aiou assignment 1424 spring 2021

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Compulsory English-II Code No. 1424 Past Papers | AIOU

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Compulsory English-II (1424)

Download and view past papers for Compulsory English-II code number 1424 (AIOU) for the semester of spring and autumn. It is a 6 credit hours book.Old papers will provide a clear understanding of important areas or parts of the subjects. Also previous examinations papers will provide a guess for the upcoming examination.Below table provide past papers. Click on the link to view:

Related Subjects

Compulsory English-I (1423)
Principle of Management (1427)
Commercial Geography (1428)
Business Mathematics (1429)
Business Statistics (1430)
Basics of Information Communication Technology (1431)
Business Communication (1416)
Introduction to Business Finance (1415)

AIOU Code 1423 English-I Past Papers and Preparation Guide 2024

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Solved Assignment# 2 aiou Code 1424 Spring 2021

Solved Assignment# 2 aiou Code 1424 Spring 2021 The following questions are based on Unit – 5. Read the unit carefully and answer the questions/solve the exercises given below. Q.1 Read about ‘Compare and Contrast’ on Pages 147-160. You should also have read about a brief comparison and contrast between aeroplane and helicopter given on page 151. Now, keeping in mind the two Pakistani educational systems (public and private sectors), answer the following questions: (10+10=20) a) How both of the systems are similar (provide a comparison between private and public educational systems)? b) How both of the systems are different (provide a contrast between private and public educational systems)? Ans: Formal and Informal Writing 1-I really am sorry...... (I) 2- I am very grateful for .... (F) 3- Why don't we... (I) 4- 1 will not be able to attend the (F) 5- Give my love to ... (I) 6- I look forward to hearing from you ... (I) 7- Let me know as soon as possible ... (F) 8- Hello Tahir... (I) 9- Dear Ms Saleem ... (I) 10- How's life? (I) 11- Yours faithfully, (F) 12- I apologise for the inconvenience... (F) 13- We had a little bit of luck this time ... (F) 14- The conference will commence this week ... (F) (b) Define 'expository' writing. How it is different than other types of essays? Expository writing Ans: Expository writing is used to convey factual information (as opposed to creative writing, such as fiction). It is the language of learning and understanding the world around us. If you've ever read an encyclopaedia entry, a how-to article on a website, or a chapter in a textbook, then you've encountered examples of expository writing. How it's different from others 1- Just the facts, Expository writing is informational, not creative writing

Q.2 Read about ‘Academic Reading’ on Page 183-185. Now briefly EXPLAIN the following phrases (in your own words) with appropriate examples: (10)

a) Non-academic reading b) Pre-reading

c) Skimming a text d) Reading strategies

e) Active reading

Ans. Non- academic reading

Non-academic reading is less formal and not necessarily intended for an educated audience, and its often more emotional or opinionated; examples of such include letters, blog posts, even fiction novels.

Pre-reading

Pre-reading is the process of skimming a text to locate key ideas before carefully reading a text (or a chapter of a text) from start to finish. Also called previewing or surveying. Pre-reading provides an overview that can increase reading speed and efficiency. Pre-reading typically involves looking at (and thinking about) titles, chapter introductions, summaries, headings, subheadings, study questions, and conclusions.

Skimming a text

Skimming is reading rapidly in order to get a general overview of the material. Scanning is reading rapidly in order to find specific facts. While skimming tells you what general information is within a section, scanning helps you locate a particular fact.

Reading strategies

Reading strategies is the broad term used to describe the planned and explicit actions that help readers translate print to meaning. Strategies that improve decoding and reading comprehension skills benefit every student, but are essential for beginning readers, struggling readers, and English Language Learners.

Active reading

Active reading simply means reading something with a determination to understand and evaluate it for its relevance to your needs. Simply reading and re-reading the material isn’t an effective way to understand and learn. Actively and critically engaging with the content can save you time.

Q.3: Read pages 31-34 carefully (the content is about formal and informal styles of writing) and decide what

types of writing style (formal/informal) is used in the following text and how?

It is a historic moment for the institution and for its administration as this international event is :

; going to be held for the first time in the history. Now the national anthem of the country is going to be ;

: presented. You arc all requested to please stand up in the honour the national anthem.

Ans: Its formal writing style because it has longer and complex in nature. The passage is in passive voice and use third person pronoun.

Q: 4 Read about ‘Implied Meaning and Making Inferences’ on Pages 217-228. Now briefly EXPLAIN the following terms (in your own words) with appropriate examples: (10)

a) Literal meaning b) Associated meaning

a) Literal meaning

The literal meaning is the most obvious or non-figurative sense of a word or words. Language that's not perceived as metaphorical, ironic, hyperbolic, or sarcastic. Contrast with figurative meaning or non-literal meaning. Noun: literalness. Gregory Currie has observed that the "literal meaning of 'literal meaning' is as vague as that of’hili’." But just as vagueness is no objection to the claim that there are hills, so it is no objection to the claim that there are literal meanings."

b) Associated meaning

As a noun, in employment, an associate is someone who is in a junior position. The noun associate can also mean a friend or someone you keep company with. And, as a verb, associate can also mean to keep company with like when you were associating with activists at the protest march. Most people would not term that welfare, which has become a loaded phrase associated with the state making a payment to individuals. Marsyas, as well as Midas and Silenus. are associated in legend with Dionysus and belong to the cycle of legends of Cybele. These are ecclesiastically of equal rank, though differentiated, according to their duties, as ministers who preach and administer the sacraments, and as elders who are associated with die ministers in the

Q.5 Go to Exercise 7 ‘a Merchant and his Servant’ on Page 235 and carefully READ the situations given in the story. Based on your reading of the text, answer the following two questions: (5+5)

a) Why did the servant want to escape the town?

b) What do you think might have happened to the servant in Samara?

The following questions are based on Unit – 8 . Read the unit carefully and answer the questions/solve the exercises given below.

Q: 6 Read about ‘Denotation and Connotation’ on Pages 249-260. Now carefully READ the following terms and write down the possible connotative meanings of the following words:

Ans: (10)

Q.7 We have read in detail about ‘Denotation’ and ‘connotation’ in Unit 8. We have further studied that words carry ‘positive’ as well as ‘negative’ connotation. Similarly, there are words which also have some neutral meaning (neither negative nor positive). Now analyze the following words and write down the possible connotative (whether positive, negative or neutral) meanings of the following words: (10) a) Shy

Positive: Timid

Negative: Innocent b) Sharp :

Positive: Clever

Negative: Lazy c) Skilled

Positive:Plan

Negative:Non Plan d) Mule

Positive: Donkey

Negative: Horse e) Horse

Positive: Animal

Negative: Plant f) Stubborn

Positive:Obstinate

Negative: Opponent g) Camel

Positive:Animal

Negative: Plant h) Eagle

Positive:Bird

Negative: High fly i) Fox

Positive:Clever animal

Negative: j) Nightingale

Positive:Old world

Negative: Stay home

Q.8 Which is your favourite English daily newspaper (out of Dawn, The News and The Nation) and why? Find out the last FOUR ‘Book Reviews’ given in your favourite newspaper and make a collection of them. Now answer the following questions:

a) What is interesting about these books? (10)

b) which out of these four books, you would like to read first and why? (10)

a) What is interesting about these books?

These are in no particular order; just the order they pop into my brain. This is part of a series of books commissioned by a publisher, based on Shakespeare plays. The goal is to rewrite them, but set them in a contemporary context. Atwood tackled “The Tempest", and the idea was to make her primary character a It theater director ousted by evil rivals (in the Shakespeare play, the character is a duke, ousted by rivals). The director takes refuge teaching drama at a prison (instead of on an island) and his Caliban is a prisoner. It's almost the perfect satire, and what is so interesting is the way she honors the assignment and makes it a witty theater director ousted by evil rivals (in the Shakespeare play, the character is a duke, ousted by rivals). The director takes refuge teaching drama at a prison (instead of on an island) and his Caliban is a prisoner. It's almost the perfect satire, and what is so interesting is the way she honors the assignment and makes it a witty novel in its own right. A nearly perfect novella. The Warmth of Other Suns by Isabel Wilkerson. I knew, but didn't know, about the Great Migration of African Americans from the South to cities like New York, Chicago and Los Angeles. Wilkerson brings this to life so vividly you can hear, see and smell every scene. You travel with her characters; see their homes; sit beside them as they recount their life stories. If you care AT ALL about American history, you need to read this book. It is beyond interesting. The Meursault Investigation by Kamel Daoud. Maybe you’re one of those people who read The Stranger by Camus, in either English or French, in school. If so, this definitely qualifies as an interesting book. Camus told that story from the POV of the white, French character living in Algeria — someone just like him, and like the murderer. This author tells a different story. He’s writing after the fact, about both Camus and about a murder by a white, French character of an Algerian Arab — his brother. It’s turning the story on its head. It's a response Being Mortal by Atul Gawande. Like it or not, we’re all going to die. Gawande forces the reader to confront that, gently, and to think about what that really means, and to contemplate what a “good death” might be. Maybe if you're in your 20s, you're not ready for this, but by the time you’re 35 or so, your parents are aging, and you probably should read this. It's uncomfortable, but it's definitely one of the most fascinating, disconcerting books I’ve ever read.

1984, Fahrenheit 451 and The Handmaid's Tale: by Orwell, Bradbury and Atwood, respectively. Each of these are dystopian; each forces you to ponder some important questions about values. What is the nature of reality and what bonds will we never betray? What is truth? What are our fundamental rights? All three novels engage with these questions. Oh, and they are gripping and suspenseful.

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Aiou code 1424 english – ii assignments spring and autumn.

Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) is famend for its dedication to offering accessible training to various scholar physiques. As a part of its curriculum, University students typically discover themselves grappling with assignments, and AIOU Code 1424 English – II isn’t any exception. This course, designed to reinforce University students’ language proficiency, requires diligent consideration of assignments throughout each of the spring and autumn semesters. On this weblog, we’ll delve into the intricacies of AIOU Code 1424 English – II assignments, providing steerage to University students embarking on this academic journey.

AIOU Code 1424 English – II is a foundational course that focuses on growing language expertise, together with studying, writing, and comprehension. The assignments function an important element of the evaluation course, offering University students the chance to showcase their understanding of the course materials.

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AIOU Code 1424 English – II assignments are an integral part of the educational expertise at Allama Iqbal Open University. By approaching these assignments with dedication, consideration of elements, and a dedication to language proficiency, University students can’t solely fulfill course necessities but additionally improve their general communication expertise. Keep in mind to make the most of accessible sources, search steerage when wanted, and embrace the chance to showcase your language capabilities by way of these assignments. Success in AIOU Code 1424 English – II assignments shouldn’t be solely a step in the direction of educational achievement but also a stride in honing important language expertise for future endeavors.

AIOU Course Code 1424-1 Solved Assignment Spring 2022

ASSIGNMENT No. 1

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Q.1 Read pages 1-14 carefully (the content is related to ‘academic writing’ and various types of ‘essays’) and briefly answer the following questions (in your own words).

What is ‘academic writing’? How is it different from other types of writing?

Academic writing is the style of writing we use in the field of academics. Research projects, term papers, conference papers, essays, abstracts, reports, etc. in various disciplines are written in this style. The main difference between academic writing and other styles of writings is that it is more formal and structured. Academic writing also has its own set of rules and structures. The target audience or the readers of academic writing is the scholars of the same discipline.

Academic writing is generally objective, concise and impersonal. It is also more complex than general writing and may consist of technical jargon. Precision is also another very important factor in academic writing. Punctuation and grammar should be strictly followed. Contractions (don’t, can’t, etc.), slang or informal words, clichés, unnecessary filler words such as really, very, etc. should also be avoided in academic writing.

Referencing and citations is another major difference in academic writing. In academic writing, the writer is expected to support his argument by citing evidence by other sources. However, this evidence from other sources always has to be properly attributed according to an accepted style guide such as APA, MLA , Chicago and Harvard referencing .

Writing for non-academic and no-technical purposes can be described as general writing. This is the style of writing we use in our day to day life. Diary and journal entries, letters, emails, newspaper articles, advertisements, posters, etc. are all written in a general writing style. Although general writing also requires correct spelling and grammar, it is not as strict as academic writing. In addition, there are no restrictions on the use of slang, contractions, clichés and other words. General writing can be informal, formal or semi-formal, but it’d be simpler and easier to understand than academic writing. There is also no need to use strict referencing and citation in general writing. Academic Writing is used in research projects, conference papers, essays, abstracts, reports, etc.

General Writing is used in letters, emails, newspaper articles, diary and journal entries, etc. Academic Writing uses formal, objective, concise language. General Writing uses informal, semi-formal language.

What is ‘analysis essay’? Write an analysis essay on ‘Internet’.

An analytical essay is a piece of writing that provides substantive analysis of a topic. Analysis papers can be written about art, music, literary works, current events, historical events, politics, scientific research, and philosophy, among other topics. Analytical essays are common in academic settings, and they also appear in magazines, newspapers, academic journals, trade journals. A good analytical essay can explain and contextualize basic information for the benefit of a reader. Analytical essays serve two purposes, one for the reader and one for the writer. High school teachers and college professors assign analytical papers to help their students grow as writers and thinkers. Analytical papers boost a student’s writing skills and enhance their comprehension of a particular topic.

Analytical essays also benefit readers. Newspapers and magazines routinely publish critical analysis essays to help their readers make sense of the news of the day. These types of essays enable authors, who may be experts in their fields, to educate their fellow citizens on matters of politics, economics, art, architecture, culture, and many other subjects of importance.

Analysis essay on ‘Internet’

Internet has already firmly established in the life of modern people. Practically no one can imagine their lives without it, whether they study, work, sit at home or travel around the world. The age when people start using it is on constant decrease, and I will not be surprised if I find out that my 10-year-old neighbor knows how to use it better than me.

Although there are the tendencies I just described, there are certain people who consider this technology to be harmful and of no real good to people. Well, what can I say? Those who say so just don’t know what they are talking about, because if they did, they would understand that the advantages of Internet usage greatly outweigh the drawbacks it may sometimes have.

First of all, Internet is a valuable source of information . Yes, people not so long ago succeeded to get education and be informed of the latest news without the web, but does it mean that we should stop using it for information purposes? I don’t think so. Previously people had to spend many hours in the libraries , writing and rewriting the necessary information . It took much time and nerves. Today all you have to do if you need some data is access it from your home, sitting in your favorite chair and maybe even listening to music. Isn’t it great? The opportunities it gives to students and all the people who like to be informed are just immense.

Q.2 Read pages 24-30 carefully (the content is about various parts of an academic essay) and write an academic essay (of about 150 words) on ‘My Favorite Subject’.

My favorite subject among all subjects is English. When I was studying in the primary section then only I loved to study English, as the book was filled up with different interesting stories. We had two books of English up to class 8th. Further, we had one book containing drama. We have separate teachers for teaching us grammar and literature. I eagerly wait for the period of English.

The subject of English helps me in increasing my vocabulary and reading capability. I am fond of reading stories and poems and later on, I use to write it all in my own words. We also have our assignments. We have to perform skits or presentations on the provided topic. I choose to perform a skit and always did the role of the narrator. English is a subject that helps me in improving my writing skills. I wrote many small stories based on my imagination and my story was published in our school library collection.

Q.3 Read pages 31-34 carefully (the content is about formal and informal styles of writing) and decide what type of writing style (formal/informal) is used in the following text and how?

This is a formal writing because the text is of academic point of view.

Q.4 Read Unit 2 which is on ‘sequence’ or ‘chronological order’ (pages 39-72). Sequence is a writing technique that writers use to present information in a step by step manner or in a process or in a sequence (of story, for example).

Now LINK (connect) sentences (given in the following text) by using appropriate SEQUENCE MARKERS (such as first, secondly, subsequently, then, after, finally, at last etc.). You are required to use at least TEN sequence markers in your answer.

Firstly , the early death of his mother in the Indiana wilderness, then a rude upbringing verging on the ill-mannered, the damage of rough and tumble frontier politics, unbearable mental breakdown resulting from uncertainty in life, all these played their role in the life of Lincoln. Subsequently the hurts of a not altogether happy marriage, and, then the loss of an infant son, all these had added their traces to the life of this great leader.

Q.5 Read the text titled as ‘A Day in the Life of a Nurse’ on pages 56-57 carefully. Also read Exercise-9 given on page 58. Now write down a PARAGRAPH of about 150 words on ‘A Day in the Life of a Bank Manager’. Follow the use of SEQUENCE MARKERS in your answer.

At exactly 5:30 am the alarm clock besides Ms Sarah goes off prompting her out of bed. Ms Mayanja has to rise early because of the nature of her family situation and new position as branch Manager of Equatorial Bank Ltd.

Her husband of 5 years, Sam, works up – country in Gulu, Northern Uganda, for a relief and development NGO and visits over the weekend. This means during his absence Ms sarah has to drop their 5-year-old son, Ali, at Aunt Molly’s kindergarten. Their three- year old, Sobia, is left in the care of a maid.

Quickly, with the help of her maid, she sees that Ali is dressed and readied for school. They sit down to breakfast by 6:30 and by 7:00 am there are both out of the driveway in a jet- blue Toyota Corsa while listening to their favourite morning show on 104.1 Power FM.

After dropping Ali at school, Sarah heads to the Acacia branch of Equatorial Bank and drops in by her normal time of 8 a.m. The first thing she does once in her office is to look at her diary and plot a to – do list. She always purposes to get through her in- tray before 9 a.m and then go through the day’s errand.

Sarah’s number-one priority is customer service-keeping current customers satisfied and signing up new ones. Privatization has intensified competition in the banking sector. No longer are the days of sitting back and waiting for corporate customers; the modern banker has to go out scouting for new customers, which is part of Sarah’s job.

To bring in new customers, she tries to make visits each day to potential business clients. Unless she finds the time for such visits, she is unlikely to meet her target of expanding the branch’s business-customer base. Her immediate boss, Mr. Fred Nsereko, the General Manager of Retail banking gave her a target of bringing in 50 new clients with a portfolio worth over $ 2 million each this year. She has already scheduled two important appointments today. One visit will be to Fang Fang restaurant whose proprietor wants to expand her lucrative business.

Another target is lawyers. She has already sent letters to the Uganda Law Society President, Mr. Shafiq Nkuruziza, trying to interest them in a special type of account that lets lawyers purchase Mercedes Benzes on credit. She hopes to find time to visit the Law society offices before Lunchtime, as she has to pick up Ali from school.

Sarah has also a personnel problem to handle in the day. A competitor bank recently recruited one of her assistant managers, Yvonne Nambi, and she has to talk to Human Resource to find her a suitable replacement. Sarah is happy that her people are competitive but she knows that the bank is weak in succession planning and hopes the Human Resource department devises a way to bridge the effect of these departures.

Sarah has also another personnel problem to handle. Lately, she has observed that Customer Relationship Manager, Musa Byamugisha, seems to be undermining her suggestions. She knows that Musa, who she hears is a relation to a certain Board member, had thought that the promotion would go to him yet in the end it was offered to her. She wonders also if Musa is ignoring her because she is a female and quiet younger than him. But Sarah knows that she was only promoted because of her proven track record. She decides she has to talk to Musa on the issue of insubordination late in the afternoon.

Sarah reviews her in-tray. There is a Memo containing new procedures she is to initiate at the branch, as well as information about new promotions (discounts on traveller’s checks and incentives to open checking accounts) that must be implemented. She then opens her Local Area Network mail system. There over 30 mails but she focuses on those addressed to her and near her concern. The rest she can catch up on later.

As she is going through her mail, a credit assistant knocks on the door and enters. Sarah keeps an open door and staff can access her anytime. The credit assistant has a report showing clients with rejected debits, indicating insufficient funds. On the basis of a customer’s account history, Sarah must decide whether to cover a check or let it bounce.

Since this is a Monday, Sarah holds staff meetings at 9 a.m., to review the bank’s performance last week and plans for the week. The meeting with her senior managers lasts less than an hour, as a rule for there is so much to do in the day.

During the peak time in the middle of the day, Sarah does what she calls Management by Walking Around (MBWA)- pitching in and helping her staff whenever needed. She might review loan applications, talk with customers, or handle special problems, such as the breakdown of an automated teller machine. If customer lines get particularly long, she works at a teller window. She must also sometimes deal with irate customers, who may be upset because lines are long or a mistake has been made.

Still, as much as possible, she likes to leave the operations of the branch to her assistant managers. Otherwise, she might get caught up in day-to-day problems and lose sight of her, main task-getting more customers for the bank and meeting her targets. Besides, she also feels the best way to help people grow in confidence is by letting them grow in their jobs.

Q.6 Read the text titled as ‘Planting a Tree: A Step by Step Guide’ on pages 60-61 carefully. Now draw a flow chart for ‘Shopping Online’ and write a paragraph on it by using appropriate SEQUENCE MARKERS.

Q.7 Read the text titled as ‘Pollution’ on pages 98-91 carefully and complete the following tasks briefly:

Define air pollution.

Air pollution is caused by a combination of gaseous and particulate pollutants such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen dioxide emitted from point sources such as factories and motor vehicles that burn fuel. Some gaseous emissions are visible to the eye and sometimes may even diffuse into the atmosphere and become invisible. Particulate pollution, on the other hand, such as soot and black carbon, is always visible.

Create a diagram illustrating various types of air pollution.
Explain what causes air pollution?

Certain gases in the atmosphere can cause air pollution. For example, in cities, a gas called ozone is a major cause of air pollution. Ozone is also a greenhouse gas that can be both good and bad for our environment. It all depends where it is in Earth’s atmosphere . When particles in the air combine with ozone, they create smog. Smog is a type of air pollution that looks like smoky fog and makes it difficult to see.

Q.8 Read text titled as ‘Types of Teachers’ on pages 96-98 carefully and answer the following questions briefly:

a) What are the characteristics of a friendly teacher?
expert communication skills
superior listening skills
deep knowledge and passion for their subject matter
the ability to build caring relationships with students
friendliness and approachability
excellent preparation and organization skills
strong work ethic
community-building skills
high expectations for all
How would you define a friendly teacher?

Some qualities of a good teacher include skills in communication, listening, collaboration, adaptability, empathy and patience. Other characteristics of effective teaching include an engaging classroom presence, value in real-world learning, exchange of best practices and a lifelong love of learning.

Q.9 Read about Cause and Effect’ (as given on pages 107-112) carefully and complete the exercises (given on pages 112-146) in the unit.

Now write down an ESSAY of about 250 words on the causes and effects of ‘Deforestation’. Follow the use of Cause and Effect relationship in your essay. You can discuss ONE effect of multiple causes and reasons and vice versa (multiple effects of ONE reason).

Deforestation refers to the decrease in forest areas across the world that are lost for other uses such as agricultural croplands, urbanization, or mining activities. Greatly accelerated by human activities since 1960, deforestation has been negatively affecting natural ecosystems, biodiversity, and the climate.

Causes of Deforestation

Agriculture.

Commercial or industrial agriculture (field crops and livestock) cause around 40% of forest loss – in the search for space to grow food, fibers or biofuel (such as soybeans, palm oil, beef, rice, maize, cotton and sugar cane). It is also particularly interesting to note livestock is believed to be responsible for about 14% of global deforestation. The main reasons why have to do with the large areas require both to raise livestock but also to grow its (soy-based) food.

New Constructions

The construction of human infrastructures has also been driving deforestation. More specifically, 10% of deforestation can be attributed to new infrastructures that serve the current human lifestyle in four main ways: transportation, transformation and energy generation.

On one hand, roads, rails, ports or airports have been built to move all sorts of goods – from cereals and fruits to spices, minerals or fossil fuels – either directly to trade centers or to transformation sites.

Urbanization

The populational shift that is leading people to move from rural areas to urban areas is also contributing to deforestation (5%, according to FAO). This urban growth – in which 68% of the world’s population is expected to live in cities by 2050 – is leading to an exponential growth of housing and consumption sites. And as cities become larger so they can host more people, they challenge the natural boundaries surrounding them, often leading to deforestation. This is one of the reasons why deforestation is happening.

Deforestation Effects

Effects of deforestation on biodiversity.

The most known consequence of deforestation is its threat to biodiversity . In fact, forests represent some of the most veritable hubs of biodiversity . From mammals to birds, insects, amphibians or plants, the forest is home to many rare and fragile species. 80% of the Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests.

By destroying the forests, human activities are putting entire ecosystems in danger, creating natural imbalances, and putting Life at threat. The natural world is complex, interconnected, and made of thousands of inter-dependencies and among other functions, trees provide shade and colder temperatures for animals and smaller trees or vegetation which may not survive with the heat of direct sunlight. Besides, trees also feeding animals with their fruits while providing them with food and shelter they need to survive.

Local People and Their Livelihoods

Healthy forests support the livelihoods of 1.6 billion people globally , one billion of whom are among the worlds poorest. This means there are many people depending on forests for survival and using them to hunt and gather raw products for their small-scale agriculture processes. But in developing countries such as Borneo, Indonesia, Vietnam, Brazil, or Mexico, land tenure systems are weak. This allows big businesses to get these lands and use them for other ends, disrupting local people’s lives.

Food Insecurity in the Future

Today, 52% of all the land used for food production is moderately or severely impacted by soil erosion . In the long term, the lack of healthy, nutritious soil can lead to low yields and food insecurity.

Soil Erosion

Deforestation weakens and degrades the soi l. Forested soils are usually not only richer on organic matter, but also more resistant to erosion, bad weather, and extreme weather events. This happens mainly because roots help fix trees in the ground and the sun-blocking tree cover helps the soil to slowly dry out. As a result, deforestation will probably mean the soil will become increasingly fragile, leaving the area more vulnerable to natural disasters such as landslides and floods.

Climate Change

Firstly, taking down trees means they’ll release back into the atmosphere the CO2 they were keeping. Secondly, fewer trees available means reducing the planet’s overall ability to capture and store CO2. Both these effects negatively contribute to the greenhouse effect and to climate change . As a matter of fact, while food and agriculture account for 24% of greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation is estimated to be responsible for 10-15% of all anthropogenic CO2 emissions.

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[ March 29, 2024 ] Pullman’s Downtown Main Street Rebuild Starts Monday News
[ March 29, 2024 ] Pullman Police Want To Hear From Everyone Who Has Camera Footage On Military Hill From Tuesday To Help With Murder Investigation News
[ March 28, 2024 ] Several Easter Egg Hunts in Moscow and Pullman Saturday News
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Candidate Filing Ends In Idaho-4 Candidates For Moscow Mayor-8 Candidates For Moscow City Council Seats

September 7, 2021 John Webb News

A flurry of candidates filed for local elected positions up for a vote this year in Idaho on the last day of filing Friday.

Four candidates have filed for the open mayor’s post in Moscow. Moscow City Councilman Art Bettge is running for mayor along with newcomers Olivia Moses, Jim Gray and Barb Rathbun. Moscow Mayor Bill Lambert is not running for re-election.

Eight candidates are running for three seats on Moscow City Council. The only incumbent running for re-election is Gina Taruscio. Julia Parker, Steve Harmon, Jason Stooks, Kyrk Taylor, Hailey Lewis, Shaun Dareshi and Melissa Cline are running for Moscow City Council seats as well.

Tim Sperber will be Mayor of Genesee as he was the only one to file for the post. Rose Norris was the only candidate to file for Kendrick Mayor.

Elsewhere there are contested races for city council seats in Deary, Kendrick and Potlatch. Contested races for school board positions will also be on the ballot in Moscow and Potlatch.

No one filed for the seats up for a vote on the Troy School Board.

The races will be decided during the November 2nd general election.

Rainstorms impacts on water, sediment, and trace elements loads in an urbanized catchment within Moscow city: case study of summer 2020 and 2021

Published: 07 December 2022
Volume 151 , pages 871–889, ( 2023 )

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Sergey Chalov ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6937-7020 1 , 2 ,
Vladimir Platonov 1 ,
Oxana Erina 1 ,
Vsevolod Moreido 1 , 3 ,
Mikhail Samokhin 1 ,
Dmitriy Sokolov 1 ,
Maria Tereshina 1 ,
Yulia Yarinich 1 &
Nikolay Kasimov 1

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In 2020 and 2021, the city of Moscow, Russia, has experienced two historical rainfall events that had caused major flooding of small rivers. Based on long-term observation datasets from the surrounding weather stations, regional mesoscale COSMO-CLM climate model results, and a detailed hydrological and water quality monitoring data, we performed a pioneer assessment of climate change and urbanization impact on flooding hazard and water quality of the urban Setun River as a case study. Statistically significant rise of some moderate ETCCDI climate change indices (R20mm and R95pTOT) was revealed for the 1966–2020 period, while no significant trends were observed for more extreme indices. The combined impact of climate change and increased urbanization is highly non-linear and results in as much as a fourfold increase in frequency of extreme floods and shift of water regime features which lead to formation of specific seasonal flow patterns. The rainstorm flood wave response time, involving infiltrated and hillslope-routed fraction of rainfall, is accounted as 6 to 11 h, which is more than twice as rapid as compared to the non-urbanized nearby catchments. Based on temporal trends before and after rainfall flood peak, four groups of dissolved chemicals were identified: soluble elements whose concentrations decrease with an increase in water discharge; mostly insoluble and well-sorted elements whose concentrations increase with discharge (Mn, Cs, Cd, Al); elements negatively related to water discharge during flood events (Li, B, Cr, As, Br and Sr); and a wide range of dissolved elements (Cu, Zn, Mo, Sn, Pb, Ba, La, Cs, U) which concentrations remain stable during rainfall floods. Our study identifies that lack of research focused on the combined impacts of climate change and urbanization on flooding and water quality in the Moscow urban area is a key problem in water management advances.

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Anthropogenic factors affecting the Moskva River water quality: levels and sources of nutrients and potentially toxic elements in Moscow metropolitan area

Galina Shinkareva, Oxana Erina, … Nikolay Kasimov

The effects of climate variability and land-use change on streamflow and nutrient loadings in the Sesan, Sekong, and Srepok (3S) River Basin of the Lower Mekong Basin

Dao Nguyen Khoi, Pham Thi Loi, … Pham Thi Thao Nhi

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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Field studies were supported by Russian Science Foundation project 19–77-30004. The analytical experiments were done under Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russian Federation project 075–15-2021–574. COSMO-CLM model setup is a part of RFBR project 21–55-53039. The methodology of this study is developed under the Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School of Lomonosov Moscow State University «Future Planet and Global Environmental Change» and Kazan Federal University Strategic Academic Leadership Program (“PRIORITY-2030”). The research is carried out using the equipment of the shared research facilities of HPC computing resources at Lomonosov Moscow State University. Streamflow patterns analysis was carried out under Governmental Order to Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, subject no. FMWZ-2022–0003, project 3.7.

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Sergey Chalov, Vladimir Platonov, Oxana Erina, Vsevolod Moreido, Mikhail Samokhin, Dmitriy Sokolov, Maria Tereshina, Yulia Yarinich & Nikolay Kasimov

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Conceptualization, original draft preparation—Sergey Chalov; numerical experiments conducting and evaluation, precipitation data analysis, writing—Vladimir Platonov; the rainfall-runoff patterns analysis—Vsevolod Moreido; methodology, validation, writing—Oxana Erina, Dmitriy Sokolov, Maria Tereshina, Mikhail Samokhin; precipitation data preparation and visualization—Yulia Yarinich; review, editing—Nikolay Kasimov. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Chalov, S., Platonov, V., Erina, O. et al. Rainstorms impacts on water, sediment, and trace elements loads in an urbanized catchment within Moscow city: case study of summer 2020 and 2021. Theor Appl Climatol 151 , 871–889 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-04298-9

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Assignment Question Papers
For Semester Spring 2024. MBA Viva Voce Result. March, 2024. MSc Viva Voce Result Administrative Sciences. ... Assignment Question Papers. Contact info. Address : Sector H-8, Islamabad; [email protected]; 051 111 112 468 ; ... The Allama Iqbal Open University was established in May, 1974, with the main objectives of providing educational ...
1425 AIOU Solved Assignment Spring 2024
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AIOU Studio 9: Solved Assignments
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Moscow's Green Bond Debut
On 27 May 2021, Moscow City placed the first green subfederal bond issue worth 70 billion roubles on MOEX's Sustainability Sector, with BCS Global Markets acting as the Co-Arranger. The 74th Moscow City bond issue worth 70 billion roubles was placed in full, with х1.23 oversubscription after receiving 721 bids with a total size of 86.3 ...
Candidate Filing Ends In Idaho-4 Candidates For Moscow Mayor-8
September 7, 2021 John Webb News. A flurry of candidates filed for local elected positions up for a vote this year in Idaho on the last day of filing Friday. Four candidates have filed for the open mayor's post in Moscow. Moscow City Councilman Art Bettge is running for mayor along with newcomers Olivia Moses, Jim Gray and Barb Rathbun.
Rainstorms impacts on water, sediment, and trace elements ...
In 2020 and 2021, the city of Moscow, Russia, has experienced two historical rainfall events that had caused major flooding of small rivers. Based on long-term observation datasets from the surrounding weather stations, regional mesoscale COSMO-CLM climate model results, and a detailed hydrological and water quality monitoring data, we performed a pioneer assessment of climate change and ...
Solved Assignments Spring 2021
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AIOU Compulsory English-II Code 1424 Assignments of BA B.COM Class
AIOU Compulsory English-II Code 1424 Assignments of BA B.COM Class Autumn 2021. 15/12/2021. 0 20,583. There are 2 assignments for this course. You will find all the assignments below.
Open your heart to Moscow
The capital of Russia: the basic things you have to know. Moscow is located in the far western part of Russia about 400 miles (640 km) southeast of St. Petersburg and 300 miles (480 km) east of the border with Belarus. It stands on the Moscow River, a tributary of the Oka and thus of the Volga, in the center of the vast plain of European Russia.