best essays com

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Welcome to BestEssays

The paper writing service for everyone who needs quality essays on the cheap and on the double! We offer custom-made papers of all types for students of all academic backgrounds.

Our services

The essay writing service you can trust.

Our essay masters can do any type of writing, not just essays. We only hire well-educated writers with honed skills and the ability to complete any writing task quickly and efficiently. You can order writing on any topic and of any genre that you may need and feel confident that your task is in capable hands.

We specialize in creating academic writing for students of all types and academic backgrounds. Tell us the title, page count and the type of paper, and we'll create high-quality custom writing for you to submit. You can give us as many additional instructions as you'd like – your writer will adhere to them all. You can also upload supplementary materials like class notes and anything else you'd want to be used. We aim to provide the most flexible essay writing service possible.

We also do writing for businesses and professionals. Even though we specialize in custom essays, we know our essay writers are multi-talented and we didn't want to pigeonhole them. That’s why we started offering business writing, such as resumes, CVs, business plans, and more!

Before your writing is sent out, it undergoes the scrutiny of our quality assurance team. If you have a paper that you've completed, but want a specialist’s opinion, you can send it to our experts for editing and proofreading. They'll apply the same high standards to your papers as they do to all our own, and include a plagiarism check. Our custom essay writing service aims to fulfill all your writing needs. So if you need a special order made, contact our support to find out if we can accommodate it.

"BestEssays are very great. whenever I have any problem there customer service are Always take care of me in resolving any issues that I have, they are absolutely great! And they does an amazing job with my concerns. Thanks again."

PROFESSIONAL ESSAY WRITERS AT YOUR DISPOSAL

When we call ourselves a custom writing service, we mean it. Every order is approached individually, and we take steps to ensure that each paper is treated with the care it deserves – flexibility is key. Beside that, our unwavering standards apply to everything we do. The following guarantees are our benchmark, and we do not depart from it.

All our essay writers are professionals who have extensive experience writing top-notch papers. We only work with writers who can deliver high-quality writing at top speeds. Moreover, we only entrust a paper to the online essay writer if we're certain they have expertise in the area. So no engineers writing your English paper!

When you order your essays online, security is a major concern. We would like to assure you that your payment is processed securely, and none of your information – neither your name or payment details – will ever be shared with a third party.

The goal of our essay writing company is building long-term relationships with students. That's why we've created a customer support system that’s there for you anytime you need it. Every time you come to us for online writing services, you can have your questions answered 24/7. Reach us by phone, Skype or our messaging system and leave satisfied, every time.

All our papers are written from scratch, and we don't tolerate any less. Our essay writing service does not sell previously made essays or use our clients' papers as samples. The essay writers are not allowed to use any parts of previously completed works in the order they’re currently working on. The paper you receive from us is guaranteed to pass any plagiarism check applied to it.

Deadlines for urgent orders start at three hours. Even with a timeframe so short, your paper is guaranteed to arrive on time. The countdown to your deadline starts as soon as we receive your payment and assign a writer to your order. After years in the business of providing essay writing online, we understand the need for speed and timely delivery like no other.

When you order custom writing from BestEssays, we guarantee that you will be satisfied, and we promise to work tirelessly until you are. If you’ve received your order and noticed that something hasn’t been done the way you requested it, you can let us know right then and there. Specify what changes need to be made and we'll give your paper a free revision. It's that simple.

Order now and experience the new way of doing homework. The essay experts are here to write everything you need.

At BestEssay.com, our essay writers create 100% original content that is written to your exact specifications. Our degreed writers are all experienced and highly professional, so you are always sure to get an essay that exceeds your standards of quality. Of course, seeing is believing. That is why we have provided a free download of one of our essays, so you can see the quality of work we always deliver. Download your free sample essay today.

We have more than 1000 writers on staff with expertise and experience in diverse range of subjects. Every writer on our team has either a PhD or Master's Degree, ensuring you get high quality essays that earn top marks. We maintain strict hiring standards, so you always get the best essay possible.

You have questions, we have answers. Our customer support team is here 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to help you with all of your essay writing needs. We have more than 30 support representatives who are always available to help you, and there are many convenient ways to contact us.

Our Quality Control team closely scrutinizes every essay to ensure it is the best it can be. Furthermore, you can enjoy full communication with your writer throughout your project and after your essay has been delivered, should you require any edits. At BestEssay.com, you will always get the highest level of service to ensure a satisfactory experience.

We promise to provide essays that are 100% original and written with the parameters of your assignment in mind. If for any reason you require revisions, we will handle them for free. If our Quality Control team confirms a complaint about boor quality, you will get a full refund on your purchase. Simply put, our goal is to provide you with the best essays at prices you can afford.

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Reviews 4.0.

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Absolutely terrible writers

Absolutely terrible writers. The writer just used my point sentences by adding a few words and stuck it into 11 slides, all mixed up, one slide didn't stick with the next...and charged 450.00 for it

Date of experience : February 22, 2024

I had an urgent writing requirement that I need and decided to avail their service. The writer perfectly did it that I did not have to worry about anything anymore. I was able to meet my deadline. The customer service was superb, they helped me so much and communicated with me until completion. I recommend this website, it will lessen your worries and provide you with quality work.

Date of experience : November 06, 2023

This company its NOT A LEGIT COMPANY . THEY USE THIS COMPANY FOR MONEY LAUNDERING ETC They use KIDS TO WRITE THEIR PAPERS THEY MADE ME FAIL SUBMITTING MY PAPER AND EVENTUALLY MY COURSE THEY MENTALLY ABUSED ME FOR 3 WEEKS THEN OFFERED ME CREDIT INSTEAD OF REFUND THEY DONT GIVE REFUND BECAUSE ONCE THEY USE YOUR MONEY THATS IT THEY DONT AFFORD REFUNDING IT BEAWARE OF THESE FRAUDERS

Date of experience : June 28, 2021

They helped me but It’s unfortunate they don’t give discounts

I used this assignment help to purchase an admissions paper primarily because I lacked the language skills. David, my author, was really helpful; he gave me plenty of relevant issues and listened closely to what I needed. He later delivered exactly what I was looking for. My only challenge, perhaps what’s preventing me from giving them a full 5 stars, is the fact they don’t give newbies a discount. They don’t even give discounts for large orders.

Date of experience : November 19, 2022

Excellent, even with short deadlines

I'm quite satisfied with the service provided, even though the difficulty of this assignment forced it to cost me a little extra. Kudos; you did a terrific job! What a lovely, expert workmanship! I appreciate you doing this task for me; without your assistance, I couldn't have done it as well! This team succeeded in finishing a superb paper despite a 4-hour constraint that I set! It's incredible.

Date of experience : August 28, 2022

You won't regret hiring them

I just started using their services, having heard about them from an acquaintance. The caliber of the assistance has really amazed me. I've explored other professional services, yet none of them can offer quality intellectual content as well as they could. Basically told, they went above and beyond my requirements and offered me more materials. Simply place your order with this writing service if you want your project completed flawlessly. You won't be sorry doing it.

Date of experience : October 26, 2022

Complex UI but great services

Superb service! I have a lot of difficulty with various topics since I'm a foreigner, which essentially makes me uncomfortable, apprehensive, and much less effective. I figured I could manage it on my own, but it wasn't until I purchased a handful of these papers that I was able to raise my marks. Excellent work and affordable cost. My only complaint is that as a foreign student, I found their website a little complex and complicated to use. I hope that they can improve this going into the future.

Date of experience : October 10, 2022

Beyond my expectations

It is without doubt the best essay writing company I've tried. I used academic writing websites before, and I was a real nightmare. I stumbled upon this website, when I needed a paper about Osama Bin Laden and placed an order here since found a lot of excellent reviews about this company. The team delivered my paper in time and it was even better than I expected.

Date of experience : April 11, 2022

They can handle any task

I am not good in some types of assignments, and Best essays are my life-savers. I had several assignments and didn’t do them correctly, so my girlfriend suggested contacting this team. They completed all my tasks with ease and I got an excellent discount for my first order. I am ordering more now, thanks!

Date of experience : April 29, 2022

Sports betting essay paper!!!!

Thank you for writing a sports betting papers for me. I didn't know that it is illegal in some countries. The content of the paper is unique and meets all quality standards. Nevertheless, the price was too high, since I required the paper by next day.

Date of experience : December 23, 2021

I am glad I landed on their website…

All week leading up to my final assessment, I was in dire need of paper assistance but lacked the funds for a large purchase. I called this service, and they worked with me to find the most reasonable pricing whilst also providing me with a top-notch assignment. I ended up with a perfectly done assignment and this was just at a fraction of the price I would have paid elsewhere. Thank you, fellas!

Date of experience : November 21, 2022

In time task completion

My task contained 5 questions about modern historical theories and I needed to support the point that these theories are fake. I stuck with writing since I don’t like such topics, I am more about facts supporting. This team delivered an excellent piece and completed this task for me.

Date of experience : July 12, 2022

I will be right back soon

I must save time to appreciate how efficient and quick the writing team in Best Essay is. I needed an essay "When is it time to get out of an abusive relationship?" for my psychology class and I had only two days before the due date. These guys delivered it with no issue and it was fantastic. I love the attention they paid to my order and planning to place another one today. Thank you!

Date of experience : April 25, 2022

Got a paper from them

I needed a paper covering how corporations should reward employees, apart from paying money for my business class, and since I was preparing for the interview, I ordered writing from this company. The writer covered the topic and delivered custom paper. There were few amendments, but overall quality was good.

Date of experience : June 26, 2022

Excellent citations

I used your service to get a large number of essays, all of which were of the greatest quality I'd ever seen. Thank you for your assistance. As long as I'm doing well in school, I'll continue to be a client of your company. It's a source of great pride for you that your researchers go out of their way to discover the most trustworthy sources to back up their claims.

Date of experience : January 21, 2022

Genuine writing team

Best essay is a trustworthy team that had never failed to deliver my tasks in time. Yet, I think they should be more creative in writing since some of my papers are really dull. Yet, the quality of writing is excellent and they are 100% original.

Date of experience : December 20, 2021

Surprisingly good paper

I am surprised with my paper about effects of feminism movement from this team. It was well-researched paper without any errors. Moreover, I liked the style of writing. The paper was engaging, written in friendly, yet, professional tone.

Date of experience : February 28, 2022

Exceptional pieces

Due to the fact that I work six days a week, it is quite tough for me to keep up with all of my responsibilities. As a consequence of your aid, I was able to finish a big number of papers on time. Their customer service representatives have been kind and helpful on every occasion. Apart from that, the papers have always been of excellent quality. Aside from that, my purchases were always delivered on time and without any issues on my part.

Date of experience : January 10, 2022

Can improve on writing quality

I gave this agency an acceptable score since they were on time and provided me with a well-written dissertation. Nonetheless, I believe they have to step up their game in terms of content excellence.

Date of experience : February 23, 2022

Knowledgeable authors

All in all, it was a terrific learning experience. While I was making my order, both the writer and the customer service agent went out of their way to assist me in every manner they could think of. The author was kind and responsive in his responses to my emails and messages. Ultimately, the job performed above and above my expectations, and I appreciate all of your efforts in this respect. Thank you very much for all of your assistance!

Date of experience : January 14, 2022

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BestEssays.com Review

Rating 5.4/10

Table Of Contents

Paper Quality

Bestessays.com has been providing academic writing services for more than 20 years. As with any long-living service, two things can happen to their business – they either grow to take one of the leading roles in the marketplace, or they stagnate and lose quality with clients. Unfortunately for BestEssays, the second scenario has become their reality. By chasing more clients and increasing revenues, they seem to have lost focus on quality. Their writing quality doesn’t satisfy average college paper requirements, which was noticed by me and by many other clients who left their feedback online.

Prices and Fees

Service Review and Online reputation

Customer Support

Their customer support service is definitely not the best I have seen. Besides a complex interactive voice response system, which makes it very hard to talk with a real person, they don’t have any live chat option available. Also, they don’t work on weekends and on weekdays are open until 7 am only.

Types of Services

Ordering Process

Offers and Extra Services

As mentioned, BestEssays is lacking first-order discounts or any customer-retention program, which would encourage returning customers and reward them for their loyalty. The company, though, provides an optional, but free-of-charge plagiarism report. Given some clients’ negative comments regarding paper originality, I don’t believe a plagiarism report is a viable option.

• A variety of academic services to choose from
• Over 20 years of operation on the custom essay market
• Below average paper quality
• Horrible customer support service
• No customer-retention program
• High prices

BestEssays may have a long history of providing custom academic services; however, they seem to have lost their customer focus along with their online reputation on the way. Avoid this service at all costs.

Is BestEssays a scam?

They are not a scam service as far as thousands of user reviews go. It is a real company with a long history of serving clients.

Is BestEssays trustworthy?

You can trust them to deliver an academic paper for you within the formatting and deadline requirements. The tricky part, though, is the quality of their work. I wouldn’t personally trust them with my important college paper and will always check the papers I buy with several plagiarism checking tools online.

Is BestEssays cheap?

They are not a cheap writing service. Their prices are well above the market average. If you want to get cheap custom writing help, you should be looking elsewhere.

Is BestEssays secure?

Multiple users reported issues with handling their personal information and financial transactions. Therefore, the use of extra caution when buying services from this company is advised (just as with any other online service).

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BestEssays Review 2024

Expert review by John Milovich Updated: April 22, 2024

WE DO NOT RECOMMEND BestEssays TO OUR READERS

BestEssays is rated 1.84 by ScamFighter and is not on our TOP Writing Services

Table of contents

Executive summary.

Is Bestessays.com scam? In my professional experience as a student and ghostwriter, reviewing Bestessays Com has been an insightful journey. While the range of services offered is commendable, the lack of transparency regarding the qualifications and origins of their writers raises concerns. The ambiguity around whether the writers are native speakers is a significant drawback.

Bestessays.com Overview

BestEssays is probably one of the oldest companies in the essay writing services market. It was launched in 1997 and has been providing services to the clients to this day. Bestessays com assures that it has a huge team of professional writers which consists of more than 1000 experts. However, right after this claim, the company states that they have more than 700 experienced writers from different English-speaking countries.

In my quest to understand and evaluate Bestessays, I encountered several issues. The website's lack of clarity about the writers' backgrounds was a major concern. It's essential to know if the writers are native speakers or possess the language skills required for high-quality academic papers. This information remained elusive despite my efforts and perusing through various Bestessays.com reviews. Additionally, the website's design was far from intuitive, significantly detracting from the user experience.

Basic User Experience

My experience with Best Essays review began with navigating their website to place an order. The process was not as smooth as expected from a professional writing service. The site's interface was cluttered and not user-friendly, making finding the information I needed efficiently challenging.

Pros and Cons

• The company exists over 20 years
• A huge variety of services
• Very high prices
• Refund policy leaves much to be desired
• Average quality

Bestessays.com: Types of Academic Services

Bestessays.com offers a wide array of services catering to various academic needs. This extensive range is a highlight in many Bestessays.com reviews. They provide typical writing services such as essays, term papers, research papers, and more specialized assistance like thesis and dissertation writing. Despite this variety, the site’s presentation of these services is somewhat cluttered, making navigating and understanding the full extent of their offerings challenging.

The Real Paper Quality

For my Bestessays.com review, I ordered a 7-page Environmental Economics research paper on inefficient natural resource allocation with specific sources and analytical depth instructions. Unfortunately, the final product was a letdown. The paper was riddled with basic grammatical errors and stylistic inconsistencies, indicating either a non-native English speaker or a lack of proper editing.

Furthermore, several key points from my instructions were overlooked or misunderstood, leading to a lack of depth in the analysis. Sources were also problematic, with several key references missing or incorrectly cited. This experience highlighted a significant gap in the quality control of Bestessays.com, as the paper delivered did not meet the academic standards required for such an assignment.

Bestessays.com Cost Overview

Relevant prices.

Even though I’ve read some Bestessays reviews and I knew that the prices for their services are quite high, but I really didn’t expect that they would be that high! Approximately 20.50 dollars for just a 1-page essay with a deadline of 10 days. And keep in mind that it’s without any additional features. Two things surprised me the most. First of all, is that if you choose a UK writer it will make your work more expensive. Well, if you work in the market of the USA, the UK, and Australia, and have support there, then I guess there should also be writers from those countries. Then why does the UK style make my paperwork more expensive? And why don’t they have the option of the Australian style? The second thing is that if you want your work to be proofread by the editor, then you’ll have to pay additional 5 dollars. Maybe it’s logical, but I expected that they do proofreading anyway and that it should be included in the price.

The thing that I didn’t see in any Bestessay review, is that you cannot apply a discount of 15 % that you received as a newcomer only if your order costs more than 47 dollars. It will not be difficult to reach that amount considering the prices for the additional features, but anyway it doesn’t encourage newcomers to place the order.

Bestessays.com Discounts

New customers typically get a 15% discount on their first order if they contact support agents. There are also periodic promotions and discounts for returning customers, although the details and availability of these offers can be unclear and seem to change frequently.

Ordering Process

The ordering process at Bestessays.com is fairly standard yet somewhat cumbersome. Users navigate through web pages to select their desired service, fill in order details, and make payments. While the process is guided, the website's user interface can be confusing, making the overall experience less intuitive than expected.

Bestessays.com: Web Reputation

In my comprehensive analysis of Best Essays reviews, I examined feedback from various platforms, including Reddit, Quora, Sitejabber, Trustpilot, and other review aggregators. The consensus from these sources is predominantly negative. A recurring theme in these reviews is the poor quality of the papers provided. Many customers expressed dissatisfaction with the writing standards, noting that the papers were often poorly written, lacked depth, and did not adhere to the specified requirements.

Is It Reliable?

Regarding Bestessays reviews, my opinion is mixed. While the service offers many academic writing options and attractive discounts, the core reliability aspect is questionable. The prevalent negative feedback about paper quality and customer experience cannot be overlooked. Therefore, Bestessays.com does not consistently meet the reliability standards.

Bestessays.com Guarantees

Bestessays.com asserts several guarantees to reassure its clients. They promise plagiarism-free content, insisting that all papers are original and tailored to the specific requirements of each order. Additionally, they guarantee confidentiality, ensuring that clients' personal and payment information remains secure.

As you can see, this Bestessays review reflects a service with potential but marred by significant shortcomings. The consistent negative feedback across various platforms suggests a systemic problem that needs addressing. Given these factors, it's difficult to recommend Bestessays.com as a reliable source for academic writing needs.

Why is ScamFighter a trusted source of information?

ScamFighter is a safe repository of facts. Formulated by a team of intellectuals and former ghostwriters who have a comprehensive grasp of the industry, ScamFighter is marked with an insider's point of view on academic writing services. Our writing services reviews are detailed and based on an exhaustive list of pre-determined criteria, enabling us to objectively evaluate service quality, reliability, and value. The skill and expertise of our team allow us to spot and highlight hidden details and subtleties that might be overlooked by an untrained eye, thus making our reviews thoughtful and informative. More than that, ScamFighter is guided by fairness and affordability so you can trust us!

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BestEssays Overview 2023: Is This Service Trusted or Scam?

Review Plan

BestEssays Highlights

In a fast-paced world in which I have to juggle school with work, I decided to finally get external professional help to manage my assignments. I recently came across the BestEssays website, and the information on the site caught my eye. Still, hiring a professional essay writer can be pricey. That’s why I’ve decided to test the site on behalf of users considering whether to spend money on the site. I ordered a rush 3-page philosophy essay and set the deadline at 18 hours. The paper required critical reasoning in explaining the relationship between impulsivity and free will, and the implications for psychiatry. Despite the urgency of the order, I got it on time and the quality was top-notch. They applied the correct structure, formatting style, and proofread the paper thoroughly. I was a happy customer.

Why You Can Trust Us

On the website, you find lots of information detailing their service, prices, discounts, ordering process, and samples. Interestingly, the website has been in the market for over 2 decades… that’s right, an impressive 20+ years in the market. Other interesting features of the site include a large pool of writers in all academic disciplines. I was looking for an essay service with real experts in psychology that are knowledgeable in my topic and with access to reliable academic resources. I ordered an urgent essay and got a 100% custom assignment that reflects my instructions and point of view. Given the short timeline for completing the paper, the professionally-written essay I got exceeded my expectations. I got an A+ in the paper.

How We Evaluated Best Essays

To make an honest evaluation of BestEssays, I wanted an insider’s perspective of how efficient the service is. Specifically, I reviewed the website’s user interface and the convenience of the ordering process. Read non to learn more about what I discovered.

How Does This Service Work

The website provides all important details that would interest a potential customer, unlike some scam websites. Also, I appreciated the user interface and easy navigation between different features. When it came to ordering my essay, the process was pretty straight forward, even for a new user.

Ordering my essay took me about 5 minutes. I had already estimated the cost of my paper on the pricing calculator so I went straight to filling our instructions on the order form and signing up with an email. After that, I paid for my paper and waited for the completed paper to be delivered to my personal account. I got my paper before the deadline. For sure, my BestEssays review of the ordering process is that it was a breeze.

Compliance With Order Instructions

I ordered an essay on a complicated topic, expecting the writer to research extensively, apply critical thinking, and write a coherent piece with a strong argument. Fortunately, I got what I was hoping for. You could tell that the expert has a firm grasp of the subject matter, resulting in deep and convincing arguments. I got one of the best writers in the discipline who articulated ideas in the essay almost perfectly. The final product stuck to the paper instructions. Apart from 3 grammatical errors, I didn’t see the need to amend anything else in the paper.

Meet the Deadline

When I ordered my paper, the agent promised a delivery within my desired 18-hour deadline. The reality is that I got my paper 3 hours before the deadline! This left me with plenty of time to read through my paper and confirm that every instruction was followed.

I was anxious at first because I’ve heard tales of how some writing companies delay papers for several days. However, this best essays review found that specialists at the site respect deadlines and work hard to deliver papers on time. The company claims to offer a minimum deadline of 3 hours, and I’m convinced they’re not bluffing.

Paper Quality

I see why BestEssays has an unblemished online reputation concerning quality. Despite giving my writer less than a day to compose a fine essay for me, I got back a top-notch paper. You could tell that the writer has handled similar papers in the past. They made deep arguments and backed all facts with scholarly references. Also, the paper was 100% original and tailored to my instructions.

When I submitted the content from the expert to my professor, they didn’t complain about anything. In fact, I got the best grade so far in the subject. Am glad I enlisted an expert from bestessays.com to help with the assignment.

Worth the Money

It’s hard to find a homework helper that offers impressive writing quality in a rush. The user experience on the site makes you want to keep exploring the different features. The quality of papers and fair pricing is commendable.

I found similar positive reviews about the website on independent review platforms, such as Reddit and Reviews.io. Most customers applauded the customer support, attention to instruction details, skilled writers, and excellent grammar. Most customer reviews support my claim that BestEssays is worth spending on.

Writers' Competence

BestEssays claims that their writing team consists of 500+ essay writers. These are experts who complete college and university assignments for college and university students. Most of their experts have diplomas in their subject areas (BA, MA, PhD).

My experience matches the claims. My order was assigned to a writer in under an hour. It was obvious that the writer was well-versed on the topic based on the high-quality arguments made. My BestEssays review of the writing team is that they are versatile and highly qualified. No matter how complex or urgent your paper is, they’ll deliver a high-quality paper on any topic.

Customer Support

The site claims to offer 24/7 customer support via phone, email, and live chat. I decided to test their efficiency by sending a few queries through live chat relating to the ordering process, pricing strategy, and writer qualifications. I got helpful and polite responses from a support manager. I was also glad to know that I can chat directly with my writer to get updates. I was pretty happy with the customer service.

Payment process

BestEssays provides customers with multiple payment options including MasterCard, Visa, American Express, and Discover Network. These are well-known companies that prioritize safety and security of payment data. I was glad that the site didn’t have hidden charges. My payment through Visa was very smooth.

Types of services

The site writes pretty much all kinds of academic papers from high school to doctorate levels. You’ll never have to go anywhere else to offload our academic workload because you get everything under one roof. Check out the list of com services offered in the table below:

Who Is the Service For?

BestEssays can jump in to save you with any kind of assignment you have. They can handle literally anything. They have writers in 80+ disciplines and 30+ STEM subjects, so you can order any topic and get a suitable specialist in your field. Whether you’re studying MBA, law, computer science, biology, English literature, or any other discipline, you can get help with any kind of assignment. Even when topics that seem too complex or require specific knowledge, they’ll find a suitable writer who can handle it.

Overall, my experience with BestEssays was satisfactory. The high quality of writing coupled with on-time delivery and discount made the entire process worth my time and money. Despite having a rush order, I was able to submit my assignment on time and earn the best grade so far. The service guarantees, excellent customer support, variety of service, and writer competence prompted me to make a positive BestEssays review. In conclusion, I am giving this service 9.5 out of 10 and I would definitely recommend the site to other students who need help with essays and other assignments. 

Are Writers on BestEssays Legit?

Yes. BestEssays is a legit company that works with vetted professionals. No random freelancers are allowed. That’s why the site has been a popular choice for students for over 2 decades. The legitimacy of their writing team is supported by positive testimonials relating to high paper quality.

Is Bestessays.com a Good Service?

Yes. BestEssays offers a wide range of writing services and discounts that customers can use to save money. Every paper is crafted from scratch with a money-back guarantee. Besides, they never compromise on quality even when you order a rush paper.

What Is the Alternative to Best Essays?

There are many websites that offer writing services, but not all of them are reliable. Some trustworthy sites I would recommend to try instead of BestEssays include CustomWritings.com, EasyEssay.us, AdvancedWriters.com, and Writing-help.com. All these sites have tons of positive reviews by users.

Does Turnitin detect BestEssays?

No. All papers prepared by BestEssays experts are 100% original. Also, a review of the website shows that they don’t maintain a database of pre-written papers. When you order a paper on the site, you get a plagiarism-free paper prepared from scratch. Thus, your paper cannot be detected by Turnitin or any other plagiarism checker.

Is BestEssays Legit?

Yes. BestEssays is a legal company that’s authorized to provide sample academic materials that assist students to complete assignments faster and easier. The model papers you get can be used legally as legit sources of idea, arguments, or to expand understanding of the topic.

I want to order an essay and I look for the essay service. Did anyone try this one?

Hi, Gerald! Sorry, I didn’t use this service, but I recommend to use cheapesssaysonline.com. good service and affordable prices

Best Essays .com Review

This company is a scam, Don’t waste your time or money on their services. They don’t produce papers on time. They ask for numerous extensions. Their customer support is useless!

In the time it takes you to argue your case with support you can write the paper before their writer does! make sure to let everyone know!!! #bestessays.com is a scam!!!!!

Don’t use bestessays.com. Writer refused to do revision and follow instructions. and the company always find reasons not to refund your money (they always blame the customers). Ended up not submitting your assignment because of the bad essay and services. Save your money!

Disgusting site, if only I read the reviews before using their service. Gave extensions after extensions and the representatives lie for the writers. Scam site. A refund means nothing when you’ve wasted 16 days of my time.

Best Essay writing is not going to impress. During 2019, we saw several students who simply don’t have the patience to deal with the company anymore. The writing is still not as good as on other similar services and the customer service has seen better days. There are a few small issues any student might overlook. For example, a small grammar error here and there is not the end of the world. But Best Essay is simply not within these margins of error. By today’s standards, it is not a legit company, especially given a few other alternatives offer top essays at similar rates.

When I found the Best Essay I was so happy. I even told my mum I’m going to get a high mark on my essay and that she should prepare to congratulate me. I know I’m not the best in my college but I expected something to put me ahead of others. This is why I wanted the best dissertation writing services. I was looking to have an essay written on the importance of driving regulation for electric scooters. In the end, I received a spun text copied from a local newspaper. It’s as others here wrote, the company can’t be trusted.

Environmental protection has been a major topic of discussion in 2019. I wanted to write an essay that would have summarized the major points of discussion. This would have included the Paris agreement information as well as a few notable events of the year.

I explained to my possible dissertations writers that I wanted only the most popular topics covered and I didn’t want to get inspiration from some unknown interview nobody has even heard about. Unfortunately, this is exactly what happened. The writer didn’t do any proper research but it took me a while to find out the work wasn’t original either.

When I received the text, it only included a few events, which were summarized from an interview. But I didn’t know them myself and I’m into environmental protection. I googled the event myself to look if I’ve missed something important. After a few clicks, I found the events mentioned in this interview. I only then realized it was the only source of information for my essay. By my estimation, the writer probably spent about half an hour on my essay. This is certainly not worth the money. I meant the work is not plagiarism, but it’s very close. Most importantly, it’s not what I expected and I’m going to look for better dissertation writers for my following papers.

My essay is nowhere to be found. I placed an order and the writer disappeared. I mean, does Best Essay even care about the writer’s unresponsiveness?

Taking into account that the company offers a large selection of services, it is one of the best essay sources to count on from a variety perspective. Apart from classic services such as article and case study services, the company also goes for multimedia products. Students looking to create a multimedia presentation might consider the website. Programmers also have to write essays and presentations. Best Essays offers such a specialized service. This type of writing requires a writer who’s also a programmer or at least someone familiar with programming languages and common issues.

I was encouraged to write this writing service review because of how good they are. I have never encountered a group of students who are this good. It is like they were born to write and I hope they do it more for many years to come.

Without a doubt, they are the best essay writing service I have ever come across and I have encountered a lot. I am pretty picky when it comes to essay writers and they exceeded my expectations. Visit site now to know more.

I was told that they have the best essay writing services I will ever find and they were right. When I read their work, I was immediately hooked because of the high quality.

The high quality in their essay is truly tremendous. I was I had their talent in writing. I would not hesitate to hire them again in the future.

I got my essay assignment work on time and the information was so reliable, thanks for the help, I will recommend it.

I used BestEssay for my paper and was very pleased with the quality of work they provided. Although it took them longer than expected to complete the article, the final result was very satisfactory.

I found BestEssay’s paper to be professional and accurate. The writing was clear and concise and I was very pleased with the end product.

The paper I received from BestEssay was of good quality and was written in a timely manner. I was impressed by the level of detail they put into the work.

I recently used BestEssay for a paper I had to write for college, and I was very satisfied with the results. The work was done quickly and professionally. The quality of the paper was also great. I definitely recommend BestEssay for any of your paper needs.

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Bestessays.com Review

Author: Ashley Ferguson | Updated April 26, 2023

Bestessays.com review

Service features:.

Service rating

Discount from

Refund Policy

Revision Policy

• 20+ years in business
• Live chat support
• Partial refunds
• Low-quality of papers
• Lots of negative comments

Hey, want to make the most of writting services?

Here's our this month's best picks

SpeedyPaper

Writepaperforme, service overview.

Bestessays.com is an online essay-writing service that has been operating for several years. The writing company is registered in Cyprus and owned by CareerBoost LTD, based in Limassol. However, their actual operations could be clearer. Check out my story to the end if you need to find honest reviews on Bestessays.com. You are unlikely to be disappointed.

According to the statistics, almost 70% of students have ordered online paper assistance at least once. If you are one of those who are looking for the best platform that delivers top-notch essays, the BestEssays review will be helpful to you. Let's explore all ins and outs of how the efficiency of this essay writing service.

The company has 22 years of experience and provides an impressive list of 55+ types of paper services in different categories. Some of them are book reports, admission papers, homework answers, Excel tables, programming assignments, PowerPoint presentations, essays, term papers, editors, etc. It also promises that your paper will be 100% plagiarism free original and offers free revisions. They have a team of 1000 writers with about 400 experts online at any time.

This service looks like a perfect place, it has all qualities that students are looking for when choosing a writing company, but don't jump to the ordering process. There are some things you should be aware of in advance. Read my BestEssays review and you won't consider this service as a good one anymore.

Types of Papers Available

Bestessays.com Reddit offers a wide range of paper writing services, like:

• Research papers
• Dissertations, and more

However, the quality of their work leaves a lot to be desired.

Quality of Services

They provide a wide range of services and some of them you won't meet on other sites, for example, a Marketing Plan is not a common type of paper for many writing companies and content writing agencies. That's great, but what is the quality of the paper the company delivers? Anyway, the writing team's quality and proficiency are what really matter.

I ordered a 2-page essay on a fairly simple topic and was disappointed with the quality of the work. The paper was full of errors, both grammatical and factual. The writer did not understand the subject matter well, and the paper's overall structure was poor. The only redeeming quality was that the paper was delivered on time. But now you will know that the Bestessays.com rating is an imaginary parameter.

My expectations were high as well as the price that I paid for an essay. And here it is, the most interesting part of my Best Essays review, the writer sent me a completed paper. It was delivered on time, with no delays. It was original, with 96% of uniqueness without editing and revision.

The formatting was correct, but the essay itself was not so good. It lacks everything that a decent assignment should have - a catchy introduction and thesis statement, a thorough analysis of the topic, and arguments supported with facts and counterarguments that allow seeing the issue from a different perspective.

Generally, it was just an opinion, the thoughts that people used to share on the social platforms, but not a well-structured academic paper that contains analysis, argumentations, and critical thinking.

Bestessays.com Writers

Bestessays.com claims to have a team of experienced and professional writers, but my experience suggests otherwise. It is unclear if there is a bidding system on the site, and there is no option to communicate directly with the writer. I was still on confusion who communicated with us when accepting the task/wrote the work. By the way, I've seen several Bestessays.com reviews and complaints, and people have encountered attention to the same problem.

Bestessays.com Plagiarism

I used several plagiarism detection services to check the paper's uniqueness; unfortunately, it turned out to be heavily plagiarized. The paper was only 64% unique, which is a major concern and difference. Other users have also complained about the plagiarism conditions of the service.

Bestessays.com Additional Features

Bestessays.com does not stand out at credibility in any way and does not provide any unique features. They do not offer free tools like plagiarism checkers, which is disappointing. As the situation is obvious, you don't need to look for other Bestessays reviews.

Prices and Deadlines

Now, this BestEssays review has come to the point when I should talk about the prices. Exploring the prices table, you can see that the minimum charge for a one-page essay is $19.30.

That's in case you select a high school level. If you want to get a paper with a Ph.D. level assignment, you should be ready to pay $25.29. It will cost an arm and a leg for an average student to order a paper at this site.

On the main page, these guys offer a 15% discount. Unfortunately, it can be applied only to the orders that cost over $50.

I also want to mention in this section of my BestEssays.com review the extra services that you can get. If you don't want them to assign the worst writer to do your order, you need to pay $11. After these “bonuses”, they will forward your paper to one of the top 10 writers.

Unfortunately, there is no option to check the writers' ratings or comparison with other writers. So, they can still assign the same writer, but charge 11 bucks for this service for instance. Easy money!

You can also pay $6.38 for the proofreading editing service offer and $2.55 for the plagiarism report. So, you can pay 10 dollars more to get a guarantee of the error-free and original paper.

Wait a minute, isn't it included in the price that you pay when ordering a paper? I could never understand why you should pay for extra services that guarantee originality and high-quality. It is like paying twice for the same paper.

Discounts & Promo Codes

Bestessays.com offers discounts for new customers (15% off), but they are not very significant. There are no other promotional codes or discounts available.

Bestessays.com Login & Paper Ordering Procedure

Here is a short step-by-step guide for logging in and ordering a paper on Bestessays.com:

• Create an account by providing your details and email address.
• Provide the details of the paper you need, including the subject, topic, and deadline.
• Select the level of academic writing you require.
• Specify the type of paper you need.
• Provide any additional instructions and requirements for the writer to follow.
• Make the payment using any of the available payment options.

Once the paper is completed, it will be sent to you for review.

Since the quality of provided services is quite low, I couldn't pass by the terms of use in this BestEssays review. In case you are unsatisfied with the quality of a delivered paper, you will need to provide solid facts that prove it within 72 hours.

These guys can deny your claim due to a lack of reliable facts. In case you request a refund when an order is in progress, you can account only for partial compensation. Even more, they won't send your money back! This company will only top-up your virtual balance on the site.

Thus, you will get the ability to order some low-quality writing services again. Consequently, do not hesitate to read the Best Essays review before making any payments.

Online Reputation

There are numerous negative reviews on sites like Trustpilot and Sitejabber. Each review of Bestessays.com is unique! Customers have complained about the poor quality of work, high prices, and unresponsive customer support. The site has an overall rating of 3.7 out of 5 on Trustpilot.

For some reason, you cannot find at least one piece of feedback on this service on TrustPilot, but fortunately, there are almost 200 BestEssays.com reviews on Sitejabber. Even though the general rating is pretty high, 3.8 out of 5, more than 50 negative comments make me ponder what is wrong with this company. One thing that unites them all is the very poor quality which makes it impossible to use the papers the clients received from the company.

Social Media

Bestessays.com has no official social media accounts on Facebook, Twitter, or YouTube.

Customer Support

The customer support on Bestessays.com is not very helpful. The online chat is often unresponsive, and no phone number is available. The best option is to contact them via email. However, since only pre-sales customer service agents pick up the phone, there is no chance to resolve any issues or check the progress of your order via the phone.

Furthermore, to start a chat with a customer care agent, you will need to pass a survey answering questions from chatbots. Hence, do not account for getting things done quickly with these guys.

Summing up my BestEssays.com review, I would like to warn you about ordering essays for your projects there! High rates, poor quality, an unhelpful customer support system, and no ability to get a refund are the key features of this essays-writing service.

My verdict: if you somehow are on consideration to order a paper at bestessays.com, you definitely won't get the "best" essay no matter how ridiculous it sounds!

1. Is BestEssays.com scam?

Since they deliver poor-quality papers and don't provide refunds, this company is a scam.

2. Is BestEssays.com reliable?

According to the low ratings from lots of BestEssays reviews, it is not a reliable paper writing service.

3. Is BestEssays.com legit?

The service is legit. Unfortunately, these guys are a part of a non-US company.

4. Is Bestessays.com cheap?

No, the prices are quite high.

5. Is Bestessays.com fraud?

No. But customer support's poor quality of work and lack of response raises some concerns.

6. Is Bestessays.com cheating?

The heavy plagiarism in my order suggests that they are cheating their customers.

7. Is Bestessays.com legal?

Yes, they are a legal company.

8. Is Bestessays.com trustworthy?

Based on my experience, I do not find them trustworthy.

9. Is Bestessays.com reliable?

No, I do not find them reliable based on my experience.

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How to write better ChatGPT prompts in 5 steps

ChatGPT is the generative artificial intelligence (AI) tool that's taken the world by storm. While there's always the possibility it will simply make stuff up , there's a lot you can do when crafting prompts to ensure the best possible outcome. That's what we'll be exploring in this how-to.

In this article, we'll show you how to write prompts that encourage the large language model (LLM) that powers  ChatGPT to provide the best possible answers. 

Also: Have 10 hours? IBM will train you in AI fundamentals - for free

Writing effective prompts, known as prompt engineering, has even become its own highly-paid discipline . Who knows? These tips could help you build the skills to become one of those highly paid prompt engineers. Apparently, these gigs can pay from $175,000 to $335,000 per year.  

How to write effective ChatGPT prompts

1. talk to the ai like you would a person.

One of the more interesting things I had to get used to when working with ChatGPT is that you don't program it, you talk to it. As a formally trained programmer, I've had to leave a lot of habits by the wayside when engaging with AI. Talking to it (and with it) requires a mindset shift.

When I say talk to it like a person, I mean talk to it like you would a co-worker or team member. If that's hard to do, give it a name. Alexa is taken, so maybe think of it as "Bob". This naming helps because when you talk to Bob, you might include conversational details, little anecdotes that give your story texture.

Also:   How to use ChatGPT to write code

When talking to a person, it would be natural for them to miss your point initially and require clarification, or veer away from the topic at hand and need to be wrangled back. You might need to fill in the backstory for them, or restate complex questions based on the answers they give you. 

This is called interactive prompting. Don't be afraid to ask multi-step questions: ask, get a response, and based on that response, ask another question. I've done this myself, sometimes 10 or 20 times in a row, and gotten very powerful results. Think of this as having a conversation with ChatGPT.

2. Set the stage and provide context

Writing a ChatGPT prompt is more than just asking a one-sentence question. It often involves providing relevant background information to set the context of the query.

Let's say that you want to prepare for a marathon (for the record, I do not run, dance, or jump -- this is merely an example). You could ask ChatGPT:

How can I prepare for a marathon?

However, you'll get a far more nuanced answer if you add that you're training for your first marathon. Try this instead: 

I am a beginner runner and have never run a marathon before, but I want to complete one in six months. How can I prepare for a marathon?

By giving the AI more information, you're helping it return a more focused answer. Even with ChatGPT's help, there's no way I'm going to run a marathon (unless I'm doing it with a V-Twin motor under my seat). Here are two more examples of questions that provide context:

I am planning to travel to Spain in a few months and would like to learn some basic Spanish to help me communicate with local residents. I am looking for online resources that are suitable for beginners and provide a structured and comprehensive approach to learning the language. Can you recommend some online resources for learning Spanish as a beginner?

In this case, rather than just asking about learning resources, the context helps focus the AI on learning how to communicate on the ground with local residents. Here's another example: 

I am a business owner interested in exploring how blockchain technology can be used to improve supply chain efficiency and transparency. I am looking for a clear and concise explanation of the technology and examples of how it has been used in the context of supply chain management. Can you explain the concept of blockchain technology and its potential applications in supply chain management?

In this example, rather than just asking for information on blockchain and how it works, the focus is specifically on blockchain for supply chain efficiency and how it might be used in a real-world scenario. 

Also:  How to use Image Creator from Microsoft Designer (formerly Bing Image Creator) Lastly, let's get into how to construct a detailed prompt. 

One note: I limit the answer to 500 words because ChatGPT seems to break when asked to produce somewhere between 500 and 700 words, leaving stories mid-sentence and not resuming properly when asked to continue. I hope future versions provide longer answers, because premises like this can generate fun story beginnings: 

Write a short story for me, no more than 500 words. The story takes place in 2339, in Boston. The entire story takes place inside a Victorian-style bookstore that wouldn't be out of place in Diagon Alley. Inside the store are the following characters, all human: The proprietor: make this person interesting and a bit unusual, give them a name and at least one skill or characteristic that influences their backstory and possibly influences the entire short story. The helper: this is a clerk in the store. His name is Todd. The customer and his friend: Two customers came into the store together, Jackson and Ophelia. Jackson is dressed as if he's going to a Steampunk convention, while Ophelia is clearly coming home from her day working in a professional office. Another customer is Evangeline, a regular customer in the store, in her mid-40s. Yet another customer is Archibald, a man who could be anywhere from 40 to 70 years old. He has a mysterious air about himself and seems both somewhat grandiose and secretive. There is something about Archibald that makes the others uncomfortable. A typical concept in retail sales is that there's always more inventory "in the back," where there's a storeroom for additional goods that might not be shown on the shelves where customers browse. The premise of this story is that there is something very unusual about this store's "in the back." Put it all together and tell something compelling and fun.

You can see how the detail provides more for the AI to work with. First, feed "Write me a story about a bookstore" into ChatGPT and see what it gives you. Then feed in the above prompt and you'll see the difference.

3. Tell the AI to assume an identity or profession

One of ChatGPT's coolest features is that it can write from the point of view of a specific person or profession. In a previous article, I showed how you can make ChatGPT write like a pirate or Shakespeare , but you can also have it write like a teacher, a marketing executive, a fiction writer -- anyone you want. 

Also: How ChatGPT can rewrite and improve your existing code  

For example, I can ask ChatGPT to describe the Amazon Echo smart home device, but to do so from the point of view of a product manager, a caregiver, and a journalist in three separate prompts: 

From the point of view of its product manager, describe the Amazon Echo Alexa device. From the point of view of an adult child caring for an elderly parent, describe the Amazon Echo Alexa device. From the point of view of a journalist, describe the Amazon Echo Alexa device.

Try dropping these three prompts into ChatGPT to see its complete response. 

I've pulled a few lines from ChatGPT's responses, so you can see how it interprets different perspectives.  From the product manager identity:  I can confidently say that this is one of the most innovative and revolutionary products in the smart home industry.

From the caregiver identity:  The device's ability to set reminders and alarms can be particularly helpful for elderly individuals who may have trouble remembering to take their medication or attend appointments.

Also:   5 ways to explore the use of generative AI at work

And from the journalist identity:  From a journalistic perspective, the Echo has made headlines due to privacy concerns surrounding the collection and storage of user data.

You can see how different identities allow the AI to provide different perspectives as part of its response. To expand this, you can let the AI do a thought experiment. Let's look at some of the issues that went into the creation of something like Alexa:

The year is 2012. Siri has been out for the iPhone for about a year, but nothing like an Alexa smart home device has been released. The scene is an Amazon board meeting where the Echo smart assistant based on Alexa has just been proposed.  Provide the arguments, pro and con, that board members at that meeting would have been likely to discuss as part of their process of deciding whether or not to approve spending to invest in developing the device.  Feel free to also include participation by engineering design experts and product champions, if that provides more comprehensive perspective.

It's also good to know that making minor changes to your prompts can significantly change ChatGPT's response. For example, when I changed the phrase, "Provide the arguments, pro and con, that..." to "Provide the pro and con arguments as dialogue, that...," ChatGPT rewrote its answer, switching from a list of enumerated pros and cons to an actual dialogue between participants.

4. Keep ChatGPT on track

As mentioned above, ChatGPT has a tendency to go off the rails, lose track of the discussion, or completely fabricate answers. 

There are a few techniques you can use to help keep it on track and honest.

One of my favorite things to do is ask ChatGPT to justify its responses. I'll use phrases like "Why do you think that?" or "What evidence supports your answer?" Often, the AI will simply apologize for making stuff up and come back with a new answer. Other times, it might give you some useful information about its reasoning path. In any case, don't forget to apply the tips I provide for having ChatGPT cite sources .

Also:  My two favorite ChatGPT Plus features and the remarkable things I can do with them

If you have a fairly long conversation with ChatGPT, you'll start to notice that the AI loses the thread. Not that that's unique to AIs -- even in extended conversations with humans, someone is bound to get lost. That said, you can gently guide the AI back on track by reminding it what the topic is, as well as what you're trying to explore.

5. Don't be afraid to play and experiment

One of the best ways to up your skill at this craft is to play around with what the chatbot can do.

Try feeding ChatGPT a variety of interesting prompts to see what it will do with them. Then change them up and see what happens. Here are five to get you started:

• Imagine you are a raindrop falling from the sky during a thunderstorm. Describe your journey from the moment you form in the cloud to the moment you hit the ground. What do you see, feel, and experience?
• You are a toy that has been left behind in an attic for decades. Narrate your feelings, memories of playtimes past, and your hopes of being rediscovered.
• Write the final diary entry of a time traveler who has decided to settle down in a specific era, explaining why they chose that time and what they've learned from their travels.
• Imagine a dialogue between two unlikely objects, like a teacup and a wristwatch, discussing the daily routines and challenges they face.
• Describe a day in an ant colony from the perspective of an ant. Dive deep into the politics, challenges, and social structures of the ant world.

Pay attention not only to what the AI generates, but how it generates what it does, what mistakes it makes, and where it seems to run into limits. All of that detail will help you expand your prompting horizons.

More prompt-writing tips 

• Feel free to re-ask the question. ChatGPT will often change its answer with each ask.
• Make small changes to your prompts to guide it into giving you a better answer.
• ChatGPT will retain its awareness of previous conversations as long as the current page is open. If you leave that page, it will lose awareness. To be clear, ChatGPT will also sometimes lose the thread of the conversation without reason, so be aware you may need to start over from time to time.
• Similarly, opening a new page will start the discussion with fresh responses.
• Be sure to specify the length of the response you want. Answers over about 500 words sometimes break down. 
• You can correct and clarify prompts based on how the AI answered previously. If it's misinterpreting you, you may be able to just tell it what it missed and continue.
• Rephrase questions if ChatGPT doesn't want to answer what you're asking. Use personas to elicit answers that it might not otherwise want to give.
• If you want sources cited , tell it to support or justify its answers.
• ChatGPT custom instructions are now available to free users. You can  give ChatGPT a set of prompts that are always available , so you don't have to retype them.
• Keep experimenting.
• Consider getting the ChatGPT Plus subscription . You can then use your own data for powerful analytics . You can also pull data from the Web . 
• Try asking the same question of Gemini  (formerly Bard) or Copilot (formerly Bing Chat). Both will interpret your prompts differently and answer differently. This is effectively getting a second opinion on your prompt, and can give you alternate perspectives.
• Ask for examples. If you want to see how well ChatGPT understands what you're asking for, ask it "Can you give me three examples of how that works?" or similar questions.
• Ask it to repeat parts of your original requests back to you. For example, if you feed it an article to analyze, you can tell it something like, "Just to be sure you understand, please echo back the first three headlines," or "I want to be sure you understand what I mean, so summarize the main conflict discussed in this article." 
• Sometimes ChatGPT just fails. Keep trying, but also be willing to give up and move on to other tools. It's not perfect...yet.

What type of prompts work best with ChatGPT? 

Part of what makes ChatGPT so compelling is you can ask it almost anything. That said, keep in mind that it's designed to provide written answers. If you want a list of websites, you're better off talking to Google. 

Also:  How to use DALL-E 3 in ChatGPT

If you want some form of computation, talk to Wolfram Alpha . Give ChatGPT open-ended prompts, encourage creativity, and don't be afraid to share personal experiences or emotions. Plus, keep in mind that the AI's knowledge ends in 2021  for ChatGPT 3.5 and December 2023 for ChatGPT 4 in ChatGPT Plus.

How can I adjust the complexity of ChatGPT responses?

You can directly specify the complexity level by including it in your prompt. Add "... at a high school level" or "... at a level intended for a Ph.D. to understand" to the end of your question. You can also increase complexity of output by increasing the richness of your input. The more you provide in your prompt, the more detailed and nuanced ChatGPT's response will be. You can also include other specific instructions, like "Give me a summary," "Explain in detail," or "Provide a technical description."

Also:  How does ChatGPT actually work?

You can also pre-define profiles. For example, you could say "When evaluating something for a manager, assume an individual with a four-year business college education, a lack of detailed technical understanding, and a fairly limited attention span, who likes to get answers that are clear and concise. When evaluating something for a programmer, assume considerable technical knowledge, an enjoyment of geek and science fiction references, and a desire for a complete answer. Accuracy is deeply important to programmers, so double-check your work."

If you ask ChatGPT to "explain C++ to a manager" and "explain C++ to a programmer," you'll see how the responses differ.

What do I do if ChatGPT refuses to answer or I don't like its answer? 

There are some guardrails built into ChatGPT. It tends to shut down if you ask it political questions, for example. That's what's built into the system. While you might be able to tease out an answer, it's probably not going to provide great value. That said, feel free to keep trying with different phrasing or perspectives. 

You can follow my day-to-day project updates on social media. Be sure to subscribe to my weekly update newsletter on Substack , and follow me on Twitter at @DavidGewirtz , on Facebook at Facebook.com/DavidGewirtz , on Instagram at Instagram.com/DavidGewirtz , and on YouTube at YouTube.com/DavidGewirtzTV .

More on AI tools

Google releases two new free resources to help you optimize your ai prompts, how to use chatgpt, how to get started with meta ai in facebook, instagram, and more.

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Climate damage projections beyond annual temperature

Investment incentive reduced by climate damages can be restored by optimal policy

Climate economics support for the UN climate targets

Projections of the macroeconomic damage caused by future climate change are crucial to informing public and policy debates about adaptation, mitigation and climate justice. On the one hand, adaptation against climate impacts must be justified and planned on the basis of an understanding of their future magnitude and spatial distribution 9 . This is also of importance in the context of climate justice 10 , as well as to key societal actors, including governments, central banks and private businesses, which increasingly require the inclusion of climate risks in their macroeconomic forecasts to aid adaptive decision-making 11 , 12 . On the other hand, climate mitigation policy such as the Paris Climate Agreement is often evaluated by balancing the costs of its implementation against the benefits of avoiding projected physical damages. This evaluation occurs both formally through cost–benefit analyses 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 , as well as informally through public perception of mitigation and damage costs 13 .

Projections of future damages meet challenges when informing these debates, in particular the human biases relating to uncertainty and remoteness that are raised by long-term perspectives 14 . Here we aim to overcome such challenges by assessing the extent of economic damages from climate change to which the world is already committed by historical emissions and socio-economic inertia (the range of future emission scenarios that are considered socio-economically plausible 15 ). Such a focus on the near term limits the large uncertainties about diverging future emission trajectories, the resulting long-term climate response and the validity of applying historically observed climate–economic relations over long timescales during which socio-technical conditions may change considerably. As such, this focus aims to simplify the communication and maximize the credibility of projected economic damages from future climate change.

In projecting the future economic damages from climate change, we make use of recent advances in climate econometrics that provide evidence for impacts on sub-national economic growth from numerous components of the distribution of daily temperature and precipitation 3 , 7 , 8 . Using fixed-effects panel regression models to control for potential confounders, these studies exploit within-region variation in local temperature and precipitation in a panel of more than 1,600 regions worldwide, comprising climate and income data over the past 40 years, to identify the plausibly causal effects of changes in several climate variables on economic productivity 16 , 17 . Specifically, macroeconomic impacts have been identified from changing daily temperature variability, total annual precipitation, the annual number of wet days and extreme daily rainfall that occur in addition to those already identified from changing average temperature 2 , 3 , 18 . Moreover, regional heterogeneity in these effects based on the prevailing local climatic conditions has been found using interactions terms. The selection of these climate variables follows micro-level evidence for mechanisms related to the impacts of average temperatures on labour and agricultural productivity 2 , of temperature variability on agricultural productivity and health 7 , as well as of precipitation on agricultural productivity, labour outcomes and flood damages 8 (see Extended Data Table 1 for an overview, including more detailed references). References  7 , 8 contain a more detailed motivation for the use of these particular climate variables and provide extensive empirical tests about the robustness and nature of their effects on economic output, which are summarized in Methods . By accounting for these extra climatic variables at the sub-national level, we aim for a more comprehensive description of climate impacts with greater detail across both time and space.

Constraining the persistence of impacts

A key determinant and source of discrepancy in estimates of the magnitude of future climate damages is the extent to which the impact of a climate variable on economic growth rates persists. The two extreme cases in which these impacts persist indefinitely or only instantaneously are commonly referred to as growth or level effects 19 , 20 (see Methods section ‘Empirical model specification: fixed-effects distributed lag models’ for mathematical definitions). Recent work shows that future damages from climate change depend strongly on whether growth or level effects are assumed 20 . Following refs.  2 , 18 , we provide constraints on this persistence by using distributed lag models to test the significance of delayed effects separately for each climate variable. Notably, and in contrast to refs.  2 , 18 , we use climate variables in their first-differenced form following ref.  3 , implying a dependence of the growth rate on a change in climate variables. This choice means that a baseline specification without any lags constitutes a model prior of purely level effects, in which a permanent change in the climate has only an instantaneous effect on the growth rate 3 , 19 , 21 . By including lags, one can then test whether any effects may persist further. This is in contrast to the specification used by refs.  2 , 18 , in which climate variables are used without taking the first difference, implying a dependence of the growth rate on the level of climate variables. In this alternative case, the baseline specification without any lags constitutes a model prior of pure growth effects, in which a change in climate has an infinitely persistent effect on the growth rate. Consequently, including further lags in this alternative case tests whether the initial growth impact is recovered 18 , 19 , 21 . Both of these specifications suffer from the limiting possibility that, if too few lags are included, one might falsely accept the model prior. The limitations of including a very large number of lags, including loss of data and increasing statistical uncertainty with an increasing number of parameters, mean that such a possibility is likely. By choosing a specification in which the model prior is one of level effects, our approach is therefore conservative by design, avoiding assumptions of infinite persistence of climate impacts on growth and instead providing a lower bound on this persistence based on what is observable empirically (see Methods section ‘Empirical model specification: fixed-effects distributed lag models’ for further exposition of this framework). The conservative nature of such a choice is probably the reason that ref.  19 finds much greater consistency between the impacts projected by models that use the first difference of climate variables, as opposed to their levels.

We begin our empirical analysis of the persistence of climate impacts on growth using ten lags of the first-differenced climate variables in fixed-effects distributed lag models. We detect substantial effects on economic growth at time lags of up to approximately 8–10 years for the temperature terms and up to approximately 4 years for the precipitation terms (Extended Data Fig. 1 and Extended Data Table 2 ). Furthermore, evaluation by means of information criteria indicates that the inclusion of all five climate variables and the use of these numbers of lags provide a preferable trade-off between best-fitting the data and including further terms that could cause overfitting, in comparison with model specifications excluding climate variables or including more or fewer lags (Extended Data Fig. 3 , Supplementary Methods Section  1 and Supplementary Table 1 ). We therefore remove statistically insignificant terms at later lags (Supplementary Figs. 1 – 3 and Supplementary Tables 2 – 4 ). Further tests using Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the empirical models are robust to autocorrelation in the lagged climate variables (Supplementary Methods Section  2 and Supplementary Figs. 4 and 5 ), that information criteria provide an effective indicator for lag selection (Supplementary Methods Section  2 and Supplementary Fig. 6 ), that the results are robust to concerns of imperfect multicollinearity between climate variables and that including several climate variables is actually necessary to isolate their separate effects (Supplementary Methods Section  3 and Supplementary Fig. 7 ). We provide a further robustness check using a restricted distributed lag model to limit oscillations in the lagged parameter estimates that may result from autocorrelation, finding that it provides similar estimates of cumulative marginal effects to the unrestricted model (Supplementary Methods Section 4 and Supplementary Figs. 8 and 9 ). Finally, to explicitly account for any outstanding uncertainty arising from the precise choice of the number of lags, we include empirical models with marginally different numbers of lags in the error-sampling procedure of our projection of future damages. On the basis of the lag-selection procedure (the significance of lagged terms in Extended Data Fig. 1 and Extended Data Table 2 , as well as information criteria in Extended Data Fig. 3 ), we sample from models with eight to ten lags for temperature and four for precipitation (models shown in Supplementary Figs. 1 – 3 and Supplementary Tables 2 – 4 ). In summary, this empirical approach to constrain the persistence of climate impacts on economic growth rates is conservative by design in avoiding assumptions of infinite persistence, but nevertheless provides a lower bound on the extent of impact persistence that is robust to the numerous tests outlined above.

Committed damages until mid-century

We combine these empirical economic response functions (Supplementary Figs. 1 – 3 and Supplementary Tables 2 – 4 ) with an ensemble of 21 climate models (see Supplementary Table 5 ) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP-6) 22 to project the macroeconomic damages from these components of physical climate change (see Methods for further details). Bias-adjusted climate models that provide a highly accurate reproduction of observed climatological patterns with limited uncertainty (Supplementary Table 6 ) are used to avoid introducing biases in the projections. Following a well-developed literature 2 , 3 , 19 , these projections do not aim to provide a prediction of future economic growth. Instead, they are a projection of the exogenous impact of future climate conditions on the economy relative to the baselines specified by socio-economic projections, based on the plausibly causal relationships inferred by the empirical models and assuming ceteris paribus. Other exogenous factors relevant for the prediction of economic output are purposefully assumed constant.

A Monte Carlo procedure that samples from climate model projections, empirical models with different numbers of lags and model parameter estimates (obtained by 1,000 block-bootstrap resamples of each of the regressions in Supplementary Figs. 1 – 3 and Supplementary Tables 2 – 4 ) is used to estimate the combined uncertainty from these sources. Given these uncertainty distributions, we find that projected global damages are statistically indistinguishable across the two most extreme emission scenarios until 2049 (at the 5% significance level; Fig. 1 ). As such, the climate damages occurring before this time constitute those to which the world is already committed owing to the combination of past emissions and the range of future emission scenarios that are considered socio-economically plausible 15 . These committed damages comprise a permanent income reduction of 19% on average globally (population-weighted average) in comparison with a baseline without climate-change impacts (with a likely range of 11–29%, following the likelihood classification adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); see caption of Fig. 1 ). Even though levels of income per capita generally still increase relative to those of today, this constitutes a permanent income reduction for most regions, including North America and Europe (each with median income reductions of approximately 11%) and with South Asia and Africa being the most strongly affected (each with median income reductions of approximately 22%; Fig. 1 ). Under a middle-of-the road scenario of future income development (SSP2, in which SSP stands for Shared Socio-economic Pathway), this corresponds to global annual damages in 2049 of 38 trillion in 2005 international dollars (likely range of 19–59 trillion 2005 international dollars). Compared with empirical specifications that assume pure growth or pure level effects, our preferred specification that provides a robust lower bound on the extent of climate impact persistence produces damages between these two extreme assumptions (Extended Data Fig. 3 ).

Estimates of the projected reduction in income per capita from changes in all climate variables based on empirical models of climate impacts on economic output with a robust lower bound on their persistence (Extended Data Fig. 1 ) under a low-emission scenario compatible with the 2 °C warming target and a high-emission scenario (SSP2-RCP2.6 and SSP5-RCP8.5, respectively) are shown in purple and orange, respectively. Shading represents the 34% and 10% confidence intervals reflecting the likely and very likely ranges, respectively (following the likelihood classification adopted by the IPCC), having estimated uncertainty from a Monte Carlo procedure, which samples the uncertainty from the choice of physical climate models, empirical models with different numbers of lags and bootstrapped estimates of the regression parameters shown in Supplementary Figs. 1 – 3 . Vertical dashed lines show the time at which the climate damages of the two emission scenarios diverge at the 5% and 1% significance levels based on the distribution of differences between emission scenarios arising from the uncertainty sampling discussed above. Note that uncertainty in the difference of the two scenarios is smaller than the combined uncertainty of the two respective scenarios because samples of the uncertainty (climate model and empirical model choice, as well as model parameter bootstrap) are consistent across the two emission scenarios, hence the divergence of damages occurs while the uncertainty bounds of the two separate damage scenarios still overlap. Estimates of global mitigation costs from the three IAMs that provide results for the SSP2 baseline and SSP2-RCP2.6 scenario are shown in light green in the top panel, with the median of these estimates shown in bold.

Damages already outweigh mitigation costs

We compare the damages to which the world is committed over the next 25 years to estimates of the mitigation costs required to achieve the Paris Climate Agreement. Taking estimates of mitigation costs from the three integrated assessment models (IAMs) in the IPCC AR6 database 23 that provide results under comparable scenarios (SSP2 baseline and SSP2-RCP2.6, in which RCP stands for Representative Concentration Pathway), we find that the median committed climate damages are larger than the median mitigation costs in 2050 (six trillion in 2005 international dollars) by a factor of approximately six (note that estimates of mitigation costs are only provided every 10 years by the IAMs and so a comparison in 2049 is not possible). This comparison simply aims to compare the magnitude of future damages against mitigation costs, rather than to conduct a formal cost–benefit analysis of transitioning from one emission path to another. Formal cost–benefit analyses typically find that the net benefits of mitigation only emerge after 2050 (ref.  5 ), which may lead some to conclude that physical damages from climate change are simply not large enough to outweigh mitigation costs until the second half of the century. Our simple comparison of their magnitudes makes clear that damages are actually already considerably larger than mitigation costs and the delayed emergence of net mitigation benefits results primarily from the fact that damages across different emission paths are indistinguishable until mid-century (Fig. 1 ).

Although these near-term damages constitute those to which the world is already committed, we note that damage estimates diverge strongly across emission scenarios after 2049, conveying the clear benefits of mitigation from a purely economic point of view that have been emphasized in previous studies 4 , 24 . As well as the uncertainties assessed in Fig. 1 , these conclusions are robust to structural choices, such as the timescale with which changes in the moderating variables of the empirical models are estimated (Supplementary Figs. 10 and 11 ), as well as the order in which one accounts for the intertemporal and international components of currency comparison (Supplementary Fig. 12 ; see Methods for further details).

Damages from variability and extremes

Committed damages primarily arise through changes in average temperature (Fig. 2 ). This reflects the fact that projected changes in average temperature are larger than those in other climate variables when expressed as a function of their historical interannual variability (Extended Data Fig. 4 ). Because the historical variability is that on which the empirical models are estimated, larger projected changes in comparison with this variability probably lead to larger future impacts in a purely statistical sense. From a mechanistic perspective, one may plausibly interpret this result as implying that future changes in average temperature are the most unprecedented from the perspective of the historical fluctuations to which the economy is accustomed and therefore will cause the most damage. This insight may prove useful in terms of guiding adaptation measures to the sources of greatest damage.

Estimates of the median projected reduction in sub-national income per capita across emission scenarios (SSP2-RCP2.6 and SSP2-RCP8.5) as well as climate model, empirical model and model parameter uncertainty in the year in which climate damages diverge at the 5% level (2049, as identified in Fig. 1 ). a , Impacts arising from all climate variables. b – f , Impacts arising separately from changes in annual mean temperature ( b ), daily temperature variability ( c ), total annual precipitation ( d ), the annual number of wet days (>1 mm) ( e ) and extreme daily rainfall ( f ) (see Methods for further definitions). Data on national administrative boundaries are obtained from the GADM database version 3.6 and are freely available for academic use ( https://gadm.org/ ).

Nevertheless, future damages based on empirical models that consider changes in annual average temperature only and exclude the other climate variables constitute income reductions of only 13% in 2049 (Extended Data Fig. 5a , likely range 5–21%). This suggests that accounting for the other components of the distribution of temperature and precipitation raises net damages by nearly 50%. This increase arises through the further damages that these climatic components cause, but also because their inclusion reveals a stronger negative economic response to average temperatures (Extended Data Fig. 5b ). The latter finding is consistent with our Monte Carlo simulations, which suggest that the magnitude of the effect of average temperature on economic growth is underestimated unless accounting for the impacts of other correlated climate variables (Supplementary Fig. 7 ).

In terms of the relative contributions of the different climatic components to overall damages, we find that accounting for daily temperature variability causes the largest increase in overall damages relative to empirical frameworks that only consider changes in annual average temperature (4.9 percentage points, likely range 2.4–8.7 percentage points, equivalent to approximately 10 trillion international dollars). Accounting for precipitation causes smaller increases in overall damages, which are—nevertheless—equivalent to approximately 1.2 trillion international dollars: 0.01 percentage points (−0.37–0.33 percentage points), 0.34 percentage points (0.07–0.90 percentage points) and 0.36 percentage points (0.13–0.65 percentage points) from total annual precipitation, the number of wet days and extreme daily precipitation, respectively. Moreover, climate models seem to underestimate future changes in temperature variability 25 and extreme precipitation 26 , 27 in response to anthropogenic forcing as compared with that observed historically, suggesting that the true impacts from these variables may be larger.

The distribution of committed damages

The spatial distribution of committed damages (Fig. 2a ) reflects a complex interplay between the patterns of future change in several climatic components and those of historical economic vulnerability to changes in those variables. Damages resulting from increasing annual mean temperature (Fig. 2b ) are negative almost everywhere globally, and larger at lower latitudes in regions in which temperatures are already higher and economic vulnerability to temperature increases is greatest (see the response heterogeneity to mean temperature embodied in Extended Data Fig. 1a ). This occurs despite the amplified warming projected at higher latitudes 28 , suggesting that regional heterogeneity in economic vulnerability to temperature changes outweighs heterogeneity in the magnitude of future warming (Supplementary Fig. 13a ). Economic damages owing to daily temperature variability (Fig. 2c ) exhibit a strong latitudinal polarisation, primarily reflecting the physical response of daily variability to greenhouse forcing in which increases in variability across lower latitudes (and Europe) contrast decreases at high latitudes 25 (Supplementary Fig. 13b ). These two temperature terms are the dominant determinants of the pattern of overall damages (Fig. 2a ), which exhibits a strong polarity with damages across most of the globe except at the highest northern latitudes. Future changes in total annual precipitation mainly bring economic benefits except in regions of drying, such as the Mediterranean and central South America (Fig. 2d and Supplementary Fig. 13c ), but these benefits are opposed by changes in the number of wet days, which produce damages with a similar pattern of opposite sign (Fig. 2e and Supplementary Fig. 13d ). By contrast, changes in extreme daily rainfall produce damages in all regions, reflecting the intensification of daily rainfall extremes over global land areas 29 , 30 (Fig. 2f and Supplementary Fig. 13e ).

The spatial distribution of committed damages implies considerable injustice along two dimensions: culpability for the historical emissions that have caused climate change and pre-existing levels of socio-economic welfare. Spearman’s rank correlations indicate that committed damages are significantly larger in countries with smaller historical cumulative emissions, as well as in regions with lower current income per capita (Fig. 3 ). This implies that those countries that will suffer the most from the damages already committed are those that are least responsible for climate change and which also have the least resources to adapt to it.

Estimates of the median projected change in national income per capita across emission scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) as well as climate model, empirical model and model parameter uncertainty in the year in which climate damages diverge at the 5% level (2049, as identified in Fig. 1 ) are plotted against cumulative national emissions per capita in 2020 (from the Global Carbon Project) and coloured by national income per capita in 2020 (from the World Bank) in a and vice versa in b . In each panel, the size of each scatter point is weighted by the national population in 2020 (from the World Bank). Inset numbers indicate the Spearman’s rank correlation ρ and P -values for a hypothesis test whose null hypothesis is of no correlation, as well as the Spearman’s rank correlation weighted by national population.

To further quantify this heterogeneity, we assess the difference in committed damages between the upper and lower quartiles of regions when ranked by present income levels and historical cumulative emissions (using a population weighting to both define the quartiles and estimate the group averages). On average, the quartile of countries with lower income are committed to an income loss that is 8.9 percentage points (or 61%) greater than the upper quartile (Extended Data Fig. 6 ), with a likely range of 3.8–14.7 percentage points across the uncertainty sampling of our damage projections (following the likelihood classification adopted by the IPCC). Similarly, the quartile of countries with lower historical cumulative emissions are committed to an income loss that is 6.9 percentage points (or 40%) greater than the upper quartile, with a likely range of 0.27–12 percentage points. These patterns reemphasize the prevalence of injustice in climate impacts 31 , 32 , 33 in the context of the damages to which the world is already committed by historical emissions and socio-economic inertia.

Contextualizing the magnitude of damages

The magnitude of projected economic damages exceeds previous literature estimates 2 , 3 , arising from several developments made on previous approaches. Our estimates are larger than those of ref.  2 (see first row of Extended Data Table 3 ), primarily because of the facts that sub-national estimates typically show a steeper temperature response (see also refs.  3 , 34 ) and that accounting for other climatic components raises damage estimates (Extended Data Fig. 5 ). However, we note that our empirical approach using first-differenced climate variables is conservative compared with that of ref.  2 in regard to the persistence of climate impacts on growth (see introduction and Methods section ‘Empirical model specification: fixed-effects distributed lag models’), an important determinant of the magnitude of long-term damages 19 , 21 . Using a similar empirical specification to ref.  2 , which assumes infinite persistence while maintaining the rest of our approach (sub-national data and further climate variables), produces considerably larger damages (purple curve of Extended Data Fig. 3 ). Compared with studies that do take the first difference of climate variables 3 , 35 , our estimates are also larger (see second and third rows of Extended Data Table 3 ). The inclusion of further climate variables (Extended Data Fig. 5 ) and a sufficient number of lags to more adequately capture the extent of impact persistence (Extended Data Figs. 1 and 2 ) are the main sources of this difference, as is the use of specifications that capture nonlinearities in the temperature response when compared with ref.  35 . In summary, our estimates develop on previous studies by incorporating the latest data and empirical insights 7 , 8 , as well as in providing a robust empirical lower bound on the persistence of impacts on economic growth, which constitutes a middle ground between the extremes of the growth-versus-levels debate 19 , 21 (Extended Data Fig. 3 ).

Compared with the fraction of variance explained by the empirical models historically (<5%), the projection of reductions in income of 19% may seem large. This arises owing to the fact that projected changes in climatic conditions are much larger than those that were experienced historically, particularly for changes in average temperature (Extended Data Fig. 4 ). As such, any assessment of future climate-change impacts necessarily requires an extrapolation outside the range of the historical data on which the empirical impact models were evaluated. Nevertheless, these models constitute the most state-of-the-art methods for inference of plausibly causal climate impacts based on observed data. Moreover, we take explicit steps to limit out-of-sample extrapolation by capping the moderating variables of the interaction terms at the 95th percentile of the historical distribution (see Methods ). This avoids extrapolating the marginal effects outside what was observed historically. Given the nonlinear response of economic output to annual mean temperature (Extended Data Fig. 1 and Extended Data Table 2 ), this is a conservative choice that limits the magnitude of damages that we project. Furthermore, back-of-the-envelope calculations indicate that the projected damages are consistent with the magnitude and patterns of historical economic development (see Supplementary Discussion Section  5 ).

Missing impacts and spatial spillovers

Despite assessing several climatic components from which economic impacts have recently been identified 3 , 7 , 8 , this assessment of aggregate climate damages should not be considered comprehensive. Important channels such as impacts from heatwaves 31 , sea-level rise 36 , tropical cyclones 37 and tipping points 38 , 39 , as well as non-market damages such as those to ecosystems 40 and human health 41 , are not considered in these estimates. Sea-level rise is unlikely to be feasibly incorporated into empirical assessments such as this because historical sea-level variability is mostly small. Non-market damages are inherently intractable within our estimates of impacts on aggregate monetary output and estimates of these impacts could arguably be considered as extra to those identified here. Recent empirical work suggests that accounting for these channels would probably raise estimates of these committed damages, with larger damages continuing to arise in the global south 31 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 .

Moreover, our main empirical analysis does not explicitly evaluate the potential for impacts in local regions to produce effects that ‘spill over’ into other regions. Such effects may further mitigate or amplify the impacts we estimate, for example, if companies relocate production from one affected region to another or if impacts propagate along supply chains. The current literature indicates that trade plays a substantial role in propagating spillover effects 43 , 44 , making their assessment at the sub-national level challenging without available data on sub-national trade dependencies. Studies accounting for only spatially adjacent neighbours indicate that negative impacts in one region induce further negative impacts in neighbouring regions 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , suggesting that our projected damages are probably conservative by excluding these effects. In Supplementary Fig. 14 , we assess spillovers from neighbouring regions using a spatial-lag model. For simplicity, this analysis excludes temporal lags, focusing only on contemporaneous effects. The results show that accounting for spatial spillovers can amplify the overall magnitude, and also the heterogeneity, of impacts. Consistent with previous literature, this indicates that the overall magnitude (Fig. 1 ) and heterogeneity (Fig. 3 ) of damages that we project in our main specification may be conservative without explicitly accounting for spillovers. We note that further analysis that addresses both spatially and trade-connected spillovers, while also accounting for delayed impacts using temporal lags, would be necessary to adequately address this question fully. These approaches offer fruitful avenues for further research but are beyond the scope of this manuscript, which primarily aims to explore the impacts of different climate conditions and their persistence.

Policy implications

We find that the economic damages resulting from climate change until 2049 are those to which the world economy is already committed and that these greatly outweigh the costs required to mitigate emissions in line with the 2 °C target of the Paris Climate Agreement (Fig. 1 ). This assessment is complementary to formal analyses of the net costs and benefits associated with moving from one emission path to another, which typically find that net benefits of mitigation only emerge in the second half of the century 5 . Our simple comparison of the magnitude of damages and mitigation costs makes clear that this is primarily because damages are indistinguishable across emissions scenarios—that is, committed—until mid-century (Fig. 1 ) and that they are actually already much larger than mitigation costs. For simplicity, and owing to the availability of data, we compare damages to mitigation costs at the global level. Regional estimates of mitigation costs may shed further light on the national incentives for mitigation to which our results already hint, of relevance for international climate policy. Although these damages are committed from a mitigation perspective, adaptation may provide an opportunity to reduce them. Moreover, the strong divergence of damages after mid-century reemphasizes the clear benefits of mitigation from a purely economic perspective, as highlighted in previous studies 1 , 4 , 6 , 24 .

Historical climate data

Historical daily 2-m temperature and precipitation totals (in mm) are obtained for the period 1979–2019 from the W5E5 database. The W5E5 dataset comes from ERA-5, a state-of-the-art reanalysis of historical observations, but has been bias-adjusted by applying version 2.0 of the WATCH Forcing Data to ERA-5 reanalysis data and precipitation data from version 2.3 of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project to better reflect ground-based measurements 49 , 50 , 51 . We obtain these data on a 0.5° × 0.5° grid from the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP) database. Notably, these historical data have been used to bias-adjust future climate projections from CMIP-6 (see the following section), ensuring consistency between the distribution of historical daily weather on which our empirical models were estimated and the climate projections used to estimate future damages. These data are publicly available from the ISIMIP database. See refs.  7 , 8 for robustness tests of the empirical models to the choice of climate data reanalysis products.

Future climate data

Daily 2-m temperature and precipitation totals (in mm) are taken from 21 climate models participating in CMIP-6 under a high (RCP8.5) and a low (RCP2.6) greenhouse gas emission scenario from 2015 to 2100. The data have been bias-adjusted and statistically downscaled to a common half-degree grid to reflect the historical distribution of daily temperature and precipitation of the W5E5 dataset using the trend-preserving method developed by the ISIMIP 50 , 52 . As such, the climate model data reproduce observed climatological patterns exceptionally well (Supplementary Table 5 ). Gridded data are publicly available from the ISIMIP database.

Historical economic data

Historical economic data come from the DOSE database of sub-national economic output 53 . We use a recent revision to the DOSE dataset that provides data across 83 countries, 1,660 sub-national regions with varying temporal coverage from 1960 to 2019. Sub-national units constitute the first administrative division below national, for example, states for the USA and provinces for China. Data come from measures of gross regional product per capita (GRPpc) or income per capita in local currencies, reflecting the values reported in national statistical agencies, yearbooks and, in some cases, academic literature. We follow previous literature 3 , 7 , 8 , 54 and assess real sub-national output per capita by first converting values from local currencies to US dollars to account for diverging national inflationary tendencies and then account for US inflation using a US deflator. Alternatively, one might first account for national inflation and then convert between currencies. Supplementary Fig. 12 demonstrates that our conclusions are consistent when accounting for price changes in the reversed order, although the magnitude of estimated damages varies. See the documentation of the DOSE dataset for further discussion of these choices. Conversions between currencies are conducted using exchange rates from the FRED database of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 55 and the national deflators from the World Bank 56 .

Future socio-economic data

Baseline gridded gross domestic product (GDP) and population data for the period 2015–2100 are taken from the middle-of-the-road scenario SSP2 (ref.  15 ). Population data have been downscaled to a half-degree grid by the ISIMIP following the methodologies of refs.  57 , 58 , which we then aggregate to the sub-national level of our economic data using the spatial aggregation procedure described below. Because current methodologies for downscaling the GDP of the SSPs use downscaled population to do so, per-capita estimates of GDP with a realistic distribution at the sub-national level are not readily available for the SSPs. We therefore use national-level GDP per capita (GDPpc) projections for all sub-national regions of a given country, assuming homogeneity within countries in terms of baseline GDPpc. Here we use projections that have been updated to account for the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the trajectory of future income, while remaining consistent with the long-term development of the SSPs 59 . The choice of baseline SSP alters the magnitude of projected climate damages in monetary terms, but when assessed in terms of percentage change from the baseline, the choice of socio-economic scenario is inconsequential. Gridded SSP population data and national-level GDPpc data are publicly available from the ISIMIP database. Sub-national estimates as used in this study are available in the code and data replication files.

Climate variables

Following recent literature 3 , 7 , 8 , we calculate an array of climate variables for which substantial impacts on macroeconomic output have been identified empirically, supported by further evidence at the micro level for plausible underlying mechanisms. See refs.  7 , 8 for an extensive motivation for the use of these particular climate variables and for detailed empirical tests on the nature and robustness of their effects on economic output. To summarize, these studies have found evidence for independent impacts on economic growth rates from annual average temperature, daily temperature variability, total annual precipitation, the annual number of wet days and extreme daily rainfall. Assessments of daily temperature variability were motivated by evidence of impacts on agricultural output and human health, as well as macroeconomic literature on the impacts of volatility on growth when manifest in different dimensions, such as government spending, exchange rates and even output itself 7 . Assessments of precipitation impacts were motivated by evidence of impacts on agricultural productivity, metropolitan labour outcomes and conflict, as well as damages caused by flash flooding 8 . See Extended Data Table 1 for detailed references to empirical studies of these physical mechanisms. Marked impacts of daily temperature variability, total annual precipitation, the number of wet days and extreme daily rainfall on macroeconomic output were identified robustly across different climate datasets, spatial aggregation schemes, specifications of regional time trends and error-clustering approaches. They were also found to be robust to the consideration of temperature extremes 7 , 8 . Furthermore, these climate variables were identified as having independent effects on economic output 7 , 8 , which we further explain here using Monte Carlo simulations to demonstrate the robustness of the results to concerns of imperfect multicollinearity between climate variables (Supplementary Methods Section  2 ), as well as by using information criteria (Supplementary Table 1 ) to demonstrate that including several lagged climate variables provides a preferable trade-off between optimally describing the data and limiting the possibility of overfitting.

We calculate these variables from the distribution of daily, d , temperature, T x , d , and precipitation, P x , d , at the grid-cell, x , level for both the historical and future climate data. As well as annual mean temperature, \({\bar{T}}_{x,y}\) , and annual total precipitation, P x , y , we calculate annual, y , measures of daily temperature variability, \({\widetilde{T}}_{x,y}\) :

the number of wet days, Pwd x , y :

and extreme daily rainfall:

in which T x , d , m , y is the grid-cell-specific daily temperature in month m and year y , \({\bar{T}}_{x,m,{y}}\) is the year and grid-cell-specific monthly, m , mean temperature, D m and D y the number of days in a given month m or year y , respectively, H the Heaviside step function, 1 mm the threshold used to define wet days and P 99.9 x is the 99.9th percentile of historical (1979–2019) daily precipitation at the grid-cell level. Units of the climate measures are degrees Celsius for annual mean temperature and daily temperature variability, millimetres for total annual precipitation and extreme daily precipitation, and simply the number of days for the annual number of wet days.

We also calculated weighted standard deviations of monthly rainfall totals as also used in ref.  8 but do not include them in our projections as we find that, when accounting for delayed effects, their effect becomes statistically indistinct and is better captured by changes in total annual rainfall.

Spatial aggregation

We aggregate grid-cell-level historical and future climate measures, as well as grid-cell-level future GDPpc and population, to the level of the first administrative unit below national level of the GADM database, using an area-weighting algorithm that estimates the portion of each grid cell falling within an administrative boundary. We use this as our baseline specification following previous findings that the effect of area or population weighting at the sub-national level is negligible 7 , 8 .

Empirical model specification: fixed-effects distributed lag models

Following a wide range of climate econometric literature 16 , 60 , we use panel regression models with a selection of fixed effects and time trends to isolate plausibly exogenous variation with which to maximize confidence in a causal interpretation of the effects of climate on economic growth rates. The use of region fixed effects, μ r , accounts for unobserved time-invariant differences between regions, such as prevailing climatic norms and growth rates owing to historical and geopolitical factors. The use of yearly fixed effects, η y , accounts for regionally invariant annual shocks to the global climate or economy such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation or global recessions. In our baseline specification, we also include region-specific linear time trends, k r y , to exclude the possibility of spurious correlations resulting from common slow-moving trends in climate and growth.

The persistence of climate impacts on economic growth rates is a key determinant of the long-term magnitude of damages. Methods for inferring the extent of persistence in impacts on growth rates have typically used lagged climate variables to evaluate the presence of delayed effects or catch-up dynamics 2 , 18 . For example, consider starting from a model in which a climate condition, C r , y , (for example, annual mean temperature) affects the growth rate, Δlgrp r , y (the first difference of the logarithm of gross regional product) of region r in year y :

which we refer to as a ‘pure growth effects’ model in the main text. Typically, further lags are included,

and the cumulative effect of all lagged terms is evaluated to assess the extent to which climate impacts on growth rates persist. Following ref.  18 , in the case that,

the implication is that impacts on the growth rate persist up to NL years after the initial shock (possibly to a weaker or a stronger extent), whereas if

then the initial impact on the growth rate is recovered after NL years and the effect is only one on the level of output. However, we note that such approaches are limited by the fact that, when including an insufficient number of lags to detect a recovery of the growth rates, one may find equation ( 6 ) to be satisfied and incorrectly assume that a change in climatic conditions affects the growth rate indefinitely. In practice, given a limited record of historical data, including too few lags to confidently conclude in an infinitely persistent impact on the growth rate is likely, particularly over the long timescales over which future climate damages are often projected 2 , 24 . To avoid this issue, we instead begin our analysis with a model for which the level of output, lgrp r , y , depends on the level of a climate variable, C r , y :

Given the non-stationarity of the level of output, we follow the literature 19 and estimate such an equation in first-differenced form as,

which we refer to as a model of ‘pure level effects’ in the main text. This model constitutes a baseline specification in which a permanent change in the climate variable produces an instantaneous impact on the growth rate and a permanent effect only on the level of output. By including lagged variables in this specification,

we are able to test whether the impacts on the growth rate persist any further than instantaneously by evaluating whether α L  > 0 are statistically significantly different from zero. Even though this framework is also limited by the possibility of including too few lags, the choice of a baseline model specification in which impacts on the growth rate do not persist means that, in the case of including too few lags, the framework reverts to the baseline specification of level effects. As such, this framework is conservative with respect to the persistence of impacts and the magnitude of future damages. It naturally avoids assumptions of infinite persistence and we are able to interpret any persistence that we identify with equation ( 9 ) as a lower bound on the extent of climate impact persistence on growth rates. See the main text for further discussion of this specification choice, in particular about its conservative nature compared with previous literature estimates, such as refs.  2 , 18 .

We allow the response to climatic changes to vary across regions, using interactions of the climate variables with historical average (1979–2019) climatic conditions reflecting heterogenous effects identified in previous work 7 , 8 . Following this previous work, the moderating variables of these interaction terms constitute the historical average of either the variable itself or of the seasonal temperature difference, \({\hat{T}}_{r}\) , or annual mean temperature, \({\bar{T}}_{r}\) , in the case of daily temperature variability 7 and extreme daily rainfall, respectively 8 .

The resulting regression equation with N and M lagged variables, respectively, reads:

in which Δlgrp r , y is the annual, regional GRPpc growth rate, measured as the first difference of the logarithm of real GRPpc, following previous work 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 18 , 19 . Fixed-effects regressions were run using the fixest package in R (ref.  61 ).

Estimates of the coefficients of interest α i , L are shown in Extended Data Fig. 1 for N  =  M  = 10 lags and for our preferred choice of the number of lags in Supplementary Figs. 1 – 3 . In Extended Data Fig. 1 , errors are shown clustered at the regional level, but for the construction of damage projections, we block-bootstrap the regressions by region 1,000 times to provide a range of parameter estimates with which to sample the projection uncertainty (following refs.  2 , 31 ).

Spatial-lag model

In Supplementary Fig. 14 , we present the results from a spatial-lag model that explores the potential for climate impacts to ‘spill over’ into spatially neighbouring regions. We measure the distance between centroids of each pair of sub-national regions and construct spatial lags that take the average of the first-differenced climate variables and their interaction terms over neighbouring regions that are at distances of 0–500, 500–1,000, 1,000–1,500 and 1,500–2000 km (spatial lags, ‘SL’, 1 to 4). For simplicity, we then assess a spatial-lag model without temporal lags to assess spatial spillovers of contemporaneous climate impacts. This model takes the form:

in which SL indicates the spatial lag of each climate variable and interaction term. In Supplementary Fig. 14 , we plot the cumulative marginal effect of each climate variable at different baseline climate conditions by summing the coefficients for each climate variable and interaction term, for example, for average temperature impacts as:

These cumulative marginal effects can be regarded as the overall spatially dependent impact to an individual region given a one-unit shock to a climate variable in that region and all neighbouring regions at a given value of the moderating variable of the interaction term.

Constructing projections of economic damage from future climate change

We construct projections of future climate damages by applying the coefficients estimated in equation ( 10 ) and shown in Supplementary Tables 2 – 4 (when including only lags with statistically significant effects in specifications that limit overfitting; see Supplementary Methods Section  1 ) to projections of future climate change from the CMIP-6 models. Year-on-year changes in each primary climate variable of interest are calculated to reflect the year-to-year variations used in the empirical models. 30-year moving averages of the moderating variables of the interaction terms are calculated to reflect the long-term average of climatic conditions that were used for the moderating variables in the empirical models. By using moving averages in the projections, we account for the changing vulnerability to climate shocks based on the evolving long-term conditions (Supplementary Figs. 10 and 11 show that the results are robust to the precise choice of the window of this moving average). Although these climate variables are not differenced, the fact that the bias-adjusted climate models reproduce observed climatological patterns across regions for these moderating variables very accurately (Supplementary Table 6 ) with limited spread across models (<3%) precludes the possibility that any considerable bias or uncertainty is introduced by this methodological choice. However, we impose caps on these moderating variables at the 95th percentile at which they were observed in the historical data to prevent extrapolation of the marginal effects outside the range in which the regressions were estimated. This is a conservative choice that limits the magnitude of our damage projections.

Time series of primary climate variables and moderating climate variables are then combined with estimates of the empirical model parameters to evaluate the regression coefficients in equation ( 10 ), producing a time series of annual GRPpc growth-rate reductions for a given emission scenario, climate model and set of empirical model parameters. The resulting time series of growth-rate impacts reflects those occurring owing to future climate change. By contrast, a future scenario with no climate change would be one in which climate variables do not change (other than with random year-to-year fluctuations) and hence the time-averaged evaluation of equation ( 10 ) would be zero. Our approach therefore implicitly compares the future climate-change scenario to this no-climate-change baseline scenario.

The time series of growth-rate impacts owing to future climate change in region r and year y , δ r , y , are then added to the future baseline growth rates, π r , y (in log-diff form), obtained from the SSP2 scenario to yield trajectories of damaged GRPpc growth rates, ρ r , y . These trajectories are aggregated over time to estimate the future trajectory of GRPpc with future climate impacts:

in which GRPpc r , y =2020 is the initial log level of GRPpc. We begin damage estimates in 2020 to reflect the damages occurring since the end of the period for which we estimate the empirical models (1979–2019) and to match the timing of mitigation-cost estimates from most IAMs (see below).

For each emission scenario, this procedure is repeated 1,000 times while randomly sampling from the selection of climate models, the selection of empirical models with different numbers of lags (shown in Supplementary Figs. 1 – 3 and Supplementary Tables 2 – 4 ) and bootstrapped estimates of the regression parameters. The result is an ensemble of future GRPpc trajectories that reflect uncertainty from both physical climate change and the structural and sampling uncertainty of the empirical models.

Estimates of mitigation costs

We obtain IPCC estimates of the aggregate costs of emission mitigation from the AR6 Scenario Explorer and Database hosted by IIASA 23 . Specifically, we search the AR6 Scenarios Database World v1.1 for IAMs that provided estimates of global GDP and population under both a SSP2 baseline and a SSP2-RCP2.6 scenario to maintain consistency with the socio-economic and emission scenarios of the climate damage projections. We find five IAMs that provide data for these scenarios, namely, MESSAGE-GLOBIOM 1.0, REMIND-MAgPIE 1.5, AIM/GCE 2.0, GCAM 4.2 and WITCH-GLOBIOM 3.1. Of these five IAMs, we use the results only from the first three that passed the IPCC vetting procedure for reproducing historical emission and climate trajectories. We then estimate global mitigation costs as the percentage difference in global per capita GDP between the SSP2 baseline and the SSP2-RCP2.6 emission scenario. In the case of one of these IAMs, estimates of mitigation costs begin in 2020, whereas in the case of two others, mitigation costs begin in 2010. The mitigation cost estimates before 2020 in these two IAMs are mostly negligible, and our choice to begin comparison with damage estimates in 2020 is conservative with respect to the relative weight of climate damages compared with mitigation costs for these two IAMs.

Data availability

Data on economic production and ERA-5 climate data are publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681306 (ref. 62 ) and https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/era5 , respectively. Data on mitigation costs are publicly available at https://data.ene.iiasa.ac.at/ar6/#/downloads . Processed climate and economic data, as well as all other necessary data for reproduction of the results, are available at the public repository https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10562951  (ref. 63 ).

Code availability

All code necessary for reproduction of the results is available at the public repository https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10562951  (ref. 63 ).

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge financing from the Volkswagen Foundation and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).

Open access funding provided by Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung (PIK) e.V.

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Maximilian Kotz, Anders Levermann & Leonie Wenz

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All authors contributed to the design of the analysis. M.K. conducted the analysis and produced the figures. All authors contributed to the interpretation and presentation of the results. M.K. and L.W. wrote the manuscript.

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Extended data figures and tables

Extended data fig. 1 constraining the persistence of historical climate impacts on economic growth rates..

The results of a panel-based fixed-effects distributed lag model for the effects of annual mean temperature ( a ), daily temperature variability ( b ), total annual precipitation ( c ), the number of wet days ( d ) and extreme daily precipitation ( e ) on sub-national economic growth rates. Point estimates show the effects of a 1 °C or one standard deviation increase (for temperature and precipitation variables, respectively) at the lower quartile, median and upper quartile of the relevant moderating variable (green, orange and purple, respectively) at different lagged periods after the initial shock (note that these are not cumulative effects). Climate variables are used in their first-differenced form (see main text for discussion) and the moderating climate variables are the annual mean temperature, seasonal temperature difference, total annual precipitation, number of wet days and annual mean temperature, respectively, in panels a – e (see Methods for further discussion). Error bars show the 95% confidence intervals having clustered standard errors by region. The within-region R 2 , Bayesian and Akaike information criteria for the model are shown at the top of the figure. This figure shows results with ten lags for each variable to demonstrate the observed levels of persistence, but our preferred specifications remove later lags based on the statistical significance of terms shown above and the information criteria shown in Extended Data Fig. 2 . The resulting models without later lags are shown in Supplementary Figs. 1 – 3 .

Extended Data Fig. 2 Incremental lag-selection procedure using information criteria and within-region R 2 .

Starting from a panel-based fixed-effects distributed lag model estimating the effects of climate on economic growth using the real historical data (as in equation ( 4 )) with ten lags for all climate variables (as shown in Extended Data Fig. 1 ), lags are incrementally removed for one climate variable at a time. The resulting Bayesian and Akaike information criteria are shown in a – e and f – j , respectively, and the within-region R 2 and number of observations in k – o and p – t , respectively. Different rows show the results when removing lags from different climate variables, ordered from top to bottom as annual mean temperature, daily temperature variability, total annual precipitation, the number of wet days and extreme annual precipitation. Information criteria show minima at approximately four lags for precipitation variables and ten to eight for temperature variables, indicating that including these numbers of lags does not lead to overfitting. See Supplementary Table 1 for an assessment using information criteria to determine whether including further climate variables causes overfitting.

Extended Data Fig. 3 Damages in our preferred specification that provides a robust lower bound on the persistence of climate impacts on economic growth versus damages in specifications of pure growth or pure level effects.

Estimates of future damages as shown in Fig. 1 but under the emission scenario RCP8.5 for three separate empirical specifications: in orange our preferred specification, which provides an empirical lower bound on the persistence of climate impacts on economic growth rates while avoiding assumptions of infinite persistence (see main text for further discussion); in purple a specification of ‘pure growth effects’ in which the first difference of climate variables is not taken and no lagged climate variables are included (the baseline specification of ref.  2 ); and in pink a specification of ‘pure level effects’ in which the first difference of climate variables is taken but no lagged terms are included.

Extended Data Fig. 4 Climate changes in different variables as a function of historical interannual variability.

Changes in each climate variable of interest from 1979–2019 to 2035–2065 under the high-emission scenario SSP5-RCP8.5, expressed as a percentage of the historical variability of each measure. Historical variability is estimated as the standard deviation of each detrended climate variable over the period 1979–2019 during which the empirical models were identified (detrending is appropriate because of the inclusion of region-specific linear time trends in the empirical models). See Supplementary Fig. 13 for changes expressed in standard units. Data on national administrative boundaries are obtained from the GADM database version 3.6 and are freely available for academic use ( https://gadm.org/ ).

Extended Data Fig. 5 Contribution of different climate variables to overall committed damages.

a , Climate damages in 2049 when using empirical models that account for all climate variables, changes in annual mean temperature only or changes in both annual mean temperature and one other climate variable (daily temperature variability, total annual precipitation, the number of wet days and extreme daily precipitation, respectively). b , The cumulative marginal effects of an increase in annual mean temperature of 1 °C, at different baseline temperatures, estimated from empirical models including all climate variables or annual mean temperature only. Estimates and uncertainty bars represent the median and 95% confidence intervals obtained from 1,000 block-bootstrap resamples from each of three different empirical models using eight, nine or ten lags of temperature terms.

Extended Data Fig. 6 The difference in committed damages between the upper and lower quartiles of countries when ranked by GDP and cumulative historical emissions.

Quartiles are defined using a population weighting, as are the average committed damages across each quartile group. The violin plots indicate the distribution of differences between quartiles across the two extreme emission scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) and the uncertainty sampling procedure outlined in Methods , which accounts for uncertainty arising from the choice of lags in the empirical models, uncertainty in the empirical model parameter estimates, as well as the climate model projections. Bars indicate the median, as well as the 10th and 90th percentiles and upper and lower sixths of the distribution reflecting the very likely and likely ranges following the likelihood classification adopted by the IPCC.

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Kotz, M., Levermann, A. & Wenz, L. The economic commitment of climate change. Nature 628 , 551–557 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07219-0

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Huntington Town's housing proposal for Melville is a boon for LI

The intersection of Maxess Road and Corporate Center Drive, which would be part of Huntington Town’s proposed Melville Town Center overlay district that would include retail, commercial and housing development. Credit: Newsday/Karthika Namboothiri

This guest essay reflects the views of Mike Florio, chief executive of the Long Island Builders Institute.

Long Island has a housing crisis. A recent study by Construction Coverage, a research and analysis firm focused on the construction industry, placed Nassau and Suffolk counties at 131 and 132 of 141 large counties in the nation for the percentage of housing growth over the past 11 years.

That inability to invest in residential housing has predictably led to rapidly increasing home and rental prices. This has made our region, already one of the most expensive places to live in the country, unaffordable for many.

For too long, development on Long Island has been stunted by restrictive zoning, lack of sewer infrastructure, and NIMBYism, where residents fearing change storm their local town hall with exaggerated claims that any new development will increase school size, stall traffic, and degrade the environment.

We are at a crossroads. We can lose the next generation of Long Islanders and our opportunity to be a dynamic region, or we can embrace new thinking for redevelopment, like the Town of Huntington has proposed for the Melville corridor.

Melville, long a central business office district, has fallen on hard times in the post-pandemic world. Many newer Class A offices along Route 110, the kind that offer modern top-tier amenities, are near full occupancy, but older Class B and C offices are withering away, largely vacant or underutilized. Eventually, their owners will challenge their assessments and will wind up paying much less in property taxes, which will require surrounding schools, fire districts, and other local governments to raise taxes on homeowners to compensate.

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Town officials held numerous public listening sessions to gather community input on what the area’s future should look like. This is the gold standard for development because, without community input, projects are destined to fail.

In drafting code changes — such as permitting ground-floor commercial and retail space with three floors of apartments above — the board rightly relied upon feedback from Melville residents and surrounding communities during a yearlong series of listening sessions. The Melville Town Centre proposal is born out of the community’s desire to create a walkable neighborhood with a mix of residential housing and retail, including shops and restaurants with outdoor dining on wide sidewalks.

As the town begins the official public hearing process with the first session Tuesday, it once again seeks community input that may result in amendments to the proposed code.

The community has already galvanized support for development in a narrow area along Maxess Road, east of Route 110, with a cap of 3,000 units. Additionally, “pauses” are baked in to examine the process as it unfolds over years, undermining typical scare tactics like a recent preposterous claim that 40,000 apartments could be built.

The Town of Huntington has an opportunity to join the likes of Patchogue, Farmingdale, and Westbury, whose leaders mustered the political will necessary to enhance the value of their communities, build needed housing for young professionals and seniors, and create a pool of local talent for surrounding employers.

Long Island’s ability to grow industries like biotech relies on our ability to solve our housing crisis. Success in Melville can serve as a template for other communities to reexamine their underutilized neighborhoods and work with their communities to find solutions to address their housing needs.

The Melville redevelopment plan offers a chance for a better future for all Long Islanders. It’s a no-brainer we should all support.

THIS GUEST ESSAY reflects the views of Mike Florio, the chief executive of the Long Island Builders Institute.

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A Culture Warrior Takes a Late Swing

The editor and essayist Joseph Epstein looks back on his life and career in two new books.

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By Dwight Garner

NEVER SAY YOU’VE HAD A LUCKY LIFE: Especially If You’ve Had a Lucky Life , by Joseph Epstein

FAMILIARITY BREEDS CONTENT: New and Selected Essays , by Joseph Epstein

When Tammy Wynette was asked to write a memoir in her mid-30s, she initially declined, she said in an interview, because “I didn’t think my life was over yet.” The publisher responded: Has it occurred to you that in 15 years no one might care? She wrote the book. “Stand by Your Man: An Autobiography” (1979) was a hit.

The essayist and editor Joseph Epstein — whose memoir “Never Say You’ve Had a Lucky Life,” is out now, alongside a greatest-hits collection titled “Familiarity Breeds Content” — has probably never heard Wynette sing except by accident. (In a 1993 essay, he wrote that he wished he didn’t know who Willie Nelson was, because it was a sign of a compromised intellect.) But his memoir illustrates another reason not to wait too long to commit your life to print.

There is no indication that Epstein, who is in his late 80s, has lost a step. His prose is as genial and bland, if comparison to his earlier work is any indication, as it ever was. But there’s a softness to his memories of people, perhaps because it was all so long ago. This is the sort of memoir that insists someone was funny, or erudite, or charismatic, while rarely providing the crucial details.

Epstein aw-shucks his way into “Never Say You’ve Had a Lucky Life” — pretending to be self-effacing while not being so in the least is one of his salient qualities as a writer — by warning readers, “I may not have had a sufficiently interesting life to merit an autobiography.” This is because he “did little, saw nothing notably historic, and endured not much out of the ordinary of anguish or trouble or exaltation.” Quickly, however, he concludes that his life is indeed worth relating, in part because “over the years I have acquired the literary skill to recount that life well.”

Here he is wrong in both directions. His story is interesting enough to warrant this memoir. His personal life has taken complicated turns. And as the longtime editor of the quarterly magazine The American Scholar, and a notably literate conservative culture warrior, he’s been in the thick of things.

He does lack the skill to tell his own story, though, if by “skill” we mean not well-scrubbed Strunk and White sentences but close and penetrating observation. Epstein favors tasseled loafers and bow ties, and most of his sentences read as if they were written by a sentient tasseled loafer and edited by a sentient bow tie.

He grew up in Chicago, where his father manufactured costume jewelry. The young Epstein was popular and, in high school, lettered in tennis. His title refers to being lucky, and a big part of that luck, in his estimation, was to grow up back when kids could be kids, before “the therapeutic culture” took over.

This complaint sets the tone of the book. His own story is set next to a rolling series of cultural grievances. He’s against casual dress, the prohibition of the word “Negro,” grade inflation, the Beat Generation, most of what occurred during the 1960s, standards slipping everywhere, de-Westernizing college curriculums, D.E.I. programs, you name it. His politics aren’t the problem. We can argue about those. American culture needs more well-read conservatives. The problem is that in his search for teachable moments, his memoir acquires the cardboard tone of a middling opinion column.

His youth was not all tennis lessons and root beer floats. He and his friends regularly visited brothels because, he writes, sex was not as easy to come by in the 1950s. He was kicked out of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign for his role in the selling of a stolen accounting exam to other students.

He was lucky to find a place at the University of Chicago, a place of high seriousness. The school changed him. He began to reassess his values. He began to read writers like Irving Howe, Sidney Hook, Midge Decter and Norman Podhoretz, and felt his politics pull to the right.

After college, he was drafted into the Army and ended up in Little Rock, Ark., where he met his first wife. At the time, she was a waitress at a bar and restaurant called the Gar Hole. Here Epstein’s memoir briefly threatens to acquire genuine weight.

She had lost custody of her two sons after a divorce. Together they got them back, and she and Epstein had two sons of their own. After their divorce, Epstein took all four of the boys. This is grist for an entire memoir, but Epstein passes over it quickly. One never gets much of a sense of what his boys were like, or what it was like to raise them. He later tells us that he has all but lost touch with his stepsons and has not seen them for decades.

He worked for the magazine The New Leader and the Encyclopaedia Britannica before becoming the editor of The American Scholar in 1975. It was a position he would hold for 22 years. He also taught at Northwestern University for nearly three decades.

At The American Scholar he began to write a long personal essay in each issue, under the pseudonym Aristides. He wrote 92 of these, on topics such as smoking and envy and reading and height. Most ran to 6,500 words, or about 4,000 words longer than they should have been.

Many magazine editors like to write every so often, to keep a hand in. But there is something unseemly about an editor chewing up acres of space in his own publication on a regular basis. Editorially, it’s a droit du seigneur imposition.

A selection of these essays, as well as some new ones, can now be found in “Familiarity Breeds Content.” In his introduction to this book, Christopher Buckley overpraises Epstein, leaving the reader no choice but to start mentally pushing back.

Buckley calls Epstein “the most entertaining living essayist in the English language.” (Not while Michael Kinsley, Lorrie Moore, Calvin Trillin, Sloane Crosley and Geoff Dyer, among many others, walk the earth.) He repurposes Martin Amis’s comment about Saul Bellow: “One doesn’t read Saul Bellow. One can only reread him.” To this he adds, “Ditto Epstein.” (Epstein is no Saul Bellow.) Buckley says, “Joe Epstein is incapable of writing a boring sentence.”

Well. How about this one, from an essay about cats?

A cat, I realize, cannot be everyone’s cup of fur.

Or this one, from an essay about sports and other obsessions:

I have been told there are people who wig out on pasta.

Or this one, about … guess:

When I was a boy, it occurs to me now, I always had one or another kind of hat.

Juggling today appears to be undergoing a small renaissance.

If one is looking to save on fuel bills, politics is likely to heat up a room quicker than just about anything else.

In tennis I was most notable for flipping and catching my racket in various snappy routines.

The essays are, by and large, as tweedy and self-satisfied as these lines make them sound. There are no wild hairs in them, no sudden deepenings of tone. Nothing is at stake. We are stranded with him on the putt-putt course.

Epstein fills his essays with quotation after quotation, as ballast. I am a fan of well-deployed, free-range quotations. So many of Epstein’s are musty and reek of Bartlett’s. They are from figures like Lord Chesterfield and Lady Mary Montagu and Sir Herbert Grierson and Tocqueville and Walpole and Carlyle. You can feel the moths escaping from the display case in real time.

To be fair, I circled a few sentences in “Familiarity Breeds Content” happily. I’m with him on his distrust of “fun couples.” He writes, “A cowboy without a hat is suitable only for bartending.” I liked his observation, which he borrowed from someone else, that a career has five stages:

(1) Who is Joseph Epstein? (2) Get me Joseph Epstein. (3) We need someone like Joseph Epstein. (4) What we need is a young Joseph Epstein. (5) Who is Joseph Epstein?

It’s no fun to trip up a writer on what might have been a late-career victory lap. Epstein doesn’t need me to like his work. He’s published more than 30 books, and you can’t do that unless you’ve made a lot of readers happy.

NEVER SAY YOU’VE HAD A LUCKY LIFE : Especially If You’ve Had a Lucky Life | By Joseph Epstein | Free Press | 287 pp. | $29.99

FAMILIARITY BREEDS CONTENT : New and Selected Essays | By Joseph Epstein | Simon & Schuster | 441 pp. | Paperback, $20.99

Dwight Garner has been a book critic for The Times since 2008, and before that was an editor at the Book Review for a decade. More about Dwight Garner

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