presentation layer definition in simple

• Network infrastructure

presentation layer

• Andrew Froehlich, West Gate Networks

What is the presentation layer?

The presentation layer resides at Layer 6 of the Open Systems Interconnection ( OSI ) communications model and ensures that communications that pass through it are in the appropriate form for the recipient application. In other words, the presentation layer presents the data in a readable format from an application layer perspective.

For example, a presentation layer program could format a file transfer request in binary code to ensure a successful file transfer . Because binary is the most rudimentary of computing languages, it ensures that the receiving device can decipher and translate it into a format the application layer understands and expects.

How the presentation layer works

Once the application layer passes data meant for transport to another device in a certain format, the presentation layer then prepares this data in the most appropriate format the receiving application can understand.

Common data formats include the following:

• American Standard Code for Information Interchange and Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code for text;
• JPEG , GIF and TIFF for images; and
• MPEG, MIDI and QuickTime for video.

Encryption and decryption of data communications are also performed at the presentation layer. Here, encryption methods and keys exchange between the two communicating devices. Only the sender and receiver can properly encode and decode data so it returns to a readable format.

The presentation layer can serialize -- or translate -- more complex application data objects into a storable and transportable format. This helps to rebuild the object once it arrives at the other side of the communications stream. The presentation layer also deserializes the data stream and places it back into an object format that the application can understand by the application.

The tool that manages Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) is an example of a program that loosely adheres to the presentation layer of OSI.

Although it's technically considered an application-layer protocol per the TCP/IP model , HTTP includes presentation layer services within it. HTTP works when the requesting device forwards user requests passed to the web browser onto a web server elsewhere in the network.

HTTP receives a return message from the web server that includes a Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions ( MIME ) header. The MIME header indicates the type of file -- text, video, or audio -- that has been received so that an appropriate player utility can present the file to the user.

Functions of the presentation layer

• ensures proper formatting and delivery to and from the application layer;
• performs data encryption; and
• manages serialization of data objects.

Editor's note: This article was republished in January 2023 to improve the reader experience.

Continue Reading About presentation layer

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Prerequisite : OSI Model

Introduction : Presentation Layer is the 6th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. This layer is also known as Translation layer, as this layer serves as a data translator for the network. The data which this layer receives from the Application Layer is extracted and manipulated here as per the required format to transmit over the network. The main responsibility of this layer is to provide or define the data format and encryption. The presentation layer is also called as Syntax layer since it is responsible for maintaining the proper syntax of the data which it either receives or transmits to other layer(s).

Functions of Presentation Layer :

The presentation layer, being the 6th layer in the OSI model, performs several types of functions, which are described below-

• Presentation layer format and encrypts data to be sent across the network.
• This layer takes care that the data is sent in such a way that the receiver will understand the information (data) and will be able to use the data efficiently and effectively.
• This layer manages the abstract data structures and allows high-level data structures (example- banking records), which are to be defined or exchanged.
• This layer carries out the encryption at the transmitter and decryption at the receiver.
• This layer carries out data compression to reduce the bandwidth of the data to be transmitted (the primary goal of data compression is to reduce the number of bits which is to be transmitted).
• This layer is responsible for interoperability (ability of computers to exchange and make use of information) between encoding methods as different computers use different encoding methods.
• This layer basically deals with the presentation part of the data.
• Presentation layer, carries out the data compression (number of bits reduction while transmission), which in return improves the data throughput.
• This layer also deals with the issues of string representation.
• The presentation layer is also responsible for integrating all the formats into a standardized format for efficient and effective communication.
• This layer encodes the message from the user-dependent format to the common format and vice-versa for communication between dissimilar systems.
• This layer deals with the syntax and semantics of the messages.
• This layer also ensures that the messages which are to be presented to the upper as well as the lower layer should be standardized as well as in an accurate format too.
• Presentation layer is also responsible for translation, formatting, and delivery of information for processing or display.
• This layer also performs serialization (process of translating a data structure or an object into a format that can be stored or transmitted easily).

Features of Presentation Layer in the OSI model: Presentation layer, being the 6th layer in the OSI model, plays a vital role while communication is taking place between two devices in a network.

List of features which are provided by the presentation layer are:

• Presentation layer could apply certain sophisticated compression techniques, so fewer bytes of data are required to represent the information when it is sent over the network.
• If two or more devices are communicating over an encrypted connection, then this presentation layer is responsible for adding encryption on the sender’s end as well as the decoding the encryption on the receiver’s end so that it can represent the application layer with unencrypted, readable data.
• This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent over a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems.
• This presentation layer also negotiates the Transfer Syntax.
• This presentation layer is also responsible for compressing data it receives from the application layer before delivering it to the session layer (which is the 5th layer in the OSI model) and thus improves the speed as well as the efficiency of communication by minimizing the amount of the data to be transferred.

Working of Presentation Layer in the OSI model : Presentation layer in the OSI model, as a translator, converts the data sent by the application layer of the transmitting node into an acceptable and compatible data format based on the applicable network protocol and architecture.  Upon arrival at the receiving computer, the presentation layer translates data into an acceptable format usable by the application layer. Basically, in other words, this layer takes care of any issues occurring when transmitted data must be viewed in a format different from the original format. Being the functional part of the OSI mode, the presentation layer performs a multitude (large number of) data conversion algorithms and character translation functions. Mainly, this layer is responsible for managing two network characteristics: protocol (set of rules) and architecture.

Presentation Layer Protocols : Presentation layer being the 6th layer, but the most important layer in the OSI model performs several types of functionalities, which makes sure that data which is being transferred or received should be accurate or clear to all the devices which are there in a closed network. Presentation Layer, for performing translations or other specified functions, needs to use certain protocols which are defined below –

• Apple Filing Protocol (AFP): Apple Filing Protocol is the proprietary network protocol (communications protocol) that offers services to macOS or the classic macOS. This is basically the network file control protocol specifically designed for Mac-based platforms.
• Lightweight Presentation Protocol (LPP): Lightweight Presentation Protocol is that protocol which is used to provide ISO presentation services on the top of TCP/IP based protocol stacks.
• NetWare Core Protocol (NCP): NetWare Core Protocol is the network protocol which is used to access file, print, directory, clock synchronization, messaging, remote command execution and other network service functions.
• Network Data Representation (NDR): Network Data Representation is basically the implementation of the presentation layer in the OSI model, which provides or defines various primitive data types, constructed data types and also several types of data representations.
• External Data Representation (XDR): External Data Representation (XDR) is the standard for the description and encoding of data. It is useful for transferring data between computer architectures and has been used to communicate data between very diverse machines. Converting from local representation to XDR is called encoding, whereas converting XDR into local representation is called decoding.
• Secure Socket Layer (SSL): The Secure Socket Layer protocol provides security to the data that is being transferred between the web browser and the server. SSL encrypts the link between a web server and a browser, which ensures that all data passed between them remains private and free from attacks.

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  Layer 6 Presentation Layer

De/Encryption, Encoding, String representation

The presentation layer (data presentation layer, data provision level) sets the system-dependent representation of the data (for example, ASCII, EBCDIC) into an independent form, enabling the syntactically correct data exchange between different systems. Also, functions such as data compression and encryption are guaranteed that data to be sent by the application layer of a system that can be read by the application layer of another system to the layer 6. The presentation layer. If necessary, the presentation layer acts as a translator between different data formats, by making an understandable for both systems data format, the ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) used.

OSI Layer 6 - Presentation Layer

The presentation layer is responsible for the delivery and formatting of information to the application layer for further processing or display. It relieves the application layer of concern regarding syntactical differences in data representation within the end-user systems. An example of a presentation service would be the conversion of an EBCDIC-coded text computer file to an ASCII-coded file. The presentation layer is the lowest layer at which application programmers consider data structure and presentation, instead of simply sending data in the form of datagrams or packets between hosts. This layer deals with issues of string representation - whether they use the Pascal method (an integer length field followed by the specified amount of bytes) or the C/C++ method (null-terminated strings, e.g. "thisisastring\0"). The idea is that the application layer should be able to point at the data to be moved, and the presentation layer will deal with the rest. Serialization of complex data structures into flat byte-strings (using mechanisms such as TLV or XML) can be thought of as the key functionality of the presentation layer. Encryption is typically done at this level too, although it can be done on the application, session, transport, or network layers, each having its own advantages and disadvantages. Decryption is also handled at the presentation layer. For example, when logging on to bank account sites the presentation layer will decrypt the data as it is received.[1] Another example is representing structure, which is normally standardized at this level, often by using XML. As well as simple pieces of data, like strings, more complicated things are standardized in this layer. Two common examples are 'objects' in object-oriented programming, and the exact way that streaming video is transmitted. In many widely used applications and protocols, no distinction is made between the presentation and application layers. For example, HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), generally regarded as an application-layer protocol, has presentation-layer aspects such as the ability to identify character encoding for proper conversion, which is then done in the application layer. Within the service layering semantics of the OSI network architecture, the presentation layer responds to service requests from the application layer and issues service requests to the session layer. In the OSI model: the presentation layer ensures the information that the application layer of one system sends out is readable by the application layer of another system. For example, a PC program communicates with another computer, one using extended binary coded decimal interchange code (EBCDIC) and the other using ASCII to represent the same characters. If necessary, the presentation layer might be able to translate between multiple data formats by using a common format. Wikipedia

• Data conversion
• Character code translation
• Compression
• Encryption and Decryption

The Presentation OSI Layer is usually composed of 2 sublayers that are:

CASE common application service element

SASE specific application service element

Layer 7   Application Layer

Layer 6   presentation layer, layer 5   session layer, layer 4   transport layer, layer 3   network layer, layer 2   data link layer, layer 1   physical layer.

Presentation Layer

Last Edited

What is the Presentation Layer?

Presentation Layer is the Layer 6 of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model . The presentation layer structures data that is passed down from the application layer into a format suitable for network transmission. This layer is responsible for data encryption, data compression, character set conversion, interpretation of graphics commands, and so on. The network redirector also functions at this layer.

Presentation Layer functions

• Translation:  Before being transmitted, information in the form of characters and numbers should be changed to bit streams. Layer 6 is responsible for interoperability between encoding methods as different computers use different encoding methods. It translates data between the formats the network requires and the format the computer.
• Encryption:  Encryption at the transmitter and decryption at the receiver
• Compression:  Data compression to reduce the bandwidth of the data to be transmitted. The primary role of  data compression  is to reduce the number of bits to be transmitted. Multimedia files, such as audio and video, are bigger than text files and compression is more important.

Role of Presentation Layer in the OSI Model

This layer is not always used in network communications because its functions are not always necessary. Translation is only needed if different types of machines need to talk with each other. Encryption is optional in communication. If the information is public there is no need to encrypt and decrypt info. Compression is also optional. If files are small there is no need for compression.

Explaining Layer 6 in video

Most real-world protocol suites, such as TCP/IP , do not use separate presentation layer protocols. This layer is mostly an abstraction in real-world networking.

An example of a program that loosely adheres to layer 6 of OSI is the tool that manages the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) — although it’s technically considered an application-layer protocol per the TCP/IP model.

However, HTTP includes presentation layer services within it. HTTP works when the requesting device forwards user requests passed to the web browser onto a web server elsewhere in the network.

It receives a return message from the web server that includes a multipurpose internet mail extensions (MIME) header. The MIME header indicates the type of file – text, video, or audio – that has been received so that an appropriate player utility can be used to present the file to the user.

In short, the presentation layer

Makes sure that data which is being transferred or received should be accurate or clear to all the devices which are there, in a closed network.

• ensures proper formatting and delivery to and from the application layer;
• performs data encryption; and
• manages serialization of data objects.

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Presentation Layer

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In this tutorial, we will be covering the Presentation layer of the OSI reference model in Computer Networks.

The presentation layer is layer-6 of the OSI reference model . This layer mainly responds to the service requests from the application layer(that is layer-7) and issues the service requests to layer-6 that is (the session layer).

This layer mainly acts as the translator of the network. Another name of the presentation layer is the Syntax layer.

The primary goal of this layer is to take care of the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two communicating systems. The presentation layer takes care that the data is sent in such a way that the receiver will understand the information(data) and will be able to use the data. Languages(syntax) can be different between the two communicating systems. Under this condition, the presentation layer plays a role as translator.

In order to make it possible for computers with different data representations to communicate, the data structures to be exchanged can be defined in an abstract way. The presentation layer manages these abstract data structures and allows higher-level data structures(eg: banking records), to be defined and exchanged.

We can say that the presentation layer may represent or encode the data in various ways (like data compression, data encryption). But the receiving device mainly decodes or converts the encoded message into its original form.

For the same data, the sender and receiver must need to agree upon a messaging format that is commonly known as the Presentation format.

Also, the presentation layer is a part of the operating system that mainly converts the data from one presentation format to another presentation format.

Protocols used at the Presentation layer

Given below are some of the protocols used at the presentation layer:

AFP(Apple filling protocol)

Secure Socket Layer(SSL)

FTP(file transfer protocol)

Lightweight Presentation Protocol(LPP)

SSH(Secure shell)

Functions of Presentation Layer

Translation: Before being transmitted, the information in the form of characters and numbers should be changed to bitstreams. The presentation layer is responsible for interoperability between encoding methods as different computers use different encoding methods. It translates data between the formats the network requires and the format of the computer.

Encryption: It carries out encryption at the transmitter and decryption at the receiver.

Compression: It carries out data compression to reduce the bandwidth of the data to be transmitted. The primary role of Data compression is to reduce the number of bits to be 0transmitted. It is important in transmitting multimedia such as audio, video, text, etc.

Design Issues with Presentation Layer

To manage and maintain the Syntax and Semantics of the information transmitted.

Encoding data in a standard agreed-upon way. Eg: String, double, date, etc.

Perform Standard Encoding on the wire.

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Presentation Layer: What It Is, Design Issues, Functionalities

Description and Functions of Presentation Layer in the OSI model: In this tutorial, we are going to learn what the Presentation layer is and the Functions of the Presentation Layer in the OSI model in Computer Networking. We will also discuss the Design issues with the Presentation Layer and the working of the Presentation Layer with the help of its diagram. By Monika Jha Last updated : May 05, 2023

What is Presentation Layer?

The Presentation Layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two communicating devices.

• The presentation layer takes care that the data is sent in that way the receiver of the data will understand the information (data) and will be able to use the data.
• Languages that are syntax can be different from the two communicating machines. In this condition, the presentation layer plays the role of translator between them.
• It is possible for two machines to communicate with different data representations, data structures to be exchanged can be defined in an abstract way.
• These abstract data structures will be managed by the presentation layer and this layer allows higher-level data structures (For example banking records), to be defined and exchanged.

This figure shows the relationship of the presentation layer to the session layer and application layer.

Design Issues with Presentation Layer

The following are the design issues with presentation layer:

• To manage and maintain the Syntax and Semantics of the information transmitted.
• Encoding data in a standard agreed-upon way just like a string, double, date, etc.
• It Performs Standard Encoding scheme on the wire.

Functionalities of the Presentation Layer

Specific functionalities of the presentation layer are as follows:

1. Translation

• The processes or running programs in two machines are usually exchanging the information in the form of numbers, character strings and so on before being transmitted. The information should be changed to bitstreams because different computers use different encoding schemes.
• The Presentation layer is responsible for compatibility between these encoding methods.
• The Presentation layer at the sender's side changes the information from its sender dependent format.
• The Presentation layer at the receiving machine changes the common format into its receivers dependent format.

Example: Convert ASCII code to EBCDIC code.

2. Encryption

• The system must be able to assure privacy regarding the message or information as it also carries sensitive information.
• Encryption means that the sender transforms the original information or message to another form, this data after encryption is known as the ciphertext and this ciphertext sends the resulting message out over the network.
• Decryption concerned with the transform of the message back to its original form. This decrypted data is known as plain text.

3. Compression

• Data Compression means reduces the number of bits to be transmitted by this reduce the bandwidth of the data.
• Data Compression becomes particularly important in the transmission of multimedia such as audio, video, text, etc.

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Presentation Layer In OSI Model : A Comprehensive Guide

In the vast landscape of computer networks, the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model stands as a fundamental framework for understanding how data is transmitted from one device to another. Among its seven layers, the presentation layer holds an important place, acting as a translator and formatter to ensure seamless communication between different systems. Through this article, we will try to know what is presentation layer in OSI model, what is its role in the field of networking and what is its importance.

Table of Contents

What is the Presentation Layer?

The Presentation Layer, within the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, is the sixth layer. It focuses on the representation of data, ensuring that information exchanged between applications is formatted appropriately for transmission and receipt across a network. This layer handles tasks such as data translation, encryption, compression, and formatting. Its primary function is to ensure that data remains readable and understandable by both the sender and receiver, regardless of differences in data formats. In essence, the Presentation Layer acts as a translator and formatter, facilitating seamless communication between different systems and enhancing the reliability and security of data transmission.

Working of Presentation Layer

The Presentation Layer acts like a language translator and document formatter in the OSI model. It takes data from applications and prepares it for transmission over the network by translating it into a language that both the sender and receiver understand. Think of it as converting a letter into a universal format before mailing it overseas. Additionally, the Presentation Layer ensures that the data looks right by formatting it properly, like adjusting the font and spacing in a document. It also adds extra security by encrypting the data if needed, making it like a secret code that only the intended recipient can understand. Lastly, it might shrink the data down to save space during transmission, similar to compressing a file before emailing it. In short, the Presentation Layer makes sure data is ready for its journey across the network, keeping it secure, readable, and efficient along the way.

Functions of the Presentation Layer

• Data Translation : Converting data from the format used by the application into a format suitable for transmission over the network, and vice versa, ensuring interoperability between different systems.
• Encryption and Decryption : Securing data during transmission by encrypting it before sending and decrypting it upon reception, ensuring confidentiality and integrity of the information.
• Data Compression : Reducing the size of data before transmission to optimize bandwidth usage and speed up the transfer process, improving network efficiency.
• Data Formatting: Formatting data according to predefined standards for transmission, including character encoding, data structure, and multimedia representation, ensuring compatibility between sender and receiver applications.
• Protocol Conversion : Adapting data between different network protocols or data formats, facilitating communication between systems with varying requirements or standards.
• Character Code Translation: Converting characters between different character sets or encoding schemes to ensure proper interpretation of text-based data across systems with different language or encoding preferences.

Protocols are Use in Presentation layer

The Presentation Layer primarily focuses on data representation and formatting rather than specific protocols. However, some protocols or standards are commonly associated with the Presentation Layer due to their role in data representation and formatting. Here are a few examples.

• MIME : MIME stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions. It’s a protocol that broadens the scope of email messages, enabling the use of text in various character sets beyond ASCII. Additionally, MIME facilitates the inclusion of attachments such as audio, video, images, and application programs within emails.
• SSL/TLS : SSL/TLS protocols provide secure communication over a computer network by encrypting data between the client and server, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity. While SSL/TLS operate at the Transport Layer, they often involve encryption and decryption processes associated with the Presentation Layer.
• ASCII (: ASCII and Unicode are character encoding standards that represent text characters using numerical codes. These standards ensure consistent representation of text characters across different systems and platforms, which is crucial for data interchange.
• JPEG, GIF, PNG : These image file formats are commonly used for encoding and transmitting images over networks. While the specifics of image compression and encoding are often handled by the Application Layer, the Presentation Layer ensures proper interpretation and formatting of these image data.
• PDF : PDF is a file format used to present and exchange documents reliably, independent of software, hardware, or operating systems. The Presentation Layer ensures proper interpretation and rendering of PDF documents for display or printing

the Presentation Layer of the OSI Model acts as a translator and formatter, ensuring that data exchanged between applications remains readable and compatible across diverse systems. By handling tasks such as data translation, encryption, compression, and formatting, it enhances the reliability, efficiency, and security of data transmission over networks. Essentially, the Presentation Layer plays a crucial role in facilitating seamless communication between different systems, ensuring that information is accurately represented and securely transmitted, thus contributing to the smooth functioning of modern networking environments.

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Presentation Layer: Protocols, Examples, Services | Functions of Presentation Layer

Presentation Layer is the 6th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model where all application programmer consider data structure and presentation, beyond of simply sending the data into form of datagram otherwise packets in between the hosts. Now, we will explain about what is presentation layer with its protocols, example, service ; involving with major functions of presentation Layer with ease. At the end of this article, you will completely educate about What is Presentation Layer in OSI Model without any hassle.

What is Presentation Layer?

Definition : Presentation layer is 6th layer in the OSI model , and its main objective is to present all messages to upper layer as a standardized format. It is also known as the “ Translation layer “.  This layer takes care of syntax and semantics of messages exchanged in between two communication systems. Presentation layer has responsible that receiver can understand all data, and it will be to implement all data languages can be dissimilar of two communication system.

Presentation Layer Tutorial Headlines:

In this section, we will show you all headlines about this entire article; you can check them as your choice; below shown all:

Let’s Get Started!!

  functions of presentation layer.

Presentation layer performs various functions in the OSI model ; below explain each one – 

Protocols of Presentation Layer

Example of presentation layer protocols:.

Here, we will discuss all examples of presentation layer protocols; below explain each one –  

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) : MIME protocol was introduced by Bell Communications in 1991, and it is an internet standard that provides scalable capable of email for attaching of images, sounds and text in a message.

Apple Filing Protocol (AFP ) : AFP protocol is designed by Apple company for sharing all files over the entire network .

Network Data Representation (NDR) : NDR is an data encoding standard, and it is implement in the Distributed Computing Environment (DCE).

Telnet (Telecommunication Network) : Telnet protocol was introduced in 1969, and it offers the command line interface for making communication along with remote device or server .

eXternal Data Representation (XDR) : This protocol provides the description and encoding of entire data, and  it’s main goal is to transfer data in between dissimilar computer architecture.

Presentation Layer Services

Design issues with presentation layer, faqs (frequently asked questions), what is meant by presentation layer in osi model.

Presentation Layer is the 6th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model that is the lowest layer, where all application programmer consider data structure and presentation, beyond of simply sending the data into form of datagram otherwise packets in between the hosts.

What protocols are used in the presentation layer?

Can you explain some presentation layer examples, what are the main functions of the presentation layer, what are services of presentation layer in osi.

Presentation layer has a responsibility for formatting, translation, and delivery of the information for getting to process otherwise display .

Also Read: Data Link Layer: Protocols, Examples | Functions of Data Link Layer

If you have any experience, tips, tricks, or query regarding this issue? You can drop a comment!

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What is the Presentation Layer in Programming?

Trevor Page

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The presentation layer is one of the three main layers in object-oriented programming.

The three main layers include:

• Presentation Layer
• Business Layer

Now, these three layers are typically related to enterprise web applications. It's a design pattern used to help separate your code out in three distinct areas that (if need be) can easily be switched out with another programming language or technology.

So if you keep all of your presentation layer code in one area of your application, switching presentation layer technologies shouldn't be too difficult.

Same rules apply to the business and data layers. If you separated your code out properly, switching databases shouldn't be too big of an issue.

Having said that, we'll be focusing on the presentation layer.

The four big players (in terms of technology) in the presentation layer are as follows:

Let’s dive into the overviews of each of these big players, shall we?

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is a technology used to communicate with web browsers. All browsers follow the rules laid out in HTML (currently in its 5th iteration).

HTML defines a bunch of different HTML elements known as tags that are put together to make up the basic layout of a web page. These tags are used to define things like the title of the webpage (which appears in the tab of your browser), the actual text that appears on the page, images, buttons and more.

Thankfully HTML isn’t too tough to learn as it’s more of a game of memorizing the most popular tags and using them to create your simple web pages. HTML is not a programming language, as it doesn’t define variables, data types, control structure or the like. This is also what makes it fairly easy to learn.

We’ll be diving into examples of HTML “code” later, so stay tuned.

CSS (cascading style sheets) is used to add some “pizazz” to your web pages. CSS is used to add a design look and feel to your web pages through the use of its cascading rules. We won’t get into the exact rules that CSS uses to apply its designs just yet, but again, stay tuned for a more in depth explanation.

All you need to know is that CSS is used to make a web page look nice. You can use it to choose which parts of the web page should be which color, how big or small elements should be, what fonts should be used and more.

If you’ve ever landed on a web page that wasn’t able to properly load its CSS, you’d likely think that the website was completely broken. It is often fixed by forcing the page to reload and then the CSS usually gets picked up the second time and everything loads properly and the website goes back to looking great. This situation is quite rare, but I thought I’d mention it because it’s a great example of just how powerful CSS is.

JavaScript is used to make your web pages interactive. It allows you to put some real programming functionality into web pages (as HTML is not a programming language and thus cannot add real programming elements to a page).

Examples of what JavaScript can do is when you’re logging into an application and you forget to provide information in one of the fields. JavaScript can detect that you’ve forgotten to type in your username or password and can provide you with a prompt explaining that you need to fill in your username and password before you can continue.

JavaScript shouldn’t be confused with Java, as they are two different technologies. Java is part of the business layer and has no place in the presentation layer. Java is known as a server side language, as it exists and runs on servers. JavaScript is known as a client side technology, and thus lives where the “clients” are, which is inside the actual web browsers.

A good way to think of the difference between the two languages is that when you land on a web page and it loads in your browser, it will also load any JavaScript code inside the page and you’ll actually be able to access that code and read it. Whereas, you’d never be able to read the Java code, as it’s not loaded in your browser because it’s a server side technology.

That simple distinction between the two languages makes for two very different languages in terms of their use and functionality.

The syntax for JavaScript, however, is fairly similar to Java. This is nice since you’ll be able to look at a piece of JavaScript code and more or less understand what’s going on. So you should be able to pick up the JavaScript language a lot quicker if you already have a good command of the Java language.

JQuery is a technology that’s used in tandem with JavaScript. JQuery makes your life as a web programmer so much easier for one reason, it allows you to write code once and have it work across all the browsers.

In today’s world we have so many browsers that can be downloaded for free and used to peruse the web. This actually makes building websites a bit challenging, as every browser has made up their own minds on how to “render” an HTML web page.

This means that a webpage loaded on Safari might not look the same as if it’s loaded on Internet Explorer, or Firefox, or Chrome.

These inconsistencies drive web programmers crazy, so that’s why jQuery was introduced. It allows you to write your JavaScript in a sort of “browser agnostic” way. You can write it once, and jQuery will execute the code appropriately depending on which browser it’s loaded it. VERY COOL!

The best part of all of these technologies is that they are all free to use.

And thankfully, they are also free to learn via these tutorials!

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What is Presentation Layer?

The sixth layer of the OSI reference model is the presentation layer. This layer is concerned with the issue relating to the external data representation. It is up to the session layer that we have assumed the user data as a string of bits, and we have discussed the conditions for reliable transfer of this bit stream from one end system to another.

The presentation layer, irrespective of the internal data representation, encodes the information into an external indication that the other end system’s presentation layer is well understood.

The function of the presentation layer is to encode the structured data (i.e., data to be transmitted which can be tricky even) from the internal format of the source machine to a bit stream suitable for transmission and then to decode it to the required representation at the destination which can be then understood by the user there.

Design Issue for Presentation Layer

The presentation layer's primary function is to provide the user with a way to execute the session service primitives. It also manages the set of data structures currently required, specification of complex data structure and data conversion into internal and external forms. These functions are closely related to data representation and data encoding techniques like compression and encryption.

Data Representation

For storage and process of data, different computers use diverse internal representation of data. There are various types of character sets like American code for information interchange (ASCII), extended binary coded decimal interchange code (EBCDIC), binarycoded decimal (BCD) codes etc.

Similarly, for integer representation, most microcomputers use two complement arithmetic on 16 to 32-bit integers. Some computers use one’s complement representation, and some use even up to 60 bits one's complement.

Some computers number their bytes from right to left while others from left to right. Because of these differences, even if the data is transmitted correctly and received correctly, the resultant values can differ from those of the shared values.

Data Compression

Data Compression is a widely used technique to save space in memory (main memory) and secondary storage devices like a disk, magnetic tapes etc. In general, data transmission used on computer networks uses public or private networks which require payment for their efforts.

The cost is usually calculated in terms of time or the amount of data sent. If it is a fixed monthly or yearly subscription, i.e., fixed charges, we typically don't need extra techniques. But if the cost depends on the volume of data, then the data compression technique is a boon for users.

Data compression is closely related to data representation because if a particular data needs 10 bytes for its expression, a few bits appear again and again in that data. Then by representing those standard bits in a specific manner, it can reduce it to 4 bytes.

This can be done by using codes and several times, its repetition or some other way. Similarly, if a string contains the maximum percentage of positive integers, they can be sent in a single unsigned byte if most of them are between 0 and 255.

In such cases, a code is transmitted before the byte to indicate an actual integer of more bits (example 32 bits follows).

Network Security

One of the major problems during data transmissions on networks is to protect the data from unauthorized users. This is dealt with under the security and privacy of networks. As the network mostly belongs to single organizations in older days, maintaining privacy and security control was more accessible.

But nowadays, as the network does not belong to a single organization, it is also challenging to ensure that the data sent is not copied and accessed by unauthorized users. Wiretapping is widespread.

Worst of all, it is in satellite links where the data is available to anyone who uses an antenna and tries to capture the data from the transmission channel secretly.

These security services should perform the following functions:

• It is used for data protection from unauthorized accessors.
• It can provide prevention from unauthorized deletion.
• It can give prevention from the unauthorized insertion of messages.
• It can verify each message sent to the sender
• It is used to provide a way to send signed documents electrically.
• It is used to provide a way to make data incomprehensible to all but their intended recipients.

Related Articles

• What is a presentation layer?
• Explain the functions of Presentation Layer.
• The Presentation Layer of OSI Model
• What is a network layer?
• What is the transport layer?
• What is the session layer?
• What is the application layer?
• What is a Physical Layer?
• What is the Ozone Layer?
• What is the data link layer?
• What is a Data Link Layer?
• What is Layer 2 Forwarding (L2F)?
• What is physical layer coding violation?
• What is Secure Socket Layer (SSL)?
• What is Data Link Layer Switching?

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Difference between presentation layer and user-interface

What is the difference between a presentation layer and an user-interface?

• user-interface

4 Answers 4

They are close in execution, but they come from different directions. They aren't well defined, depending on the specific context, they may be almost identical or overlap only slightly.

Presentation layer is term in the taxonomy of code and associated resources.

User Interface is the implementation of the intended User Experience in terms of page layout, page transitions and page control elements. (I am using "page" loosely here - you can replace it with "form" or "window").

The distinction is important when you consider how a user interface gets created. If you come from the code, you are basically working with the needs and mechanisms of the code - what data is there to show? , and in what ways your code can change that?

If you come from the user, the questions are rather what data the does the user need? and what data the user wants to change?

(The first one isn't necessarily worse - it's perfect for users who have a good idea of the inner workings of the application, and it makes it often easier to make use of the full capabilities of the code.)

The link in the John's answer refers to the OSI model, which is not the term intended here IMHO.

I think presentation layer and UI are overlapping concepts, though not 100% overlapping.

Form one angle: The term presentation layer suggests a layered structure in the application, while the term UI does not suggest anything about the inner structure of the application.

From another angle: The term UI might only include the collection of controls and their event handlers, while the term presentation layer could include some deeper non visual parts of the application like ViewModels or Presenters.

The presentation layer delivers information to the application layer for display.

The presentation layer, in some cases, handles data translation to allow use on a particular system.

The user interface shows you the data once the presentation layer has done any translations it needs to.

More here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_Layer

Here's my own interpretation:

Presentation layer loosely refers to the layer which is responsible for somehow displaying the data for the users. It is often spoken of in the context of a software architecture along with other layers such persistence layer, business logic layer, etc, and rarely by itself.

User interface simply refers to the point of interfacing between the users and some software programs. User interface do not always have to have a nice graphical windows capabilities. A console program, one which runs on the prompt, is also said to have a user interface, just not a graphical one.

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