiveness in Crisis: In times of crisis or when tough decisions need to be made, leaders who are overly influenced by popular opinion may hesitate or make inconsistent choices, which can lead to further problems or confusion.
• Policy Instability: Frequent policy changes can lead to instability, uncertainty, and an inability to implement meaningful reforms or initiatives. Citizens, businesses, and other stakeholders may struggle to plan for the future under such conditions.
• Lack of Accountability: Leaders who constantly shift positions based on public opinion may avoid taking responsibility for the consequences of their decisions. They can blame shifting public sentiment for their actions, which can erode trust in leadership.

However, it’s crucial to acknowledge that public opinion can play a valuable role in shaping policies and decisions in a democratic society. Leaders should be responsive to the needs and concerns of the people they serve. The key is to strike a balance between responsiveness and steadfastness.

Effective leaders should consider public input, engage in open dialogue, and be willing to adapt when circumstances or new information necessitate change. However, they should also have a clear set of principles, values, and goals that guide their decision-making, allowing them to withstand temporary fluctuations in public sentiment. This balance allows leaders to build trust, maintain credibility, and achieve meaningful and sustainable progress.

091- Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people whom they serve.

The statement that government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve is a complex and contentious issue. My position is that government officials should strike a balance between their own judgment and the will of the people, and the extent to which they lean in one direction or the other should depend on the specific circumstances and the principles of democratic governance.

• Representative Democracy : In many democratic societies, government officials are elected to represent the interests and values of their constituents. Therefore, they have a responsibility to take into account the views and needs of the people they serve. Ignoring the will of the people can be seen as a breach of their democratic mandate.
• Expertise and Judgment : Government officials are often selected for their expertise and experience in specific policy areas. In such cases, their own judgment can be valuable in making informed decisions. However, it should not be a substitute for public input and accountability.
• Checks and Balances : A key feature of many democratic systems is the presence of checks and balances. These mechanisms are in place to ensure that government officials do not abuse their powers and that the will of the people is respected. Ignoring the will of the people can undermine these checks and balances.
• Complex Issues : Some policy issues are highly complex and require deep expertise to understand fully. In such cases, relying solely on the will of the people, who may not have a complete understanding of the issue, can be problematic. Officials should use their judgment to navigate these complexities but should also engage in transparent communication to educate the public.
• Ethical Considerations : There may be situations where the will of the people conflicts with ethical principles or human rights. In such cases, government officials should prioritize ethical considerations over popular opinion.
• Public Engagement : Government officials should actively engage with the public, seek feedback, and explain their decisions. This fosters transparency, trust, and a sense of participation among citizens.

092- A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.

The idea of requiring all students in a nation to study the same national curriculum until they enter college is a topic that warrants careful consideration. While there are some potential benefits to this approach, I ultimately disagree with the statement, and my position is that a more flexible and diversified approach to education is preferable. Below, I will outline my reasoning for this position.

• Diverse Learning Needs : Students have diverse learning needs and interests. A one-size-fits-all national curriculum may not cater to the individual strengths, passions, and learning styles of students. Some students may excel in certain subjects or have unique talents that are not addressed in a standardized curriculum.
• Local Context : Different regions within a nation may have unique educational needs and priorities. A rigid national curriculum may not consider the local context and may not be flexible enough to adapt to regional variations.
• Innovation and Creativity : A standardized curriculum can sometimes stifle innovation and creativity in education. Allowing schools and educators some degree of flexibility in designing their own curricula can lead to more creative teaching methods and a greater emphasis on critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
• Changing World : The world is constantly evolving, and educational needs change over time. A national curriculum that remains static may not adequately prepare students for the challenges and opportunities of the future. Education should be adaptable to keep up with societal changes and emerging fields of knowledge.
• Specialized Programs : Some students may benefit from specialized programs or tracks that align with their career aspirations or interests. A national curriculum might not provide the necessary flexibility to offer specialized pathways within education.
• Individualized Learning : In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the value of personalized or individualized learning. Tailoring education to meet the specific needs of each student can lead to better outcomes and a deeper understanding of subject matter.
• Teacher Autonomy : Teachers are professionals who should have some autonomy in designing their own curriculum to meet the needs of their students. Empowering teachers to adapt their teaching methods and content can lead to more engaged and motivated students.
• Parental Involvement : Parents play a crucial role in their children’s education. Allowing for some degree of choice and flexibility in curricular decisions can engage parents and lead to a more collaborative educational experience.

093- It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are generated and preserved.

The statement that a nation’s cultural traditions are primarily generated and preserved in cities is a complex one. While cities indeed play a significant role in shaping and preserving cultural traditions, it is not accurate to claim that they are the sole or primary source of a nation’s cultural heritage. My position is that cultural traditions are the result of a dynamic interplay between urban and rural areas, and both have a vital role in the process. Below, I will provide reasons and examples to support this viewpoint.

• Urban Centers as Cultural Hubs : Cities are often cultural hubs where diverse groups of people with varied backgrounds and interests converge. These interactions can lead to the creation of new cultural expressions, such as art, music, and cuisine. For instance, cities are known for hosting art galleries, theaters, and music festivals that contribute to cultural innovation.
• Preservation and Archives : Many cities boast museums, libraries, and archives that house valuable artifacts, documents, and artworks that help preserve a nation’s cultural heritage. These institutions serve as repositories of history and provide access to cultural treasures.
• Migration and Mixing : Urban areas often attract migrants from different regions and even other countries. This influx of diverse cultures can lead to a blending of traditions and the emergence of unique cultural syntheses that are then disseminated to the broader population.
• Rural Traditions : Rural areas also play a crucial role in cultural preservation. These regions often maintain traditional practices, such as farming techniques, crafts, and folk traditions, that are deeply rooted in a nation’s history. These practices can be essential in preserving cultural authenticity.
• Cultural Tourism : Rural areas with distinctive cultural traditions, landscapes, and heritage sites are frequently tourist destinations. These places attract visitors interested in experiencing and learning about the nation’s cultural traditions, thus contributing to their preservation.
• Intangible Cultural Heritage : Some of a nation’s most important cultural traditions are intangible, such as oral traditions, rituals, and storytelling. These traditions are often passed down through generations in both urban and rural settings.
• Digital Age : In today’s digital age, cultural traditions can be shared, documented, and preserved through various media, regardless of geographic location. Social media, websites, and digital archives make it possible to disseminate and safeguard cultural practices.
• Diverse Contributions : A nation’s cultural heritage is enriched by contributions from all regions, urban and rural alike. For example, agricultural practices in rural areas may influence urban cuisine, and urban art forms may draw inspiration from rural landscapes.

094- We can learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own.

The statement that we can learn more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own is a perspective that needs careful examination. While it’s true that sharing common ground with others can facilitate communication and understanding, it’s an oversimplification to suggest that we can learn more from like-minded individuals. In fact, learning from those who hold opposing views can be equally, if not more, beneficial. Below, I will discuss the nuances of this statement and provide reasons for why exposure to diverse viewpoints is crucial for learning and personal growth.

• Confirmation Bias : One of the dangers of primarily engaging with like-minded individuals is the reinforcement of our existing beliefs and biases. This is known as confirmation bias. When we surround ourselves with people who share our views, we may miss out on opportunities to critically evaluate our ideas and broaden our perspectives.
• Critical Thinking : Engaging with individuals who hold differing opinions encourages critical thinking. It challenges us to question our own beliefs and develop a deeper understanding of why we hold certain views. This process can lead to personal growth and more well-rounded perspectives.
• Problem-Solving : Diverse viewpoints can be invaluable in problem-solving scenarios. When confronted with complex issues, drawing from a variety of perspectives can lead to more creative and effective solutions. Homogeneous thinking can limit our ability to address multifaceted challenges.
• Cultural and Social Understanding : In a diverse and interconnected world, understanding the views and experiences of people from different backgrounds is essential. Exposure to contrasting viewpoints helps us navigate cultural and social complexities and fosters empathy and tolerance.
• Innovation and Progress : Many significant advancements and breakthroughs have arisen from the clash of opposing ideas. Innovation often occurs at the intersection of different disciplines and perspectives. For example, in science, breakthroughs often come from challenging established theories.
• Personal Growth : Engaging with opposing views can be uncomfortable, but it is through discomfort that we often experience the most personal growth. It forces us to question our assumptions and adapt to new information.
• Constructive Dialogue : Constructive dialogue between individuals with differing views can lead to a deeper understanding of complex issues and the development of common ground. This is particularly important in addressing divisive societal challenges.
• Intellectual Humility : Interacting with those who disagree with us can cultivate intellectual humility. Recognizing that our views are not infallible and that we have room for improvement is a hallmark of an open and curious mind.

095- When old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings.

The question of whether modern development should take precedence over the preservation of historic buildings is a complex and contentious issue that requires careful consideration. While there are situations where modern development can bring significant benefits, it is essential to strike a balance between progress and the preservation of cultural heritage. In my view, the preservation of historic buildings should not be automatically sacrificed for modern development, and here are the reasons for my stance:

• Cultural Heritage : Historic buildings often have significant cultural and architectural value. They are tangible links to our past, representing the history, culture, and craftsmanship of earlier generations. Destroying them without due consideration erases part of our collective memory.
• Tourism and Economic Benefits : Historic buildings can be major tourist attractions, contributing to the local economy. Preservation efforts can lead to heritage tourism, creating jobs and generating revenue for the community.
• Aesthetic Value : Historic buildings can enhance the visual appeal and character of a city. Mixing modern and historic architecture can create a unique and attractive urban landscape.
• Sustainability : Reusing and repurposing historic buildings is often more environmentally sustainable than demolishing and constructing new ones. It reduces waste and conserves resources.
• Community Identity : Historic buildings can foster a sense of community identity and pride. They provide a connection to the past that can strengthen the social fabric of a place.
• Adaptive Reuse : Many historic buildings can be adaptively reused for modern purposes without compromising their historic integrity. This allows for the preservation of both history and functionality.
• Selective Development : It is possible to plan modern development around historic areas, preserving the most significant buildings while still allowing for growth and progress.
• Regulatory Frameworks : Many cities have established regulatory frameworks that balance preservation and development. These frameworks often require developers to consider the impact on historic buildings and find ways to mitigate potential harm.

However, it’s crucial to acknowledge that there may be cases where modern development is necessary for the greater good, such as building critical infrastructure or addressing housing shortages. In such instances, a transparent and well-informed decision-making process is essential. Preservation efforts should also consider the financial and practical feasibility of maintaining historic buildings.

096- Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation must be the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Reason: Great achievements by a nation's rulers, artists, or scientists will ensure a good life for the majority of that nation's people.

I respectfully disagree with the claim that the surest indicator of a great nation must be the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, and the reason that great achievements by these individuals will ensure a good life for the majority of the nation’s people. While the accomplishments of leaders, artists, and scientists can certainly contribute to a nation’s greatness, there are several factors to consider when assessing the well-being of a nation’s people.

• Economic Well-Being : The economic prosperity of a nation plays a significant role in the quality of life for its citizens. While the achievements of rulers, artists, and scientists can influence the economy, economic policies, job opportunities, and income distribution also play crucial roles.
• Social Welfare : The presence of social safety nets, healthcare systems, and educational opportunities are critical indicators of a nation’s well-being. These factors are often determined by government policies and societal values, not solely by the achievements of specific individuals.
• Equality and Justice : The presence of equality, justice, and civil rights are fundamental aspects of a great nation. These factors are influenced by legal systems, social norms, and the actions of policymakers, beyond the accomplishments of any single group.
• Infrastructure and Basic Services : Access to infrastructure such as clean water, transportation, and public services significantly impacts people’s lives. These aspects depend on government investments and planning.
• Environmental Sustainability : A great nation should also prioritize environmental sustainability to ensure a high quality of life for current and future generations. Environmental policies and practices are not exclusively determined by rulers, artists, or scientists.
• Cultural and Social Diversity : The richness of a nation’s culture and social fabric is influenced by a wide range of factors, including the diversity and inclusivity of its society. Achievements in these areas are collective efforts, not just the work of a few individuals.

097- Some people claim that you can tell whether a nation is great by looking at the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Others argue that the surest indicator of a great nation is, in fact, the general welfare of all its people

I firmly believe that the surest indicator of a great nation is the general welfare of all its people, rather than solely the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. While the accomplishments of individuals in leadership, art, and science are undoubtedly important aspects of a nation’s identity and culture, they are not sufficient measures of a nation’s overall greatness. Here’s why I hold this view:

• Inclusivity and Equity : A truly great nation is one that prioritizes inclusivity and equity for all its citizens. It ensures that people from diverse backgrounds have access to opportunities, social services, and a decent quality of life. The welfare of all citizens, not just a select few, is a crucial indicator of a nation’s commitment to fairness.
• Human Development : The general welfare of the people reflects a nation’s investment in human development. This includes access to quality education, healthcare, and social services, which empower individuals to lead fulfilling lives and contribute positively to society. A nation’s greatness is better measured by how it nurtures its human capital.
• Social Cohesion : A great nation is characterized by social cohesion and harmony among its citizens. It fosters a sense of belonging and community, promoting peace and stability. Achievements of individuals, while valuable, may not necessarily contribute to social cohesion in the same way.
• Economic Prosperity : A nation’s prosperity is a significant factor in its overall greatness. While the accomplishments of artists and scientists can enhance a nation’s cultural and technological standing, economic well-being, job opportunities, and income distribution are more directly tied to the welfare of its people.
• Long-Term Sustainability : A great nation should consider its long-term sustainability, including environmental stewardship and intergenerational equity. Relying solely on the achievements of individuals without considering the welfare of future generations is shortsighted.
• Democratic Values : Nations that prioritize the welfare of all their citizens often uphold democratic values, such as freedom, justice, and human rights. These values are essential components of greatness and are reflected in how a nation treats its people.

098- The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models

I agree with the claim that examining the character of the men and women a society chooses as its heroes or role models is one of the best ways to understand the character of that society. The heroes and role models a society reveres often reflect its values, aspirations, and priorities. However, it’s essential to acknowledge that this method, while valuable, may not provide a complete or nuanced picture of a society’s character. Here’s why I agree with the claim:

• Values and Aspirations : Heroes and role models are typically individuals who embody the values and aspirations that a society holds dear. For example, if a society celebrates heroes who champion justice, equality, and compassion, it suggests that these are core values within that society.
• Cultural Influences : Heroes and role models are products of a society’s culture and history. They are often drawn from the cultural narratives and stories that resonate with the population. By analyzing these figures, we gain insights into the cultural influences that have shaped the society.
• Social Priorities : The choice of heroes and role models can reveal a society’s social and political priorities. For instance, if a society elevates individuals who have made significant contributions to education and intellectual pursuits, it demonstrates a commitment to knowledge and enlightenment.
• Change Over Time : Studying the evolution of a society’s heroes and role models can provide insights into how that society has changed over time. For instance, shifts in the types of individuals celebrated as heroes may indicate changing attitudes towards issues like gender, race, or social justice.
• Criticisms and Controversies : Examining the controversies surrounding heroes and role models can also be illuminating. Public debates and criticisms can reveal fault lines within a society and highlight areas of tension or disagreement.

However, it’s important to recognize that the choice of heroes and role models can sometimes be a matter of debate and contention within a society. What some view as heroic, others may see differently. Additionally, societies are diverse, and not all members may share the same heroes or role models. Moreover, the character of a society is multi-faceted and cannot be entirely encapsulated by its heroes alone.

099- Some people claim that a nation's government should preserve its wilderness areas in their natural state. Others argue that these areas should be developed for potential economic gain.

I firmly believe that a nation’s government should prioritize the preservation of wilderness areas in their natural state rather than pursuing development for potential economic gain. While economic development is undoubtedly important, the protection of wilderness areas offers a multitude of long-term benefits that outweigh short-term economic interests. Here are some reasons supporting my position:

• Environmental Conservation : Wilderness areas often contain unique and fragile ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources. Preserving them helps maintain the balance of nature and safeguards countless plant and animal species from extinction. This biodiversity is essential for ecosystem stability and resilience, which can be disrupted by development activities.
• Ecosystem Services : Wilderness areas provide crucial ecosystem services such as clean air, clean water, and climate regulation. These services are essential for human well-being and cannot be easily replaced once damaged. Preserving natural areas contributes to the overall health of the planet and its inhabitants.
• Recreational and Cultural Value : Wilderness areas offer recreational opportunities, from hiking and camping to birdwatching and photography. These activities contribute to physical and mental health, as well as promoting cultural and historical connections to the land. These intangible values are often overlooked but are vital for human society.
• Scientific Research : Pristine wilderness areas are invaluable for scientific research, helping us better understand natural processes, climate change, and the behavior of ecosystems. Such knowledge is essential for addressing pressing global challenges.
• Tourism and Sustainable Economies : Preserving wilderness areas can boost local economies through sustainable tourism. Visitors come to experience the beauty and wildlife, supporting jobs and businesses while preserving the natural environment.
• Future Generations : Ensuring that wilderness areas remain intact allows future generations to experience and appreciate the natural world. This fosters a sense of responsibility and environmental stewardship among young people.

On the other hand, pursuing economic development in these areas can lead to irreversible damage, including habitat destruction, deforestation, pollution, and disruption of ecosystems. While economic gain may provide short-term benefits, these often come at the expense of long-term sustainability and the well-being of both the environment and future generations.

100- In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.

I disagree with the claim that in most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge. While imagination is undoubtedly valuable and often necessary, knowledge forms the foundation upon which imagination can flourish and be effectively applied. Knowledge and imagination are not mutually exclusive; instead, they complement each other, and their relative importance depends on the specific context and field of study or profession.

Here are several reasons why knowledge is crucial and why the claim may be challenged:

• Foundational Understanding : Knowledge provides the essential framework for understanding the subject matter of any academic field or profession. Without a solid base of knowledge, it is challenging to grasp the intricacies and complexities of a particular domain. For instance, in medicine, a doctor’s extensive knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and pathology is indispensable before they can imaginatively diagnose and treat patients.
• Problem-Solving and Innovation : While imagination can inspire creative thinking and innovation, the practical application of these ideas often requires deep knowledge. Engineers, scientists, and researchers need a strong foundation of knowledge to identify problems, devise effective solutions, and evaluate their feasibility. In this sense, knowledge and imagination work hand in hand.
• Quality Control : Professions often demand a high degree of accuracy and precision. In fields like mathematics, engineering, or law, relying solely on imagination can lead to errors, legal issues, or catastrophic consequences. Knowledge provides the rigor and discipline needed to ensure quality control.
• Building on Past Achievements : Knowledge represents the collective wisdom of generations of thinkers, scientists, and experts. In many academic fields, progress relies on building upon existing knowledge. Imagination alone cannot replace the need to understand and appreciate what has already been established.
• Cross-Disciplinary Connections : Many fields and professions require knowledge of multiple disciplines. Imagination alone may not suffice when bridging the gaps between different areas of expertise. For instance, a successful entrepreneur may need knowledge of business, economics, marketing, and technology to innovate effectively.
• Real-World Application : In professions such as law, medicine, and engineering, the application of knowledge has real-life consequences. Imagination may inspire new ideas, but these ideas must be grounded in knowledge to ensure safety, ethics, and legality.

101- The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general well-being of all its people.

I strongly agree with the claim that the surest indicator of a great nation is the general well-being of all its people, rather than the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. While individual accomplishments can be noteworthy, a nation’s greatness should ultimately be judged by the quality of life and the welfare of its citizens. There are several compelling reasons to support this viewpoint:

• Quality of Life : The primary purpose of any government and society should be to enhance the quality of life for its citizens. The presence of basic necessities such as adequate healthcare, education, clean water, housing, and food is a more accurate measure of a nation’s success than the accomplishments of a few individuals. A nation that provides for the well-being of its people demonstrates true greatness.
• Social Equality : A great nation strives for social justice and equality. When the majority of its citizens enjoy a good standard of living, have equal access to opportunities, and are free from discrimination, the nation is on a path to greatness. Achieving this social equity is more meaningful than celebrating the achievements of a select few.
• Sustainable Prosperity : True greatness extends beyond short-term economic success. A nation’s long-term prosperity and sustainability depend on the well-being of its people. Economic growth that benefits only a small segment of the population while leaving others in poverty is not indicative of greatness.
• Human Development : Greatness is better reflected in a nation’s investment in human capital. Providing quality education, healthcare, and social services contributes to the personal development and empowerment of its citizens. This fosters an environment where individuals can reach their full potential, which, in turn, benefits the nation as a whole.
• Social Cohesion and Peace : A nation that prioritizes the well-being of its people is more likely to foster social cohesion and peaceful coexistence. When citizens feel secure and satisfied, there is less unrest and conflict, leading to a more stable and harmonious society.
• Global Reputation : A nation’s reputation on the global stage is influenced by how it treats its citizens. A nation that values the well-being of its people tends to garner respect and admiration from the international community.

However, it’s essential to acknowledge that some might argue that individual achievements in fields like art, science, or leadership are crucial indicators of a nation’s greatness. While these achievements are valuable, they should be seen as contributing factors rather than the primary criteria for judging a nation’s greatness.

102- Some people argue that successful leaders in government, industry, or other fields must be highly competitive. Other people claim that in order to be successful, a leader must be willing and able to cooperate with others.

I believe that successful leaders in government, industry, or any other field must possess a combination of competitiveness and a willingness to cooperate with others. Both qualities are crucial, and it’s not a matter of choosing one over the other. Here’s my reasoning for this position:

• Competitiveness : Competitiveness can drive leaders to excel and push their teams or organizations to achieve ambitious goals. It fosters innovation, motivates individuals to strive for excellence, and can lead to remarkable achievements. In business and industry, for instance, competition often fuels growth and advancements in technology and services.
• Cooperation : On the other hand, cooperation is essential for building and maintaining relationships, both internally and externally. No leader operates in isolation; they depend on teams, partners, and collaborators to accomplish their objectives. Cooperation enables leaders to leverage the strengths of diverse talents, fosters teamwork, and helps in problem-solving.
• Balancing Act : Effective leadership requires a balance between competitiveness and cooperation. Leaders must know when to compete and when to cooperate, depending on the situation and their goals. For instance, in the early stages of a project or when facing external competition, a leader’s competitiveness can be an asset. However, during the implementation phase or when managing teams, cooperation and collaboration become paramount.
• Adaptability : Successful leaders are adaptable and can switch between competitiveness and cooperation as circumstances demand. The ability to recognize the need for cooperation, even in competitive environments, is a sign of effective leadership. Likewise, knowing when to compete to achieve desired outcomes is equally important.
• Examples in Leadership : History and contemporary leadership examples demonstrate the value of a balanced approach. Great leaders like Nelson Mandela, who navigated the complexities of South African politics, showed the importance of cooperation in achieving significant social change. At the same time, leaders like Steve Jobs, known for their competitiveness and drive, have reshaped industries through innovation.
• Context Matters : The appropriate balance between competitiveness and cooperation also depends on the specific context. In some fields, such as sports or entrepreneurship, competition may be more prominent. In others, like diplomacy or collaborative research, cooperation is the primary driver of success.

103- College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.

I disagree with the recommendation that college students should solely base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field. While employment prospects are undoubtedly an important consideration, they should not be the sole determining factor. Here’s why:

• Passion and Interest : Many individuals are more likely to excel and find fulfillment in their careers when they are genuinely passionate about the subject matter. If students choose a field solely based on job availability, they may end up in a profession they dislike, leading to dissatisfaction and burnout.
• Changing Job Markets : Job markets can fluctuate over time due to various factors, including economic conditions, technological advancements, and societal changes. What may be a high-demand field today may not be the same in a few years. Students who focus solely on job availability risk entering a field that could become oversaturated or outdated.
• Personal Growth : College is not just about job preparation; it’s also a time for personal growth and development. Students should have the opportunity to explore their interests, develop critical thinking skills, and expand their horizons by studying subjects that intrigue them, even if job prospects are not immediately clear.
• Transferable Skills : Many fields of study provide students with valuable, transferable skills that can be applied to a wide range of careers. For example, a degree in the liberal arts may not have a specific job title attached, but it equips graduates with critical thinking, communication, and problem-solving skills that are highly valued in many professions.
• Entrepreneurship and Innovation : Some of the most successful individuals and entrepreneurs have forged unique career paths by combining knowledge and skills from different disciplines. Being too narrowly focused on job availability can stifle creativity and innovation.
• Life Satisfaction : Studies have shown that individuals who pursue careers aligned with their interests and passions tend to report higher levels of job satisfaction and overall life satisfaction. Choosing a field solely for job availability may lead to a sense of emptiness and unfulfillment.
• Long-Term Perspective : College education is an investment in one’s future, and it’s essential to take a long-term perspective. Fields that are in high demand today might not provide the same opportunities in 10 or 20 years. Students should aim for a well-rounded education that prepares them for a variety of scenarios throughout their careers.

104- Some people believe that corporations have a responsibility to promote the well- being of the societies and environments in which they operate. Others believe that the only responsibility of corporations, provided they operate within the law, is to make as much money as possible.

I firmly believe that corporations have a responsibility to promote the well-being of the societies and environments in which they operate. While profit generation is undoubtedly essential for businesses, it should not be their sole purpose. Here are the reasons for my position:

• Social Responsibility : Corporations are integral parts of the societies they operate in. They benefit from the infrastructure, workforce, and resources provided by these societies. Therefore, they have an ethical duty to give back and contribute positively to the communities that support them.
• Long-Term Sustainability : Businesses that focus solely on maximizing profits without considering the impact on society or the environment often engage in practices that can be detrimental in the long run. Responsible corporate behavior ensures the sustainability of resources, markets, and customer trust over time.
• Consumer and Employee Expectations : In today’s world, consumers and employees increasingly expect companies to act responsibly. They are more likely to support and work for organizations that demonstrate commitment to social and environmental causes. Ignoring these expectations can harm a company’s reputation and profitability.
• Legal and Regulatory Trends : Many countries are enacting laws and regulations that require corporations to abide by certain ethical and environmental standards. Failing to comply can result in legal repercussions, fines, and damage to a company’s reputation.
• Positive Brand Image : Companies that engage in socially responsible initiatives often benefit from a positive brand image. This can lead to increased customer loyalty and higher market share.
• Innovation and Adaptation : Embracing corporate social responsibility (CSR) can drive innovation as companies seek more sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. It can also help businesses adapt to changing societal and environmental conditions, reducing risks associated with outdated practices.
• Global Interconnectedness : In an increasingly interconnected world, the actions of corporations can have far-reaching consequences. Exploitative or environmentally harmful practices can lead to international backlash and boycotts.
• Environmental Stewardship : With growing concerns about climate change and environmental degradation, corporations should play a role in reducing their carbon footprint, conserving resources, and promoting sustainable practices.

However, it’s important to strike a balance. Corporations should not be burdened with excessive regulation that stifles innovation and growth. Moreover, while promoting well-being, they must also remain financially viable to continue their positive contributions to society.

105- Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application. Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty.

I agree with the claim that researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something with an immediate, practical application. The reason that supports this claim, which is the unpredictability of research outcomes, is a fundamental aspect of scientific inquiry.

• Serendipity in Discovery : Many groundbreaking discoveries throughout history were not the result of targeted research for practical applications but rather accidental findings during unrelated investigations. For instance, the discovery of penicillin, one of the most crucial antibiotics, was serendipitous. This highlights the importance of allowing research to explore unforeseen avenues.
• Basic Research and Applied Research : Research often consists of two broad categories: basic research, which seeks to understand fundamental principles, and applied research, which aims to address specific practical problems. Basic research may not have an immediate, obvious application, but it forms the foundation upon which practical applications are built. For instance, understanding the behavior of subatomic particles led to the development of technologies like MRI scanners.
• Innovation and Progress : By encouraging research across a wide spectrum of topics, we foster innovation and progress. Even if an immediate application is not evident, the knowledge and insights gained can lead to advancements in various fields. Restricting research to what is known or expected hinders the potential for transformative discoveries.
• Global Knowledge Growth : Research is a global endeavor, and new knowledge can be shared across borders. Limiting research to practical applications can hinder international collaboration and the sharing of diverse perspectives and expertise.
• Resource Allocation : While it’s important to support research with practical applications, allocating resources solely based on immediate utility neglects the importance of exploring the unknown. Resource allocation should strike a balance between immediate needs and long-term exploration.
• Unforeseen Benefits : Research conducted without specific practical goals often yields unforeseen benefits. These discoveries may not have been possible if researchers were constrained by a narrow focus on immediate applications.

106- Some people believe that our ever-increasing use of technology significantly reduces our opportunities for human interaction. Other people believe that technology provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connect with one another.

I believe that both views on the impact of technology have merit, and the balance between them depends on how individuals choose to use technology in their lives. Technology can both reduce opportunities for human interaction and provide new and better ways to communicate and connect with one another.

• Screen Time : Excessive use of technology, especially smartphones and social media, can lead to a decrease in face-to-face human interaction. People may become engrossed in their screens and miss out on personal interactions happening around them.
• Isolation : Some individuals may withdraw from in-person social activities in favor of online interactions, leading to feelings of isolation and loneliness.
• Superficial Relationships : Online communication can sometimes result in superficial or shallow relationships, where people may not truly connect on a deeper level.
• Global Connectivity : Technology has expanded our ability to connect with people globally. We can now communicate with friends, family, and colleagues regardless of geographical distances.
• Online Communities : The internet has given rise to various online communities, where individuals with shared interests or experiences can connect and provide support.
• Accessibility : Technology has made communication more accessible for people with disabilities, enhancing their ability to interact with others.
• Personal Choice : Ultimately, the impact of technology on human interaction is a matter of personal choice. Individuals can choose how they incorporate technology into their lives.
• Digital Detox : Some people actively seek ways to reduce their screen time and prioritize face-to-face interactions to maintain a healthy balance.

107- Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today. Reason: The world today is significantly more complex than it was even in the relatively recent past.

In considering whether knowledge of the past holds relevance in today’s complex world, it is essential to acknowledge the claim that the world has become significantly more intricate in recent times. While it is true that the modern era is characterized by unprecedented technological advancements, global interconnectivity, and intricate challenges, it is my firm belief that historical knowledge remains an invaluable asset for making important decisions today.

Indeed, the world today is marked by complexities that would have been unimaginable in the past. Rapid technological advancements, intricate global supply chains, and multifaceted geopolitical dynamics have contributed to this complexity. In this context, one might argue that historical knowledge, often rooted in simpler times, may seem less pertinent. However, it is crucial to recognize that despite the complexity of the modern world, the fundamental aspects of human nature and the recurring patterns of history persist.

Consider, for instance, the economic downturn of 2008. While the world of finance and global economics had evolved significantly since the Great Depression, the underlying principles of market crashes and the lessons learned from the past played a central role in shaping the response to the crisis. Policymakers drew upon historical knowledge to develop strategies to stabilize the financial system and stimulate economic recovery. This example illustrates that historical understanding can be directly applicable to contemporary challenges.

It is true that the pace of change in today’s world is rapid, but human nature and the broader currents of history remain relatively constant. The study of history provides insights into the motivations, behaviors, and consequences of human actions. Whether examining the rise and fall of empires, the causes of conflicts, or the evolution of societies, historical knowledge equips us with a deeper understanding of the forces at play in our interconnected world.

108- Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today. Reason: We are not able to make connections between current events and past events until we have some distance from both.

The claim that knowing about the past cannot help people make important decisions today is a perspective worth examining. However, I must respectfully disagree with this claim, as I believe that historical knowledge is an invaluable tool in shaping our decisions and actions in the present. The reason provided for this claim, that we need distance from both current and past events to make connections, is insufficient to discount the profound influence history can have on our decision-making.

First and foremost, historical knowledge offers us essential context for understanding the present. By studying past events, we can identify patterns, trends, and recurring themes in human behavior and societal developments. This context provides us with a deeper understanding of the root causes and consequences of current events. For example, knowledge of the Treaty of Versailles and its role in shaping the geopolitical landscape after World War I can shed light on the complexities of modern international relations and conflicts.

Furthermore, history provides us with a vast reservoir of case studies and lessons. It allows us to examine the successes and failures of previous generations, offering insights into effective and ineffective strategies and policies. Decision-makers in various fields, such as politics, economics, and diplomacy, often turn to historical analogies to inform their choices. For instance, the study of past economic recessions and recoveries can guide policymakers in crafting responses to contemporary economic challenges.

The claim suggests that we need distance from both current and past events to make connections, implying that historical analysis requires a detached perspective. However, history is not static; it is constantly evolving as new information emerges and fresh perspectives are applied. Historical events are often reinterpreted, and new connections can be made as our understanding deepens. Therefore, we do not necessarily need complete detachment from current events to glean valuable insights from history. In fact, analyzing recent history, while maintaining awareness of its potential biases, can be particularly enlightening, as it bridges the gap between past and present.

109- Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.

The question of whether educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers is a complex and contentious issue. While there are merits to aligning education with future job prospects, this approach should be balanced with a commitment to the broader goals of education, such as personal growth, intellectual development, and societal well-being.

First, let’s examine the advantages of encouraging students to pursue fields with high earning potential. In a rapidly changing job market, having skills that are in demand can enhance students’ employability and financial stability. Encouraging students to enter such fields may lead to higher post-graduation incomes, reducing the burden of student debt and improving their overall quality of life. This approach may also help address specific workforce shortages in critical sectors like healthcare, engineering, and technology.

However, the exclusive focus on lucrative careers can have negative consequences. It may lead to a narrow, utilitarian view of education, where the primary goal is to secure a high-paying job rather than fostering critical thinking, creativity, and a well-rounded understanding of the world. This approach can undermine the intrinsic value of education and diminish the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake.

Moreover, an excessive emphasis on lucrative careers may disproportionately affect certain fields that are essential for societal progress but may not offer high salaries. For example, careers in teaching, social work, or the arts are vital to the well-being of society, yet they often pay less than other professions. Discouraging students from pursuing such fields could lead to shortages in these critical areas.

Encouraging students to focus solely on lucrative careers can also perpetuate inequalities. Students from disadvantaged backgrounds may face barriers to entering certain high-paying professions, such as the cost of education or lack of access to resources. This policy may further widen the wealth gap, as some students are discouraged from pursuing their passions or fields of interest due to financial concerns.

110- Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.

The question of whether educational institutions should dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed is a complex and contentious issue. While it is essential for institutions to provide guidance and support to students, it is equally important to respect individuals’ autonomy and their right to make informed decisions about their educational and career paths. I believe that educational institutions should not dissuade students outright but should instead provide information, resources, and counseling to help students make informed choices.

Firstly, it is crucial to acknowledge that success in any field is not solely determined by innate ability but also by factors like passion, determination, and hard work. Many individuals have defied initial odds and stereotypes to excel in fields that may not have seemed like natural fits for them. Encouraging students to pursue their interests and passions, even if they face initial challenges, can lead to personal growth and fulfillment.

Moreover, dissuading students based on perceived lack of aptitude can reinforce stereotypes and biases, limiting diversity in various professions. For example, if women or minority students are dissuaded from pursuing careers in STEM fields because of stereotypes about their abilities, this can perpetuate underrepresentation and hinder progress toward equality.

However, this does not mean that educational institutions should leave students entirely to their own devices. Instead, they should play an active role in providing comprehensive career counseling and resources. This can include aptitude tests, mentorship programs, and access to information about various fields and industries. By offering these resources, institutions can empower students to make informed decisions about their educational and career paths.

For instance, a student interested in pursuing a career in medicine but struggling with specific science courses might benefit from additional tutoring or alternative pathways, such as pursuing healthcare administration or medical research. This way, they can still align their interests with their strengths while exploring various options within their chosen field.

111- Some people believe that competition for high grades motivates students to excel in the classroom. Others believe that such competition seriously limits the quality of real learning.

The debate over whether competition for high grades in the classroom motivates students to excel or limits the quality of real learning is a complex issue. Both perspectives have valid points, and my position aligns more closely with the belief that while competition can be a motivating factor, it should not be the sole or primary driver of learning.

Competition can indeed serve as a powerful motivator for some students. When students strive to outperform their peers and achieve top grades, they often dedicate more time and effort to their studies. This heightened effort can lead to increased engagement with course material, better retention of knowledge, and improved academic performance. Furthermore, competition can simulate real-world situations where individuals are motivated to excel in their careers to achieve success.

However, it is essential to recognize the limitations of excessive competition for high grades. When the pursuit of top grades becomes the primary focus, students may resort to tactics like memorization and cramming to meet the grading criteria rather than genuinely understanding and internalizing the subject matter. This “grade-oriented” approach can lead to a superficial understanding of the material and hinder critical thinking skills, creativity, and a deeper appreciation for the subject.

Moreover, excessive competition can have detrimental effects on students’ mental health and overall well-being. The pressure to consistently perform at the highest level can lead to stress, anxiety, and burnout, which can negatively impact both academic success and personal development.

To strike a balance, educational institutions should promote a learning environment that values both competition and collaboration. Healthy competition can motivate students, but it should be complemented by an emphasis on the quality of learning. This includes encouraging critical thinking, problem-solving, and a genuine interest in the subject matter. Grading systems should reflect not only achievement but also the depth of understanding and application of knowledge.

112- Claim: Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts. Reason: Politicians and other government experts are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.

I disagree with the claim that major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts solely because they are more informed and possess better judgment and perspective than members of the general public. While government officials often have expertise and access to information, there are compelling reasons to involve the public in the decision-making process and to exercise caution when concentrating power solely within the government.

First, it is crucial to recognize that a healthy democracy values the input of its citizens. Public participation in major policy decisions is fundamental to democratic governance. Decisions made by elected officials should reflect the will and interests of the people they serve. Excluding the public from these decisions can erode the principles of democracy and lead to a lack of accountability in government.

Second, the claim assumes that politicians and government experts are infallible, which is not the case. Like anyone else, they can be influenced by personal biases, political agendas, or special interests. Public oversight and involvement serve as a crucial check and balance against potential abuses of power. Public scrutiny can help identify potential flaws or unintended consequences in policies that might otherwise go unnoticed.

Third, the idea that government experts always have better judgment and perspective than the public oversimplifies the complexity of major policy decisions. Many decisions require a multifaceted approach that takes into account various perspectives, including those of the affected communities. Policymaking often benefits from a diversity of viewpoints, which can lead to more robust and well-rounded solutions.

Additionally, relying solely on government experts can foster distrust among the public. If decisions are made behind closed doors without transparency or public input, it can create a sense of exclusion and alienation among citizens. Public buy-in and support for policies are more likely when people feel they have had a voice in the decision-making process.

113- Some people believe that universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. Others believe that universities should not force students to take any courses other than those that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields.

I believe that universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside their field of study. While preparing students for their chosen careers is essential, a well-rounded education that includes a diverse range of courses outside their major offers significant benefits in personal growth, critical thinking, and adaptability to an evolving job market.

First and foremost, requiring students to take courses outside their major encourages intellectual curiosity and personal growth. It exposes them to different perspectives, ideas, and areas of knowledge they might not have encountered otherwise. This breadth of learning can lead to a more well-rounded and culturally aware individual, which is essential in a globalized world where interdisciplinary knowledge is increasingly valuable.

Second, these courses foster critical thinking skills that are applicable to any career. Many of the challenges we face today are complex and multifaceted, requiring individuals to think critically, solve problems creatively, and communicate effectively. Exposure to a variety of subjects encourages students to approach problems from different angles and develop a broader skill set.

Furthermore, a diverse education prepares students for a changing job market. The reality is that many people will change careers multiple times throughout their lives, and the job market constantly evolves. A well-rounded education provides a strong foundation that allows individuals to adapt to new career opportunities and challenges, even outside their original field of study.

It’s important to note that while specialization in one’s chosen field is crucial, an exclusive focus on job-related coursework may limit a student’s ability to adapt to changing circumstances. For example, a computer science major who has taken courses in ethics, communication, or history will not only excel in their technical skills but also be better equipped to understand the ethical implications of their work, collaborate effectively with colleagues from diverse backgrounds, and navigate complex societal issues related to technology.

In contrast, the view that universities should only focus on job preparation neglects the broader educational goals that universities should aim to achieve. A university education should be about more than just job training; it should empower individuals to be informed, thoughtful, and adaptable members of society.

114- It is more harmful to compromise one's own beliefs than to adhere to them.

I disagree with the statement that it is more harmful to compromise one’s own beliefs than to adhere to them without flexibility. The extent to which compromising one’s beliefs is harmful depends on the situation and the nature of the beliefs in question. In many cases, flexibility and compromise can lead to positive outcomes, while rigid adherence to one’s beliefs can be detrimental.

Firstly, it’s important to recognize that not all beliefs are universally right or wrong. Beliefs can be deeply personal and influenced by cultural, societal, or individual factors. In situations where different beliefs come into conflict, compromise can be a constructive way to find common ground and maintain harmony. For example, in politics or diplomacy, compromise often leads to peaceful resolutions and cooperation between parties with differing beliefs. Failing to compromise in such situations can result in conflict, which can be far more harmful.

Secondly, rigidity in beliefs can hinder personal growth and the ability to adapt to changing circumstances. Society and individuals evolve, and what was once a strongly held belief may no longer be relevant or effective. Being open to new ideas and willing to adjust one’s beliefs can lead to personal development and a better understanding of the world. In contrast, refusing to compromise can lead to isolation and an inability to engage meaningfully with diverse perspectives.

Moreover, extreme adherence to certain beliefs can lead to harmful outcomes, such as discrimination, intolerance, and violence. History has shown that societies that rigidly adhered to discriminatory beliefs, such as racism or sexism, have caused immense harm to marginalized groups. In such cases, compromise and the willingness to reevaluate one’s beliefs are essential for promoting social justice and equality.

However, it’s crucial to acknowledge that there are situations where compromising one’s core values and principles may indeed be harmful. For instance, compromising on matters of personal integrity, morality, or human rights can lead to negative consequences. In such cases, individuals may choose not to compromise even if it means facing challenges or adversity.

115- Claim: Colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students. Reason: College students — like people in general — prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions.

I disagree with the claim that colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate elective courses to provide clear guidance for students. While clear academic pathways can be beneficial, removing all elective courses would undermine the principles of choice, personalization, and critical thinking that are integral to higher education.

Firstly, elective courses play a crucial role in allowing students to explore their interests and passions beyond their major or core curriculum. They provide an opportunity for students to broaden their horizons, discover new subjects, and develop a more well-rounded education. Eliminating electives would stifle intellectual curiosity and deprive students of the chance to delve into areas that genuinely engage them.

Moreover, elective courses allow students to tailor their education to their career goals and personal development. Not all students have the same aspirations, and electives permit them to specialize in areas that align with their future professions or personal aspirations. A one-size-fits-all approach with only required courses would not cater to the diversity of career paths and individual interests.

Additionally, higher education is not merely about following directions but fostering critical thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making skills. Elective courses often require students to make choices about what they want to study, helping them develop the capacity to make informed decisions. This ability is valuable in both academic and real-world contexts.

Furthermore, the claim assumes that all students prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions, which is an oversimplification. While some students may appreciate more structured programs, many others value the autonomy to explore their intellectual interests and build their own educational experiences.

116- No field of study can advance significantly unless it incorporates knowledge and experience from outside that field.

I strongly agree with the statement that no field of study can advance significantly unless it incorporates knowledge and experience from outside that field. Interdisciplinary collaboration and the integration of diverse perspectives are essential for the advancement of knowledge and innovation in any domain.

Firstly, the boundaries between academic disciplines are becoming increasingly porous as our understanding of complex issues grows. Many of today’s most pressing challenges, such as climate change, healthcare, and artificial intelligence, require insights from multiple fields to find effective solutions. For example, addressing climate change involves not only scientific knowledge but also economic, political, and social considerations. Without interdisciplinary collaboration, it’s challenging to develop comprehensive and sustainable solutions.

Moreover, innovation often occurs at the intersections of disciplines. Many groundbreaking discoveries and inventions have emerged when ideas from one field were applied to another. For instance, the development of MRI technology involved principles from physics and engineering applied to medical imaging. These cross-disciplinary interactions drive progress and lead to the development of new fields of study.

Additionally, considering different perspectives and experiences from outside a specific field can lead to more comprehensive and ethical outcomes. When experts collaborate with professionals from diverse backgrounds, they can identify potential biases, unintended consequences, and ethical dilemmas that might be overlooked within a single discipline.

However, it’s essential to acknowledge that interdisciplinary collaboration can be challenging. There may be differences in terminology, methodologies, and approaches between fields, making effective communication and integration of knowledge more complex. Furthermore, the academic structure and reward systems in some institutions may not sufficiently incentivize interdisciplinary work.

117- True success can be measured primarily in terms of the goals one sets for oneself.

I agree with the statement that true success can be measured primarily in terms of the goals one sets for oneself. However, the assessment of success is a nuanced concept that can vary from person to person and situation to situation.

Firstly, success is a deeply personal and subjective notion. What one individual considers success might not align with another’s definition. Success is not solely about achieving external markers of accomplishment, such as wealth, fame, or societal recognition. Instead, it often revolves around whether an individual feels fulfilled, content, and satisfied with their achievements.

Setting personal goals plays a crucial role in defining success. Goals give people direction, purpose, and motivation. When individuals set their own goals, they are more likely to be passionate and dedicated to achieving them. This intrinsic motivation often leads to a greater sense of fulfillment when those goals are realized.

Furthermore, personal goals allow for adaptability and personal growth. Success isn’t always about achieving the final destination but can also involve the journey and the learning experiences along the way. People may adjust their goals as they gain new insights or face changing circumstances, which can lead to personal development and a broader sense of achievement.

However, it’s essential to acknowledge that the pursuit of personal goals does not occur in a vacuum. External factors and societal norms can influence how individuals perceive success. These external pressures can sometimes lead people to set goals that do not align with their true desires, potentially resulting in feelings of dissatisfaction even if they achieve those goals.

118- The general welfare of a nation's people is a better indication of that nation's greatness than are the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.

I agree with the claim that the general welfare of a nation’s people is a better indication of that nation’s greatness than the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. While the achievements of individuals in leadership, arts, or science can be significant, they should ultimately serve the well-being of the population as a whole. Here are some reasons to support this view:

• Human-Centered Perspective : The primary purpose of any government or society should be the well-being of its citizens. When the general population enjoys a high standard of living, access to education, healthcare, and a safe environment, it reflects the success of the nation. Greatness should be measured by the quality of life for all, not just the accomplishments of a few.
• Sustainability : A nation’s greatness should extend into the future, and this requires the well-being of its people. Achievements in arts or sciences, while valuable, do not necessarily ensure the long-term stability and progress of a society. A thriving and content population is more likely to contribute to the continued success of a nation.
• Inclusivity : Focusing solely on the achievements of rulers, artists, or scientists can leave out the contributions of ordinary citizens. Greatness should recognize the collective efforts and contributions of everyone within a society, not just a select few. The general welfare metric acknowledges and values every individual’s role in a nation’s success.
• Global Reputation : A nation’s reputation on the global stage is often shaped by how well it takes care of its citizens. Countries with a high quality of life for their people tend to have a positive international image. This international reputation can be considered a reflection of a nation’s greatness.

However, it’s important to acknowledge that there can be counterarguments. Some might argue that the achievements of exceptional individuals in various fields bring prestige and cultural enrichment to a nation. While this is true, these achievements should ideally contribute to the well-being of the population, directly or indirectly.

119- The best test of an argument is the argument's ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint.

I agree with the statement that the best test of an argument is its ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint. Persuading someone who disagrees requires a more robust and well-structured argument. Here are my reasons for this position:

• Critical Thinking and Depth : When presenting an argument to someone with an opposing viewpoint, you are forced to dig deeper into your own position. You need to anticipate counterarguments and address them effectively. This process promotes critical thinking and ensures that your argument is well-founded and thorough.
• Balance and Fairness : Convincing someone with an opposing viewpoint often requires presenting a balanced perspective. This means acknowledging the strengths of their argument, where applicable, and then providing compelling reasons why your viewpoint is more valid. This fairness and objectivity enhance the credibility of your argument.
• Strengthening the Argument : Addressing opposing viewpoints head-on can help strengthen your argument. By doing so, you demonstrate that your position is well-reasoned and backed by evidence. It shows that you’ve considered alternative perspectives and can convincingly refute them.
• Engagement and Open Dialogue : Persuading someone with an opposing viewpoint often leads to constructive dialogue. It fosters open communication, where both parties can learn from each other. This exchange of ideas can lead to more refined and comprehensive arguments.
• Real-World Application : In daily life, we often encounter situations where we need to persuade people with differing opinions, whether in politics, business, or personal matters. The ability to effectively convince others with opposing viewpoints is a valuable skill with real-world applications.

For instance, consider a political debate. A candidate who can persuasively argue their stance to voters with opposing views is more likely to gain their support. Similarly, in business negotiations, convincing the other party to accept your terms often involves addressing their concerns and providing compelling reasons.

120- The effectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining the well- being of that country's citizens

I strongly agree with the statement that the effectiveness of a country’s leaders is best measured by examining the well-being of that country’s citizens. The well-being of citizens should be the paramount goal of any government, and here are my reasons for this position:

• Government’s Primary Responsibility : The primary role of any government is to serve its citizens and ensure their well-being. Leaders are elected or appointed to make decisions and policies that benefit the people they represent. Therefore, the ultimate measure of their effectiveness is how well they fulfill this fundamental responsibility.
• Quality of Life : The well-being of citizens is reflected in their quality of life, which includes factors such as access to education, healthcare, employment opportunities, a clean environment, and social services. Effective leaders work to improve these aspects of citizens’ lives.
• Social Welfare and Justice : Effective leadership involves promoting social welfare and justice. Leaders must work to reduce inequalities, protect the vulnerable, and ensure that the benefits of society are distributed fairly. Examining the well-being of citizens is a direct way to assess progress in these areas.
• Economic Prosperity : The economic well-being of citizens is closely tied to effective leadership. Leaders who manage the economy effectively create jobs, stimulate growth, and ensure economic stability. A prosperous economy contributes significantly to citizens’ well-being.
• Public Health and Safety : Effective leadership is crucial for public health and safety. Leaders are responsible for policies and actions that protect citizens from threats like pandemics, natural disasters, and security risks. These efforts directly impact the well-being and safety of the population.
• Social Cohesion : Effective leaders promote social cohesion and unity within a nation. This includes fostering an environment where diverse populations can coexist peacefully and harmoniously. Social harmony is essential for the overall well-being of citizens.
• Global Reputation : A country’s global reputation is often tied to the well-being of its citizens. Nations with happy, healthy, and prosperous populations tend to have a positive image on the international stage, which can lead to beneficial diplomatic and economic relations.

However, it is important to acknowledge that there may be situations where this statement might not hold true. For instance, in times of war or national crisis, leaders may need to make difficult decisions that temporarily impact citizens’ well-being for the greater good or national security. In such cases, the assessment of leaders’ effectiveness may require a broader perspective.

121- Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state

I strongly agree that nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state. The protection of wilderness areas is crucial for several compelling reasons:

• Biodiversity Conservation : Wilderness areas are home to diverse ecosystems and a wide variety of plant and animal species. These areas often contain species that are unique and not found elsewhere. By preserving wilderness, we protect biodiversity, which is essential for ecological balance and the health of our planet.
• Ecosystem Services : Wilderness areas provide critical ecosystem services, including water purification, carbon sequestration, and climate regulation. They act as natural buffers against floods and wildfires and help mitigate the effects of climate change. Preserving these areas is essential for the well-being of both nature and humans.
• Scientific and Educational Value : Wilderness areas serve as living laboratories for scientific research and environmental education. They offer opportunities for studying natural processes, conducting long-term ecological studies, and learning about the interconnectedness of ecosystems. Such knowledge is invaluable for sustainable resource management.
• Recreation and Mental Health : Wilderness areas offer recreational opportunities such as hiking, camping, and wildlife observation. These activities promote physical and mental well-being and provide a source of relaxation and inspiration for people. Preserving these spaces enhances the overall quality of life.
• Cultural and Indigenous Importance : Many wilderness areas hold cultural and spiritual significance for indigenous communities. Preserving these areas respects the heritage and rights of these communities and acknowledges the intrinsic value of these lands beyond their ecological importance.

However, some arguments challenge the idea of preserving wilderness areas in their natural state:

• Resource Extraction : Critics argue that wilderness areas may contain valuable natural resources like minerals, timber, or energy sources. They suggest that exploiting these resources can boost a nation’s economy. However, this often comes at the cost of irreversible damage to the environment.
• Land Use Conflicts : Some argue that designating areas as wilderness can lead to conflicts over land use, restricting activities such as agriculture, logging, or urban development. However, the long-term benefits of wilderness preservation outweigh short-term economic gains.
• Limited Accessibility : Opponents may contend that wilderness preservation restricts public access to these areas, making them less available for recreation. While there may be some limitations, well-managed wilderness areas often include designated trails and campsites to balance conservation with access.

122- In any field — business, politics, education, government — those in power should be required to step down after five years.

The idea that individuals in positions of power should be required to step down after five years is a topic that warrants careful consideration. While it has its merits, I believe that a blanket policy of forcing all leaders to step down after a fixed period may not be the best approach. My position is based on a consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of such a policy.

First, let’s explore the advantages of a mandatory term limit:

• Preventing Entrenchment : Requiring leaders to step down after a set period can help prevent the entrenchment of power. This can reduce the risk of leaders becoming complacent, unaccountable, or corrupt over time.
• Encouraging Fresh Ideas : Frequent turnover can bring fresh perspectives and ideas to leadership roles. New leaders may be more willing to embrace innovative approaches and address emerging challenges.
• Reducing Corruption : Lengthy stays in power can increase the likelihood of corruption. A fixed term limit can act as a safeguard against the misuse of authority for personal gain.

However, there are also significant drawbacks to such a policy:

• Loss of Experienced Leadership : Requiring leaders to step down after a short period may lead to a loss of experienced leadership. Continuity and stability can be crucial in fields like diplomacy, where relationships and negotiations take time to develop.
• Ineffectual Leadership : Leaders might focus on short-term achievements to secure their legacy rather than addressing long-term issues. This could result in a lack of strategic planning and vision.
• Democratic Choice : Term limits could undermine the principle of democratic choice. If leaders are performing well and enjoy popular support, they should have the option to be reelected.
• Learning Curve : Leadership often involves a learning curve. Frequent changes may prevent leaders from gaining the experience and expertise necessary to make effective decisions.

To strike a balance, a more nuanced approach could be considered. Instead of mandatory term limits, mechanisms for accountability and evaluation should be in place. Regular performance assessments, transparency in decision-making, and avenues for public input can help ensure that leaders are accountable throughout their terms. Additionally, limits could be tailored to specific contexts. For instance, five years might be appropriate in some situations, while longer terms could be justified in others.

123- Some people claim that the goal of politics should be the pursuit of an ideal. Others argue that the goal should be finding common ground and reaching reasonable consensus

The goal of politics is a topic that has long been debated, and there are valid points on both sides of the argument. However, I believe that the pursuit of an ideal, while noble, may not always be the most practical or effective approach in the complex realm of politics. Instead, finding common ground and reaching reasonable consensus appears to be a more pragmatic and ultimately more beneficial goal.

Here’s why I hold this position:

• Realism and Pragmatism : Politics often deals with a wide range of opinions and interests, making it challenging to pursue a single, idealistic goal. In a diverse society, not everyone will share the same vision of the ideal. Emphasizing consensus and common ground recognizes the necessity of compromise and practicality in achieving progress.
• Stability and Social Cohesion : Prioritizing consensus can lead to more stable governance and greater social cohesion. When political leaders work to find common ground, it reduces polarization and fosters unity among citizens. This is especially important in times of social and political division.
• Effective Governance : In practice, governance requires making decisions that address the needs and concerns of the majority. While pursuing an ideal may appeal to a specific group, it may not serve the broader population. Effective governance should aim to benefit the greatest number of people, and consensus-building helps achieve this goal.
• Incremental Progress : Real change often occurs incrementally. By seeking common ground and consensus, policymakers can implement policies and reforms that are more likely to be accepted and sustained over time. This gradual approach can lead to meaningful, lasting improvements.
• Democratic Principles : Democracy is built on the idea of representing the will of the people. Pursuing an ideal without considering the diverse views of citizens can undermine this principle. Consensus-building respects the input of various stakeholders and ensures that decisions are made with broad support.
• Conflict Resolution : Politics is not just about pursuing one’s own interests but also about resolving conflicts between competing interests. Emphasizing consensus facilitates peaceful conflict resolution and reduces the likelihood of political gridlock or extremism.

124- The best way to solve environmental problems caused by consumer-generated waste is for towns and cities to impose strict limits on the amount of trash they will accept from each household.

I agree with the claim that imposing strict limits on the amount of trash accepted from each household is an effective way to address environmental problems caused by consumer-generated waste. Such measures have the potential to encourage waste reduction, increase recycling rates, and ultimately reduce the burden on landfills and the environment. However, it’s essential to consider the challenges and potential counterarguments associated with this approach.

Here are the reasons why I support this claim:

• Promotes Waste Reduction : When households are limited in the amount of trash they can dispose of, they have an incentive to reduce their waste generation. This encourages individuals and families to be more mindful of their consumption habits and to find ways to minimize waste.
• Boosts Recycling and Composting : Stricter waste limits often go hand in hand with improved recycling and composting programs. When people have limits on trash disposal, they are more likely to recycle materials like paper, glass, and plastic and compost organic waste, diverting these materials from landfills.
• Reduces Environmental Impact : Landfills are harmful to the environment due to the release of greenhouse gases and toxic substances. Limiting the amount of waste going to landfills can mitigate these environmental impacts, contributing to cleaner air and water.
• Saves Resources : Reducing waste and promoting recycling conserves valuable natural resources. Recycling materials like metals, paper, and plastics reduces the need for virgin resources, such as mining for metals or cutting down trees for paper production.
• Encourages Responsible Consumption : Waste limits encourage consumers to make more thoughtful choices about the products they buy. When people know they have limited space for waste, they are more likely to opt for products with less packaging or items that can be recycled or composted.

However, it’s important to acknowledge potential counterarguments against strict waste limits:

• Equity Concerns : Some argue that waste limits may disproportionately affect low-income households, as they may have fewer resources to manage waste reduction effectively. Policymakers must consider equity issues when implementing such measures.
• Enforcement Challenges : Enforcing waste limits can be challenging, and it may lead to illegal dumping or other undesirable behaviors. Effective monitoring and enforcement mechanisms must be in place.
• Behavioral Resistance : Some people may resist waste limits and seek alternative disposal methods, such as illegal dumping or burning trash, which can have adverse environmental consequences.

125- We learn our most valuable lessons in life from struggling with our limitations rather than from enjoying our successes.

I agree with the claim that we often learn our most valuable lessons in life from struggling with our limitations rather than from enjoying our successes. While successes can provide moments of joy and validation, it is through facing and overcoming challenges and limitations that we gain deeper insights, resilience, and personal growth. However, it’s important to acknowledge that both success and struggle play essential roles in our lives.

• Resilience and Adaptability : When we confront limitations or encounter obstacles, we are forced to adapt and find new solutions. These challenges test our resilience and problem-solving skills, helping us become more adaptable individuals.
• Self-Discovery : Struggles often lead to self-discovery. We learn about our strengths and weaknesses, what truly matters to us, and what we are passionate about when we face limitations. These insights can guide our life choices and goals.
• Empathy and Compassion : Personal struggles can foster empathy and compassion for others who face similar challenges. When we experience difficulties, we gain a greater understanding of the human condition and can offer support and empathy to others in their times of need.
• Character Development : Overcoming limitations and adversity can shape our character positively. It encourages qualities such as determination, patience, perseverance, and humility, which are often more important in personal and professional development than fleeting successes.
• Learning from Failure : Failure is a powerful teacher. Many successful individuals have experienced significant setbacks and failures in their journeys. These failures provide valuable lessons that lead to future successes.
• Building Confidence : When we overcome limitations, we gain confidence in our abilities. This self-assurance can lead to more enduring and meaningful success because it is built on a foundation of resilience and personal growth.

However, it’s essential to recognize that both success and struggle contribute to our overall life experiences. Success can motivate us, provide a sense of accomplishment, and lead to enjoyable moments. Furthermore, not all struggles result in personal growth; sometimes, they can be disheartening or overwhelming.

126- Claim: While boredom is often expressed with a sense of self-satisfaction, it should really be a source of embarrassment. Reason: Boredom arises from a lack of imagination and self-motivation.

I strongly disagree with the claim that boredom should be a source of embarrassment and the reason that it arises from a lack of imagination and self-motivation. Boredom is a complex and multifaceted emotional state that cannot be reduced to a mere indicator of personal shortcomings. It can be a natural response to various circumstances and is not necessarily indicative of an individual’s lack of imagination or self-motivation.

Here are several reasons why I disagree with the claim:

• Natural Human Emotion : Boredom is a common and natural human emotion experienced by everyone at some point in life, regardless of their level of imagination or self-motivation. It can occur when people are subjected to repetitive tasks, have unmet needs for mental or physical stimulation, or when they are in situations beyond their control.
• Stimulus-Dependent : Boredom often arises from external factors, such as a lack of engaging activities or uninteresting environments. It does not necessarily reflect an individual’s internal qualities like imagination or self-motivation. For instance, even highly imaginative and motivated individuals may experience boredom when they are subjected to monotonous or unstimulating circumstances.
• Diverse Causes : Boredom can result from various causes, including external constraints (e.g., being stuck in a long queue), situational factors (e.g., unchallenging work), or personal factors (e.g., mood or fatigue). It is overly simplistic to attribute it solely to a lack of imagination and self-motivation.
• Potential for Creativity : Boredom can actually stimulate creativity and self-reflection. When people are bored, they may be more inclined to seek out novel experiences, engage in daydreaming, or reflect on their goals and desires. Some of the most innovative ideas have arisen during moments of idleness or boredom.
• Unrealistic Expectations : Expecting individuals never to experience boredom is unrealistic and places undue pressure on them. Boredom is a transient and temporary emotion that naturally occurs throughout life. It should not be a source of embarrassment or self-criticism.

127- Some people believe that the most important qualities of an effective teacher are understanding and empathy. Others believe that it is more important for teachers to be rigorous and demanding in their expectations for students.

The qualities of an effective teacher are multifaceted, and both understanding/empathy and rigor/demanding expectations play important roles in effective teaching. However, the emphasis on these qualities can vary depending on the context and the needs of the students. Personally, I believe that effective teaching requires a balanced approach that incorporates both understanding/empathy and rigor/demanding expectations.

Understanding and empathy are essential qualities for effective teaching because they foster a positive and supportive learning environment. When teachers understand the diverse backgrounds, needs, and learning styles of their students, they can tailor their instruction to meet individual needs. Empathy allows teachers to connect with students on a personal level, creating trust and rapport that can enhance the learning experience. Moreover, understanding and empathy enable teachers to identify and address challenges or obstacles that students may face, which can lead to more successful outcomes.

On the other hand, rigor and demanding expectations are equally crucial. Setting high standards for students can motivate them to strive for excellence and achieve their full potential. Rigor encourages critical thinking, problem-solving, and intellectual growth. Teachers who challenge their students help prepare them for the demands of the real world, where high standards and a strong work ethic are often required for success. Rigorous teaching can also instill a sense of discipline and responsibility in students, which can benefit them throughout their lives.

The effectiveness of teaching lies in finding the right balance between these qualities. Too much emphasis on understanding and empathy at the expense of rigor may result in lowered expectations and limited academic growth. Conversely, an excessive focus on rigor without understanding and empathy can create a hostile or discouraging learning environment that hinders students’ motivation and engagement.

128- Claim: Though often considered an objective pursuit, learning about the historical past requires creativity. Reason: Because we can never know the past directly, we must reconstruct it by imaginatively interpreting historical accounts, documents, and artifacts

I agree with the claim that learning about the historical past requires creativity. The reason provided, that we must reconstruct the past by imaginatively interpreting historical accounts, documents, and artifacts, is a compelling explanation for why creativity is essential in the study of history.

History is not a static, unchanging record but rather a collection of fragments, documents, and narratives that are often incomplete or biased. To gain a deeper understanding of historical events and societies, historians must engage in a form of creative reconstruction. Here’s why creativity is crucial in the study of history:

• Interpretation of Ambiguous Evidence: Historical evidence can be ambiguous or open to multiple interpretations. Creative thinking allows historians to connect the dots, fill in gaps, and make informed judgments about what might have happened based on the available evidence. This interpretive process often involves considering alternative scenarios and perspectives.
• Empathetic Understanding: To truly understand historical figures and cultures, historians must empathize with the people of the past. Empathy requires a degree of creativity to step into the shoes of individuals who lived in very different times and circumstances, allowing historians to grasp their motivations, emotions, and worldviews.
• Filling in Gaps: Historical records are often incomplete, with many events and voices left undocumented. Historians must use their creative faculties to construct narratives that make sense of the available information while acknowledging what remains unknown. This creative storytelling is an essential aspect of historical scholarship.
• Revisionist Perspectives: Over time, new historical perspectives and paradigms emerge as a result of creative reevaluations of existing knowledge. Historians must be open to reconsidering established narratives and be willing to explore alternative interpretations that challenge the status quo.
• Synthesizing Complex Information: History often involves complex, multifaceted issues that require creative thinking to synthesize diverse sources of information and draw meaningful conclusions. Creative approaches can help historians make sense of contradictory evidence and identify underlying patterns and trends.

129- Claim: No act is done purely for the benefit of others. Reason: All actions — even those that seem to be done for other people — are based on self-interest

I disagree with the claim that no act is done purely for the benefit of others, and I also find the reason provided, that all actions are based on self-interest, to be overly simplistic. While it is true that many human actions may have self-interest as a component, it is an oversimplification to assert that all actions are solely driven by self-interest. There are several reasons why I hold this view:

• Altruism: Throughout history, countless examples exist of individuals and communities engaging in selfless acts for the benefit of others. Altruism, the selfless concern for the well-being of others, is a fundamental aspect of human nature. People often engage in acts of kindness, charity, and volunteerism without expecting any direct personal gain.
• Empathy and Compassion: Human beings have the capacity for empathy and compassion, which enable them to understand and share in the feelings of others. These emotions can lead individuals to take actions aimed at alleviating the suffering or improving the lives of others, driven by a genuine concern for their well-being.
• Sacrifice: History is replete with stories of individuals who have made significant personal sacrifices, including risking their lives, for the benefit of others. Soldiers who protect their country, parents who make sacrifices for their children, and individuals who donate organs to save lives are all examples of actions that prioritize the welfare of others over self-interest.
• Cultural and Moral Values: Many societies and cultures place a strong emphasis on values such as altruism, kindness, and generosity. These values often influence people’s behaviors, encouraging them to act in ways that benefit others and the community as a whole.
• Reciprocity and Social Bonds: Human societies are built on complex webs of social bonds and reciprocity. People often engage in acts of goodwill and cooperation because they recognize that such actions can ultimately benefit themselves indirectly by strengthening social bonds, building trust, and fostering cooperation within their communities.

130- To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities.

I partially agree with the statement that to understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities. While major cities can indeed provide valuable insights into certain aspects of a society, it is important to recognize that a comprehensive understanding of a society requires a more holistic approach that goes beyond urban centers. Here are some considerations that shape my position:

• Cultural Diversity : Major cities often exhibit cultural diversity and serve as hubs for different communities. Studying cities can provide insights into multiculturalism, integration, and the dynamics of coexistence among various ethnic, religious, and social groups. However, to truly understand a society’s cultural diversity, one should also explore rural areas and smaller towns where distinct cultural practices and traditions may prevail.
• Economic Dynamics : Cities are typically economic engines, and studying them can shed light on economic activities, industries, and income disparities within a society. Nevertheless, rural areas and small towns also play crucial roles in a nation’s economy, especially in sectors like agriculture and manufacturing. Ignoring these areas may result in an incomplete understanding of a society’s economic landscape.
• Political and Social Issues : Major cities are often centers of political activity and social movements. They can provide insights into political ideologies, social activism, and urban challenges. However, it is essential to recognize that rural areas and smaller communities have their own unique political and social dynamics, which can differ significantly from those in cities. Understanding the full spectrum of a society’s political and social issues requires a broader geographical perspective.
• Environmental Impact : Cities tend to have distinct environmental challenges, such as pollution and resource consumption. While studying these issues is important, it is equally crucial to consider how a society interacts with its natural environment across both urban and rural areas. This perspective helps in comprehending a society’s overall environmental impact and sustainability practices.
• Historical and Traditional Aspects : Rural areas often preserve historical and traditional aspects of a society, including folklore, traditional craftsmanship, and ancient practices. Neglecting these areas can result in the loss of valuable cultural heritage that contributes to a society’s identity.

131- Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.

I disagree with the claim that educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed. While it is essential for educational institutions to provide guidance and support to students, discouraging them from pursuing their interests and passions can be counterproductive. Here are some reasons for my disagreement:

• Individual Autonomy : Students should have the autonomy to choose their fields of study based on their interests, talents, and career aspirations. Discouraging them from pursuing certain fields infringes upon their right to make informed decisions about their education and future.
• Personal Growth : Pursuing challenging or unconventional fields can lead to personal growth and development. Students often learn valuable skills such as perseverance, problem-solving, and adaptability when they face academic challenges. Restricting their choices may limit opportunities for personal development.
• Changing Circumstances : A student’s potential for success in a particular field may change over time. Factors like improved study habits, changing career goals, or access to better resources can positively influence a student’s academic journey. Discouragement based on past performance may not account for these dynamic factors.
• Diverse Contributions : A diverse and inclusive society benefits from individuals with a wide range of skills and interests. Encouraging students to explore various fields contributes to a diverse workforce and encourages innovation and creativity.
• Motivation and Passion : Students who are passionate about their chosen fields are more likely to excel and make significant contributions. Discouraging them from pursuing their passions can lead to disengagement and lower academic performance.
• Varied Definitions of Success : Success is subjective and can be defined in various ways. Some students may prioritize personal fulfillment and happiness over financial success. By discouraging them from pursuing certain fields, we limit their ability to define success on their terms.
• Unpredictable Future : Predicting the future success of a student in a particular field can be challenging. Many factors contribute to success, including dedication, mentorship, and perseverance. Some of the most successful individuals faced initial setbacks and failures.

132- Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.

I disagree with the claim that scandals are inherently useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could. While scandals can draw attention to issues, they often come with negative consequences and limitations that can hinder the resolution of problems. Here are several reasons to support my disagreement:

• Damage to Reputations : Scandals often involve the tarnishing of reputations, sometimes unfairly. Individuals or organizations implicated in scandals may face severe public backlash, even if they are not entirely at fault. This can lead to personal and professional ruin without necessarily addressing the core issue.
• Sensationalism and Distortion : Scandals tend to be sensationalized in the media, focusing on the shock value rather than a nuanced understanding of the underlying problems. This sensationalism can distort the public’s perception of the issue and make it difficult to have a constructive dialogue about potential solutions.
• Short-Term Focus : Scandals often generate short-lived public outrage, and this attention can quickly fade as new scandals emerge. Long-term, sustainable solutions to complex problems require consistent effort, planning, and a focus on root causes rather than just the immediate shock factor.
• Distrust and Cynicism : Repeated exposure to scandals can breed cynicism and a sense of hopelessness among the public. Instead of motivating people to take action, it can lead to resignation, as individuals may believe that corruption and misconduct are so ingrained that nothing can be done to address them.
• Legal and Ethical Constraints : Scandals can lead to legal battles and investigations, which can take years to resolve. In some cases, these legal processes may not yield clear outcomes or may not address the broader issues adequately. Legal constraints can limit the effectiveness of scandals as catalysts for change.
• Alternative Avenues for Change : There are alternative avenues for addressing problems, such as public advocacy, grassroots movements, and political reform. Speakers, reformers, and advocacy groups can effectively bring attention to issues, engage the public, and work toward constructive solutions without the negative consequences associated with scandals.
• Privacy and Due Process : Scandals often involve the public exposure of private information and may bypass due process. Protecting individuals’ privacy and ensuring a fair process is essential to upholding principles of justice and fairness.

133- Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive. Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated.

I agree with the claim that governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need to thrive. However, I would like to provide a more comprehensive perspective on this issue.

First, it is important to acknowledge the reason given for the claim, which states that cities are where a nation’s cultural traditions are preserved and generated. This reason has merit. Cities have historically been hubs of cultural activity, artistic expression, and intellectual innovation. They often serve as centers for museums, theaters, universities, and libraries, where cultural traditions are preserved and new ones are born. Vibrant urban environments provide a fertile ground for diverse communities to interact, exchange ideas, and contribute to a nation’s cultural heritage.

Furthermore, cities are often the economic engines of a nation. They generate a significant portion of the country’s GDP, attract businesses, and offer job opportunities to millions of people. Supporting major cities economically can have a ripple effect on the overall prosperity of the nation. This economic success can, in turn, fund cultural initiatives, infrastructure development, and social programs that benefit both urban and rural areas.

However, it’s essential to strike a balance between supporting major cities and addressing the needs of rural areas. Neglecting rural regions can lead to economic disparities and social inequalities. It is not an either-or situation. Governments should allocate resources and investments strategically, taking into account the unique needs of both urban and rural areas.

134- Some people believe that government funding of the arts is necessary to ensure that the arts can flourish and be available to all people. Others believe that government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts.

I believe that government funding of the arts is necessary to ensure that the arts can flourish and be available to all people. While there are valid concerns about potential threats to the integrity of the arts, the benefits of government support far outweigh the risks.

Government funding plays a crucial role in promoting the arts, especially in a society where not everyone has the financial means to access or support artistic endeavors independently. Here are some reasons why I support government funding of the arts:

• Accessibility : Government-funded arts programs and institutions often provide affordable or free access to the arts for all citizens, regardless of their socio-economic background. This ensures that the arts are not limited to the privileged few but are accessible to a broader audience.
• Cultural Enrichment : The arts contribute significantly to a nation’s cultural heritage and identity. Government funding helps preserve and promote cultural traditions, which are vital for understanding our history and shared values.
• Economic Impact : The arts industry can be a significant driver of economic growth. Government support can stimulate job creation in the arts sector, as well as in related industries like tourism, hospitality, and retail.
• Innovation : Arts funding often encourages experimentation and innovation in artistic expression. Artists can take creative risks when they have financial support, leading to groundbreaking works that may not have been possible otherwise.
• Education : Arts education in schools and community programs can enhance creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills among students. Government funding can sustain and expand these programs, benefiting the overall education system.

However, it is essential to address the concerns raised by those who argue that government funding might threaten the integrity of the arts. Some worry that government support could lead to censorship or political influence over artistic expression. To mitigate these risks, funding decisions should ideally be made by independent arts councils or committees, insulated from political interference, to ensure artistic freedom and integrity.

135- Claim: In any field — business, politics, education, government — those in power should step down after five years. Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership.

I partially agree with the claim that those in power should step down after five years, but I believe that the context and nature of the leadership position should determine the applicability of such a rule. While fresh leadership can bring new perspectives and ideas, there are situations where continuity and experience are equally important.

Firstly, the idea that new leadership can revitalize an enterprise or organization is valid. Fresh leaders may introduce innovative approaches, break away from entrenched routines, and address long-standing problems that might have been overlooked by long-standing leaders. This revitalization can be particularly beneficial in fields such as business and politics, where adaptability and responsiveness to changing circumstances are crucial.

However, the five-year timeframe might not be universally suitable for all fields or types of leadership. Here are some considerations:

• Experience and Expertise : In complex fields like education, medicine, and certain areas of government, experience and expertise are highly valuable. Constantly changing leadership can disrupt the continuity of knowledge and best practices. In these cases, a more extended tenure might be necessary for leaders to implement and evaluate long-term strategies effectively.
• Stability and Consistency : Rapid turnover of leadership can lead to instability and inconsistency in policies and decision-making. Certain institutions and organizations require stability to function efficiently, and frequent leadership changes may hinder their ability to achieve long-term goals.
• Elections and Accountability : In democratic systems, the five-year rule may already be in place through regular elections. However, limiting the tenure of elected officials to just five years could undermine the accountability and mandate of leaders who are elected to serve longer terms.
• Complexity of Issues : The complexity of the issues at hand should also be considered. Some problems may require sustained attention and long-term solutions, and constant leadership turnover can hinder progress in these areas.

136- In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.

I agree with the statement that in any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field. Past achievements provide the foundation upon which innovation and progress are built. Here are several reasons why this statement holds true:

• Building on Existing Knowledge : Progress in any field is often an incremental process. Innovators and contributors build upon the knowledge and achievements of those who came before them. For instance, in science, each new discovery is based on the understanding of previous scientific principles. Without this foundation, it would be challenging to make meaningful advances.
• Avoiding Repetition : Knowledge of past achievements helps individuals and fields avoid redundancy. Understanding what has already been done allows researchers, scientists, and creators to focus on unexplored areas or improve upon existing ideas rather than rehashing old ground.
• Learning from Mistakes : Past achievements often come with a history of mistakes and lessons learned. Acknowledging these failures is crucial for avoiding the same pitfalls in the future. For example, in business, entrepreneurs often study the successes and failures of similar ventures to make more informed decisions.
• Context and Perspective : Historical achievements provide context and perspective. Knowing the history of a field helps individuals understand how it has evolved and the challenges it has faced. This historical perspective can guide new contributors in making informed decisions and addressing current issues effectively.
• Innovation and Adaptation : While building on past achievements is essential, it also allows for innovation and adaptation. By understanding what has already been accomplished, individuals can identify opportunities for improvement, adaptation to changing circumstances, and the creation of new solutions.
• Respect for Legacy : Recognizing past achievements demonstrates respect for the pioneers and contributors who laid the groundwork. This acknowledgment fosters a sense of continuity and community within a field.

However, it’s essential to note that being influenced by past achievements doesn’t mean blindly following tradition or refusing to challenge established norms. Innovation often involves pushing the boundaries and redefining what is possible. Yet, even the most revolutionary breakthroughs typically emerge from a deep understanding of the field’s history.

137- Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain.

I firmly believe that nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain. This position is based on several important reasons that prioritize the long-term well-being of both the environment and society:

• Biodiversity Conservation : Wilderness areas often host unique and fragile ecosystems that are home to diverse plant and animal species. Developing these areas can disrupt these ecosystems, leading to the extinction of species and a loss of biodiversity. Preserving wilderness areas helps protect these valuable resources for future generations.
• Ecosystem Services : Natural wilderness areas provide essential ecosystem services, including clean air and water, pollination, carbon sequestration, and flood control. These services are critical for human survival and well-being. Destroying or altering these areas for short-term economic gain can have severe and irreversible consequences.
• Cultural and Recreational Value : Wilderness areas have cultural and recreational significance. They offer opportunities for outdoor activities, scientific research, and spiritual connection with nature. Preserving these areas ensures that people can continue to enjoy and learn from them.
• Tourism and Sustainable Economy : Protected wilderness areas can also contribute to a sustainable economy through eco-tourism. Visitors are drawn to the natural beauty and wildlife of these areas, creating jobs and economic opportunities for local communities without compromising the environment.
• Long-Term Economic Costs : While development may seem economically beneficial in the short term, it often comes with hidden long-term costs. Degrading natural resources can lead to increased costs related to pollution control, habitat restoration, and healthcare due to environmental health issues.
• Irreversible Damage : Once wilderness areas are developed, it is often impossible to restore them to their original state. The loss of these natural areas can result in irreversible damage to the environment and a loss of the benefits they provide.
• Global Responsibility : Preserving wilderness areas is not just a national issue but a global responsibility. Many of these areas are unique and contribute to global ecological stability. Allowing their destruction affects the entire planet.
• Ethical Considerations : There is an ethical obligation to protect the environment for future generations and for the sake of the Earth’s intrinsic value, not just for its economic utility.

138- People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making

The statement that “people’s behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making” is a complex one, and the extent to which one agrees or disagrees with it can depend on various factors and perspectives. In my view, while external forces do influence behavior to a significant extent, individuals also possess a degree of agency and the capacity for personal responsibility. Therefore, I partially agree with the statement, but I believe it is essential to consider the nuances surrounding human behavior.

Here are some key points to support this perspective:

• External Influences on Behavior : It is undeniable that external factors, such as culture, upbringing, socio-economic conditions, and peer influence, play a substantial role in shaping an individual’s behavior. These forces can mold attitudes, values, and behavioral patterns from a young age.
• Biological and Psychological Factors : Genetic predispositions and psychological traits can also influence behavior. For instance, some individuals may be genetically predisposed to certain mental health conditions or personality traits that affect their behavior.
• Situational Factors : People’s behavior often responds to situational cues and environmental factors. Studies in psychology, such as the Stanford prison experiment or the Milgram experiment, have shown how individuals can act in ways contrary to their usual character when placed in specific situations.
• Social Determinants : Socio-economic factors, access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities can significantly impact life choices and behaviors. Individuals born into disadvantaged circumstances may face greater obstacles in exercising personal agency.

However, it is also crucial to acknowledge the counterarguments and recognize the role of individual agency:

• Cognitive Processes : Humans possess the ability to think critically, make choices, and exercise self-control. Cognitive processes, including decision-making and self-regulation, enable individuals to exert control over their behavior.
• Learning and Adaptation : People can learn from their experiences, adapt to new circumstances, and change their behavior over time. Education, counseling, and therapy are examples of interventions that help individuals modify their behavior.
• Personal Responsibility : Society holds individuals accountable for their actions, which implies a level of personal responsibility. Legal systems and ethical frameworks are built on the assumption that individuals can make choices and bear the consequences.
• Resilience and Transformation : Many individuals overcome challenging backgrounds and external pressures through resilience and personal growth. They can develop coping strategies, seek help, and make positive changes in their lives.

139- Governments should offer a free university education to any student who has been admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition.

I strongly believe that governments should offer a free university education to any student who has been admitted to a university but cannot afford the tuition. This policy has the potential to bring about numerous social and economic benefits while ensuring equal access to higher education.

Here are the reasons for my support of this policy:

• Equal Opportunity : Education is a fundamental right, and access to higher education should not be restricted by an individual’s financial means. Providing free university education levels the playing field, allowing students from diverse economic backgrounds to pursue their academic aspirations.
• Social Mobility : Free university education can serve as a powerful tool for social mobility. It enables talented students from lower-income families to break the cycle of poverty and achieve their full potential. This, in turn, can lead to a more equitable society.
• Economic Growth : A well-educated workforce is essential for economic growth and innovation. By removing financial barriers to higher education, governments can ensure that the workforce is highly skilled, leading to increased productivity and competitiveness in the global economy.
• Reduced Student Debt : The burden of student loans can be crippling for graduates, limiting their ability to make significant life choices such as buying homes or starting families. Providing free education reduces the need for students to take on substantial debt, resulting in improved financial well-being for young adults.
• Social Cohesion : When access to education is based on merit rather than financial capacity, it fosters a sense of social cohesion. A diverse student body, representing various backgrounds and perspectives, enriches the educational experience and promotes tolerance and understanding.
• Long-Term Benefits : Although funding free university education may have short-term costs for governments, the long-term benefits, such as a more educated and skilled workforce, reduced social inequality, and a stronger economy, far outweigh these initial expenses.

However, it’s crucial to acknowledge potential challenges and considerations:

• Funding : Implementing free university education requires a substantial financial commitment from the government. To mitigate this, governments could explore various funding mechanisms, such as reallocating resources or introducing progressive taxation.
• Resource Allocation : Ensuring the quality of education is essential. Governments must allocate sufficient resources to universities to maintain high standards of teaching, research, and infrastructure.
• Eligibility Criteria : Careful consideration must be given to eligibility criteria to prevent potential abuses of the system. Implementing means-tested or merit-based criteria can help strike a balance between access and fiscal responsibility.

140- Claim: In any situation, the best way to persuade other people is to present them with facts and statistics rather than with emotional arguments. Reason: Facts are objective, so they are more persuasive than subjective appeals.

I disagree with the claim that in any situation, the best way to persuade other people is to present them with facts and statistics rather than with emotional arguments. While facts and statistics are crucial in many situations, there are numerous contexts where emotional arguments are not only effective but also necessary.

Firstly, it’s important to acknowledge that people are not purely rational beings. Emotions play a significant role in decision-making and influence our attitudes and behaviors. Emotional appeals can connect with individuals on a personal level and make them more receptive to an argument.

Secondly, emotional arguments are often more relatable and memorable. A compelling story or a heartfelt personal experience can resonate with an audience in a way that statistics and data alone cannot. Such narratives can make complex issues more understandable and relatable, leading to better comprehension and retention of the message.

Moreover, emotional arguments can be particularly effective in situations where facts and statistics are inconclusive or when addressing deeply ingrained beliefs or biases. In such cases, emotional appeals can help bridge the gap between differing viewpoints and foster empathy and understanding.

However, it’s crucial to strike a balance between emotional and factual appeals. In many situations, the most persuasive approach combines both elements. Facts and statistics provide the rational foundation for an argument, while emotional appeals provide the human connection that engages the audience on a personal level.

141- Some people believe that success in creative fields, such as painting, fiction writing, and filmmaking, primarily requires hard work and perseverance. Others believe that such success mainly requires innate talents that cannot be learned.

Success in creative fields, such as painting, fiction writing, and filmmaking, is a complex interplay between hard work, perseverance, and innate talent. While the balance between these factors may vary for different individuals, I believe that both aspects are crucial for achieving excellence in creative endeavors.

Firstly, hard work and perseverance are fundamental components of success in any field, including the creative arts. Creative projects often require countless hours of dedication, practice, and refinement. The process of honing one’s skills, experimenting, and learning from failures is essential. For example, a writer may need to write and rewrite numerous drafts of a novel before achieving a publishable work. An artist may spend years perfecting their technique. This relentless effort and determination are vital to reaching a high level of proficiency.

However, innate talent also plays a significant role. Some individuals possess an inherent aptitude for creative tasks, which can give them a head start in their chosen field. These natural talents might include a keen eye for visual composition, an ear for musical harmony, or an intuitive understanding of storytelling. While talent alone cannot guarantee success, it provides a valuable foundation upon which hard work can build.

Furthermore, innate talent is not a fixed trait but can be developed and refined through education and practice. For instance, a gifted musician may need years of training and practice to become a virtuoso. Similarly, a talented painter may need to study different styles and techniques to broaden their creative range.

142- In business, education, and government, it is always appropriate to remain skeptical of new leaders until those leaders show that they are worthy of trust

Remaining skeptical of new leaders in business, education, and government until they demonstrate trustworthiness is a prudent approach. Skepticism serves as a necessary check and balance, ensuring accountability and promoting responsible leadership. While there are instances where immediate trust may be warranted, history has shown that a healthy degree of skepticism is often essential.

Firstly, it is essential to recognize that trust is not automatic; it must be earned. In business, leaders may come from diverse backgrounds, and their past actions may not align with the interests of all stakeholders. In education, new administrators or faculty may have varying approaches to teaching and managing educational institutions. In government, elected officials may have campaigned on promises that need to be evaluated for their feasibility and alignment with the public’s interests.

Skepticism encourages transparency and accountability. Leaders who are aware of the need to gain trust are more likely to be transparent in their actions and decisions. They understand that they must demonstrate competence, ethical behavior, and a commitment to the greater good. This awareness can lead to better governance and decision-making.

Moreover, history is replete with examples of leaders who were initially met with skepticism but later proved their worth. For instance, Nelson Mandela, an initially divisive figure, is widely celebrated for his role in reconciling a deeply divided South Africa. In the business world, visionary leaders like Steve Jobs faced skepticism but ultimately revolutionized industries.

However, it is important to strike a balance between skepticism and constructive engagement. Excessive skepticism can impede progress and discourage individuals from taking on leadership roles. In some cases, leaders with innovative ideas may face unwarranted resistance.

143- Claim: Group assignments that students must work together to complete should replace a substantial amount of traditional lecture-based instruction in college and university courses. Reason: It is vital for students to gain experience collaborating with peers to study a topic and to achieve a common goal.

I agree with the claim that group assignments that promote collaboration should play a significant role in college and university courses. Collaborative learning offers several benefits, including the development of essential skills and a deeper understanding of the subject matter. However, while group assignments have their merits, it’s important to strike a balance with traditional lecture-based instruction.

One of the primary advantages of group assignments is that they foster teamwork and collaboration skills. In the professional world, the ability to work effectively with others is highly valued, and by participating in group assignments, students can develop these skills early on. They learn how to communicate, delegate tasks, and leverage each member’s strengths to achieve a common goal. These skills are transferable and can benefit students in various aspects of their future careers.

Additionally, group assignments can promote a deeper understanding of the subject matter. When students collaborate, they engage in discussions, debate ideas, and provide different perspectives. This diversity of thought can lead to a more comprehensive exploration of the topic. Furthermore, explaining concepts to peers can solidify one’s own understanding, as teaching is an effective way of learning.

However, it’s crucial to maintain a balance with traditional lecture-based instruction. Lectures provide foundational knowledge and often introduce students to complex topics. They are essential for conveying information efficiently and comprehensively. Moreover, some subjects may not lend themselves well to group assignments, particularly those that require a strong theoretical foundation or extensive individual research.

The success of group assignments also depends on various factors, such as group dynamics and the instructor’s guidance. Not all students may be comfortable with collaborative learning, and ineffective group interactions can hinder the learning process. Instructors must provide clear objectives, guidelines, and assessment criteria to ensure that group assignments are productive.

144- Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.

I strongly agree that universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside their field of study. Encouraging students to explore diverse subjects has several benefits, including fostering well-roundedness, promoting critical thinking, and preparing individuals for the complexities of the modern world.

First and foremost, requiring students to take courses outside their major field of study promotes well-roundedness and a holistic education. In today’s interconnected world, individuals are expected to be knowledgeable and adaptable in various areas. Exposure to a variety of subjects ensures that graduates are not only specialists in their chosen field but also possess a broader understanding of the world. This can make them more versatile in their careers and better equipped to address complex, interdisciplinary challenges.

Furthermore, studying diverse subjects promotes critical thinking and problem-solving skills. When students engage with topics that are different from their primary area of interest, they are encouraged to think from various perspectives and develop analytical skills. This kind of intellectual flexibility is invaluable in a rapidly changing job market and a society that increasingly demands innovative solutions to complex problems.

However, some might argue that students should have the freedom to choose their courses entirely based on their interests and career goals. While individual choice is important, a well-rounded education should also encompass a breadth of knowledge beyond personal preferences. Requiring a variety of courses ensures that students are exposed to subjects they might not have considered otherwise, broadening their horizons and potentially sparking new interests.

145- A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.

I do not agree that a nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college. While having a common educational foundation is important, enforcing a single national curriculum can have significant drawbacks and limit the potential of students. A more flexible and diverse approach to education is preferable for several reasons.

Firstly, enforcing a uniform national curriculum neglects the diverse needs and interests of students. Every student is unique, with varying aptitudes, passions, and career aspirations. A one-size-fits-all approach can stifle individual creativity and hinder personal development. Allowing students to choose from a range of subjects and tailor their education to their strengths and interests is essential for their motivation and overall success.

Furthermore, different regions within a nation may have distinct educational needs or cultural backgrounds. A rigid national curriculum may not adequately address these variations. Customized educational programs at the local or regional level can better serve the needs of students and their communities.

Moreover, standardized national curricula can become outdated and fail to keep pace with rapidly changing fields of knowledge and technology. Education should be adaptable and able to incorporate new developments and emerging areas of study. A more flexible approach allows for the inclusion of innovative subjects and the evolution of teaching methods.

However, this does not mean that there should be no oversight or standards in education. A balance can be struck between a common core curriculum and flexibility. National guidelines can ensure that certain fundamental subjects are covered while giving educators and students the freedom to explore supplementary topics or electives.

146- Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers

I disagree with the claim that educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study solely based on their potential for lucrative careers. While preparing students for successful careers is an essential aspect of education, it should not be the sole focus. There are several reasons why I hold this position, despite potential arguments to the contrary.

Firstly, the pursuit of knowledge and personal fulfillment should be integral to education. Encouraging students to select fields of study primarily for financial gain can undermine the value of learning for its own sake. Education is not just about securing a job; it is about personal growth, critical thinking, and a deeper understanding of the world. A well-rounded education enriches individuals and society as a whole.

Secondly, job markets are dynamic and subject to change. Fields that are currently lucrative may not be in the future, and vice versa. Encouraging students to choose a major solely for its immediate financial rewards can lead to oversaturation in certain industries and neglect of others that may become more promising. Flexibility and adaptability in education are crucial to prepare students for a rapidly evolving job market.

Additionally, not everyone is suited for or interested in fields that promise high financial rewards. Forcing or pressuring students into such fields can lead to disengagement, unhappiness, and ultimately, poor academic performance. Students have diverse talents, passions, and interests, and education should encourage them to pursue what aligns with their individual strengths and inclinations.

Furthermore, many of the world’s most pressing challenges, such as climate change, public health, and social inequality, require expertise from a wide range of fields, not just those with lucrative career prospects. Encouraging students to follow their passions and study areas that may not immediately lead to high-paying jobs can contribute to solving these complex issues.

147- Some people believe that in order to be effective, political leaders must yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise. Others believe that the most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives.

The effectiveness of political leaders is a complex issue, and both perspectives presented have merits depending on the circumstances and the specific principles in question. Personally, I believe that effective leadership often requires a delicate balance between adhering to principles and compromising to address the needs and desires of the public. Here’s why I hold this view:

• Adaptability : Politics is inherently dynamic, with ever-changing circumstances and challenges. A leader who rigidly adheres to fixed principles may struggle to respond effectively to unexpected events or shifts in public opinion. Effective leaders must be adaptable and open to compromise when necessary to address emerging issues.
• Democratic Values : In democratic societies, leaders are elected to represent the diverse interests and views of the public. While adhering to principles is essential, leaders must also recognize that they serve a broad constituency with varying perspectives. Compromise can help strike a balance that respects the rights and interests of all citizens.
• Complex Problems : Many of the challenges faced by political leaders are multifaceted and require nuanced solutions. Maintaining rigid principles in the face of such complexity can lead to gridlock and an inability to address pressing issues effectively. Leaders who are willing to compromise can find common ground and enact meaningful policies.
• Consistency and Trust : On the other hand, consistency in principles can also be a valuable trait. Leaders who remain committed to certain core values and objectives can build trust and credibility with the public. People often appreciate leaders who stand firm on important moral or ethical matters.
• Context Matters : The appropriateness of compromise versus principle can depend on the specific context. In some situations, certain principles may be so fundamental that compromising them would be morally or ethically unacceptable. In contrast, issues of lesser importance may warrant compromise for the greater good.

In practice, effective leaders must strike a balance between principled leadership and compromise. They should be guided by their core values and principles but also recognize the need to adapt and negotiate to achieve meaningful outcomes. The key is to remain principled without being dogmatic and to prioritize the best interests of the constituents they serve.

148- Formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.

The statement that formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free is a complex and nuanced one. While there are instances where formal education may seem restrictive, it is important to consider the broader context and the many ways in which education can both liberate and restrain individuals. In my view, formal education, when designed and implemented effectively, has the potential to foster creativity, critical thinking, and personal growth, thus setting minds and spirits free.

• Structured Learning : Formal education often follows a structured curriculum, which can be seen as restrictive to some. However, this structure serves a purpose in providing a foundational knowledge base. It equips individuals with the tools and skills needed to explore more advanced and creative ideas later on.
• Critical Thinking : A well-designed education system encourages critical thinking and problem-solving. These skills empower individuals to question the status quo, challenge conventional wisdom, and explore new ideas, which are essential for personal liberation of the mind.
• Access to Information : Education provides access to a wide range of knowledge and information. This access can be liberating because it exposes individuals to diverse perspectives, cultures, and ideas, broadening their horizons and fostering open-mindedness.
• Encouraging Creativity : Many educational institutions recognize the importance of creativity and incorporate it into their programs. Art, music, literature, and science are fields where education can stimulate creativity and innovation rather than stifle it.
• Personal Growth : Education can be a transformative experience, helping individuals discover their interests, passions, and potential. It can provide opportunities for personal growth, self-discovery, and self-expression, all of which contribute to setting spirits free.
• Inclusive Education : A modern approach to education emphasizes inclusivity and personalized learning. It recognizes that each individual is unique and may require different approaches to thrive. In such a system, education can be a liberating force, accommodating diverse learning styles and needs.
• Challenges and Constraints : While formal education can offer opportunities for growth, it is not without challenges and potential constraints. Overemphasis on standardized testing, rigid curricula, or excessive workload can limit the freedom to explore one’s interests fully.

149- The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.

I strongly agree with the statement that the well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority. Questioning authority is a fundamental aspect of a healthy and thriving society for several reasons:

• Accountability : When people question authority, it keeps those in power accountable for their actions and decisions. Without accountability, there is a risk of abuse of power, corruption, and negligence, which can harm society’s well-being.
• Checks and Balances : A society where authority is unquestioned can become authoritarian and undemocratic. Questioning authority serves as a natural check and balance, ensuring that decisions are made in the best interest of the community rather than for personal gain.
• Innovation and Progress : Questioning authority often leads to innovation and progress. When individuals challenge existing norms and practices, they can introduce new ideas and approaches that benefit society as a whole. This drive for improvement can lead to advancements in technology, medicine, governance, and more.
• Protection of Rights : It is through questioning authority that people assert and protect their rights. Movements for civil rights, gender equality, LGBTQ+ rights, and other social justice causes have all been driven by individuals questioning the authority that upheld discriminatory practices.
• Democratic Values : In democratic societies, questioning authority is intrinsic to the democratic process. It allows for informed debate, diverse perspectives, and the expression of different opinions, which are essential components of a functioning democracy.
• Learning and Education : Questioning authority fosters a culture of learning and education. It encourages critical thinking and the pursuit of knowledge, leading to a more informed and intellectually vibrant society.
• Preventing Tyranny : Throughout history, authoritarian regimes have suppressed dissent and silenced those who questioned authority. The result has often been the loss of individual freedoms and widespread suffering. Questioning authority is a safeguard against such tyranny.
• Social Evolution : Societies evolve over time, and what was once considered unquestionable authority may no longer be relevant or justifiable. Questioning authority allows for adaptation to changing circumstances and values.

However, it is essential to strike a balance between questioning authority and maintaining order and stability within society. Excessive or baseless questioning can lead to chaos and hinder progress. Additionally, it’s crucial that questioning authority is done constructively, with the goal of improvement and positive change, rather than mere disruption.

150- Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.

I partially agree with the recommendation that governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today, but I believe that a balanced approach is necessary. Governments should address both immediate and anticipated future problems. Here’s why:

Addressing Immediate Problems :

• Urgency : Immediate problems often have a more significant and immediate impact on people’s lives. These issues require urgent attention to prevent further harm or suffering. For example, responding to a natural disaster or a public health crisis cannot be postponed.
• Trust and Accountability : Governments must demonstrate their ability to address pressing concerns promptly to maintain the trust of their citizens. A government that is effective in addressing immediate problems gains credibility and public support.
• Stability : Focusing on today’s issues can help maintain social and economic stability. Ignoring immediate problems could lead to social unrest or economic downturns, which can have far-reaching consequences.

Addressing Anticipated Future Problems :

• Preventive Measures : Many future problems can be prevented or mitigated by taking action today. For instance, investing in renewable energy and sustainable practices now can help reduce the impact of climate change in the future.
• Cost Savings : Addressing future problems before they become crises is often more cost-effective than dealing with the aftermath. Preventive measures can save both lives and resources. For example, funding public health programs can prevent the outbreak of diseases that may become epidemics if left unchecked.
• Long-Term Planning : Governments have a responsibility to plan for the well-being of future generations. Neglecting anticipated problems, such as environmental degradation or the impact of aging populations, would be irresponsible and shortsighted.

Balanced Approach : Governments should strike a balance between addressing immediate and future problems. This approach requires effective prioritization, resource allocation, and long-term planning. Here are some examples of when adopting this balanced approach is advantageous:

• Public Health : Immediate problems like disease outbreaks must be addressed urgently. Simultaneously, governments should invest in research, infrastructure, and healthcare systems to prepare for future health challenges.
• Climate Change : Immediate actions such as reducing emissions and adapting to current climate impacts are essential. However, governments should also enact policies to transition to a sustainable, low-carbon economy to combat future climate change.
• Education : Immediate problems like providing quality education today should not overshadow the need to develop an education system that equips students with skills and knowledge for the jobs of the future.

151- Some people believe that college students should consider only their own talents and interests when choosing a field of study. Others believe that college students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.

I believe that while considering personal talents and interests is essential, college students should also take into account the availability of jobs in their chosen field. Both perspectives have their merits, and a balanced approach is often the most prudent.

Considering Personal Talents and Interests :

• Passion and Motivation : When students are genuinely interested in their field of study, they are more likely to be motivated and passionate about their coursework. This can lead to better academic performance and job satisfaction in the future.
• Fulfillment and Well-being : Pursuing a career aligned with one’s interests and talents can lead to a more fulfilling and satisfying life. Job satisfaction can have positive effects on mental and emotional well-being.
• Innovation and Creativity : Students who are passionate about their field are more likely to bring innovative ideas and creativity to their work, potentially contributing to advancements in their chosen industry.

Considering Job Availability :

• Economic Stability : In an increasingly competitive job market, it is crucial to consider the practicality of finding employment after graduation. Choosing a field with higher job availability can enhance economic stability and reduce the risk of unemployment or underemployment.
• Financial Considerations : Student loans and the cost of education are significant concerns for many students. Selecting a field with good job prospects can help students manage their financial obligations more effectively.
• Adaptation to Market Demands : The job market evolves over time due to technological advancements and changes in consumer preferences. By considering job availability, students can align their skills and education with current market demands, ensuring their competitiveness.

A Balanced Approach : A balanced approach involves students exploring their interests and passions while simultaneously conducting research on job prospects in their chosen field. This approach can lead to several benefits:

• Alignment with Personal Goals : Students can find fields that not only match their interests but also align with their long-term career goals.
• Practical Considerations : By considering job availability, students can make informed decisions about potential career paths, ensuring that their educational investments have a reasonable return.
• Flexibility : A balanced approach allows students to adapt to changing circumstances. Even if job availability in their preferred field is limited, they may discover related career opportunities that still align with their interests.

152- Laws should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places.

I strongly agree that laws should be flexible enough to take into account various circumstances, times, and places. Flexibility in the legal system is essential for ensuring justice, adapting to societal changes, and accommodating diverse situations. There are several reasons why this flexibility is crucial:

• Changing Societal Norms and Values :
• Society’s values and norms evolve over time. What may have been considered acceptable or unacceptable in the past may not hold true in the present. Flexible laws allow for the adjustment of legal standards to reflect current societal attitudes.
• Technological Advancements :
• Rapid technological advancements continually present new legal challenges. Laws need to be flexible enough to address emerging issues, such as online privacy, cybercrime, and artificial intelligence.
• Regional and Cultural Differences :
• Laws should consider the diverse cultural, social, and economic contexts in different regions and communities. Flexibility allows for the creation of laws that respect and accommodate local customs and practices while maintaining a broader framework of justice.
• Individual Circumstances :
• Individual cases often have unique circumstances that may warrant leniency or alternative legal measures. A rigid legal system might not be able to account for these specific situations.
• Avoiding Injustice :
• A lack of flexibility can lead to unjust outcomes. For example, mandatory minimum sentences might not consider the mitigating factors in a crime. Flexible sentencing guidelines can help ensure that the punishment fits the crime and the individual involved.
• Legal Innovation :
• Flexibility allows for legal innovation. Legal scholars, lawmakers, and judges can adapt and create new legal interpretations and doctrines that address modern challenges and complexities.
• Adapting to Emergencies :
• In times of crisis, such as natural disasters or public health emergencies, flexible laws can enable swift responses to protect public safety and well-being without violating individual rights unnecessarily.
• Continuous Improvement :
• A flexible legal system is more open to feedback and continuous improvement. When laws are rigid, there is less incentive for stakeholders to identify problems and propose changes.

While flexibility is crucial, it should be balanced with principles of fairness, consistency, and transparency. Laws should not be arbitrarily altered but should undergo a deliberative process involving lawmakers, legal experts, and public input. This process can help ensure that flexibility is applied judiciously and in the best interests of society.

153- Claim: The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models. Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society's highest ideals.

I agree with the claim that examining the character of the men and women a society chooses as its heroes or role models can provide valuable insights into the character of that society. Heroes and role models do indeed reveal a society’s highest ideals, and here’s why:

• Reflecting Shared Values: Heroes and role models are often individuals who embody and promote the values that are highly regarded in a society. These values can include courage, justice, integrity, compassion, and innovation. When society collectively admires and celebrates individuals who exemplify these virtues, it indicates that these values hold significance within that culture.
• Cultural and Historical Context: The choice of heroes and role models can change over time and across cultures. For example, a society may have different historical figures or contemporary figures as its heroes based on the unique challenges and contexts it faces. This reflects the evolving nature of societal ideals and priorities.
• Influence on Aspirations: Heroes and role models serve as aspirational figures. People often look up to them as examples of what they could achieve or become. By observing whom a society reveres, we gain insights into what qualities and achievements are considered admirable and worth pursuing.
• Moral Compass: Heroes and role models can act as a moral compass for society. When individuals who exhibit ethical behavior and contribute positively to their communities are celebrated, it sends a message that morality and altruism are valued.

However, it’s important to recognize that heroes and role models might not always represent an entire society’s character comprehensively. There can be variations and disagreements within a society about who should be considered a hero or role model, and some individuals may not conform to the societal ideal. Additionally, the portrayal of heroes in media and public discourse can sometimes be idealized or selective, not always reflecting the complete character of the individuals in question.

Furthermore, the reason provided in the claim, that heroes reveal a society’s highest ideals, can be true to a large extent. However, societies are complex and multifaceted, and their character may encompass a wide range of values and principles, not all of which may be represented by their heroes or role models.

154- Some people believe that it is helpful to view a challenging situation as an opportunity for personal growth. Others believe that reimagining challenging situations this way occupies too much of the focus one needs to face challenges effectively

I believe that viewing challenging situations as opportunities for personal growth is a perspective that aligns more closely with my own position. While it’s true that this mindset may require some mental and emotional effort, I argue that it can ultimately lead to more effective and fulfilling ways of facing life’s difficulties. Here are my reasons for this stance, along with a consideration of the opposing view:

• Resilience and Adaptability: Adopting a perspective that sees challenges as opportunities for personal growth can enhance one’s resilience and adaptability. Instead of being overwhelmed by adversity, individuals can learn to navigate it with a sense of purpose and determination. This can lead to greater emotional strength and coping abilities.
• Learning and Skill Development: Challenging situations often present valuable opportunities to acquire new skills, knowledge, and insights. Embracing these situations as learning experiences can lead to personal growth and self-improvement. Overcoming difficulties can lead to increased competence and self-confidence.
• Positive Mindset: A growth-oriented perspective can contribute to a more positive mindset. It can help individuals focus on solutions rather than dwelling on problems. This positive outlook can lead to increased motivation and effectiveness in addressing challenges.
• Emotional Well-being: Viewing challenges as opportunities for growth can reduce stress and anxiety associated with difficult situations. When individuals perceive challenges as manageable and potentially transformative, they are more likely to experience emotional well-being.

However, it’s important to acknowledge the opposing view that reimagining challenging situations as opportunities for growth might occupy too much focus:

• Balancing Realism: Some argue that excessively focusing on personal growth in challenging situations might lead to a lack of realism. It’s crucial to address immediate issues and take practical steps to overcome difficulties, rather than solely concentrating on long-term personal development.
• Time and Energy: It’s true that introspection and personal growth efforts can consume time and energy. In situations where quick decision-making and immediate action are required, excessive reflection might be counterproductive.
• Individual Differences: Not everyone may be inclined or prepared to see every challenge as an opportunity for personal growth. Individual differences in personality, coping strategies, and life circumstances can influence how people respond to difficult situations.

155- Some people believe that traveling to and living in numerous places increases one's ability to relate and connect to other people. Others believe that this ability is better cultivated by living in one place and developing a deep understanding of that community.

I believe that both views have merit, but I lean toward the perspective that living in one place and developing a deep understanding of that community is better for cultivating the ability to relate and connect with other people. However, it’s important to acknowledge that the effectiveness of each approach depends on individual preferences, circumstances, and goals. Here’s my reasoning for this position, along with an exploration of the opposing viewpoint:

Living in One Place and Developing Deep Understanding:

• Community Engagement: By residing in a single location for an extended period, individuals have the opportunity to become actively involved in the community. This involvement can lead to meaningful connections with neighbors, local organizations, and fellow residents.
• Cultural Insight: Staying in one place allows individuals to immerse themselves deeply in the local culture, traditions, and values. This deep cultural understanding can foster empathy and open doors for more profound connections with others who share those cultural backgrounds.
• Building Relationships: Long-term residence enables individuals to build lasting relationships, not just with people but also with the environment. This sense of belonging can contribute to a strong sense of community and connection.
• Personal Growth: Staying in one place encourages personal growth and self-discovery. Over time, individuals may learn more about themselves, their values, and their role within the community, which can positively impact how they relate to others.

Traveling to and Living in Numerous Places:

• Diverse Experiences: Traveling and living in various places expose individuals to a wide range of cultures, perspectives, and lifestyles. This diversity can expand one’s worldview and foster an appreciation for differences.
• Adaptability: Constantly moving can develop adaptability and flexibility, which are valuable skills for relating to people from diverse backgrounds. This adaptability can lead to more ease in connecting with a broad range of individuals.
• Empathy and Tolerance: Exposure to different communities can promote empathy and tolerance. Meeting people from various walks of life can encourage a non-judgmental attitude and a greater understanding of human diversity.
• Global Perspective: Frequent travel can provide a more global perspective on societal issues, enabling individuals to connect on a broader scale and work toward solutions to global challenges.

156- Claim: Young people's tendency to make extensive use of portable devices like smartphones and tablets has hurt their development of social skills. Reason: These devices encourage users to form artificial personalities and relationships online rather than fully and honestly engaging with the people around them.

I agree with the claim that young people’s extensive use of portable devices like smartphones and tablets can have an impact on their development of social skills. However, I believe that the reason provided, which suggests that these devices encourage users to form artificial personalities and relationships online, oversimplifies the issue. Here’s a more nuanced exploration of the topic:

Agreement with the Claim:

• Reduced Face-to-Face Interaction: Excessive use of smartphones and tablets often leads to less face-to-face interaction, as young people may spend more time engaging with their devices than with the people around them. This can hinder the development of essential social skills such as active listening, non-verbal communication, and empathy.
• Digital Communication Habits: Frequent use of digital devices can foster communication habits that prioritize brevity and speed over depth and nuance. Young people may become accustomed to communicating in short, text-based messages rather than engaging in meaningful conversations, which can impact their ability to hold substantial in-person dialogues.
• Social Comparison: Social media platforms, which are often accessed via portable devices, can promote a culture of comparison, leading young people to evaluate their self-worth based on the online personas and achievements of others. This can negatively affect their self-esteem and confidence in face-to-face interactions.

Reconsideration of the Reason:

• Diverse Online Experiences: While it’s true that some individuals may form artificial personalities or relationships online, not all digital interactions are inherently shallow or artificial. Many young people use online platforms for genuine communication, networking, and learning opportunities.
• Digital Communication as a Skill: In today’s interconnected world, digital communication skills are essential. Young people can develop these skills in addition to traditional social skills. Effective online communication can complement and enhance offline interactions, rather than replace them entirely.
• Varied Device Usage: The impact of portable devices on social skills varies among individuals and depends on how these devices are used. Some young people effectively balance their device usage with in-person interactions, while others may struggle to find this balance.

In conclusion, I agree that extensive use of portable devices can influence the development of social skills among young people. However, it’s crucial to recognize that the impact is not solely negative, and the reason provided oversimplifies the complexity of this issue. To address concerns related to social skills, a balanced approach that encourages both online and offline interactions, fosters digital literacy, and promotes mindful device usage is necessary. Young people can learn to leverage portable devices as tools for communication, education, and personal growth while also valuing face-to-face connections and deeper relationships.

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