case study questions on age of industrialisation class 10

Case Study Questions Class 10 History – The Age of Industrialization

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Case study Questions on Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 4  are very important to solve for your exam. Class 10 Social Science Chapter 4 Case Study Questions Class 10 History has been prepared for the latest exam pattern. You can check your knowledge by solving case study-based questions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialization

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In CBSE Class 10 Social Science Paper, Students will have to answer some questions based on  Assertion and Reason . There will be a few questions based on case studies and passage-based as well. In that, a paragraph will be given, and then the MCQ questions based on it will be asked.

The Age of Industrialization Case Study Questions With answers

Here, we have provided case-based/passage-based questions for Class 10 Social Science  Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialization

Case Study/Passage Based Questions

Case Study 1: Will Thorne is one of those who went in search of seasonal work, loading bricks, and doing odd jobs. He describes how job-seekers walked to London in search of work: ‘I had always wanted to go to London, and my desire … as stimulated by letters from an old workmate … who was now working at the Old Kent Road Gas Works … I finally decided to go … in November 1881. With two friends I started out to walk the journey, filled with the hope that we would be able to obtain employment, when we get there, with the kind assistance of my friend … we had little money when we started, not enough to pay for our food and lodgings each night until we arrived in London. Some days we walked as much as twenty miles and other days less. Our money was gone at the end of the third day … For two nights we slept out – once under a haystack and once in an old farm shed … On arrival in London we tried to find … my friend … but … were unsuccessful. Our money was gone, so there was nothing for us to do but to walk around until late at night and try to find someplace to sleep. We found an old building and slept in it that night. The next day, Sunday, late in the afternoon, we got to the Old Kent Gas Works and applied for work. To my great surprise, the man we had been looking for was working at the time. He spoke to the foreman and I was given a job.

(i) What was the status of human labour in Britain? Select the best suitable option from the following with reference to the context. (a) There was limited number of workers. (b) There was no shortage of labour. (c) Labour had to be imported . (d) There was uneven distribution of labour.

Answer: (b) There was no shortage of labour.

What kinds of production demanded seasonal labour? Identify the best suitable option from the following. (a) Steel and iron (b) Cotton and textiles (c) Handmade goods (d) Bookbinders and printers

Answer: (d) Bookbinders and printers

(iii) What was the possibility of getting a job with abundance of labour in cities such as London? With reference to the above context, infer the appropriate option. (a) Jobs were given on the basis of merit system. (b) Jobs were given who were registered with a particular factory. (c) A job depended on existing networks of friendship and kin relations in a factory. (d) All of the above

Answer: (c) A job depended on existing networks of friendship and kin relations in a factory.

(iv) What were the problems workers faced during the Industrialisation? Identify the best suitable option from the following. (a) Migration from one place to another in search of suitable job. (b) Spending nights under bridges or in night shelters. (c) Preferences given to the unskilled labour in the industries. (d) Both (a) and (b)

Answer: (d) Both (a) and (b)

(v) Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. Assertion (A): Seasonality of work in any industries meant prolonged periods without work. Reason (R): The lives of the workers was adversely affected and they returned towards rural areas. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) A is true, but R is false (d) A is false, but R is true

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Which of the following aspect is correct regarding the given source? Identify the correct option (a) It is extracted from ‘Comers and Goers’. (b) It is quoted by Raphael Samuel. (c) It shows the realities of the Victorian City. (d) All of the above

Answer: (d) All of the above

Case Study 2:

The chapter “The Age of Industrialization” in Class 10 History explores the process of industrialization and its impact on societies during the 18th and 19th centuries. It delves into the transformation of agriculture, the growth of industries, and the emergence of factories and urban centers. The chapter discusses the role of technology, the expansion of railways and steamships, the growth of capitalism, and the experiences of workers and peasants during this period of rapid industrial change. It also highlights the social and environmental consequences of industrialization and the emergence of new social classes.

Which chapter in Class 10 History focuses on the process of industrialization during the 18th and 19th centuries?

a) Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

b) Chapter 3: Nationalism in India

c) Chapter 5: The Age of Industrialization

d) Chapter 7: Print Culture and The Modern World

Answer: c) Chapter 5: The Age of Industrialization

What were some of the key features of industrialization during this period?

a) Transformation of agriculture, growth of industries, and emergence of factories

b) Decline of urban centers and expansion of rural areas

c) Focus on handcrafted production methods

d) Promotion of traditional agricultural practices

Answer: a) Transformation of agriculture, growth of industries, and emergence of factories

How did the expansion of railways and steamships contribute to industrialization?

a) They had no impact on industrialization.

b) They facilitated the movement of raw materials and finished goods.

c) They led to a decline in trade and transportation.

d) They resulted in the closure of factories and industries.

Answer: b) They facilitated the movement of raw materials and finished goods.

What were some of the social and environmental consequences of industrialization?

a) Emergence of new social classes and environmental degradation

b) Preservation of traditional social structures and sustainable practices

c) Decrease in urbanization and pollution levels

d) Promoting equality among different social groups

Answer: a) Emergence of new social classes and environmental degradation

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Case Study Questions Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

Case study 1.

Age of Industrialization

Q1) what were the factors that led to proto industrialization in Europe? Mark 2

Case Study 2

2) The industrial revolution in Europe was a gradual process that spanned over a considerable period of time. The catalyst for this transformation was the significant increase in population that occurred in the mid-18th century, resulting in a vast pool of labor. This, coupled with the need to meet the basic requirements of the growing populace, necessitated the development of more efficient methods of production. Great Britain, with its highly productive and prosperous agricultural system and a plethora of innovative inventors, enjoyed a distinct advantage over other European nations. Consequently, the United Kingdom set the pace of progress for the rest of Europe from 1750 onwards for almost a century.

Case Study 3

3) Rural life experienced less drastic changes, with a significant technological revolution in the countryside occurring only after the 1850s. However, the adoption of factory-made tools became widespread even before this period, leading to improved productivity as scythes replaced sickles for harvesting. In commercially oriented Britain, larger estates began introducing newer equipment like seed drills for planting. The traditional practice of leaving some land fallow was replaced by crop rotation, which involved the use of nitrogen-fixing plants. Additionally, the use of better seeds, livestock, and chemical fertilizers from the 1830s further enhanced yields. The increase in agricultural production and specialization in the market played a crucial role in the growth of cities and factories. It is important not to overstate the speed of the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe. By 1850, Britain, still the leading country in this regard, only had half of its population residing in cities. Furthermore, there were as many urban craft producers as there were factory workers.

Case Study 4

4) Tharoor notably discusses the plight of India’s renowned handloom weavers. He highlights how Britain’s economic interests led to the destruction of the Indian textile industry. The British East India Company, a trading enterprise, expanded its control over the Indian subcontinent, using it as a source of men, materials, and markets. Tharoor emphasizes that by the end of the 19th century, India had become Britain’s most significant source of revenue. This economic exploitation was crucial to British industrialization, as the absence of Indian markets and raw materials would have hindered the growth of British industry. The Industrial Revolution further strengthened Britain’s economic and technological capabilities, enabling it to expand its colonial empire. This created a cycle of colonialism, which supported British industrial growth, leading to further colonial expansion and repression. In summary, Tharoor’s speech highlights the devastating impact of British colonialism on India’s economy and society.

Q1) What was the status of Indian textile industries before advent of Britishers?  2

Q3) What factors led to destruction of Indian textile industry? Mark 1

Case Study 5

Q1) Write about the early entrepreneur in British India? Mark 2

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Chapter 4 Class 10 History - The Age of Industrialization

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Do you know how the world changed from an agricultural society to an industrial one? How did machines, factories, railways, and steamships revolutionize the production and distribution of goods and services? How did industrialisation affect the lives of workers, consumers, farmers, and artisans? How did it create new social classes, political movements, and cultural expressions?

If you want to find out the answers to these questions, then you will enjoy this chapter. In this chapter, you will learn about the history of the age of industrialisation from the 18th century to the early 20th century . You will discover how industrialisation began in Britain and spread to other parts of Europe, America, Asia, and Africa. You will also examine how industrialisation shaped the economic, social, and political aspects of the modern world.

Some of the topics you will cover in this chapter are:

• The first industrial revolution: How innovations in textile, iron, and coal industries transformed Britain into the workshop of the world. 🧵🔩⛏️
• The coming of railways: How the development of steam engines and railways opened up new markets and opportunities for trade and travel. 🚂🛤️🌍
• The industrialisation in other countries: How countries like France, Germany, USA, Japan, and India experienced different paths and challenges of industrialisation. 🇫🇷🇩🇪🇺🇸🇯🇵🇮🇳
• The impact of industrialisation : How industrialisation affected the environment, health, education, culture, and leisure of people. 🌳🏥📚🎨🎭
• The responses to industrialisation: How workers, farmers, artisans, women, and children reacted to the changes brought by industrialisation. 🙋‍♂️👩‍🌾👨‍🎨👩‍💼👦
• The rise of socialism: How thinkers and activists like Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Robert Owen, and others proposed alternative visions of society based on equality and justice. 📚✊🏽❤️

By studying this chapter, you will gain a deeper understanding of how the world became more modern and complex due to industrialisation. You will also develop critical thinking skills to compare and contrast different sources and perspectives on industrialisation. You will also appreciate the diversity and creativity of human responses to the challenges and opportunities of industrialisation.

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The Age Of Industrialisation Questions | Class 10 | Social Science | Unit 1 | Chapter 4 2024

Last updated on July 14th, 2024 at 05:04 pm

The Age Of Industrialisation Questions

Below are some of the very important NCERT Class 10 Social Science Section 2 Unit 1 Chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation Questions. These Class 10 The Age Of Industrialisation Questions have been prepared by expert teachers and subject experts based on the latest syllabus and pattern of term 2. Questions with Answers to help students understand the concept.

These Questions for Class 10 Social Science The Age Of Industrialisation Questions with answers are very important for the latest CBSE term 2 pattern. These class 10 notes,  Q and A are very important for students who want to score high in CBSE Board.

We have put together these NCERT Questions of Class 10 Social Science chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation Questions for practice on a regular basis to score high in exams. Refer to these Questions with Answers here along with a detailed explanation.

Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

1.  Explain the meaning of the term ‘Industrial Revolution .

2. How did factory production began in England?

3. Highlight any three benefits of industrialisation on the society

4. Describe the conditions of workers in Europe after the industrial revolution. (CBSE 2019)

5. Explain how Indian merchants and bankers were involved in the export trade in the early 18th century.  

6. Mention any three restrictions imposed by the British government upon the Indian merchants in the 19th century.

7. Critically examine how the British companies gradually asserted monopoly rights in India.

8. Examine the causes of clashes between weavers and gomasthas in many weaving villages.

9. Describe any three major problems faced by Indian cotton weavers in the nineteenth century.

10. How did many Indian entrepreneurs survive despite the tight economic control imposed by the British government?

11. Explain the role of European Managing Agencies in India.

12. Describe the role of ‘Jobbers’ in the beginning of the twentieth century in India.

13. Why did industrial production in India increase during the first world war? Or Explain the impact of the first world war on industrial production in India.

14. Give reasons why British industries failed to recapture their old hold on the Indian market after the First World War.

15. ‘Despite stiff competition from machine- made thread, the Indian handloom production not only survived, but also saw a steady growth in the 20th century’. Explain reasons in favor of your answer.  Or How did Handloom cloth production expand steadily in the 20th century? Explain .

Short Answer Type Question Answers

The term ‘ Industrial Revolution ‘ stands for those developments and inventions which revolutionized the technique and organization of production in the later half of the 18th century. 

This Industrial Revolution replaced the previous domestic system of production by the new factory system. In place of manual and animal power, new machines and steam power were used for producing things. 

This revolution replaced cottage industries by factories, hand labor by machine work and craftsmen and artists by capitalists and factory owners.

Factory production began in England with the establishment of early factories by the 1730s. The number of factories increased dramatically in the late 18th century During this period, cotton was the first good whose production flourished. It was followed by the rapid establishment and expansion of the iron and steel industry.

The driving force of industrialisation was the inventions and technological changes of the 18th century. This innovation increased the efficiency at each stage of production and enhanced the output produced per worker, especially in the case of cotton and other textile industries.

Richard Arkwright laid the foundation of the factory system by creating the cotton mill. The spinning Jenny and other devices were invented to speed up textile production. 

This allowed more careful supervision over the production process, proper check over quality and regulation of the labor force employed. Thus, in the late 19th century, factories increasingly became an intimate part of Britain.

The benefits of industrialisation on the society can be are

• Industrialisation leads to improved standards of the entire society as a whole and improves the condition. 
• It leads to prosperity in the form of the availability of better and more food and clothing and gives longer life expectancies, freedom from hard physical work, more and better facility for development of intellectual capability of individuals. 
• It produces employment wealth and Technical skill, it provides modern convenience medical advances, changes in Lifestyle education, transportation development etc. 

The conditions of  workers in Europe after the industrial revolution were

• In most of the industries, the demand for labor was seasonal. The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and relations.
• The workers were getting very low wages.
• Factories employed a large number of women. With technological development women gradually lost their industrial jobs.
• Most of the workers were living in slums. Factory or workshop owners did not provide housing facilities to the migrant workers.

Indian merchants and bankers were involved in the export trade in early 18th century in the following ways: 

• They were financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters.
• The supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions.
• They gave advances to the weavers. produced the woven cloths from weaving villages and carried the supply to the ports.
• At the port the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating Island.

The restriction imposed by the British government upon the Indian merchants in the 19th Century were:

• The British government developed a system of management and controlled that would eliminate competition and restrict the space within which.
• Indian merchants could function Indian merchants are not allowed to trade with Europe in manufactured good 
• Indian merchants had to export mostly raw materials like raw cotton, opium, wheat and Indigo required by the British. They were also gradually thrown out of the shipping business

British companies gradually asserted monopoly rights in India in the following ways

• The company appointed paid gomasthas to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth   
• The company introduced the system of advances to the weavers to prevent company weavers from dealing with other buyers.
• The company introduced a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods.

The causes of clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas were:

• The gomasthas gave loans to the weavers to purchase the raw material for their production. Those who took loans had to hand over the product timely to the gomasthas.
• They had no option to sell their products to other traders. 
• Often the price given by the gomasthas (dictated by the company) was miserably low and the loans the weavers had accepted tied them to the company. Weavers along with village traders revolted and opposed the company official and sometimes migrated to other villages.
• The gomasthas had no feelings for the weavers. They marched into villages with sepoys and peons and punished the weavers.

Thus, clashes between the weavers and gomasthas became very common.

The major problems that the Indian weavers faced in the nineteenth century were:

(i) Their export market collapsed and the local market shrank

(ii) Local market was flooded with Manchester goods (goods imported from Britain). These imported cotton goods were so cheap that Indian Weavers could not easily compete with them

(iii) Due to Civil war in USA Weavers in India did not get sufficient supply of raw cotton and they were formed to buy raw cotton and high prices in this situation weaving were not profitable

Many Indian entrepreneurs survive despite of tight economical control imposed by British government by adopting the following ways: 

• Some merchants traded with Burma, Middle East and East Africa accumulated capital through other rate networks.
• Some merchants operated within India. Carrying goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities and financing traders. 
• When opportunities of investment in industries opened up many Indian entrepreneurs set up their home factories.

Role of European Managing Agencies in India was:

• European Managing Agencies (e.g. Bird Heiglers and Co., Andrew Yule, Jardine Skinner and Co.) dominated industrial production in India. They were interested in certain kinds of products which could be exported.
• By acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government, they established tea and coffee plantations.   
• They invested money in mining, indigo and jute. These products were not for sale in India. Most of these products were used for export trade.
• Till the First World War, these agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industries.
• These agencies mobilized capital, set up joint stock companies and managed them.

Jobs where people employed by Industrialist to recruit the right people from among the job seekers very often the Java was an old and trusted were they played an important role in the males of India in the beginning of the twelfth century in the following ways:

• He got people from his village and insured them jobs 
• He helped people to settle them in the City 
• He provided money in time of crisis 
• Jobbers became persons with some authority and power. He began demanding money and gifts for his favor and started to control the lives of workers

Industrial production in India was impacted or increased during the first world war due to the following reasons:

• British Industrialists were busy with wall production to meet the needs of the army and they stopped British goods in other countries like India. It was a good opportunity for Indian industries to fill in empty markets with their own products. Suddenly, Indian industries had a vast home market to supply
• As the war continued Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs like jute bags, cloth for Army uniform tents and Leather boots etc.
• The increased demand for a variety of products led to the setting up of new factories. Production was also increased by the old Industries. Many new workers were employed and forced to work more hours.

British industries failed to recapture their old hold on the Indian market after the First World War because

• During the war years, Indian industries gradually consolidated their position by substituting foreign manufacturers and capturing the home market.
• The nationalist movement had gained ground under Mahatma Gandhi and his call for use of Swadeshi products was largely supported.
• Countries like Japan, US and Germany had modernized and Britain could not compete with them.

Thus, the British economy fell down after the world war and cotton production and exports of cotton cloth fell dramatically.

Despite stiff competition from machine made Threads the Indian weavers survived and expanded steadily in the 20th century due to following reasons:

• Indian weavers begin to use fly shuttle which increased productivity per workers, speeded up production and reduced labor demand
• Among the weavers some produced cloth while other woves finer varieties. The finer varieties were brought up by the rich and the sale of Banarasi and Baluchari Sarees were not affected by famines or droughts

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Long Answer (LA) Type Questions

1. What was proto industrialisation? In what ways does proto-industrial production help the poor farmers in the countryside?

2. Describe the role of ‘technology’ in the transformation of the world in the nineteenth century.

3. Describe the life of workers during the 19th century in England.

4. Why did the export of Indian textile decline at the beginning of the nineteenth century? Explain any three reasons. 

5. Describe the role of early entrepreneurs of India in the development of industries.

6. By the first decade of the 20th century, a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in India. Explain. 

7. ‘We find that from the very beginning of the industrial age, advertisements played a vital role in expanding the markets for products.’ Explain the statement in the context of the pre-independence period of our country.

Long Answer Type Question Answers

The proto-industrial system was a part of a network of commercial exchanges. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries with the expansion of world trade and acquisition of colonies, the demand for goods expanded. But the merchants could not set up business in towns due to the strict restriction imposed by guilds.

So the merchants turned to the countryside. Proto-industrialisation helped the poor farmers in the countryside in the following ways:

• The peasants and cottagers looked for alternative ways for their survival.
• Many had small land holdings, which couldn’t provide work for all the members.
• When merchants came around and offered money to produce goods for them, peasants eagerly accepted.   
• By working for the merchants, they could remain in the countryside and also could cultivate their own small plots of land.

In this way, proto-industrial production supplemented the shrinking income of the poor peasants and raised their standard of living.

The role of technology in transformation of the world in the nineteenth century was

• Technological advancement through the invention of railways, steamships, telegraph etc transformed the nineteenth century world. Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from far away farms to final markets.   
• Development of new technology like refrigerated ships enabled the transport of perishable foods like meat, egg more quickly than before. As a result, poor European countries got better food, This brought social peace and also support for imperialism.
• Industrialisation forced people to migrate from rural areas to urban areas in search of jobs in the factories. It encouraged the spirit of  individualism among both men and women. Collective values of rural life begin to fade out in urban areas.
• It further widened the gap between rich and poor. The factory workers were forced to live in healthy slum areas of cities instead of a pollution free rural landscape. 
• Industrialisation forces the entire household i.e. women and children to work. Child labour become a major problem of the society

The life of workers during the 19th century in England was 

Low wages . The workers were getting very low wages in the third 19th century. About 10% of the population was extremely poor. The abundance of labor in the market affected the lives of the workers.

Women workers. Factories employed large number of women. With technological development women gradually lost their industrial jobs.

Overcrowded cities. Most of the workers were living in slums. As the new possible job opportunities were in the cities, a number of people from the countryside traveled towards the cities in search of work.

Seasonal work . In most of the industries the demand for labor was seasonal. The actual possibility of getting a job depends on existing networks of friendship and kin relations. Many of the workers had to wait for weeks, spending nights under bridges or night shelters.

By the end of the 19th century, export of Indian textile industry started to decline due to the following reasons:

East India Company Gained Power . Once the East India Company established political power, it asserted a monopoly right to trade. It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods.

Growth of Cotton Industries in England . As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups became worried about the imports from other countries. They pressured the government to impose import duties on cotton textile, so that Manchester goods could easily sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. 

Further the industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British products forcefully in the Indian market.

The result of two edge policies . To sell British products in India East India Company followed a two edged policy I.e. no taxes on imports but high taxes on Exports. Due to this policy, local Indian markets were flooded with cheap Manchester machine made products.

Shortage of raw material. Due to the American Civil War, cotton supplies from the US were cut off and Britain turned to India for cotton supplies.  As raw cotton exports from India increased. Indian Weavers face the problem due to the shortage of raw material for the textile industry.

The role of early entrepreneurs of India in the development of industries was 

• From the late 18th century, the British in India began exporting opium to China and took tea from China to England many Indian Businessmen were involved in this trade.
• In the 19th century many cotton mills, Jute mills, spinning and weaving mills were set up and most of this was set up by Indian entrepreneurs.
• In Bengal Dwarkanath Tagore, in Bombay Diksha petit and Jamshedji Tata build huge industrial Empire by accumulating their initial wealth partly from export of China and partly from raw cotton export to England. Other businessmen like Seth Hukumchand, JN Tata setup Jute mill iron and steel factories in India.
• Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma and some others traded with the Middle East and East Africa.
• Some entrepreneurs operated within India, carry goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities and financing other traders. When opportunities of investment were opened up, many factories were set up.

By the first decade of the 20th century, a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in India in the following ways:

Effect of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement. After the partition of Bengal, the Swadeshi Movement was developed. It has two sides i.e. positive and negative. In the positive side, nationalists urged people to use only swadeshi goods and ill the negative side to boycott foreign goods.

This movement had an immense effect on the economy. There was an increase in the demand for Indian goods, especially clothes.

Aim of industrial groups. Industrial groups organized themselves to protect their collective interests. They pressured the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.

Decline of export to China . From 1906 the export of Indian yarn to China declined as produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese Market. Thus Industrial Estate in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.

Result of the first world war. Till the first world war, industrial growth was slow, British mills became busy with war productions. Thus, Manchester imports to India declined. Suddenly, Indian mills got a vast home market to supply. As the war prolonged, Indian factories had to supply different war needs. 

This led to the setting up of new factories and multiple shifts for the old factory. Indian industry developed immensely at that period. After the war Manchester could not recapture its old position in the Indian market.

From the very beginning of the industrial age, advertisements played a vital role in expanding the markets for products in the following ways:

• The Manchester industrialists began selling their cloth in India by putting labels on the cloth bundles. When buyers saw such labels on the cloth like ‘Made In Manchester’, they felt confident about buying the cloth. 
• The manufacturers also used images of Indian Gods, Goddesses and important personalities on these labels. These images helped to make the foreign products somehow familiar to Indian people.
• In the late 19th century, the British manufacturers used calendars to popularize their products. Unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were being used even by illiterate people.
• Indian manufacturers even advertised the nationalist message which was clear and specific. For example, ‘if you care for the nation then buy products that Indians produce’. Advertisement became a medium of the message of Swadeshi.

Case-Study Based Questions

1. Read the given cases/sources and answer the following questions.

Source A hand Labor and steam power

In Victorian Britain, the upper classes- the aristocrats and the Bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand. Handmade products came to symbolize refinement and class. They were better finished, individually produced and carefully designed. Machine made goods were for export to the colonies. 

(i) Evaluate the difference of handmade products by the Aristocrat and Bourgeoisie  in England.

Source B Life of workers  

The abundance of labor in the market affected the lives of workers. As news of possible jobs travel to the countryside hundreds tramped to the cities. The actual possibility of getting a job depends on the existing network of friendship and kin relations. If you had a relative or a friend in a factory you are more likely to get a job quickly. But not everyone has social connections. Many job seekers had to wait weeks spending night under bridges or in night shelters.

(ii) ‘The abundance of labor in the market affects the lives of the workers’. Explain in the context of 19th century Britain?

Source C Manchester comes to India

Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time: their export market collapsed and the local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports. Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them. By the 1850s, reports from most weaving regions of India narrated stories of decline and desolation.

(iii) What kind of problems were faced by Indian cotton weavers? Describe.

2. Read the given source and answer the following question.

In the countryside poor peasants and artisans begin working for merchants. This was a time when open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed. Cottages and poor presents who had earlier dependent on common lands for their survival, gathering their firewoods, berries, vegetables, hay and straw, had to now look for alternative sources of income. 

Many had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all members of the household. So, when merchants came around and offered advances to produce good for them,  peasant households eagerly agreed, by working for the merchant, they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots. 

Income from proto industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labor resources.

This proto-industrial system was thus part of a network of commercial exchanges. It was controlled by merchants and the goods were produced by a vast number of producers working within their family farms, not in factories. At each stage of production 20 to 25 workers were employed by each merchant. This meant that each clothier was controlling hundreds of workers.

(i) What is a proto-industrial system? Discuss its importance.

(ii) Which phase of industrialisation is called Proto-industrialisation and why?

(iii) Explain the main features of proto-industrialisation. 

Case-Study Based Answers

The upper class- Aristocrats and the Bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand because it symbolized refinement and class they were better finished designed and individually produced.

The abundance of labor in the market affected the lives of the workers during the 19th century as news of possible jobs traveled to the countryside, poor peasants and vagrants moved to the cities in large numbers. 

But the actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and kin relations. But not everyone had social connections. 

Many job seekers had to wait for weeks, spending sleepless nights under bridges or in night shelters.

(iii).  

The problems faced by the Indian weavers were 

• Their export market collapsed 
• The local markets shrank due to the low cost machine made British products.

(i) The proto-industrial system was a network of early forms of commercial exchange before industrialisation. It was controlled by the merchants.

It was important as the peasants could cultivate their own small patches of land and yet could earn some supplementary income by producing for the merchants. This allowed them to make better use of the available family resources.

(ii) The early phase of industrialisation in which large scale production was carried out for international market not at factories, but in decentralized units is called Proto-industrialization. It is called proto industrialisation because products are made by hand only.

(iii)  The main features of proto industrialisation were

• It was controlled by merchants or guilds who had monopoly rights to produce and trade goods.
• Generally family members were involved to the production process and the production was carried out in countryside.

Click Below To Learn Other Chapters SSc

• Unit 1. Sec 1 Chapter 2: Nationalism In India
• Unit 1. Sec 2 Chapter 3: The Making Of Global World
• Unit 2. Chapter 3: Minerals And Energy Resources 
• Unit 2. Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries 
• Unit 2. Chapter 7: Lifelines of National Economy 
• Unit 3. Chapter 6: Political Parties 
• Unit 3. Chapter 7: Outcome of Democracy
• Unit 4. Chapter 3: Money And Credit 
• Unit 4. Chapter 4: Globalization And The Indian Economy 

Final Words

From the above article, you have practiced Class 10 Social Science chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation Questions. We hope that the above-mentioned notes, Q & A for term 2 will surely help you in your exam. 

If you have any doubts or queries regarding Class 12 Economics Section 2 chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation Questions feel free to reach us and we will get back to you as early as possible.

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• Chapter 4: Carbon And Its Compounds Notes / Questions 
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• Chapter 9 : Heredity And Evolution Notes / Questions
• Chapter 12 : Electricity Notes / Questions
• Chapter13 : Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Notes / Questions
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CBSE Class 10 History Important Questions - Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

Class 10 History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation Important Questions and Answers - FREE PDF

We at Vedantu believe in providing students with quality content and helping students to do well in their respective exams. Age of Industrialisation Class 10 Important Questions and Answers, students explore the transformative period when major technological advancements and industrial growth reshaped societies. This chapter examines the origins and spread of industrialisation, its impact on economies, societies, and labour, and the changes it brought to urban and rural life.

By providing The Age of Industrialisation Important Questions, Vedantu makes it easier for students to understand the chapter and the ideas it wants to express in Class 10 History Important Questions . Students can get the PDF of these notes, making it simple to study and review whenever they need with the updated CBSE Class 10 Social Science Syllabus .

Access the Important Questions for Class 10 History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

1. What is Jenny Spinning? Describe. Why did a lot of workers object to using the Spinning Jenny? Talk about it.

Ans: The Spinning Jenny was a machine invented during the Industrial Revolution to spin yarn faster by allowing one person to handle many threads at once. Many skilled workers opposed it because it threatened their jobs. The machine meant less need for skilled spinners, leading to unemployment and lower wages. It also shifted work from homes to factories, where conditions were tough and hours were long. So, while it boosted textile production, it also sparked concerns and resistance among workers.

2. There were 584,000 employees in Indian factories in 1901. The figure exceeded 2,436, 000 by 1946. From where did the labourers originate?

Many workers migrated from rural areas to urban industrial centres in search of employment opportunities and better livelihoods. The promise of regular wages and steady work drew people from agricultural regions, where opportunities were limited.

Within India, there was significant internal migration from one region to another, driven by economic factors and the expansion of industries. Workers moved from less industrialized areas to cities and towns where factories were concentrated.

The British colonial rule facilitated movement within the British Empire. Workers from other parts of the empire, such as Burma (present-day Myanmar), Sri Lanka, and even from British colonies in Africa, came to work in Indian factories.

While less common, there were also immigrants from countries outside India who came to work in specific industries or under certain contractual agreements, though this was not as widespread as internal migration.

3. The production of handloom cloth increased gradually throughout the 20th century, nearly tripling between 1900 and 1940. How did this come about?

Advances in handloom technology made weaving more efficient and faster. Innovations such as fly shuttles and jacquard looms enabled weavers to produce cloth more quickly and in greater quantities.

There was a rising demand for handloom cloth, both domestically and internationally. Handloom textiles were valued for their quality, craftsmanship, and traditional designs, appealing to a wide market.

Improved transportation and communication networks facilitated the distribution of handloom products to wider markets. Railways and roads made it easier to transport raw materials and finished goods across regions and to urban centres.

Various governments, both colonial and post-independence, supported the handloom industry through policies aimed at promoting indigenous crafts and providing infrastructure and financial assistance to weavers.

There was a growing interest in preserving and promoting traditional crafts and textiles, leading to renewed efforts to revive and sustain handloom production.

4. What is the purpose of a fly shuttle? Describe the purpose.

The primary function of the fly shuttle is to speed up the weaving process. Traditionally, weaving involved passing a shuttle manually through the warp threads to weave the weft threads across. The fly shuttle automates this process.

The fly shuttle consists of a shuttle box mounted on wheels or rollers. It carries the weft yarn across the loom. Unlike traditional shuttles that require manual intervention, the fly shuttle is propelled across the loom by a mechanism, usually operated by pulling cords or using a mechanism triggered by the weaver's feet.

By automating the shuttle's movement, the fly shuttle enables the weaver to produce cloth more quickly and with less physical effort. This increase in efficiency allows for higher production rates and reduced labour intensity in the weaving process.

Another advantage of the fly shuttle is that it facilitates the weaving of wider fabrics. Since the shuttle can traverse the loom rapidly and consistently, it supports the weaving of broader widths of cloth without compromising on quality or speed.

5. Describe how colonial control affected the textile sector in India.

British colonial policies systematically disrupted India's traditional textile production and trade. India has a rich heritage of handloom textiles, producing a variety of high-quality fabrics. However, British policies favoured British-manufactured textiles over Indian goods, imposing tariffs and duties that undermined Indian textile exports.

The British policies also led to the decline of indigenous industries. They promoted the export of raw materials from India, such as cotton, while importing British-manufactured textiles into India. This imbalance favoured British industrial interests and contributed to the decline of Indian handloom and artisanal production.

Colonial policies exploited Indian textile workers and resources for the benefit of British industries. Indian weavers faced competition from cheap British machine-made textiles, leading to widespread impoverishment and loss of livelihoods in the traditional weaving communities.

The British discouraged technological advancements in Indian textiles that could compete with British industries. They prevented the development of modern textile machinery in India, forcing the country to remain dependent on British imports and hindering its industrial progress.

The colonial period also had cultural ramifications. Indian textiles, once renowned globally, faced a decline in prestige as British textiles dominated international markets. Traditional Indian designs and craftsmanship suffered, leading to a loss of cultural heritage and artisanal skills.

Despite these challenges, Indian artisans and nationalists fought to revive the indigenous textile industry. Movements like the Swadeshi Movement promoted the use of Indian-made goods and encouraged the revival of handloom weaving as a symbol of national pride and economic self-reliance.

6. Give a brief explanation of the idea of the Orient.

Western perceptions of the Orient often involved "othering," where Eastern cultures were portrayed as exotic, primitive, or irrational compared to the rationality and progress of the West. This created a dichotomy of "East vs. West" where the Orient was seen as the opposite or counterpart to the Western world.

During the era of colonialism and imperialism, the concept of the Orient was instrumental in justifying Western domination and control over Eastern territories. It reinforced stereotypes that portrayed Eastern societies as inferior or in need of Western guidance and intervention.

The Orient was often depicted in literature, art, and media through romanticized or sensationalized portrayals. This included depictions of Oriental landscapes, architecture, dress, customs, and religions, often filtered through a Western lens and often with a lack of nuance or accuracy.

Scholars and political thinkers have debated the implications of Orientalism, a term popularized by Edward Said, which critiques Western representations of the Orient as a means of asserting cultural and intellectual superiority.

7. Describe the movement known as Swadeshi.

The Swadeshi Movement emerged in the early 20th century as a response to British economic policies that favoured British goods over Indian products. It was closely linked with the larger Indian independence movement and aimed to promote self-sufficiency and economic independence from British rule.

A central aspect of the Swadeshi Movement was the boycott of British-made goods and the promotion of Indian-made products. Indians were encouraged to use locally produced goods, especially handloom textiles, instead of imported British textiles.

The movement emphasized the revitalization of indigenous industries, particularly handloom weaving and cottage industries. It aimed to revive traditional crafts and promote economic empowerment among Indians by reducing dependence on British industrial products.

The Swadeshi Movement became a symbol of national unity and solidarity among Indians of different regions, religions, and social backgrounds. It promoted a sense of pride in Indian culture, heritage, and craftsmanship.

The boycott of British goods during the Swadeshi Movement had significant economic repercussions for British industries, especially in textiles. It highlighted the economic strength of Indian consumers and their potential to influence British policies.

Alongside its economic objectives, the Swadeshi Movement also aimed to revive and promote Indian culture and traditions. It encouraged the use of Indian languages, clothing styles, and cultural practices as a means of asserting cultural identity.

8. During the seventeenth century, European town merchants started hiring artisans and peasants from nearby villages. Describe the following.

The employment of peasants and artisans by town merchants marked a shift towards economic integration between rural villages and urban centres. Previously, villages were largely self-sufficient in terms of production and trade, but now they have become interconnected with urban markets.

This practice contributed to the commercialisation of agriculture in rural areas. Peasants were employed to produce cash crops or goods demanded by urban markets, rather than solely subsistence farming. Artisans also began producing goods not just for local consumption but for trade in wider markets.

The involvement of town merchants in villages expanded market networks. Merchants provided access to urban markets, where village-produced goods could be sold at higher prices. This encouraged specialization and increased productivity in rural areas.

However, this integration also led to increased dependency of peasants and artisans on external markets and merchants. They became vulnerable to market fluctuations, price controls, and exploitative practices by urban merchants who often wielded economic power.

The influx of merchant activities into villages brought about social and cultural changes. Villages became more interconnected with urban lifestyles, leading to the spread of new ideas, technologies, and cultural practices from towns to rural areas.

9. Explain the Revolution in Industry. List the three factors that led to the Industrial Revolution.

Technological Innovations:

Steam Engine: The invention of the steam engine by James Watt in the 1770s revolutionized the industry by providing a reliable source of power. It enabled factories to operate machinery efficiently and spurred the development of steam-powered transportation.

Textile Machinery: Innovations like the spinning jenny, water frame, and power loom mechanized textile production, leading to increased output and lower costs. This transformed the textile industry and set the stage for industrial growth.

Economic Factors:

Capital Accumulation: The accumulation of capital from trade, colonialism, and agriculture provided the financial resources necessary to invest in new technologies and industrial ventures.

Global Trade Networks: The expansion of global trade networks provided access to raw materials and markets, facilitating industrial growth and the exchange of ideas and technologies.

Social and Demographic Changes:

Urbanisation: The Industrial Revolution led to massive urbanisation, as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of work in factories and mills. This shift in population fuelled the growth of urban centres and created a labour force for industrial production.

Social Mobility: The Industrial Revolution created opportunities for social mobility, as skilled workers and entrepreneurs could rise economically through industrial employment or business ventures.

10. Gomasthas were sent by the East India Company to oversee weavers in India. Describe.

During the colonial era in India, the East India Company appointed gomasthas to oversee and manage local weavers and artisans. 

Their role included enforcing Company rules, controlling production, and collecting taxes. Gomasthas often exploited weavers by providing loans at high interest rates, trapping them in debt bondage. 

This control contributed to the decline of Indian textile industries and increased dependency on British markets. The harsh practices of gomasthas led to protests and unrest among weavers, shaping the economic and social landscape of colonial India significantly.

11. How did the British iron and steel sector surpass the cotton sector in terms of export value? 

The iron and steel industry benefited from significant technological advancements during the Industrial Revolution. Innovations like the Bessemer process for steelmaking and improvements in iron smelting techniques led to increased production efficiency and lowered costs. This made British iron and steel products more competitive in international markets compared to other countries.

The expansion of railways, bridges, and machinery during the 19th century created a substantial demand for iron and steel products. The iron industry, in particular, supplied the raw materials needed for construction and industrial machinery, thereby driving its export value.

British iron and steel products were in high demand globally due to their quality and reliability. They were used extensively in infrastructure projects and industrial applications across Europe, the Americas, and colonial territories. This global demand provided a lucrative market for British manufacturers.

British colonial expansion also played an important role. Colonies provided a ready source of raw materials for the iron and steel industry, such as iron ore and coal, which were essential for production. Additionally, colonial markets provided outlets for British manufactured goods, including iron and steel products.

As the Industrial Revolution progressed, there was a shift in economic focus from textiles to heavy industries like iron and steel. This shift was driven by technological capabilities, market demand, and the need for infrastructure development both domestically and internationally.

12. By the end of the 1800s, eighty percent of Europe's labour force was working in the highly developed industrial sector. Is it true or false?

Ans: False. While industrialisation had grown significantly by the end of the nineteenth century in Europe, most of the workforce was still employed in agriculture and traditional crafts or services, not in the technologically advanced industrial sector.

13. India's cotton exports decreased as a result of the American Civil War. Is it true or false?

True. The American Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865, did result in a significant reduction of cotton exports from India. 

During this period, the blockade of Southern ports by the Union Navy disrupted cotton exports from the Southern United States, which was a major supplier of cotton to Britain and other European countries. 

As a result, there was a sharp decline in cotton availability in global markets, leading to increased demand for cotton from other regions, including India.

14. Describe the concept of "proto-industrialisation."

Proto-industrialisation refers to an early phase of economic development before full industrialisation. 

During this period in Europe from the 16th to early 19th centuries, manufacturing occurred in rural areas and small workshops rather than urban factories. Workers, often farmers during off-seasons, produced goods like textiles or pottery using traditional methods. 

These goods were sold locally or through merchants to distant markets. Proto-industrialisation laid the groundwork for later industrialisation by demonstrating the potential for mass production and market integration, marking a significant step towards modern industrial economies.

15. Why did certain European entrepreneurs of the eighteenth-century favour manual work over machinery?

Initially, setting up and maintaining machines was expensive. Hand labour seemed cheaper and more accessible, especially in industries where skilled craftsmanship was valued.

Hand labour provided flexibility in production processes. Skilled artisans could adjust their work according to variations in materials or product specifications more easily than machines, which were less adaptable to changes.

Craftsmen were often perceived to produce goods of higher quality compared to early machine-made products. The ability to oversee and refine each step of production manually was seen as maintaining higher standards.

The introduction of machines was sometimes met with resistance due to fears of unemployment among skilled workers and social disruption. Industrialists who relied on skilled artisans might have been reluctant to adopt machines that could displace these workers.

In certain industries, there was still a market preference for handmade goods due to tradition, craftsmanship, and perceived value. Industrialists catered to this demand by continuing to use hand labour.

Early machines were prone to breakdowns, required skilled operators, and often could not match the precision and dexterity of human hands in certain tasks. This limited their effectiveness in some industries.

16. How did Indian weavers provide the East India Company with consistent supplies of cotton and silk textiles?

The East India Company appointed local agents known as gomasthas to supervise and manage the activities of Indian weavers. These gomasthas acted as intermediaries between the Company and the weavers, ensuring regular production and procurement of textiles.

Gomasthas provided advances or credit to weavers for the purchase of raw materials and other necessities. This created a system of debt bondage, as weavers became financially dependent on the gomasthas and were obliged to sell their products exclusively to them.

The Company exercised control over the production process by setting quotas and specifications for the textiles produced. Gomasthas enforced these requirements on behalf of the Company, ensuring that the textiles met the standards and quantities demanded by British markets.

The East India Company established monopolies in certain regions, restricting competition and ensuring that they had a steady supply of textiles from specific areas. This control allowed the Company to manipulate prices and maintain dominance in the textile trade.

Gomasthas also collected taxes and levies from the weavers on behalf of the Company. These taxes, along with the profits from the sale of textiles, contributed to the Company's revenue and facilitated its economic exploitation of Indian textile production.

The textiles procured through this system were primarily intended for export to British markets. They catered to the growing demand for Indian textiles in Europe, where they were highly valued for their quality, craftsmanship, and variety of designs.

17. Assume that you have been requested to write a piece for an encyclopaedia about cotton history in Britain. Utilising the content from the entire chapter, write your essay.

Cotton played a pivotal role in Britain's history, particularly during the Industrial Revolution. Innovations like the spinning jenny and water frame propelled the country's cotton industry, establishing bustling mills in cities such as Manchester and Lancashire. 

Britain's imperial expansion further fueled its cotton trade, with colonies in the Americas and India supplying raw materials. This trade, often exploitative, bolstered Britain's global dominance in cotton production. 

The industry transformed British society through urbanisation, as rural workers flocked to factory jobs, sparking new social classes and labour movements. Technological advancements, like Eli Whitney's cotton gin and British textile machinery, continued to revolutionize production methods globally. 

While Britain's influence in cotton has evolved, its legacy persists in shaping modern economic systems and understanding global industrialization.

18. What was the reason behind India's rise in industrial production during World War I?

The war created a surge in demand for industrial goods, particularly commodities essential for war efforts such as textiles, jute, iron, steel, and chemicals. British authorities redirected Indian industries to produce goods needed for the war, leading to a rapid expansion of industrial production.

British colonial policies during the war encouraged and supported industrial growth in India to meet the increased demand for war materials. The Indian industrial sector received investments, subsidies, and incentives from the colonial administration to boost production.

Due to disruptions in global trade caused by the war, imports of manufactured goods into India declined sharply. This created opportunities for Indian industries to fill the gap by producing goods locally that were previously imported, thereby stimulating domestic industrial production.

To support wartime production, infrastructure such as railways, ports, and communication networks were expanded and improved in India. This facilitated the movement of raw materials and finished goods, enhancing industrial output.

The increased demand for industrial goods led to the expansion of factories and manufacturing facilities across India. This provided employment opportunities for a growing workforce, including rural migrants seeking work in urban industrial centres.

India's industrial growth during the war also benefited from global market dynamics. The country supplied essential goods not only to British forces but also to other Allied nations, thereby increasing its economic significance on the global stage.

19. How did the East India Company maintain consistent supplies of cotton and silk items, minimise competition, and keep costs under control? Describe the sequence of actions.

The Company sought to eliminate competition by establishing monopolies in specific regions or sectors of the textile industry. This involved gaining exclusive rights to trade in certain areas, thereby controlling production and distribution channels.

The Company appointed local agents known as gomasthas to supervise and manage the activities of Indian weavers. Gomasthas acted as intermediaries, ensuring that weavers complied with company regulations and production quotas. They also enforced the Company's monopoly by restricting weavers' access to alternative buyers or markets.

To secure regular supplies, gomasthas provided advance payments or credit to weavers for purchasing raw materials and meeting daily expenses. This created a system of debt bondage, whereby weavers became financially dependent on the gomasthas and compelled them to sell their goods exclusively to them.

The Company controlled costs by setting fixed prices for raw materials and finished goods. This allowed the Company to maintain predictable expenses and maximize profit margins. Gomasthas ensured that weavers adhered to these pricing structures, thereby stabilizing the Company's supply chain and financial projections.

To ensure the consistency and quality of goods, the Company imposed strict standards and specifications on the textiles produced by Indian weavers. Gomasthas monitored production processes closely to enforce these standards, ensuring that products met the requirements of British markets and consumers.

The Company invested in infrastructure such as roads, warehouses, and transportation networks to facilitate the movement of raw materials and finished goods. This infrastructure development supported efficient logistics and reduced costs associated with transportation and storage.

20. Industrialists were sluggish to adopt even the most potent new technologies that increased labour productivity manifold. Explain and provide an example.

High Upfront Costs: New technologies often require substantial investments in machinery, training, and infrastructure. This can be a major hurdle, especially for smaller companies or those with limited cash flow.

Disruption and Risk: Implementing new technologies can disrupt existing workflows and require employee retraining. This can lead to production slowdowns and potential quality issues in the short term. There's also the risk that the technology won't deliver on its promises, leaving the company with a sunk cost.

Labour Concerns: While automation can increase productivity, it can also lead to job losses. Industrialists may be hesitant to adopt technologies that could put their workforce at risk, especially if they have good labour relations or operate in regions with strong worker protections.

The history of the textile industry provides a good example. During the Industrial Revolution, inventions like the spinning jenny and the power loom dramatically increased yarn and cloth production. However, some mill owners were reluctant to adopt these technologies due to the high cost of the machines and the fear of worker unrest. This hesitancy sometimes led to violent protests by weavers who feared their jobs would be eliminated.

21. Why, by the end of the eighteenth century, was the port of Surat declining?

European companies like the British East India Company (EIC) gained significant power and influence. They secured concessions from local rulers, often establishing fortified factories and even gaining partial control of trade routes. This squeezed out Indian merchants who previously dominated trade through Surat.

The Mughal Empire, which provided stability and facilitated trade throughout India, began to decline in the 17th century. This political instability and weakening central authority disrupted trade routes and overall economic activity, impacting Surat.

The rise of Bombay (Mumbai) as a major port further marginalized Surat. Bombay offered a deeper harbour, and better protection from pirates, and eventually became the headquarters of the EIC, further diminishing Surat's importance.

Over time, the Tapti River, which provided access to the Arabian Sea from Surat, silted up. This made navigation for larger ships increasingly difficult, further hindering trade activity.

22. In the 19th century, what issues did Indian cotton weavers face? Explain.

The Industrial Revolution in Britain led to the mass production of cotton textiles using powerful machines. These machine-made fabrics were much cheaper than the handcrafted Indian ones. This resulted in a surge of British imports into India, overwhelming the market and undercutting the weavers' prices.

Previously, India enjoyed a thriving export market for its exquisite cotton textiles. However, British-made fabrics were now not only cheaper but also more uniform in quality. This shift in production capabilities made it difficult for Indian weavers to compete internationally, leading to a decline in exports.

British industries also demanded a large supply of raw cotton. This increased demand pushed up the price of raw cotton in India, making it more expensive for domestic weavers to acquire the materials they needed. In some cases, raw cotton was even diverted for export, leaving Indian weavers with limited supplies.

The traditional system of patronage, where wealthy individuals and royal courts commissioned textiles from skilled weavers, began to decline. This further squeezed the market for high-end, handcrafted Indian fabrics.

23. Who were the gomasthas? 

Gomasthas were agents employed by the East India Company during British rule in India. They played a key role in the textile industry, but had a tense relationship with the weavers.

24. For what reason were Gomasthas appointed? 

The Company aimed to bypass existing traders and middlemen, directly supervising weavers and dictating production terms.

Gomasthas ensured a steady flow of textiles to meet the Company's export demands.

Gomasthas often set the prices for raw materials and finished products, keeping them artificially low to maximize the Company's profits.

25. How did Gomasthas treat the weavers?

Gomasthas offered weavers significantly lower prices for their textiles compared to market rates. This left weavers with minimal profit margins.

The Company often provided weavers with advances on future production, essentially putting them in debt. This limited their bargaining power and forced them to accept the Company's terms.

Some gomasthas were known for being arrogant and abusive. They might use threats or intimidation to ensure weavers meet deadlines and production quotas.

Weavers who relied on Company advances were often restricted from selling their produce to other buyers. This further weakened their position.

Important Topics of Class 10 History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

The Age of Industrialisation covers key topics such as the origins and spread of industrialisation in Europe, the impact of technological advancements on production, and the social and economic changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution.

Benefits of Learning with Class 10 History Chapter 4 Important Questions and Answers

Studying the important questions from The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 Important Questions and Answers offers students several benefits.

Studying important questions and answers helps students grasp the key concepts and events of the Industrial Revolution, providing a clear understanding of how industrialisation transformed societies and economies.

Engaging with these questions encourages students to analyse the causes and effects of industrialisation, fostering critical thinking and the ability to draw connections between historical events and contemporary issues.

Learning about the challenges faced by workers and the early labour movements helps students appreciate the struggles and progress made towards improving working conditions and labour rights.

Conclusion  

Studying The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 Important Questions and Answers provides students with a thorough understanding of the transformative period of industrialisation. It enhances their critical thinking skills, prepares them effectively for exams, and helps them connect historical events to contemporary issues. By understanding the origins, technological advancements, and social impacts of industrialisation, students gain a deeper appreciation for the historical developments that have shaped the modern world. Download the important questions from Chapter 4 of Class 10 History to prepare effectively for your exams.

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FAQs on CBSE Class 10 History Important Questions - Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

1. Why is it important to study the origins of industrialisation in Britain?

Understanding the origins of industrialisation in Britain helps us learn how technological innovations and economic factors led to the transformation of societies and the rise of modern industries.

2. What were the key technological advancements during the Industrial Revolution covered in The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 Important Questions and Answers?

Important technological advancements included the spinning jenny, the steam engine, and power looms, which revolutionised production processes and increased efficiency in various industries.

3.  In Class 10 Chapter 4, how did the rise of factories change the nature of work?

The rise of factories shifted production from manual handwork to machine-based manufacturing, leading to increased production capacity, the growth of industrial cities, and significant changes in working conditions and labour practices.

4. What challenges did workers face during the Industrial Revolution in The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 Important Questions and Answers?

Workers faced long working hours, poor working conditions, low wages, and job insecurity. These challenges led to the emergence of early labour movements advocating for better rights and conditions.

5. How did industrialisation impact urban and rural areas in Chapter 4?

Industrialisation led to the growth of industrial cities as people migrated from rural areas in search of jobs. This caused urbanisation and significant changes in rural economies, with traditional agricultural practices being replaced by industrial activities.

6. Why is it beneficial to study important questions and answers from Chapter 4?

Studying important questions and answers helps students grasp key concepts, prepare for exams, and develop critical thinking skills by analysing the causes and effects of industrialisation.

7. What role did early labour movements play during the Industrial Revolution, answer it according to The Age of Industrialisation Important Questions.

Early labour movements played an important role in advocating for workers' rights, pushing for reforms such as reduced working hours, better wages, and improved working conditions, laying the foundation for modern labour laws.

8. How did technological advancements influence global trade during the Industrial Revolution?

As we studied in The Age of Industrialisation Important Questions, Technological advancements increased production efficiency and reduced costs, enabling industries to produce goods on a larger scale and trade globally, thus expanding international markets and economic connections.

9. What lessons can we learn from the Industrial Revolution about modern economic development from The Age of Industrialisation Important Questions?

The Industrial Revolution teaches us the importance of technological innovation, the impact of economic policies on social structures, and the need to balance industrial growth with workers' rights and environmental sustainability.

10. In Class 10, how did the Industrial Revolution contribute to the rise of capitalism?

The Industrial Revolution fostered the growth of industries and businesses, leading to the accumulation of capital and the development of capitalist economies characterised by private ownership, market competition, and profit-driven enterprises.

Class 10 History Chapter 4 Previous Year Questions - The Age of Industrialisation

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• CBSE Class 10
• CBSE Class 10 Important Questions
• CBSE Class 10 History Important Questions
• History Chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation

CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation Important Questions

Do you not see rapid industrialisation as a time of progress and modernity? Do you not think that the spread of railways and factories, and the construction of high-rise buildings and bridges is a sign of society’s development? Is industrialisation always based on rapid technological development? Can you today continue to glorify continuous mechanisation of all work? What has industrialisation meant to your lives? To answer such questions, you need to turn to the history of industrialisation. In Chapter 4 of CBSE Class 10 History, you can explore more into this history by focusing first on Britain, the first industrial nation, and then India, where the pattern of industrial change was conditioned by colonial rule. Meanwhile, CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation Important Questions based on the topics from this chapter will also help you to understand these concepts well.

You can find these CBSE Class 10 History Important Questions in the PDF format from the clickable link given in the article.

Download CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation Important Questions PDF

The Age of Industrialisation

1 . What is Spinning Jenny? Explain. Why were many workers opposed to the use of the Spinning Jenny? Discuss.

2 . In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436, 000. Where did the workers come from?

3 . In the twentieth century, handloom cloth production expanded steadily: almost trebling between 1900 and 1940. How did this happen?

4 . What is fly shuttle used for? Explain the function.

5 . Explain the impact of colonial rule on the Indian textile industry.

6 . Describe briefly the concept of the orient.

7 . Explain the Swadeshi Movement.

8 . In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages. Explain the following.

9 . Describe the Industrial Revolution. Give three reasons for the Industrial Revolution.

10 . The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India. Explain.

11 . How did the iron and steel industry in Britain overtake the cotton industry in terms of export value? Explain.

12 . At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 per cent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector. True or False?

13. The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India. True or False?

14.  Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation

15 . Why did some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?

16 . How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?

17 . Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encyclopaedia on Britain and the history of cotton. Write your piece using information from the entire chapter.

18 . Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War?

19 . How did the East India Company eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods? Explain the series of steps.

20 . Even the most powerful new technology that enhanced the productivity of labour manifold was slow to be accepted by industrialists. Give an example and explain.

21. Why the port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century?

22.  What problems were faced by the Indian cotton weavers in the 19th century? Describe.

23.  Who were gomasthas? Why were they appointed? How did they treat the weavers?

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The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 History Chapter 4 Extra Questions and Answers

CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation Extra Questions and Answers is available here. Students can learn and download PDF of these questions for free. These extra questions and answers are prepared by our expert teachers as per the latest NCERT textbook and guidelines. Learning these questions will help you to score excellent marks in the board exams.

The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 Extra Questions History Chapter 4

Very short answer type questions.

1. What is proto-industrialisation Answer:  The early phase of industrialisation in which large-scale production was carried out for international market not at factories but in decentralised units.

2. How was proto-industrialisation different from factory production

Answer:  Proto-industrialisation was a decentralised method of production which was controlled by merchants and the goods were produced by a vast number of producers located in different places whereas under factories production became centralised. Most of the processes were brought together under one roof and management.

3.Why was it difficult for the new European merchants to set up business in town in the 17th and 18th centuries Answer:  This was because urban Crafts and trade guilds were very powerful in the town.

4 What were guilds

Answer:  These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices. and restricted the entry of new people within the trade. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products.

5. Which industry was symbol of the new era Answer:  Cotton.

6. Who created the cotton mill [CBSE 2014] Answer: Richard Arkwright.

7.Who invented the steam engine [CBSE Sept. 2010] Answer:  James Watt.

8. Who discovered the Spinning Jenny [CBSE Sept. 2010] Answer:  James Hargreaves.

9. The introduction of which new technology in England angered women [CBSE Sept. 2010] Answer:  The Spinning Jenny.

10.Which pre-colonial port connected India to the Gulf countries and the Red Sea ports [CBSE Sept. 2010, 2011] Answer:  Surat

11.What was Spinning Jenny Answer:  It was a machine devised by James Hargreaves io speed up the spinning process. The machine could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time

12.Name any two regions of colonial India which were famous for large-scale industries. Answer:  (i) Bombay (ii) Bengal

13.Which were the two most dynamic industries of Britain in the early 19th century Answer:  Cotton and metal.

14.“In Victorian Britain, the upper classes – the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie – preferred things produced by hand”. Give reason. Answer:  Handmade products came to symbolise refinement and class.

15.Why women workers attacked the spinning Jenny a machine which was introduced in Britain Answer:  The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology.

16. Name the goods from India Which dominated the international market before the age of machine industries. Answer:  Silk and Cotton.

17. Name any three pre-colonial ports of India.  Answer:  Surat. Masulipatnam and Hoogly

18. Why the pre-colonial ports i.e. Surat and Masulipatnam declined by the 1750’s Answer:  Because the European companies gradually gained power-first securing a variety of concessions from local courts, then the monopoly rights to trade.

19.Name the ports which grew during the colonial period. Answer: Bombay and Calcutta

20.Why was the East India Company keen on expanding textile exports from India during 1760’s

Answer:  The consolidation of East India Company power after the 1760s did not initially lead to a decline in textile exports from India. British cotton industries had not yet expanded and Indian fine textiles were in great demand in Europe. So the company was keen on expanding textile exports from India.

21. “Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760 and 1770s, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export. Give reasons.

Answer:  The French. Dutch. Portuguese as well as the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. So the weaver and supply merchants could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer.

22. Who were Gomasthas Answer:  They were the paid servants o: the East India Company who use to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.

23. Why there were clashes between weavers and gomasthas

Answer: The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long term social link with the village. So they acted arrogantly, marched into villages with the police and punished weavers for delay in supply. So. there were reports of dashes between weavers and gomasthas.

24. ‘By 1860. Indian weavers could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality.’ Give reason.

Answer:  When the American Civil War broke out and cotton supplies bom the US were cut oil. Britain turned to India. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton ‘hot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies.

25. Name the European Managing agencies which controlled the large sector of Indian industries. Answer:  (i) Bird Heiglers and Co. (ii) Andrew Yule. (iii) Jardine Skinner and Co.

26. When was the first cotton mill established in Bombay Answer:  1854.

27. Name any four major centres of cotton textile of India during the colonial period. Answer:  (i) Bombay – 1854 (ii) Kanpur – I860 (iii) Ahmedabad – 1861 (iv) Madras – 1874

28. Name any four entrepreneurs of India who set factories during colonial period. Answer:  (i) Dwarakanath Tagore (ii) Dinshaw Petit (iii) Jamset Ji Nusserwanji Tata (iv) Seth Hukumchand.

29. “Under the colonial era the Indian merchants were discriminated and space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited’. Justify.

Answer: They were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods, and had to export mostly raw materials and food grains, raw cotton, opium, wheat and indigo – required by the British. They were also gradually edged out of the shipping business.

30. What was fly shuttle?

Answer:  It is a mechanical device used for weaving moved by means of ropes and pullies. It places the horizontal threads (called the weft) into the verticle threads (called the warp). The invention of the fly shuttle made it possible for weavers to operate large looms and weave wide pieces of cloth.

31. What was the impact of the First World War on the British industries

Answer:  After the war. Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market. Unable to modernise and compete with the US. Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed ar.d exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

32. Who was a jobber Answer: Jobber was an old and trusted worker employed by the Indian industrialists to recruit the new workers.

33. During the first world war years industrial production in India boomed. Give reason. Answer:  (i) Manchester imports into India declined as British mills were busy with war production. (ii) Indian industries were also called upon to supply war needs ;jute bags, cloth for army uniform, tents and leather boots.

34. What was the result of the import of Manchester cloth to India Answer:  (i) It ruined the cloth industry in India because the Manchester cloth was both cheap, showy and durable. (ii) The weavers were forced to give up their ancestral profession of cloth weaving and had to work as labourers in urban areas.

35. Name the provinces where most of the large-scale industries were located during the colonial period. Answer:  Bengal and Bombay.

36. What technological change helped in improving production of India industry during the 20th century Answer:  The introduction of Fly shuttle.

37. Mow the Indian and British manufacturers tried to expand their market Answer:  They tried to expand their market through advertisements.

38. What was importance of advertisements in expanding the market during the colonial period Answer:  (ii) Advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary, (ii) These try to shape the minds of people and create new needs.

39. “When Indian manufacturers advertised, the nationalist message was clear and loud.” What was the message Answer:  if you care for the nation, then buy products that the Indians produce.

Short Answer Type Questions

1. What was the role of trade guilds Explain.

Answer:  (i) Trade guilds were associations of producers that trained craft people, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices (ii)They enjoyed monopoly rights to produce and trade in specific products (iii) They also had the right to restrict the entry of new producers into the trade.

2. The proto-industrialisation helped in building a close relationship between the town and the countryside”. Explain.

Answer: (i) Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside by the peasant households. (ii) A merchant clothier in England purchased wool from a wool stapler, and carried it to the spinners: the yarn (thread) that was spun was taken in subsequent stages of production to weavers, fullers, and then to dyers. (iii) The finishing was done in London before the export merchant sold the cloth in the international market.

3. During the first World War years, industrial production in India boomed. Give reasons.

Answer:  (i) Manchester imports into India declined as British mills were busy with war production. (ii) Indian industries were also called upon to supply war needs; Jute bags, doth for the army uniform, tents and leather boots (iii) Even after the war. Manchester failed to recapture its old position.

4. Who created the cotton mill How did it help in improving the production

Answer: Richard Arkwright had created the Cotton mill. (i) The costly machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mills. (ii) Within the mills, all the processes were brought together under one roof and managed. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality and the regulation of labour, all of which had been difficult to do when the production was in the countryside.

5. What were the problems of Indian weavers at the early 19th century [CBSE 2009 (O). Sept. 2010. 2011) Or Explain the miserable conditions of Indian weavers during the East India Company’? regime in the eighteenth century. [CBSE 200S IF). Sept. 2010)

Or Describe any four impacts of Manchester imports on the cotton weavers of India. [CBSE Sept. 2011) 

Answer:  (i) Collapse of local and foreign market : Due to industrialisation in Britain, their export market collapsed. As British traders started exporting machine- made clothes to India, so their local market shrank.

(ii) Shortage of raw material : As raw cotton was being exported to England, there was a shortage of raw materials. When the American Civil War broke out. and the cotton supplies from the United States were cut off. Britain turned to India. As raw cotton exports Iron India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at higher prices.

(iii) Clashes with Gomasthas : Gomasthas were appointed by the government to supervise weavers to collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth. The Gomasthas acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delays in supply. So. the weavers dashed with them.

(iv) System of advances: The Britishers started the system of advances to regularise the supply of cotton and cloth. The weavers eagerly took the advances, in a hope to cam more but they faded to do so They even started losing small plots of land which they had earlier cultivated.

6. Write a short note on the development of factories in India. Or Explain the growth of factories in India.

Answer: (i) Cotton and jute mills were the first to be established in India The first cotton mill was set up in 1854 at Bombay Mumbai (ii) By 1864. the number rose to four The textile null was followed by the jute mill which came into existence in 1855 in Bengal. (iii) Another jute mill was established in 1862 in Bengal itself. (iv) In North India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s. and a year later, the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up (v) By 1874. the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras (Chennai) began is production.

7. How were the Indian merchant industrialists discriminated by the Britishers Or Mention some of the problems of the Indian merchant industrialists.

Answer:  (i) Limited market : With the introduction ol Manchester good in the Indian market the market within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited (ii) Restriction on export of manufactured goods : The Indian merchants and traders were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods, and had to export only raw materials and food grains-raw- cotton. opium and wheat, indigo reacquired by the British. (iii) Introduction of modern ships: With the entry of modem ships Indian merchant were edged out of the shipping business. (iv) Exclusive chambers of the Europeans : The European merchant-industrialists had their exclusive chamber of commerce, and Indians were not allowed to become its members.

8. Explain the major features of pre-colonial trade and industries.

Answer: (i) Major good: Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles Coarser cottons were produced in many countries, but the finer varieties often came from India (ii) Trading partners: Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan. eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts. (iii) Major ports: A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports. Surat cn the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.

9. What was the impact of colonisation of India on the Indian traders and merchants

Answer:  (i) By the 1970s this network, controlled by Indian merchants, was breaking down.

(ii)The European companies gradually gained power – first securing a variety of concessions from local courts, then the monopoly rights to trade. This resulted in a decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly through which local merchants had operated. Exports from those ports fell dramatically, the credit that had financed the earlier trade began drying up and the local banker slowly went bankrupt.

(iii)While Surat and Hoogly decayed. Bombay and Calcutta grew This shift from the old ports to the new ones was an indicator of the growth of colonial power Trade through the new ports came to be controlled by European companies, and was carried in European ships. While many of the old trading houses collapsed, those that wanted to survive had to now operate within a network shaped by European trading companies.

10. Name the provinces where most of the large-scale industries were located. How can you say that small-scale production continued to predominate even in the late 20th century

Answer:  Bengal and Bombay (Mumbai) (i) Only a small proportion of the total industrial labour force worked in registered factories. i.e., only 5 per cent. (ii) There was an expansion in the handicraft industries. (iii) In the 20th century, handloom cloth production expanded steadily, i.e. almost trebling between 1900 and 1940.

11. in the 20th century, the handloom cloth production expanded steadily, i.e.. almost trebling between 1900 and 1940.’ Give reasons. Or What led to expansion in handloom craft production between 1900 and 1940 [CBSE Sept. 2010]

Answer:  (i) Handicrafts producers adopted a new technology which helped in improving the production without excessively pushing up the costs (ii) By the second decade of the Twentieth century, most of the weavers started using looms with a fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production, and reduced the labour demand. By 1941. over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles: in regions like Travancore, Madras (Chennai) Mysore, Cochin and Bengal where the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. (iii) There were several other small innovations that helped weavers to improve their productivity, and compete with the mill sector.

12. “By the 1860s Indian weavers failed to get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality”. Give reason.

Answer:  (i) American Civil War : 1860s was the era of American Civil War. When the American Civil War broke out and cotton supplies from The US were cut off, Britain turned to India. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. (ii) Industrialisation in India : By the end of the 19th century factories in India began producing machine made cloth. This also reduced the supply of raw cotton ill the market.

13. Why was East India Company keen on expanding textile exports from India during the 1760 Explain any three reasons. [CBSE 2013]

Answer:  (i) Consolidation of the Fast India Company’s power after the 1760s did not initially lead to a decline in textile export from India. (ii) British cotton industries had not yet expanded. (iii) Fine Indian textiles were in great demand in Europe.

14. Name any two European Managing Agencies which controlled a large sector of the Indian industries. Describe any three functions performed by such agencies. (CBSE 2013)

Answer:  European Managing Agencies which controlled a large sector of the Indian industries were : (i) Bird Heiglers & Co. (ii) Andrew Yule, and (iii) Jardme Skinner & Co.

Functions : (i) European Managing Agencies mobilised capital. (ii) They set up joint stock companies and managed them. (iii)In most instances. Indian financiers provided the capital while the European Agencies made all investment and business decisions. The European merchants- industrialists had then own chambers of commerce which Indian businessmen were not allowed to join.

15. Mention any five restrictions imposed by the British government upon the Indian merchants in the 19th century. [CBSE 2011]

Answer:  (i) The spare within which Indian merchants could function, became limited. (ii) They were barred from Trading with Europe in manufactured goods. (iii) They had to export mostly raw materials and foodgrains, raw cotton, opium, wheat and indigo required by the British. (iv) They were gradually edged out of the shipping business. (v) Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industries.

16. “Certain group of weavers were in a better position than others to survive the competition with mill industries-. Explain. [CBSE 2014]

Answer:  (i) Producers of coarse cloth: Amongst weavers some produced coarse cloth while others wove finer varieties. The coarser cloth was bought, by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In times of bad harvests and famines when the rural poor had little to eat. and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth.

(ii) Producers of finer varieties: The producers of finer varieties were in a better position because the demand for the finer varieties bought by the well- to-do was more stable. The rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris. Moreover, as you have seen, mills could not imitate specialised weavers. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easy displaced by mill production.

17. Who was a jobber Explain his functions. [CBSE 200S. Sept. 2010. 2011. 2012} Or Why was a jobber employed How did jobber misuse his position and power Explain. (CBSE 2013]

Answer:  Getting lobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied, and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work wore always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. Very often, the jobber was an old and trusted worker. He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city, and provided them money in times of crisis. The jobber, therefore, became a person with some authority and power. He begun demanding money and gifts for his favour, and began. controlling the lives of the workers.

18. Why could Britain not recapture her hold on the Indian market after the Rrst World War Explain. [CBSE 2009 (F)] Or Explain the impact of the First World War on Britain’s economy [CBSE Sept. 2010.2011]

Answer:  During the war British mills were busy in war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester’s imports into India declined. (ii) After the war. Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian marker. Unable to modernise and compete With the United States. Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after she war. Cotton production collapsed, and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically. (iii) Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated the:: position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

19. Why did the upper class people prefer to use hand products in the Victorian period Explain with examples. Why in Victorian Britain, the upper classes preferred things produced by hand Give three reasons. (CBSE Sept. 2010)

Answer:  The upper class people preferred to use hand products In the Victorian period because : (i) They symbolized refinement and class. (ii) They were better finished, in They were individually produced and carefully designed.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. ‘In the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries, the merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside.’ Give reasons. Or Explain any three major problems faced by the new European merchants in setting up their industries in towns before the Industrial Revolution. [CBSE 2008 (D) Sept. 2012] Or What is meant by proto-industrialisation Why was it successful in the countryside in England in the 17th century [CBSE Sept. 2008. 2011. 2012] Or Throw light on production during the proto-industrialisation phase in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries with an example. [CBSF. Sept. 2010]

Answer: The earlier phase of industrialisation in which large scale production was carried out for international market not at factories but in decentralised units.

(i) Huge demand : The world trade expanded at a very fast rate during the 17th and the 18th centuries. The acquisition of colonies was also responsible for the increase in demand. The town producers failed to produce the required quantity.

(ii) Powerful town producers : • The town producers were very powerful, • The producers could not expand the production. This was because in the towns, urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people within the trade.

(iii) Monopoly rights : The rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to the countryside.

(iv) New economic situation in the countryside : Open fields were disappearing in the countryside and the commons were being enclosed. Cottagers and poor peasants who were earlier depended on common lands became jobless So when merchants came around and offered advances to produce, peasants households eagerly agreed.

2. Why did the peasants agree to accept advances made by the merchants to produce goods for them in Europe during the 17th and the 18th centuries* Explain three reasons. [CBSE Comp. (D) 2008] Or How were new merchant groups in Europe able to spread their business in the countryside before the Industrial Revolution Explain. Or Briefly explain the method and system of production in the countryside in England. [CBSE 2013]

Answer:  (i) Disappearing open field system : In the countryside, the open field system was prevailing. i.e.. land was free and anyone could use it for production. But as the population increased, the open field system started disappearing. The rich landlords started enclosing the open fields. (ii) Cottagers and poor peasants: They had earlier depended on common lands for their survival, gathering the firewood, berries, vegetables, hay and straw. Now they had to look for alternative sources of income. (iii) Small fields i As most of the land was acquired by the rich landlords, the poor had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all the members of the household. So when merchants came around, and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasant households eagerly agreed. (iv) Full utilisation of family labour resources : By working for the merchants, the poor peasants and the artisans could continue to remain in the countryside, and cultivate their small plots (v) Income : Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labour resources.

3. Mention any four features of the protoindustrial system. [CBSE Svpt. 2010] Or Explain the main features of protoindustrialisation. [CBSE 2010 (0)] Or What was proto-industrialisation Why did the poor peasants and artisans in the countryside begin to work for the merchants from the towns [CBSE 2012]

Answer:  (i) Impact on cottagers and peasants : After the disappearing of open field system cottagers and poor peasants ‘who had earlier depended on common lands for their survival, gathering their firewood, berries, vegetables, hay and straw, had to now look for alternative sources of income. Many had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all members of the household. So when merchants cam around and offered advances to produce good; for them, peasant households eagerly agreed. By working for the merchants, they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots. Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labour resources.

(ii) Closed relationship between countryside and towns : Within this system a close relationship developed between the town and the countryside. Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside.

(iii) Role of merchants : The whole system of production was controlled by merchants and the goods were produced by a vast number of producers working within their family farms, not in factories At each stage of production 20 to 25 workers were employed by each merchant.

(iv) Market : With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. So the Merchants were producing these goods for international market.

(v) Not factories : The goods were no: produced in factories by the cotta cottagers and Hie peasants and their families.

4. Explain any five causes of industrial revolution in England. [CBSE 2013.2014]

Answer:  (i) Growing International Market: In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market.

(ii) Increase in demand: With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different pans of the world, the demand for goods began growing. It was controlled by merchants and the goods were produced by a vast number of producers working within their family farms, not in factories.

(iii) Proto-industrial System: The expansion of market and demand lead to proto-industrial growth which provided a base to Industrial Revolution.

(iv) New Inventions: A series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of each step of the production process (carding, twisting and spinning, and rolling’1 They enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more, and they made possible the production or stronger threads and yarn. Then Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill.

(v) Availability of Capital : The vast amount of capital which England had accumulated out of profits of her growing trade enabled her to make large expenditure on machinery and buildings. This led to new technological developments.

(vi) Availability of Raw Material : The availability of coal and iron ores in large quantities greatly helped the growth of numerous industries in England.

5. Why the production of cotton industry boomed in the late 19th century Or How had a series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficiency of each step of the production process in cotton textile industry Explain. [CBSE 2008]

Answer:  (i) New inventions : A series of inventions in the eighteenth century simplified each step of the production process (carding, twisting, spinning, and rolling). (ii) Increase in output : The new inventions helped in increasing the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more. (iii) Improvement in Quality : Along ‘with quantity, there was improvement in quality also The new invention made possible the production of stronger threads and yam. (iv) Creation of cotton mill : It was Richard .Arkwright who created the cotton mill. Mow. the costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill Within the mill, all the processes were brought together under one roof and management. (v) All under single roof : This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality and the regulation of labour, all of which had been difficult to do so when production was in the countryside.

6. Why did the network of export trade in textiles controlled by the Indian merchants break down by the 1750s Mention any two effects of such a breakdown [CBSE 2013]

Answer: (i) European trading companies gained power. First, they acquired trading concessions from local rulers, then monopolised rights to trade. (ii)This resulted in the decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly. (iii)Exports from the old ports fell dramatically and local bankers slowly went bankrupt.

Impacts : (a) Weavers devoted entire time to weaving. They were forced to accept the prices fixed by the company. (b) There were reports of dashes between weavers and gomasthas. The new gomasthas were outsiders. They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply. The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers (c) Weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relations.

7. Why were most of the producers reluctant to use the new technology Explain by giving examples. Or Why did industrialists not want to get rid of hand labour once machines were introduced? [CBSE Sept. 2010] Or “The modem industrialisation could not marginalise the traditional industries in England”. Justify the statement with any four suitable arguments. [CBSE Sept. 2010] Or Why did the industrialists of Europe prefer hand labour over machines during the 19’1, century Explain any five reasons. [CBSE Sept. 2012. 2013]

Answer:  (i) Expensive new technology: New technologies and machines were expensive, so the producers and the industrialists were cautious about using them. (ii) Costlier repair : The machines often broke down and the repair was costly. (iii) Less effective : They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed. (iv) Availability of cheap workers : Poor peasants and migrants moved to cities in large numbers in search of jobs. So the supply of workers was more than the demand. Therefore, workers were available at low wages. (v) Uniform machine-made goods: A range of products could be produced only with hand labour. Machines were oriented to producing uniforms, standardised goods for a mass market. But the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. In the mid-nineteenth century. Britain, for instance. 500 varieties of hammers were produced, and 15 kinds of axes. These required human skill, not mechanical technology.

8. Explain the major features of the industrialisation process of Europe in the 19th century. [CBSE Compt. 2008 (O)]  

Answer:  (i) Major industries : Cotton and metal industries were the most dynamic industries in Britain. Cotton was the leading sector i:i the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s. but the iron and steel industry led the way after 1840. With the expansion of railways in England from the l840s and in the colonies from the l860s. the demand tor iron and steel increased rapidly. By 1873. Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about 577 million, double the value of its cotton export.

(ii) Domination of traditional industry : The modem machinery and industries could not easily displace traditional industries. Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors. Textile was a dynamic sector, but a large portion of the output was produced not within factories, but outside, within the domestic units.

(iii) Base for growth : The pace of change in the ‘traditional’ industries was not set by steam powered cotton or metal industries. They were the ordinary and small innovations which built up the basis o! growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning, furniture making and production of implementing sectors.

(iv) New inventions : A series of inventions the eighteenth century increased the efficacy, of each step of the production process (carding, musing and spinning end rolling). They enhanced the output pet worker, enabling each worker to produce more, and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yam. Then Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill.

(v) Slow pace : Though technological inventions were stung place but their pace was very slow. They did not spread dramatically across the industrial landscape New technologies and machines were expensive, so the producers and the industrialists were cautious about using them The machines often broke down, and the repair was costly. They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.

9.‘Historians now have come to increasingly recognise that the typical worker in the mid- 19th century was, not a machine operator, but the traditional craftsperson and a labourer.’ Justify by giving examples. [CBSE 2009] Or Why do historians agree that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer [CBSE Sept. 2010. 2013]

Answer:  (i) Slow pace of technology of new machines : Though Technological inventions were taking place, bur their pace was very slow They did not spread dramatically across The industrial landscape.

(ii) Expensive : New technologies and machines were expensive, so the producers and the industrialists were cautious about using them. The machines often broke down and the repair was costly. They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.

(iii) Limited use of machines : James Wat improved the seam engine produced by Newcomen, and patented the new engine in 1781. His industrialist friend Mathew Boulton manufactured the new model. But they could no: find sufficient buyers. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, there were approximately 321 steam engines, all over England. Of these, 9 in wool industries, and the rest in mining, canal works and iron works. No other industry was using steam engine even in the late 19th century. So even the most powerful new- technology that enhanced the productivity of labour manifold was slow to be accepted by the industrialists.

10. ‘The process of industrialisation brought with it miseries for the newly emerged class of industrial workers.’ Explain. [CBSE 2014] Or Explain the miserable conditions of industrial workers in Britain during the nineteenth century. [CBSE 2009] Or How did the abundance of labour in the market affect the lives of the workers in Britain during the nineteenth century Explain with examples. [CBSE 2008 (O) Compt.] Or Describe the lifestyle of the British workers of the nineteenth century. [CBSE 2010 IO). 2014] Or Explain how the condition of the workers steadily declined in the early twentieth century Europe. [CBSE Sept. 2010. 2011]

Answer:  (i) More workers than the demand : There was an abundance of workers in the market than the demand This had an adverse impact on the lives of the workers. Due to the shortage of work, most of the workers failed to get jobs So they offered their services at lower wages. (ii) Seasonality of work : Seasonality of work any industries meant prolonged periods without work. After the busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again. Some returned to the countryside after the winter, when the demand for labour in the rural areas opened up in places. But most looked for odd jobs, which till the mid-nineteenth century were difficult to find. (iii) Low real wages : Though the wages increased somewhat in the early 19th century, but the increase was nullified by increase in prices. During the Napoleonic ware, the red wages fell significantly. (iv) Poverty and unemployment : At the best of times, till the mid-nineteenth century, about 10 per cent of the urban population was extremely poor The unemployment rate was also very high. (v) Housing problem : Factory or workshop owners did not house live migrant workers. Many job seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or night in shelters.

11. Mention the major features of Indian textiles before the age of machine industries.

Answer:  (i) The Age of Indian Textiles : Historically, India was one of the leading producer; of cotton textile. Silk and cotton products of India dominated the international market. India was known for its finer varieties of cotton. The Armenian and Persian merchants took these goods from Punjab to Afghanistan. Persia and Central Asia. Though most of the trade was carried through land routes, but the sea route was and Hoogly were the most important pore; which were used for trade. (ii) A complex and complete market i Before the arrival of the outsiders, the Dade was handled by a variety of Indian merchants and bankers. The whole process of Dade basically involved three steps :

• Financing production
• Carrying or transporting goods
• Supplying goods to the exporters

Supply merchant; linked the port towns to the inland regions. They gave advances to weavers, procured the woven cloth from weaving village;, and carried the supply to the ports At the port, the big shippers and export merchants had brokers, who negotiated the price. and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

12 ‘The port of Surat and Hoogly declined by the end of the I8th century.’ Explain. [CBSE Sept. 2012]

Answer:  (i) Most of the European companies had huge resources, so it was very difficult for the Indian merchants and traders to face the competition. (ii) The European companies were gaining power by securing a variety of concessions from the local courts (iii) Some of the companies got the monopoly rights to Dade. All this resulted in the decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly through which local merchants had operand. Exports from these ports fell dramatically, the credit that had financed the earlier trade began drying up. and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt. (iv)In the last years of the seventeenth century, the gross value of -race that passed through Sura: had been t 16 million. By the 1740s. it had slumped to 3 million rupees. (v) With the passage of time. Surat and Hoogly decayed. Bombay (Mumbai), and Calcutta (Kolkata) grew.

13. What steps were taken by the East India Company to control the market of cotton and silk goods[CBSE 2009 (D)] Or The establishment of political power by the East India Company resulted in ruination of the Indian weavers. Support the statement with suitable examples. [CBSE 2012]

Answer:  (i) Monopoly right : Once the East India Company established political power, it asserted a monopoly right to trade (ii) New system : After establishing monopoly over trade :t proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. This it did through a series of steps. (iii) Appointing Gomasthas : The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the doth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weavers. It appointed a paid secant called the Gomostha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth. (iv) System of advances : To have a direct control over the weavers, the company- started the system of advances. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. Those, who took loans had to hand over the doth they produced to the Gomastha. They could not take it to any other trader. (v) Use of power : The places where the weaver refused to cooperate the Company used its police. At many places weaver were often beaten and flogged for delays in supply.

14. Why the system of advances proved harmful for the weavers

Answer:  (i) No chance of bargaining : The weavers lost any chance of bargaining. (ii) Leasing of land : Most of the weavers had to lease out the land and devote all their time to weaving. Weaving in fact, came to absorb the labour of the entire family. (iii) Dependency for food on others: Most of the weavers after losing their land became dependent on others tor the food supplies. (iv) Clashes with Gomasthas : The new Gomaszhcs were outsiders, with no long term social link with the village. So they acted arrogantly, marched into villages with the police, and punished weavers for delay in supply. So. there were reports of clashes between weavers and Gomasthas.

15. ‘By the beginning of the 19th century, there was a long decline of textile exports from India.’ Explain by giving reasons. [CBSE 2008] Or Explain three reasons for the decline of Indian textile industry by the end of 19th century. [CBSE Sept. 2010]

Answer:  (i) Development of cotton industries in England : As cotton industries developed in England, industrial group; began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside.

(ii) Growth of mills and falling demand : With growing mill; and falling home demand British industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well.

(iii) Two edge policy : To sell its manufactures in India East India Company followed a two edged policy i.e. no taxes on import; but high taxes on exports.

(iv) Manchester goods in India : Cotton weavers and small producer; in India thus faced two problems at the same time, their export market collapsed and the local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports. Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could no: easily compete with them.

(v) Shortage of raw material : By the 1860;, weavers faced a new problem. They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality When the American Civil War broke out and cotton supplies from the US were cut off. Britain turned to India. .As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this, situation weaving could not pay.

16. Who were the entrepreneurs or business groups in India during the 19th century

Answer:  (i) Dwarakanath Tagore : He was a leading trader of 3engal. Dwarakanath Tagore accumulated his wealth through China trade, before he turned to industrial investment. He set up six joint stock companies in the 1830s and 40s. Though his enterprises sank in the 19th century, yet he showed way to many of the China traders, who later became successful industrialists. (ii) Dinshaw Petit : He was a Parsi entrepreneur, and was the founder of the first textile mill in India. (iii) Jamsetji Nusseruanji Tata : He is generally accepted as the “Father of Indian industry.” He had accumulated his wealth partly from exports to China and partly from raw cotton shipments to England. (iv) Seth Hukumchand : Seth Hukumchand was a Marwari businessman, who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1917. (v) Birlas : The Birias belonged to the Marwari group, who had established a business in cotton dealership.

17. By the first decade of the 20th century, a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in India. Explain. [CBSE 2008. Sept. 2013]

Answer:  (i) Swadeshi and Boycott Movements : The launching of Swadeshi and Boycott Movements after the Partition of Bengal provided impetus to indian industries. There was an increase in the demand of Indian goods, especially of clothes. (ii) Industrial groups : Industrial groups had also organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff, the protection, and grant other concessions. (iii) Decline of exports to China : From 1906. moreover, the export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills had flooded the Chinese markets. (iv) First World War : For explanation see No. 19 Long Answer Type Questions. 0.18. What was the condition of Indian industries before the. First World War

18 How did it change after the First World War [CBSE 2013]

Answer:  Before the First World War : (i) The early cotton mills in India produced coarse cotton yam rather than fabric. Only imported yam was of the superior variety, (ii) By the first decade of the 20th century, a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation. Industrialists in India began shifting from yam to cloth production. (iii) Till the First World War. industrial growth was slow. The war created a dramatically new situation.

After the First World War : (i) With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army. Manchester imports into India declined. Suddenly. Indian mills had a vast home marker to supply. (ii) As the war prolonged. Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs e.g.. jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents, leather boots, etc. (iii) New factories were set up and old one; ran multiple shifts Over the war years industrial production boomed. (iv) After the war. local industrialists gradually consolidated their position. Substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

19. Explain the impact of the First World War on the Indian industries. [CBSE Sept. 2010] Or Describe the peculiarities of Indian industrial growth during the First World War. [ICBSE 2010(0)] Or How did the World War prove to be a boon to the Indian Industries Explain. [CBSE Sept. 2012]

Answer:  (i) Decline of Manchester : With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army. Manchester imports into India declined. (ii) Increase in demand : With the decline of imports suddenly. Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. (iii) Demand from army : As the War prolonged. Indian factories were called upon to supply war need;i.e.. jute bags, doth for the army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles, and a host of other items. (iv) New factories : New factories were set up. and old ones ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed, and everyone was made to work for longer hours. Over the war years, industrial production boomed. (v) Downfall of British industry and boon for home industry : After the war Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market. Unable to modernise and compete with the US. Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

20. Explain the methods used by producers to expand their markets in the 19th century. [CBSE Sept. 2012] Or How did the British manufacturers attempt to take over the Indian market with the help of advertisements Explain with three examples. [CBSE 200S (D). 2014] Or “Consumers are created through advertisement.” Support the statement with three suitable examples. [CBSE Sept. 2012]

Answer:  (i) Advertisement : Advertisements through newspapers, magazines, hoarding; were the most important method used by the producers to expand the market. It played a major role in expanding the markets, and shaping a new consumer culture. Advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary.

(ii) Labelling : Labelling was another method used by the producers to expand their market. When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they cut labels on the cloth bundles. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the labels, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth. But labels did not only carry words and texts. They also carried images, and were very often beautifully illustrated.

(iii) Calendars : By the nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calendars to popularise their products. Unlike newspapers • and magazines, calendars were used even by people, who could not read. They were hung in tea shops and in poor people’s homes just as much as in offices and middle- class apartments. Those, who hung the calendars had to see the advertisements, day after day, through the year. Even in these calendars, images of gods and goddesses were used to attract the consumers.

(iv) Images of important personages : Along with the images of gods, figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs were also used. The message very often seemed to say ; if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product; when the product was being used by kings, or produced under royal command, its quality could not be questioned.

(v) Advertisement by Indian producers : Indian manufacturers were also using the same tactics. When Indian manufacturers advertised, the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation, then buy products that Indians produce. Finally, advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of Swadeshi.

21. ‘Industrialisation was a mixed blessing.’ Explain by giving examples. [CBSE 2014]

Answer:  (i) Cheap goods : The machine made goods were cheap and fine. So people of colonies could purchase cheap, fine and a variety of goods. (ii) New entrepreneurs : The process of industrialisation provided an opportunity to Indian entrepreneurs to factories. Though they were junior players, but they earned a good amount. (iii) Growth of industrial sector : Before the arrival of outsiders, most of the people were involved in agriculture, but the process of industrialisation provided them opportunity to work in other fields.

Life of the workers : The process of industrialisation brought with it miseries for the newly emerged class of industrial workers. (i) More workers than the demand : There was an abundance of workers in the market than the demand This had an adverse impact on the lives of the workers. Due to the shortage of work, most of the workers failed to get jobs So they offered their services at lower wages. (ii) Seasonality of work : Seasonality of work any industries meant prolonged periods without work. After the busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again. Some returned to the countryside after the winter, when the demand for labour in the rural areas opened up in places. But most looked for odd jobs, which till the mid-nineteenth century were difficult to find. (iii) Low real wages : Though the wages increased somewhat in the early 19th century, but the increase was nullified by increase in prices. During the Napoleonic ware, the red wages fell significantly. (iv) Poverty and unemployment : At the best of times, till the mid-nineteenth century, about 10 per cent of the urban population was extremely poor The unemployment rate was also very high. (v) Housing problem : Factory or workshop owners did not house live migrant workers. Many job seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or night in shelters.

Impact on weavers : To have a direct control over the weavers, the company started the system of advances. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material, for their production. Those who took loans had to handover the cloth they produced to the Gomastha. They could not take it to any other trader. The system of advances proved very harmful for the weavers. (i) The weavers lost any chance of bargaining. (ii) Most of the weavers had to lease out the land, and devote all their time to weaving. Weaving in fact, came to absorb the labour of the entire family. (iii) Impact on merchants and traders : The coming of machine-made clothes to India had some serious implications on the merchants on the Indian economy : 1. Collapse In the export market: Before the industrialisation, the Indian traders were exporting their products to different countries of the world. But with the entry of machine-made cloth, they lost their world market. 2. Shrinking of the local market : The machine-made clothes were finer and cheaper. So the producers failed to compete with them. So along with the world market, they started losing the home market also.

22. Explain the role of Indian merchants and bankers in the network of export trade. Or What role did the Indian merchants play in the growth of textile industries before 1750 Explain any three points. [CBSE 2011]

Answer:  (i) From the late eighteenth century, the British in India began exporting opium to China and took tea from China to England (it) Many Indians became junior players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments. (iii) Having earned through trade, some of these businessmen had visions of developing industrial enterprises in India (iv) Some merchants from Madras traded Burma while others had links with the Muddle East and East Africa. There were yet other commercial groups, but they were not directly involved in external trade. They operated within India, carving goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders.

23. Give reasons why the handloom weavers in India survived the onslaught of the machine made textiles of Manchester [CBSE Sept. 2010] Or How did small scale industries survive in India despite of Industrialisation [CBSE 2013]

Answer:  (i) Many started adopting new technology without excessively pushing up costs. By the second decade of the 20th century most of the weavers were using looms with a fly shuttle. (ii) The new technology increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. (iii)Some weavers who wove fine varieties managed to survive as the machine made products failed to attract rich and nobles. There were many weavers who were producing specialised products likeBansari or Baluchari saris, lungis. and handkerchiefs. (iv)Swadeshi movement launched by Indian nationalist provided a boost to handloom demand.

HOTS Questions and Answers

1. What is meant by proto-industrialisation How did it affect the rural peasants and artisans [CBSE 2012] Or How did the poor peasants and artisans benefit during the proto-industrialisation phase? [CBSE 2011]

Answer: It was the phase of industrialisation before the Industrial Revolution, where there was large- scale industrial production for an international market which was not factory based. Impact: (i) Full utilisation of family labour resources : By working for the merchants the poor peasants and the artisans could continue to remain in the countryside and cultivate their small plots. (iii) Income: Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labour resources.

2. How were machines and technology. glorified in England in the early 20th century through pictures on the cover pages of some books [CBSE 2013]

Answer: (i) The cover page of a music book published by E.T. Paul in 1900 shows the sign of progress as the picture of railway, camera, machines, printing press and factory. Above all, ‘DAWN OF THE CENTURY’ is printed, (ii) The glorification of machines and technology is even more marked on the cover page of a trade magazine. (ii) The trade magazine shows two magicians. Aladdin is shown as representing the East and the past. Whereas the one is the motor mechanic with modern tools and builds bridges, ships, towers and high rise buildings. He represents the west and modernity.

3. When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels with pictures on the cloth bundles. Why did they do so Explain.

Answer:  (i) They used these pictures to advertise their products and to expand their markets. (ii) Images of Indian gods and goddesses regularly appeared on these labels. It was as if the association with gods gave divine approval to the goods being sold. The imprinted image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intended to make the manufacturer from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to Indian people. (iii) Figures of important personages, emperors and nawabs, adorned advertisements and calendars. The messages very often seemed to say; if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product; when the product was being used by kings, or produced under royal command, its quality could not be questioned.

4. How did the abundance of labour in the market affect the lives of the workers in Britain during the nineteenth century? Explain with examples. [CBSE Comp. (O) 2008] 

Answer:  (i) Many job-seekers had to wait for weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night shelters. Some stayed in night refuges that were set up by private individuals; others went to the Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities.

(ii) Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods without work. After the busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again. Some returned to the countryside after the winter, when the demand for labour in the rural areas opened up in places. But most looked for odd jobs, which till the mid-nineteenth century were difficult to find.

(iii) Wages increased somewhat in the early nineteenth century. But they tell us little about the welfare of the workers. The average figures hide the variations between trades and the fluctuations from year to year. For instance, when prices rose sharply during the prolonged Napoleonic War, the real value of what the workers earned fell significantly, since the same wages could now buy fewer things.

5. Mention any three social causes of the clashes between Gomasthas and Villagers. [CBSE 2014] Answer:  (i) Gomasthas were outsiders and had no long term social link with the village. (ii) They acted arrogantly. (iii) They marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply -often beating and flogging them.

6. ‘Industrialisation brought a big change in social structure. Do you agree? Justify.

Answer:  Yes, I do agree with the statement. (i) Industrialisation forced the workers to migrate from urban areas to cities. (ii) It encouraged spirit of individualism among both men and women, and a freedom from the collective values that were a feature of the smaller rural communities. (iii) It widened the gap between rich and poor.

7. Explain the impact of industrialisation on (a) Women (b) Children (c) Do you think child labour is still a major problem? Suggest any two ways to check child labour.

Answer:  (i) Industrialisation provided an opportunity to women to come out and work. (ii) Industrialisation had a negative impact on the children as they were also employed in hazardous factories. (iii) Very often the entire household -including all the women and children had to work at various stages of the production process. But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to process of industrialisation. (iv) Yes, child labour still is a major problem. Child labour can be checked by : (i) Spread of education (ii) Removal of poverty.

8. What is the importance of advertisement? How advertisement was used by the Britishers to expand the market for their products?

Answer:  (i) Advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. Advertisement shape the minds of people and create new needs. (ii) They help in forming a new consumer culture. (iii) When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles. The label was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. The label was also to be a mark of quality. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth.

9. Assess the impact of the American Civil War on the plight of Weavers in India during second half at the 18th century. [CBSE 2014]

Answer: As raw cotton was being exported to England, there was a shortage of raw materials. When the American Civil War broke out, and the cotton supplies from the United States were cut off, Britain turned to India. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at higher prices.

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What is Case Study Question / Paragraph Based Question? A case study is a scenario in a particular academic / professional context which students are expected to analyse and respond to, guided by specific questions posed concerning the situation. In many cases, the scenario or case study involves a number of issues or problems that must be dealt with in a academic / professional workplace.

Why Case Study Questions are included in academics? Case study assignments usually require students to identify problems and issues in a scenario, to demonstrate their developing knowledge of theories and academic / professional policies and to make decisions and recommendations based on these to either prevent or solve some of the issues in that scenario.

How to solve Case Study Questions? There are several steps to writing an answer to a case study assignment:

STEP 1: Read the case study and questions carefully.

• Read the case and associated questions carefully.
• Highlight the main points of the case and any issues that you can identify.
• Read the questions closely and analyse what they are requiring you to do.
• Read the case again, linking the information that is relevant to each question you have been asked.

STEP 2: Identify the issues in the case study. Case studies describe a situation which may arise in a particular profession or social context. They often involve a number of people in a complex situation. They will often describe a situation which is problematic, possibly in how it is dealt with, or in its complexity. An important part of your answer is to analyse the situation and to identify the issues/actions described in the case which may be problematic. The following questions may help you to do this:

• What actions were taken in the case?
• Were these actions the most appropriate and why?
• Were there any consequences of the actions taken?
• Was anything omitted or not considered?
• Were actions/procedures in line with existing codes of practice, policy or theories?

STEP 3: Link theory to practice. Use your knowledge of existing codes of practice, theories and/or other academic / professional documents and behaviours to decide what was done appropriately and what was not.

STEP 4: Plan your answer. It can be useful to use the questions you have been set as headings and to answer each part in turn, reducing the chance of omitting set questions. You can always take out the headings before you submit if you wish. Lecturers usually set questions in a logical order, so answer in the order they are written in your question.

STEP 5: Start writing your case study answer (for theory only) Like any assignment, you will need an introduction, body sections in which you answer the questions put to you regarding the case study, and a conclusion.

STEP 6: Edit and proofread. Read through your paper yourself to detect and correct other errors and omissions. Check you have answered all questions and backed up your answer with relevant passage.

Types of Case Study Questions / Paragraph Based Questions Case Study Questions / Paragraph Based Questions can be broadly classified into two types:

• MCQs type: In this type, student has to tick the correct option from various options.
• Theory type: In this type, student has to write proper solution / answer in cotext to the case study.

Case Study/ Passage Based Questions Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

Type 1: MCQ type

Case Study Question 01

Read the text given below and answer the questions that follow:

As loans flowed in and the demand for fine textiles expanded, weavers eagerly took the advances, hoping to earn more. Many weavers had small plots of land which they had earlier cultivated along with weaving, and the produce from this took care of their family needs. Now they had to lease out the land and devote all their time to weaving. Weaving, in fact, required the labour of the entire family, with children and women all engaged in different stages of the process. Soon, however, in many weaving villages there were reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas. Earlier supply merchants had very often lived within the weaving villages, and had a close relationship with the weavers, looking after their needs and helping them in times of crisis. The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply– often beating and flogging them. The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers: the price they received from the Company was miserably low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the company.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

Question.1. Which of the following work was not performed by Gomasthas?

(a) To supervise weavers (b) Collect supplies (c) Examine the quality of the clothes. (d) To provide loans to weavers to expand their business.

Question.2. At the starting, which was the main problem faced by Company here in India?

(a) Competition with other European countries (b) High cost of raw material. (c) Irregular supplies of cotton and silk. (d) All of the above.

Question.3. Find out the incorrect statement about the Indian weavers:

(a) Before colonial government weavers were having enough to sustain their family. (b) Gomasthas made their life easy by providing loans on easy conditions. (c) Once weavers took loans they were in debt trap. (d) To repay loans they started work involving their family members.

Question.4. Find out the correct statement from the following:

(a) After arrival of Britishers Bombay and Calcutta lost their glory. (b) Gomasthas played important role to establish trade monopoly of East India Company. (c) To live a luxurious life weavers started work hard with family members. (d) Gomasthas were paid servants to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.

Ans.1. (d) To provide loans to weavers to expand their business. Ans.2. (d) All of the above. Ans.3. (b) Gomasthas made their life easy by providing loans on easy conditions. Ans.4. (d) Gomasthas were paid servants to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.

Case Study Question 02

Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:

The history of many business groups goes back to trade with China. From the late eighteenth century, as you have read in your book last year, the British in India began exporting opium to China and took tea from China to England. Many Indians became junior players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments. Having earned through trade, some of these businessmen had visions of developing industrial enterprises in India. In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade before he turned to industrial investment, setting up six jointstock companies in the 1830s and 1840s. Tagore’s enterprises sank along with those of others in the wider business crises of the 1840s, but later in the nineteenth century many of the China traders became successful industrialists. In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata who built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England. Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China. So did the father as well as grandfather of the famous industrialist G.D. Birla.

Question.1. The first cotton mill came up in India in:

(a) Poona in 1854 (b) Bombay in 1854 (c) Ahmedabad in 1854 (d) Calcutta in 1854

Question.2. Which of the following was not a popular destination of Indian industrialists in 19th century?

(a) China (b) Burma (c) Middle east and East Africa (d) Central European Countries

Question.3. Find out the incorrect statement from the following:

(a) Large part of opium produced in India sent to China not to Europe. (b) Main purpose of opium trade was to acquire tea to sell in European market. (c) Opium trade helped to develop industries in India. (d) Indians were the major players in trade with China as compare to European traders.

(a) Colonial government encouraged Indians to sell opium in China and Chinese tea in Europe. (b) Colonial government encouraged Indians to sell manufactured goods in Europe. (c) Colonial government encouraged Indians to sell raw material and food grains in Europe. (d) Opium was having huge demand in China for medicinal purpose and produced by India.

Ans.1. (b) Bombay in 1854 Ans.2. (d) Central European Countries Ans.3. (d) Indians were the major players in trade with China as compare to European traders. Ans.4. (c) Colonial government encouraged Indians to sell raw material and food grains in Europe.

Type 2: Theory Type

Case Study Question 03

Read the source given below and answer the question that follows:

The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s. But it was only in the late eighteenth century that the number of factories multiplied. The first symbol of the new era was cotton. Its production boomed in the late nineteenth century. In 1760 Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton to feed its cotton industry. By 1787 this import soared to 22 million pounds. This increase was linked to a number of changes within the process of production.

Let us look briefly at some of these. A series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of each step of the production process (carding, twisting and spinning, and rolling). They enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more, and they made the production of stronger threads and yarn possible. Then Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. Till this time, as you have seen, cloth production was spread all over the countryside and carried out within village households. But now, the costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill. Within the mill all the processes were brought together under one roof and management. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality, and the regulation of labour, all of which had been difficult to do when production was in the countryside.

In the early nineteenth century, factories increasingly became an intimate part of the English landscape. So visible were the imposing new mills, so magical seemed to be the power of new technology, that contemporaries were dazzled. They concentrated their attention on the mills, almost forgetting the by lanes and the workshops where production still continued.

Question.1. When was the earliest factories in England came up? What was the symbol of new era?

Question.2. Who created the first cotton mill in England?

Question.3. What will happen after the advent of industrialisation?

Ans.1. (i) The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s. (ii) The first symbol of new era was cotton. Ans.2. Richard Arkwright was created the first cotton mill in England. Ans.3. (i) Industrialisation enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more. (ii) They made the production of stronger threads and yarn possible.

Case Study Question 04

Source A-Situation before the Industrial Revolution Even before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. Many historians now refer to this phase of industrialisation as proto industrialisation. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market. With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing.

Source B- Series of inventions in the eighteenth century. A series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of each step of the production process (carding, twisting and spinning, and rolling). They enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more, and they made the production of stronger threads and yarn possible. Then Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. Till this time, as you have seen, cloth production was spread all over the countryside and carried out within village households.

Source C- Pace of Industrial Change The most dynamic industries in Britain were clearly cotton and metals. Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s. After that the iron and steel industry led the way. With the expansion of railways, in England from the 1840s and in the colonies from the 1860s, the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly. By 1873 Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about £ 77 million, double the value of its cotton export. The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries.

Source A- Situation before the Industrial Revolution. Question.1. How was the demand for goods began growing before Industrial Revolution?

Source B- Series of inventions in the eighteenth century Question.2. How the series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of production?

Source C- Pace of Industrial Change Question.3. Which was the leading sector that grew faster in the first phase of industrialisation?

Ans.1. The demand for goods began growing before Industrial Revolution with the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world because the demand for goods began growing. But merchant could not expand production within towns. Ans.2. The series of inventions enhanced the output per worker, which enabled each worker to produce more and they also made the production of threads and yarns possible. Ans.3. Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s.

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Age Of Industrialisation Class 10 Previous Year Question Paper PDF

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Age Of Industrialisation Class 10 Previous Year Question Paper

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• To Improve Grasp on Age Of Industrialisation: To maintain higher accuracy, students should solve Age Of Industrialisation Class 10 previous year question paper as much as possible. Solving many questions also helps students improve their grasp of the chapter which will develop conceptual understanding.
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• Now, Solve Age Of Industrialisation Class 10 PYQs: After going through the above phases, solve the Class 10 previous year question paper for Age Of Industrialisation. One suggestion is here to mark or note down those questions which you find difficult to answer.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 5 The Age of Industrialisation

September 30, 2019 by phani

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social History Chapter 5 The Age of Industrialisation

Q.1. Explain the following : (a) Woman workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny. [CBSE Sept. 2011] (b) In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns In Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages. (c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century. (d) The East India Company appointed Gomasthas to supervise the weavers in India. [CBSE Sept. 2011] Ans .

(a) In Britain in the 19th century, the condition of workers was bad as mentioned below:

• Abundance of labour affected the lives of the workers because the period of employment was less.
• Sometimes the proportion of unemployment went upto between 35 and 75 per cent. The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. When the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woolen industry, women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines because the machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand as by turning one single wheel a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at a time. This conflict over the introduction of Spinning Jenny continued for a long time.

(b) In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages due to following factors :

• As a result of expansion of world trade and acquisition of colonies, demand for goods had increased significantly. The merchants, however, could not increase production in towns as the urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were associations of producers that trained its people, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices and restricted the entry of new people into the trade. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products. It was, therefore, difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to countryside.
• In the countryside the conditions were favourable for them because in the countryside, with the disappearance of open fields and enclosure of common lands, the peasants were in search of alternative sources of income.
• Many peasants had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all members of the household.
• The peasants agreed to do work for the merchants because it was beneficial for them too because they could remain in the countryside and could also cultivate their small plots of land. It enabled them to use full strength of their families as well.

(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century due to the factors as mentioned below :

• Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles.
• A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports. Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea ports.
• By the 1750s the network controlled by Indian merchants was breaking down as the European companies gradually gained power including concessions from the local courts as well as the monopoly rights to trade.
• While Hoogly and Surat decayed, Bombay and Calcutta grew because now trade was carried through the new ports and was carried in European ships. As a result of it, many of the old trading houses collapsed. Thus, export from Surat fell dramatically. In the last years of the seventeenth century, the gross value of trade that passed through Surat had been ? 16 million by the 1740s, it declined to ? 3 million.

(d) The East India Company anointed gomastha to supervise weavers in India due to the 1 following factors :  After establishing its political power in India, the company wanted to establish a monopoly ‘right to trade. It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. This it did through a series of steps. The most important step was to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade and establish a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.The weavers who had taken advances from the company had to handover the cloth they produced to the gomastha.

Q.2. Write True or False against each statement: (a) At the end of the 19th century, 80 per cent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector. (b) The international market for textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century. (c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India. (d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled the handloom workers to improve their productivity. Ans. (a) False (b) True (c) False (d) True

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Q.3. Explain what is meant by proto industrialisation. Ans. Even before setting up the factories, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. It is known as proto-industrialization. It was a part of a network of commercial exchanges. Merchants were based in towns but the t work was done mostly in the countryside.

Q.4. Why did some industrialists in the nineteenth century Europe prefer hand labour over machines? [CBSE Sept. 2010, 2011] Ans. (i) Expensive new technology: New technologies and machines were expensive, so the pioducers and the industrialists were cautious about using them. (ii) Costlier repair: The machines often broke down and the repair was costly. (iii) Less effective: They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed. (iv) Availability of cheap workers: Poor peasants and migrants moved to cities in large numbers in search of jobs. So the supply of workers was more than the demand. Therefore, workers were available at low wages. (v) Uniform machine-made goods: A range of products could be produced only with hand labour. Machines were oriented to producing uniforms, standardized goods for a mass market. But the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. In the mid-nineteenth century. Britain, for instance. 500 varieties of hammers were produced, and 15 kinds of axes. This required human skill, not mechanical technology.

Q.5. How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from the Indian weavers ? Ans. (i) Monopoly right : Once the East India Company established political power, it asserted a monopoly right to trade (ii) New system : After establishing monopoly over trade :t proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. This it did through a series of steps. (iii) Appointing Gomasthas : The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the doth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weavers. It appointed a paid secant called the Gomostha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth. (iv) System of advances : To have a direct control over the weavers, the company- started the system of advances. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. Those, who took loans had to hand over the doth they produced to the Gomastha. They could not take it to any other trader. (v) Use of power : The places where the weaver refused to cooperate the Company used its police. At many places weaver were often beaten and flogged for delays in supply.

Q.6. Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encylopedia on Britain and the history of cotton. Write your piece using information from the entire chapter. Ans . Self- explanatory.

Q.7. Why did the industrial production in India increase during the First World War ? [CBSE Sept. 2011] Ans. Ans. (i) Decline of Manchester : With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army. Manchester imports into India declined. (ii) Increase in demand : With the decline of imports suddenly. Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. (iii) Demand from army : As the War prolonged. Indian factories were called upon to supply war need;i.e.. jute bags, doth for the army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles, and a host of other items. (iv) New factories : New factories were set up. and old ones ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed, and everyone was made to work for longer hours. Over the war years, industrial production boomed. (v) Downfall of British industry and boon for home industry : After the war Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market. Unable to modernise and compete with the US. Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The person who got people from village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in cities and provided them money is times of need was known as: [CBSE (CCE) 2011] (a) Stapler (b) Fuller (c) Gomastha (d) Jobber

2. Where was the first Indian Jute mill set up? [CBSE (CCE) 2011] (a) Bengal (b) Bombay (c) Madras (d) Bihar

3. In 1911, 67 percent of the large industries were located in which one of the following places in India? [CBSE (CCE) 2011] (a) Bengal and Bombay (b) Surat and Ahmedabad (c) Delhi and Bombay (d) Patna and Lucknow

4. Whom did the British government appoint to supervise weavers collect supplies and to examine the quality of cloth? [CBSE (CCE) 2011] (a) Jobber (b) Sepoy (c) Policemen (d) Gomastha

5. Indian Industrial growth increased after the First World War because (a) Indian mills now had a vast home market to supply. (b) British opened new factories in India. (c) New technological changes ocurred. (d) India became independent.

6. Which of the following helped the production of handloom cloth production? (a) Technological changes (b) Import duties (c) Imposition of export dirties (d) Government regulations

7. Why did the weavers suffer from a problem of raw cotton? (a) The cotton crop perished (b) Raw cotton exports increased (c) Local markets shrank (d) Export market collapsed.

8. In early 20th century handloom cloth production increased because (a) factories were set up. (b) new technology like looms with flying shuttle were introduced. (c) merchants invested more capital in industry. (d) demand for handloom increased.

9. How did the Indian weavers and merchants resist colonial control ? (a) They went on strike to protest (b) Decided to form guilds (c) Demanded tariff protection and tried to create new market for the new produce (d) Migrated to other place to look for new markets.

10. At which place did the first spinning and weaving mill set up in 1874 ? (a) Kanpur (b) Bombay (c) Calcutta (d) Madras

11. Why were there frequent clashes between the gomastha and the weavers ? (a) The weavers hated foreigners. (b) The gomastha forced the weavers to sell goods at a dictated price. (c) Gomasthas were outsiders without long term social link with the village. (d) None of the above.

12. Why were workers in England hostile to machines and new technology ? (a) They did not know how to use these. (b) They feared that they would lose their jobs and livelihood. (c) The workers were too poor to buy new machines. (d) They were scared of machines.

13. Indian handmade goods could not compete with the British machine made goods because (a) these handmade goods were not of good quality. (b) machine made goods were cheaper than hand made goods. (c) hand made goods were not easily available. (d) hand made goods were not appealing to them.

14. Which of the following was a European managing agency ? (a) Tata Iron and Steel Company (b) Andrew Yule (c) Elgin Mill (d) Birla industries

15. The main function of the jobber was to (a) create jobs for the industrialists. (b) get new recruits for the industrialists. (c) help the middleman to get artisans for the company. (d) to advise the company on the issues related to the weavers.

16. Which of the following innovations helped the weavers in increasing productivity and compete with mill sector ? (a) Spining jenny (b) Flying shuttle (c) Cotton Gin (d) Roller

17. By late 19th century why did the British manufacturers print calendars for advertisements ? (a) Indian people were fond of using calendars in their houses. (b) Unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people who did not know how to read or write. (c) It was cheaper to advertise goods through calendars. (d) It used to add beauty to the room.

18. In 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily because (a) handloom material was cheaper. (b) Indians preferred the handloom material. (c) intricate design of handloom cloth could not easily be copied by the mills. (d) using handloom material created national feeling.

19. Why did Manchester export to India decline after the first world war ? (a) People were busy fighting the war. (b) Factories closed down due to security problem. (c) Factories and mills were busy producing goods to fulfil the need of army. (d) Export trade was restricted by the government.

20 In Victorian Britain the ujiper classes-aristocratic class and bourgeoisie preferred handmade goods because (a) they were made from imported material. (b) the handmade goods came to symbolise refinement and class. (c) they were better finished. (d) only upper class could afford the expensive items.

21. Why were advertisements used to sell products in 18th century ? Mark the most important factor (a) To help the consumer in choosing the products. (b) To popularise the products by using pictures of gods and goddesses. (c) To make the products look good and desirable. (d) All the above

22. Nationalist Indian manufacturers used advertisement (a) to impress the people (b) to make Indian goods popular (c) to use advertisement as a vehicle for spreading the message of Swadeshi (d) to increase sale of products

23. Strike the odd one out from the following option. European managing companies were interested in in-vesting in (a) Mining (b) Rice production (c) Jute (d) Indigo

24. From which of the following trade did the early entrepreneurs make a fortune ? (a) Textile trade (b) China trade (c) Trade in tea (d) Industries

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