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Review of Related Literature

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Practical Research Module: Conceptual Framework and Review of Related Literature

This Senior High School Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. illustrate and explain the research framework (CS_RS12-If-j-6) ;

2. define terms used in the study (CS_RS12-If-j-7);

3. list research hypothesis (if appropriate) (CS_RS12-If-j-8) and

4. present a written review of related literature and conceptual framework (CS_RS12-If-j-9) .

Senior High School Quarter 1 Self-Learning Module Practical Research 2 – Conceptual Framework and Review of Related Literature

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• How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes . Revised on September 11, 2023.

What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .

There are five key steps to writing a literature review:

• Search for relevant literature
• Evaluate sources
• Identify themes, debates, and gaps
• Outline the structure
• Write your literature review

A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.

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Table of contents

What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions, introduction.

• Quick Run-through
• Step 1 & 2

When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:

• Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
• Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
• Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
• Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
• Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic.

Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.

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Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.

• Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
• Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
• Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
• Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)

You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.

Download Word doc Download Google doc

Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .

If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .

Make a list of keywords

Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.

• Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
• Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
• Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth

Search for relevant sources

Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:

• Your university’s library catalogue
• Google Scholar
• Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
• Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
• EconLit (economics)
• Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.

Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.

You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.

For each publication, ask yourself:

• What question or problem is the author addressing?
• What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
• What are the key theories, models, and methods?
• Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
• What are the results and conclusions of the study?
• How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?

Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.

You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.

Take notes and cite your sources

As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.

It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.

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To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:

• Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
• Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
• Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
• Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
• Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?

This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.

• Most research has focused on young women.
• There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
• But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.

There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).

Chronological

The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.

Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.

If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.

For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.

Methodological

If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:

• Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
• Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
• Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources

Theoretical

A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.

You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.

Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.

The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.

Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.

As you write, you can follow these tips:

• Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
• Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers — add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
• Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
• Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts

In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.

When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !

This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.

Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.

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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .

It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.

There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:

• To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
• To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
• To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
• To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
• To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic

Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.

The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .

A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other  academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .

An  annotated bibliography is a list of  source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a  paper .  

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LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

Oct 31, 2019

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LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE. Prepared by Mary Krystine P. Olido for the subject Practical Research I. WRITING REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

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LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE Prepared by Mary Krystine P. Olido for the subject Practical Research I

WRITING REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A review of related literature is an analysis of man’s written or spoken knowledge of the world. You examine representations of man’s thinking about the world to determine the connection of your research with what people already know about it (Wallman, 2014)

WRITING REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Fusing your world understanding with the author’s world perceptions enables you to get a good analysis of existing written works that are related to your research study (Wallman, 2014)

Purposes of Review of Related Literature (RRL) To obtain background knowledge of your research. To relate your study to the current condition or situation of the world.

Purposes of Review of Related Literature (RRL) 3. To show the capacity of your research work to introduce new knowledge. 4. To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of previous research studies.

Purposes of Review of Related Literature (RRL) 5. To increase your understanding of the underlying theories, principles, or concepts of your research. 6. To explain technical terms involved in your research study.

Purposes of Review of Related Literature (RRL) 7. To highlight the significance of your work with the kind of evidence it gathered to support the conclusion of your research. 8. To avoid repeating previous research studies. 9. To recommend the necessity of further research on a certain topic.

The Process of Review of Related Literature (RRL)

Stage 1: Search for the Literature This is the stage of review of related literature where you devote much of your time in looking for resources of knowledge, data, or information to answer your research questions or to support your assumptions about your research topic.

Stage 1: Search for the Literature There are three basic types of literature sources: General references – that will direct you to the location of other sources. Primary sources – that directly report or present a person’s own experiences. Secondary sources – that report or describe other people’s experiences or worldviews.

Stage 1: Search for the Literature - Secondary sources of knowledge give the most number of materials such as the internet, books, peer-reviewed articles in journals, published literary reviews of a field, grey literature or unpublished and non peer-reviewed materials like theses, dissertations, conference proceedings, leaflets and posters, research studies in progress, and other library materials.

Stage 1: Search for the Literature Websites introducing materials whose quality depends solely on every individual, social media networks (Twitters, Facebook, blogs, podcasts, YouTube, video, etc.) and other online encyclopedia such as Wikipedia, are the other sources of information that you can consult during this stage. But they are not as dependable as the other sources of knowledge. Some consider the information from these as not very scholarly in weight because it is susceptible to anybody’s penchant for editing. Since any person is free to use the Internet for displaying information that is peer-reviewed or not, you need to be careful in evaluating online sources. (Mc Leod 2012)

Stage 1: Search for the Literature Wikipedia – can be a General Reference but not a Primary Source of information. Internet sources – can be accepted depending on the web site used. Personal web site of an author is acceptable, but a blog post of a blogger is not acceptable. Other social media sites - can be used depending on the purpose of obtaining such information. Facebook posts can be obtained if your study is about social media post, however, if you quote an author’s post about his/her study findings, it’s better to obtain information from his/her paper not on social media.

Here are the pointers you have to remember in researching for the best sources of information or data: (Fraenbell, 2012) 1. Choose previous research findings that are closely related to your research. 2. Give more weight to studies done by people possessing expertise or authority in the field of knowledge to which the research studies belong.

Here are the pointers you have to remember in researching for the best sources of information or data: (Fraenbell, 2012) 3. Consider sources of knowledge that refer more to primary data than to secondary data. 4. Prefer getting information from peer-reviewed materials than from general reading materials.

Stage 2: Reading the Source Material Reading, understanding, or making the materials meaningful to you is what will preoccupy you on the second stage of reading RRL. You can only benefit much from your reading activities if you confront the reading materials with the help of your HOTS.

Stage 2: Reading the Source Material HOTS – Higher Order Thinking Skills In understanding the sources of knowledge with your HOTS, you need to think interpretatively through these ways of inferential thinking: predicting, generalizing, concluding, and assuming. On top of these should be your ability to criticize or evaluate, apply, and create things about what you have read.

Stage 2: Reading the Source Material Hence, reading or making sense of the source materials does not only make you list down ideas from the materials, but also permits you to modify, construct, or reconstruct ideas based on a certain principle, theory, pattern, method, or theme underlying your research.

Stage 3: Writing the Review Connecting and organization of ideas to form an overall understanding of the materials by paraphrasing or summarizing your searched information. In doing either of these two, you get to change the arrangement of ideas, structures of the language, and the format of the next using appropriate organizational techniques of comparison-contrast, chronological order, spatial relationship, inductive-deductive order, and transitional devices (Corti, 2014).

Stage 3: Writing the Review Also, you make effective changes not only on language structures and format but also the quality of ideas incorporated into the summary or paraphrase as well. This means that in writing the review, based on the focus, theme, or theory underlying your research, you are free to fuse your opinions with the author’s ideas. (Corti 2014)

A simple presentation of the findings or argumentations of the writers on a particular topic with no incorporations of your own inferential, analytical, and comparative-contrastive thinking about other people’s ideas indicates poor literature review writing. This mere description, transfer, or listing of writer’s ideas that is devoid of or not reflective of your thinking is called dump or stringing method. Good literature review writing shuns presenting ideas in serial abstracts, which means every paragraph merely consists of one article. This is a source-by-source literature writing that fails to link, compare, and contrast series of articles based on a theory or a theme around which the research questions revolve(Remlen2011)

Another good approach to writing an excellent review is adopting good opening sentences of articles that should chronologically appear in the paper. Opening an article with a bibliography list that begins with the author’s name like the following examples is not good. Aquino (2015) said… Roxas (2016) stated… Perez (2017) wrote… Mendoza (2018) asserted…

Examples of better article openings manifesting critical thinking through analysis, comparison and contrast of ideas and findings are as follows: One early works by Castro (2017) proves that… Another study on the topic by Torres (2017) maintains that… The latest study by Gomez (2018) reveals that… A research study by Rivera in 2017 explains that…

Coming form various books on literature review writing are the following transitional devices and active verbs to link or express authors’ ideas in your paper. Using correct words to link ideas will make you synthesize your literature review, in a way that evidence coming from various data, will present an overall understanding of the context or of the present circumstances affecting the research problem.

Transitional devices – also, additionally, again, similarly, a similar opinion, however, conversely, on the other hand, nevertheless, a contrasting opinion, a different approach. Active verbs – analyze, argues, assess, assert, assume, claim, compare, contrast, conclude, criticize, debate, defend, define, demonstrate, discuss, distinguish, differentiate, evaluate, examine, emphasize, expand, explain, exhibit, identify, illustrate, imply, indicate, judge, justify, narrate, outline, persuade, propose, question, relate to, report, review, suggest, summarize.

American Psychological Association Style in Citation

Paraphraseis the description of someone else's ideas in your own words. Proper paraphrasing is a skill. You must not only acknowledge your debt but re-compose the original in your own words.

Quotations Embedded Quotations Embedded quotations incorporate brief passages within a sentence of your own.

Sample Embedded Quotation: Recently, several commentators have suggested that “business education may have a deleterious effect on the morality and ethics of managers”; thus, careful training in ethics “is increasingly viewed to be an important component” (Assudani et al., 2011, p. 104).

APA Style Quick Guide (Stenden Library, 2017)

Step 1: Referencing when? When quoting - using the exact text of someone else When paraphrasing - someone else’s text in your own words

Do not reference: - When you give an overview of historical facts. - Your own experiences or observations. - When repeating information that you’ve already referenced in conclusions or summaries. - When summarizing “general knowledge”

Step 2: How to quote and paraphrase?

Quoting: Short quotations (fewer than 40 words) The citation is placed in the text and in double quotation marks. Always include a reference with the citation in the text (author, year of publication, p. page number):

Long quotations (from 40 words). The citation is started in a new line, indented (1.3 cm) and without quotation marks in block citation format. In the case of the use of block citation, the reference does not form part of the sentence, as in the case of the short citation and is therefore placed after the period.

Paraphrasing: If you paraphrase correctly, you will show the reader the following in the text: Although I expressed it in my own words, the idea is someone else’s, namely: (Author, year).

You use paraphrasing to facilitate the reader’s comprehension of the text. You are not allowed to simply take over the text. • must read the text through until you understand it sufficiently to be able to rephrase it in your own words and in a new construction without having to look at the source while writing. • When paraphrasing, you always • retain your own writing style; which is more convenient for the reader.

Step 3: In text reference

Step 3: In text reference • In text reference for paraphrases as follows: (author, year). …(Johnson, 2010). • In text reference for quotes: (author, year, p. xx) if there is no page number use title. • …Eco (1994, p. 23). • - More than one author: use “and” between the last and next to last author in the running sentence. • … by Eco and Smith (2010)…

“ “ : use the ampersand “&” between the last and next to last author in parenthesis. • …(Johnson & Smith, 2010). • - 3 - 5 authors: 1st time in a report mention all authors, 2nd time (exactly the same source) the first author followed by et al. • - 6 or more authors: just the first author followed by et al. …(Smith et al., 2010).

Indirect reference (a publication discussed in a secondary source) • Smith (as cited in Jones, 2002), found… • Organizations: full name, unless common e.g. (UNESCO, 2009). • … as the University of Toronto (1998) has... • - Personal communication. • …(J. Smith, personal communication, July 5, 2010).

Step 4: Where to place the citation in the text?

Step 4: Where to place the citation in the text? Depending on what you want to emphasize, you can order the citation information differently

Direct quote: According to Hofstede (2001), “the dominance of technology over culture is an illusion” (p. 453). In fact, “the dominance of technology over culture is an illusion”, according to Hofstede (2001, p.453). In 2001, Hofstede already stated that “the dominance of technology over culture is an illusion”(p.453). Hofstede’s study (2001) points out that “the dominance of technology over culture is an illusion”(p. 453).

Paraphrase: Hofstede’s statement (2001) indicates that the usage of technology is influenced by culture and can therefore differ across the globe. The usage of technology is influenced by culture and can therefore differ across the globe (Hofstede, 2001). In 2001, Hofstede pointed out that the usage of technology is influenced by culture and can therefore differ across the globe.

Step 5: What do you include in the reference list?

Step 6: Reference list

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Chapter 3 Critically reviewing the literature

Chapter 3 Critically reviewing the literature. Reasons for reviewing the literature. To conduct a ‘preliminary’ search of existing material To organise valuable ideas and findings To identify other research that may be in progress To generate research ideas To develop a critical perspective.

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Reviewing the Literature. Can’t find the literature. Common complaint; could’t find anything in the literature that is related to their studies can’t find exactly the same topic. The role of related literature. Define the frontiers of knowledge

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