figure of speech persuasive writing

Figures of Speech: 40 Ways to Improve your Writing

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Figurative speech plays an important role in our ability to communicate with one another. It helps create compelling narratives, and evoke emotion in readers.

With this in mind, this periodic table graphic by Visual Communication Guy groups the 40 different figures of speech into two distinct categories—schemes and tropes.

What’s the difference between the two, and how can they help improve your writing?

Types of Schemes

In linguistics, a scheme is language that plays with sentence structure to make a sentence smoother, or even more persuasive, using syntax, word order, or sounds.

Here are four different ways that schemes fiddle with sentence structure.

This is especially important when trying to make a sentence smoother. A good example of balance is parallelism , which is when you use the same grammatical form in at least two parts of a sentence.

• Not parallelism: “She likes reading, writing, and to paint on the weekends.”
• Parallelism: “She likes reading, writing, and painting on the weekends.”

Changing the position of words can have an impact on the way a sentence is understood. For instance, anastrophe is the deliberate reordering of words in a sentence to either emphasize a certain point, or distinguish a character as different.

• An example of anastrophe: “The greatest teacher, failure is.” -Yoda

Omission and/or Inclusion

Omissions and inclusions are useful in order to build suspense or add emotional expression to text. For example, an ellipsis is a form of punctuation that uses three dots (…) to either replace a word in a sentence or indicate a break in speech or an incomplete thought.

• Example of an ellipsis: “I was thinking of calling her Susie. Well, at least I was until…never mind. Forget I said anything.”

Similar to the other types of schemes, repetition allows you to emphasize a certain point you want the reader to pay attention to, but it’s also used to create rhymes and poetry.

A well-known literary device, alliteration uses the same consonant sound at the start of each word in a sentence. It doesn’t necessarily have to be the same letter, so long as the sound is the same.

• A popular example is this nursery rhyme: “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.”
• Another example: Phillip’s feet. (different letter, but same sound)

Types of Tropes

While schemes play around with the mechanics of a sentence, tropes stray from the literal or typical meanings to evoke emotion, and keep a reader engaged and interested.

Tropes help create an alternative sense of reality, using these five strategies.

These are literary devices that help paint a deeper picture of a concept, using a reference to something related, but different.

Metaphors and similes are common examples of references, but a lesser-known type of reference is a synecdoche , which is when a small part of something is used in reference to the thing as a whole.

• An example of a synecdoche: “Check out my new wheels.” (where wheels refer to a car)

Wordplay & Puns

This type of literary device plays with sounds or meaning to add depth to a sentence. For instance, a syllepsis uses one word to create parallels between two separate thoughts, while an onomatopoeia is a figure of speech that uses words (either real or made-up) or even letters to describe a sound.

• An example of a syllepsis: “When I address Fred I never have to raise either my voice or my hopes.” – E.B. White
• An example of an onomatopoeia: “Ding-dong” (the sound of a doorbell)

Substitutions

This is when someone replaces a word or thought with something else. For instance, anthimeria is the use of a word in a grammatical form it’s not generally used in, while periphrasis is when someone intentionally elaborates on a point, instead of expressing it succinctly.

• An anthimeria: “I could use a good sleep .” (Sleep is normally a verb, but here it’s used as a noun)
• Example of a periphrasis: Instead of saying, “It’s cold outside.” you say, “The temperature of the atmosphere when I exited my home this morning was quite chilly and exceptionally uncomfortable.”

Overstatement and/or Understatement

These are intentionally exaggerated, or downplayed situations that aren’t meant to be taken literally. A hyperbole is an example of an overstatement, while litotes are the opposite—deliberate understatements.

• An example of a hyperbole: I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse.
• While a litotes looks like this: It’s not rocket science.

This type of literary technique uses contradictory ideas and indirect questions for dramatic effect, or to emphasize a point. For instance, an oxymoron is when two contradictory words are used back-to-back.

• An example of an oxymoron: Act natural

Using Figures of Speech to Craft Content

First, let’s just address it…Yes, I did use alliteration in the above header, and yes, now I’m using an ellipsis in this sentence.

Because let’s face it—in the age of information overload, writing articles that are interesting and compelling to readers is a top priority for online content creators. And using figurative language is a good way to keep readers attention.

So, if you’re a content creator yourself (or simply looking to beef up your knowledge on linguistics), hopefully this graphic has helped you on that journey.

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Figure of Speech: Definition, types, and examples

Figures of speech are ways of using words that go beyond their literal meanings to create more interesting or effective expressions. They can add color, emotion, and emphasis to language, and can help to make writing and speech more vivid and engaging. Some figures of speech are very common and are often used without us even realizing it, while others are more specific and may be used for a particular effect or in a particular context. Some figures of speech, such as metaphor and simile, are used to make comparisons and help us to understand abstract concepts in more concrete terms. Others, such as hyperbole and irony, are used to create emphasis or to convey a meaning that is opposite to the literal meaning of the words. Still others, such as alliteration and onomatopoeia, are used to create a particular sound or rhythm in language. Overall, figures of speech are an important tool in the writer or speaker’s toolkit and can help to make the language more expressive and engaging. 

A figure of speech is a diversion from the usual utilization of words to enhance their impact. Due to its rhetorical effect, it is sometimes referred to as a rhetorical figure. It alters a statement’s actual essence or usual application to get the desired impact. In both written and spoken communication, it typically emphasizes, exaggerates, or enhances language.  Even newspapers, cartoons, billboards, slogans, and other media feature it. A figure of speech can quickly draw attention and attract people to the use. It’s intended to draw comparisons and provide drama when writing or speaking. It deepens the meaning of the text and makes the audience speculate, and gives the author’s ideas more vitality. The use of figurative language reveals the author’s objective and motivation for utilizing certain words. Poetry is commonly related to figurative language in writing. A figure of speech is a creative way to utilize language to produce a certain impact. Metaphors, similes, and metonymy are types of figures of speech that are used often in spoken language. Many, like antithesis, or circumlocution, require more writing practice to use well. 

A figure of Speech Types

There are many different types of figures of speech, but some common ones include;

• Alliteration: the repetition of the same sounds at the beginning of words, as in “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.”
• Simile: a comparison of two things using “like” or “as,” as in “She was as graceful as a swan.”
• Metaphor: a comparison of two things without using “like” or “as,” as in “He was a tiger on the football field.”
• Hyperbole: exaggeration for emphasis or effect, as in “I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.”
• Irony: when something is said to mean the opposite of what it literally means, as in “I’m so glad it’s raining on my wedding day.”
• Personification: giving human characteristics to non-human things, as in “The wind was howling with anger.”
• Onomatopoeia: words that imitate the sound they describe, such as “buzz,” “hiss,” and “meow.”
• Allusion: a reference to something from literature, history, or popular culture, as in “He’s a real Romeo.”
• Oxymoron: a combination of two words that seem to contradict each other, such as “jumbo shrimp” or “deafening silence.”
• Pun: a play on words, often involving a word with multiple meanings or similar-sounding words, as in “Why was the math book sad? Because it had too many problems.”
• Idiom: a phrase or expression that has a meaning different from its literal words, such as “it’s raining cats and dogs.”
• Cliché: a phrase or expression that has been used so often that it has lost its originality or impact, such as “love is blind” or “the early bird gets the worm.”
• Antithesis: the juxtaposition of two contrasting ideas, as in “To be or not to be, that is the question.”
• Synecdoche: using a part to represent the whole, as in “All hands on deck” to mean “everyone on the ship.”
• Euphemism: using a mild or indirect word or phrase in place of a more direct or blunt one, as in “passed away” instead of “died.”
• Chiasmus: a figure of speech in which the order of words in the second half of a sentence is the reverse of the order in the first half, as in “Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.”
• Litotes: a figure of speech in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its opposite, as in “It’s not a bad book” to mean “It’s a good book.”
• Antanaclasis: repeating a word or phrase, but with a different meaning each time, as in “I cried tears of joy and tears of sorrow.”
• Paradox: a statement that seems contradictory or absurd but may actually be true, as in “Less is more.”
• Rhetorical question: a question that is asked for effect, without expecting an answer, as in “How can anyone be so cruel?”

How are figures of speech used in writing?

Figures of speech are commonly used in writing to add emphasis, clarity, or appeal to a piece of writing. They can help to make writing more vivid and engaging by creating images, comparisons, or sounds that capture the reader’s attention and imagination. For example, a writer might use a metaphor to compare two things to help the reader understand a complex idea or concept. They might use a simile to create a vivid image or to draw attention to a particular quality or feature. They might use alliteration to create a sense of rhythm or flow in their writing or to draw attention to a specific word or phrase. Figures of speech can also be used to create a particular tone or mood in writing, such as using irony to create humor or using personification to create a sense of empathy or emotional connection. Overall, figures of speech are an important tool for writers and can help to make their writing more effective and engaging.

What are the 12 main figure of speech

Figures of speech are rhetorical devices or language patterns that add richness and depth to language. While there are many figures of speech, here are 12 main ones:

• Simile:  A figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicitly compared using “like” or “as.” Example: “Her smile was as bright as the sun.”
• Metaphor:  Similar to a simile, but it directly asserts that one thing is another. Example: “The world is a stage.”
• Personification:  Giving human qualities to non-human entities or objects. Example: “The wind whispered through the trees.”
• Hyperbole:  Exaggeration for emphasis. Example: “I’ve told you a million times.”
• Understatement:  Deliberately downplaying or minimizing something for ironic effect. Example: “It’s just a flesh wound” (said of a severe injury).
• Alliteration:  Repetition of initial consonant sounds in a series of words. Example: “She sells seashells by the seashore.”
• Assonance:  Repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words. Example: “The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.”
• Consonance:  Repetition of consonant sounds within nearby words. Example: “Pitter-patter.”
• Onomatopoeia:  Words that imitate the sound they describe. Example: “Buzz,” “hiss,” “clang.”
• Irony:  A contrast between expectation and reality. Types include verbal irony (saying the opposite of what is meant), situational irony (a situation that is the opposite of what is expected), and dramatic irony (the audience knows something the characters do not).
• Oxymoron:  A combination of contradictory or incongruent words. Example: “Jumbo shrimp.”
• Pun:  A play on words, often for humorous effect, where a word is used in multiple meanings or similar-sounding words are used. Example: “Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana.”

These figures of speech contribute to the beauty and expressiveness of language, allowing writers and speakers to convey ideas in more imaginative and impactful ways.

What is a figure of speech, and how does it enhance language

A figure of speech is a linguistic device or technique used to add richness, vividness, and expressiveness to language. It involves a deviation from the ordinary or literal use of words to create a more imaginative or impactful effect. Figures of speech are often employed in literature, poetry, rhetoric, and everyday language to evoke emotions, create mental images, and engage the audience’s senses. Here’s how figures of speech enhance language;

Imagery:  Figures of speech help create vivid mental images by comparing one thing to another, using similes and metaphors. This allows readers or listeners to better visualize and connect with the content.

Example: “The night sky was a blanket of stars."

Emphasis:  Figures of speech, such as hyperbole and understatement, are used to exaggerate or downplay situations for emphasis. This draws attention to specific details and heightens the impact of the message.

Example: “I’ve told you a million times!"

Engagement:  Figures of speech engage the audience by appealing to their emotions, senses, and intellect. They make language more interesting, capturing the attention of the reader or listener.

Example: “The aroma of freshly baked bread filled the air, tempting even the strictest dieter."

Clarity:  Certain figures of speech, like analogies, help in explaining complex or abstract ideas by drawing parallels with more familiar concepts. This enhances clarity and facilitates understanding.

Example: “Understanding the human brain is like deciphering a complex computer program."

Rhythm and Sound:  Alliteration, assonance, and consonance contribute to the musicality of language, adding a rhythmic quality that can enhance the overall aesthetic appeal of a piece of writing or speech.

Example (alliteration): “She sells seashells by the seashore."

Persuasion:  Figures of speech are frequently used in persuasive writing and speech to make arguments more compelling. They can influence emotions and opinions, making the communication more persuasive.

Example: “Our plan is the beacon of hope in these troubled times, a guiding light toward a better future."

Creativity:  Figures of speech allow for creative expression, encouraging writers and speakers to play with language, explore new ideas, and invent novel ways of conveying meaning.

Example: “Time is a thief that steals our youth, leaving behind only memories."

In summary, figures of speech enhance language by making it more vibrant, memorable, and effective in conveying thoughts and emotions. They contribute to the artistry of language, making communication a richer and more nuanced experience.

Can you provide examples of similes and metaphors in everyday language

Similes and metaphors are ways of talking that compare things, but they do it a bit differently. Here are some examples in simple words;

• Brave like a lion:  He faced a tough situation with bravery, like a lion.
• Like a fish out of water:  She felt uncomfortable in the new school, like a fish out of water.
• Busy as a bee:  The office was very busy, just like a bee during its busy hours.
• Light as a feather:  The package was not heavy at all, as light as a feather.
• Clear as crystal:  The instructions were very easy to understand, clear like crystal.
• Time is a thief:  This means time takes away moments from our lives like a thief steals things.
• The world is a stage:  Life is compared to a play, where people play different roles.
• He has a heart of stone:  This says someone is unfeeling or not kind.
• The classroom was a zoo:  This means the classroom was very chaotic and disorderly.
• Love is a journey:  Love is described as a journey or experience, like traveling and exploring.

So, similes use “like” or “as” to show similarities, while metaphors say one thing is another. Both make language more interesting by adding meaning and creating clear pictures in people’s minds.

How does personification contribute to storytelling and poetry

Personification is a literary device where human qualities and characteristics are attributed to non-human entities, animals, or abstract concepts. It involves giving human traits, emotions, or actions to things that are not human. Personification contributes to storytelling and poetry in several ways;

Emotional Connection:  By personifying non-human elements, writers create a bridge between the reader and the subject. This fosters emotional connections and empathy, as readers can relate to the human-like experiences of the personified entity.

Example: “The wind whispered through the trees, sharing its ancient tales of love and loss."

Vivid Imagery:  Personification brings inanimate objects or abstract concepts to life, creating vivid and memorable images in the reader’s mind. It adds depth and visual appeal to the description.

Example: “The old house groaned as if burdened by the weight of its memories."

Enhanced Storytelling:  Personification can be used to animate characters or elements in a story, making them more dynamic and engaging. This technique is especially effective in children’s literature, where inanimate objects take on personalities and become part of the narrative.

Example: “The little blue engine huffed and puffed its way up the steep hill."

Symbolism:  Personification allows writers to use symbols in a more relatable and accessible manner. By assigning human attributes to abstract concepts, authors can convey complex ideas or themes in a way that is easier for readers to grasp.

Example: “Justice, blindfolded and wielding a sword, is a symbol of fairness and impartiality."

Allegory and Metaphor:  Personification is often employed in allegorical writing, where characters or elements represent larger concepts or ideas. It can also be used metaphorically to convey abstract qualities through human-like actions.

Example: “Hope danced on the horizon, promising a new beginning."

Conveying Atmosphere:  Personification can contribute to the overall mood or atmosphere of a piece. By attributing emotions or actions to natural elements, the writer sets a specific tone for the story or poem.

Example: “The stormy clouds angrily shouted their disapproval overhead."

Expressing Intangible Concepts:  Abstract concepts such as time, death, or fate can be made more accessible and relatable through personification. This allows writers to explore and communicate complex ideas in a more humanized form.

Example: “Time marched on, unyielding and indifferent to the struggles of mortals."

In summary, personification enriches storytelling and poetry by infusing life into non-human elements, fostering emotional connections, creating vivid imagery, and providing a creative way to convey themes and ideas.

Explain the role of hyperbole in creating emphasis and impact in communication

Hyperbole is a rhetorical device that is defined by overly dramatic language or assertions that aren’t intended to be accepted literally. It involves stretching the truth to make a point, often for emphasis, humor, or to create a strong impact in communication. The role of hyperbole in communication is to;

Emphasize Importance:  Hyperbole is used to highlight the significance of a point or idea. By exaggerating, speakers or writers draw attention to certain aspects, making them stand out and creating a sense of importance.

Example: “I’ve told you a million times to clean your room!"

Create Memorable Impressions:  Exaggeration tends to be memorable. Hyperbolic statements stick in the mind of the audience, leaving a lasting impression that can enhance the overall impact of the communication.

Example: “The suitcase weighed a ton!"

Enhance Humor:  Hyperbole is often employed in humor to create comic effects. The exaggeration of situations or characteristics can make the audience laugh and add a playful element to the communication.

Example: “I’m so hungry I could eat a horse!"

Express Strong Emotion:  Hyperbole is a powerful tool for conveying intense emotions. By using extreme language, speakers can express their feelings in a way that resonates with the audience and conveys the depth of their emotions.

Example: “I’m so happy I could burst into song!"

Exaggerate for Effect:  Hyperbole is used to make a point more forcefully. It helps to convey the speaker’s or writer’s passion or intensity on a subject, grabbing the attention of the audience.

Example: “This is the worst day of my life!"

Simplify Complex Ideas:  Exaggeration can be used to simplify complex ideas or situations, making them more relatable and easier to understand by emphasizing key aspects.

Example: “I have a million things to do before the deadline."

Create a Sense of Drama:  Hyperbole adds a sense of drama and theatricality to communication. It can make the narrative more engaging and entertaining by amplifying certain elements.

Example: “The crowd roared like a thousand thunderstorms."

Strengthen Persuasion:  When used in a persuasive context, hyperbole can be effective in convincing or swaying opinions. The exaggeration can make a case more compelling and persuasive.

Example: “This product will change your life forever!"

It’s important to note that while hyperbole is a powerful tool, its effectiveness depends on context and the degree of exaggeration. When used judiciously, hyperbole can enhance communication, making it more engaging, memorable, and impactful.

Give examples of understatement in literature or everyday conversation

Understatement is when someone intentionally makes something seem less important, serious, or impressive than it really is. It’s like saying things in a way that downplays their true significance. Here are some examples of understatement in stories and everyday talk;

Literary Examples

• In a play by Shakespeare called “Julius Caesar,” a character named Mark Antony calls another character, Brutus, “the noblest Roman of them all.” This is an understatement because it downplays the complexity of Brutus’s character.
• In a funny essay by Jonathan Swift called “A Modest Proposal,” he suggests that poor Irish families could sell their children to solve money problems. This extreme idea is an understatement because it makes a very serious proposal sound less serious than it is.
• In a novel by Jane Austen called “Pride and Prejudice,” a character named Mr. Collins often downplays things when he talks. For example, he modestly says, “I cannot bear to imagine what would have become of Mr. Bennet if left to himself.” This is an understatement because it makes a big problem seem smaller than it is.
• In a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald called “The Great Gatsby,” the narrator, Nick Carraway, talks about Jay Gatsby’s big parties in a modest way. He says they were “celebrated, there were hospitality and merriment, and dancing and wine.” This is an understatement because it downplays the grandness of the parties.

Everyday Conversation Examples

• When it’s raining a lot, someone might say, “I think it’s just a little bit of rain.” This is an understatement because it makes heavy rain sound less serious than it is.
• After something bad happens, someone might say, “I’ve had better days.” This is an understatement because it downplays how bad the day really was.
• If a room is really messy, someone might say, “It’s a little untidy in here.” This is an understatement because it makes a very messy room sound less messy than it is.
• When a task is really hard, someone might say, “It might be a bit tricky.” This is an understatement because it downplays how difficult the task really is.
• After waiting for a very long time, someone might say, “I’ve been waiting for a while.” This is an understatement because it downplays the length of the wait.

Understatement is a rhetorical tool that adds subtlety and humour by rendering things seem less significant or serious than they actually are. It depends on the listener’s ability to discern between what is being said and what is actually taking place.

How does alliteration contribute to the rhythm and sound of a piece of writing

Alliteration is a writing trick where words in a row start with the same sound. It helps make writing sound nice and has a few cool effects;

Rhythmic Flow:  Alliteration makes words flow together in a nice rhythm. It’s like a musical beat that makes reading more enjoyable.

Example: “Sally sells seashells by the seashore."

Musicality:  Alliteration is like music in writing. It repeats sounds and makes the words sound musical, making reading more fun.

Example: “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."

Emphasis and Attention:  It helps draw attention to specific words or ideas. By repeating sounds, it naturally emphasizes important parts.

Example: “Boldly and bravely, he faced the challenges."

Mnemonic Device:  Alliteration can help remember things better. Repeating sounds make phrases stick in your mind.

Example: “She sells seashells down by the seashore."

Enhanced Expressiveness:  It makes writing more expressive and beautiful. It adds a poetic or lyrical touch.

Example: “Whispering willows welcomed us with their wisdom."

Sound Patterns:  Alliteration creates patterns in sounds, making the writing feel harmonious. Repeating consonant sounds ties words together.

Example: “Misty mountains murmured in the morning breeze."

Mood and Tone:  Depending on the sounds used, alliteration can set the mood. Soft sounds create calmness, while strong sounds bring excitement.

Example: “Silent shadows slinked through the moonlit night."

Aural Pleasure:  Alliteration makes reading sound nice. It adds a pleasant experience, making the words enjoyable to listen to.

Example: “Gleaming golden sunsets painted the sky."

So, alliteration makes writing sound good by creating rhythm, making it musical, emphasizing important parts, helping memory, adding expressiveness, creating sound patterns, setting the mood, and providing a nice listening experience for readers.

Can you provide examples of assonance and consonance in song lyrics

Assonance and consonance are both literary devices that involve the repetition of sounds nearby, but they differ in the types of sounds repeated.

Assonance:  This involves the repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words.

Song: “Someone Like You” by Adele

• Example: “Never mind, I’ll find someone like you.”

Song: “Hallelujah” by Leonard Cohen

• Example: “I heard there was a secret chord that David played and it pleased the Lord.”

Song: “Creep” by Radiohead

• Example: “But I’m a creep, I’m a weirdo.”

Consonance:  This involves the repetition of consonant sounds within nearby words.

Song: “I Will Always Love You” by Whitney Houston

• Example: “And I will always love you.”

Song: “The Sound of Silence” by Simon & Garfunkel

• Example: “Hello darkness, my old friend.”

Song: “Let It Be” by The Beatles

• Example: “Whisper words of wisdom, let it be.”

In these examples, you can see how assonance and consonance contribute to the musical and poetic qualities of the lyrics. The repeated vowel or consonant sounds create a sense of harmony, rhythm, and cohesion within the language, enhancing the overall auditory experience for the listener.

What is the significance of onomatopoeia in literature and its impact on the reader

Onomatopoeia is a literary device that refers to words that imitate or resemble the sound they describe. These words create a sensory experience for the reader by mimicking the actual sounds associated with the objects or actions they represent. The use of onomatopoeia in literature can have several significant impacts on the reader;

• Sensory Engagement:  Onomatopoeic words engage the reader’s senses by vividly representing sounds. This sensory stimulation helps readers to better visualize and experience the scenes described in the text.
• Immersive Experience:  Onomatopoeia contributes to the immersive quality of literature by bringing the narrative to life. Readers can feel more connected to the story when they can imagine the sounds associated with the events and characters.
• Enhanced Descriptions:  Onomatopoeic words provide a unique and specific way to describe sounds. Instead of relying on adjectives alone, writers can use words that directly replicate the noise, resulting in a more precise and evocative description.
• Emotional Impact:  The use of onomatopoeia can evoke emotions by connecting the reader to the sensory experiences of the characters. For example, the sound of thunder or a creaking door can create a sense of tension or fear.
• Memorability:  Onomatopoeic words are often memorable and can leave a lasting impression on the reader. The unique and distinctive nature of these words makes them stand out in the text, contributing to the overall impact of the narrative.
• Rhythmic Elements:  Onomatopoeia can add a rhythmic quality to the text, especially in poetry. The repetition of sounds can create a musicality that enhances the aesthetic appeal of the writing.
• Symbolism:  In some cases, onomatopoeia may be used symbolically. Certain sounds may carry cultural or emotional connotations that enrich the meaning of the text.
• Comic and Playful Tone:  Onomatopoeic words are often associated with comic books and playful language. Their use can contribute to a lighthearted or humorous tone in literature.

In summary, onomatopoeia serves as a powerful tool for writers to create a more immersive and engaging experience for readers. By incorporating sounds directly into the text, authors can enhance descriptions, convey emotions, and make their narratives more vivid and memorable.

Explain the different types of irony and provide examples for each

Irony is a literary device characterized by a discrepancy between expectation and reality. There are several types of irony, each involving a different kind of incongruity. Here are the main types of irony, along with examples for each;

Verbal Irony

• Meaning: When someone says something but really implies something else, it’s called verbal irony. It is a contrast between the literal and intended meanings of the words.
• Example: On a rainy, gloomy day, someone looks out the window and says, “What a beautiful day!”

Situational Irony

• Definition: Situational irony involves a situation in which there is a discrepancy between what is expected to happen and what actually occurs.
• Example: A fire station burns down.

Dramatic Irony

• Definition: Dramatic irony occurs when the audience or reader knows something that the characters in the story do not. It creates tension and suspense.
• Example: In a play, a character is planning a surprise party for another character, but the second character thinks the first character is plotting against them.

Cosmic Irony (Irony of Fate)

• Definition: Cosmic irony involves a situation in which fate, destiny, or a higher power seems to be intentionally working against individuals.
• Example: A character survives a plane crash only to be hit by a falling meteorite shortly afterward.

Socratic Irony

• Definition: Socratic irony is a form of verbal irony in which a person feigns ignorance or pretends to be naive to provoke others into revealing their ignorance.
• Example: A student asks a teacher a seemingly simple question, pretending not to know the answer, to prompt a detailed explanation.

Structural Irony

• Definition: Structural irony arises when the structure of a work undermines or contradicts the apparent meaning.
• Example: In a novel, a character spends the entire story trying to achieve a goal, but the reader realizes that the character’s efforts are ultimately futile.

Historical Irony

• Definition: Historical irony occurs when the outcome of events differs from what was expected, often with a sense of poetic justice or an unexpected twist of fate.
• Example: A political leader who advocated for peace is remembered for starting a long and devastating war.

Situational Irony of Misfortune

• Definition: This type of situational irony involves a reversal of fortune or an unexpected turn of events that is unfavorable to a character or characters.
• Example: A person wins the lottery and celebrates by buying a luxurious car, only to get into a major accident on the way home from claiming the prize.

Understanding these different types of irony can enrich the reading experience by highlighting the complexity and subtleties within a literary work.

How do oxymorons add depth and complexity to language and expression

Oxymorons are words or phrases that put together opposite ideas to make a strong effect. Even though they seem contradictory, oxymorons are used to express complicated thoughts, make language more interesting, and bring out different feelings. Let’s see how oxymorons make language deeper and more interesting;

• Mixing Opposites:  Oxymorons let us talk about situations or feelings that are complicated. When we use words that go against each other, like “jumbo shrimp,” we show the complexity of real-life experiences.
• Creating Strong Pictures:  Oxymorons often make strong and memorable pictures in our minds. Combining ideas that don’t usually go together, like “bitter sweetness,” makes the language more interesting and helps us clearly understand abstract ideas.
• Feeling Strong Emotions:  When oxymorons use words that contradict each other, like “loving hate,” they can make us feel strong emotions. Phrases like these capture the complexity of human feelings, giving us a deeper understanding.
• Thinking Deep Thoughts:  People often use oxymorons in serious thinking or creative writing to explore big ideas. They go against regular thinking and make us think more deeply, adding a layer of smartness to the language.
• Being Funny or Critical:  Oxymorons are also used in funny or critical situations to show how silly or mixed up things can be. They add humor or criticism, helping us cleverly talk about society.
• Getting Attention:  Oxymorons can be used to get attention when talking about certain ideas. They are powerful tools that highlight the complexity and contradictions in different concepts.
• Making Stories Special:  Writers use oxymorons to give a special mood or tone to their work. By using words that go against each other, they create a unique style that makes their writing memorable.
• Making Our Minds Work:  Oxymorons make our brains work hard by making us think about ideas that seem opposite. This makes us curious and encourages us to explore the language and its meanings more deeply.
• Being Artistic:  In poems and creative writing, oxymorons help express complicated emotions or ideas shortly and artistically. They make language more beautiful and powerful.

In short, oxymorons make language interesting and expressive by using words that don’t usually go together. They show the complexity of human experiences and feelings, making communication more thoughtful and meaningful.

Share some examples of puns and their role in humor or wordplay

Puns are a form of wordplay that create humor through the use of a word or series of words that sound the same but have two or more possible meanings. They often make use of homophones - words that sound the same but have different meanings. Puns are generally considered to be a fairly basic form of humor, though they can also be very sophisticated and funny. Here are some examples of puns;

• Why did the tomato turn red? Because it saw the salad dressing
• I’m reading a book on anti-gravity. It’s impossible to put down!
• I informed my wife that she was raising her brows too much. She looked surprised
• I’m on a whiskey diet. I’ve lost three days already
• I’m reading a book about teleportation. It’s bound to take me places

Puns can be used in everyday conversation, emails, social media, television, and any number of other situations in which the speaker wishes to present themselves as comical or witty. They can be used to elicit a “jokey” tone, enhance a reader’s interpretation, show off a clever use of language, or generate irony. Puns are a great way to add humor to your writing or speech, and they can be a lot of fun to come up with!

How can an understanding of figures of speech enhance one’s ability to interpret and appreciate literature

An understanding of figures of speech can significantly enhance one’s ability to interpret and appreciate literature in several ways;

• Depth of Interpretation:  Figures of speech add layers of meaning to literary works. Recognizing metaphors, similes, and other devices allows readers to explore deeper meanings in the text. It enables a more nuanced understanding of the author’s intended messages and themes.
• Visual and Emotional Impact:  Figures of speech, such as vivid imagery and evocative language, create strong mental images and emotional responses. An awareness of these devices enhances the reader’s ability to connect with the text on a sensory and emotional level, making the literary experience more immersive.
• Enhanced Communication:  Writers use figures of speech to convey complex ideas concisely and expressively. Understanding these devices helps readers decode the author’s intended messages more efficiently, leading to clearer communication of themes, emotions, and concepts.
• Appreciation of Style and Craftsmanship:  Figures of speech showcase a writer’s skill and artistry in language. Recognizing and appreciating these devices allows readers to acknowledge the craftsmanship involved in constructing well-crafted sentences, paragraphs, and entire works of literature.
• Identification of Themes and Motifs:  Certain figures of speech may be used to represent recurring themes or motifs in a literary work. Identifying and analyzing these devices helps readers trace and understand the development of key ideas throughout the text, contributing to a more comprehensive interpretation.
• Recognition of Tone and Mood:  Figures of speech play a crucial role in establishing the tone and mood of a literary piece. Recognizing the use of, for example, irony, sarcasm, or hyperbole helps readers accurately discern the author’s attitude and emotional intent, enriching their interpretation of the work.
• Cultural and Historical Context:  Figures of speech are often shaped by cultural and historical contexts. An understanding of these devices can provide insights into the time and place in which a work was written, aiding readers in appreciating the cultural nuances embedded in the literature.
• Engagement with Poetry and Prose:  Figures of speech are prevalent in both poetry and prose. In poetry, they contribute to rhythm, rhyme, and overall aesthetic appeal, while in prose, they enhance narrative style and descriptive elements. Recognizing these devices helps readers engage more deeply with various forms of literary expression.
• Critical Thinking and Analysis:  Analyzing figures of speech encourages readers to think critically about language choices and their impact on the overall meaning of a text. This analytical skill contributes to a more thoughtful and informed appreciation of literature.

In summary, an understanding of figures of speech serves as a valuable toolkit for readers, enabling them to unpack the richness of literary works. It enhances interpretation, fosters appreciation for the artistry of language, and deepens the overall reading experience.

In what ways do writers use figures of speech to create vivid imagery in their work

Writers use figures of speech to create vivid imagery in their work by employing language in ways that go beyond the literal meaning of words. Figures of speech add depth, color, and sensory detail to the writing, allowing readers to form mental pictures and engage more fully with the text. Here are several ways in which writers use figures of speech to enhance imagery;

• Definition:  A metaphor directly compares two unrelated things, suggesting that they are alike.
• Example:  “The world is a stage.”
• Imagery:  This metaphor conjures an image of life as a performance, with people playing different roles on the world’s stage.
• Definition:  A simile compares two things using “like” or “as.”
• Example:  “As brave as a lion.”
• Imagery:  This simile creates a vivid picture of someone’s courage by comparing it to the bravery often associated with a lion.

Personification

• Definition:  Personification attributes human qualities to non-human entities.
• Example:  “The wind whispered through the trees.”
• Imagery:  By giving the wind the human quality of whispering, the writer creates an image of the wind as a gentle, secretive presence.
• Definition:  Hyperbole involves exaggerating for emphasis.
• Example:  “I’ve told you a million times.”
• Imagery:  Though not meant to be taken literally, this hyperbole emphasizes the frequency of the speaker’s repetition, creating a strong mental image.

Onomatopoeia

• Definition:  Onomatopoeia uses words that imitate the sound they describe.
• Example:  “The bees buzzed around the flowers.”
• Imagery:  The use of “buzzed” creates a vivid auditory image of the sound made by the bees.

Alliteration

• Definition:  Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds in neighboring words.
• Example:  “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.”
• Imagery:  The repeated “p” sounds create a rhythmic and memorable image of the character Peter Piper picking peppers.
• Definition:  The repeating of vowel sounds within adjacent words is known as assonance.
• Example:  “The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.”
• Imagery:  The repetition of the long “a” sound contributes to the musical quality of the phrase and creates a mental image of rain falling on a plain in Spain.

Imagery-rich Descriptions:  Writers use descriptive language and sensory details to paint vivid pictures in the reader’s mind. This may include appealing to the senses of sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell to create a multisensory experience.

Symbolism:  Writers may use symbolic language to represent abstract ideas, making their writing more evocative and open to interpretation. Symbols often contribute to the creation of vivid mental images that carry deeper meaning.

By skillfully incorporating these figures of speech into their writing, authors can transport readers into imaginative and sensory-rich worlds, making their narratives more engaging, memorable, and emotionally resonant.

How can teachers effectively teach students about figures of speech in language arts classes

Teaching students about figures of speech in language arts classes can be engaging and effective with the right strategies. Here are some tips for teachers;

• Start with Basics:  Begin by introducing the basic types of figures of speech, such as similes, metaphors, personification, hyperbole, and others. Provide clear definitions and examples to build a foundation.
• Use Examples from Literature:  Select examples from literature that students are familiar with or find interesting. Analyze these examples together to demonstrate how authors use figures of speech to enhance their writing.
• Incorporate Multimedia:  Use multimedia resources like videos, audio clips, or online interactive activities to illustrate figures of speech. Visual and auditory aids can make the concept more accessible and enjoyable.
• Hands-on Activities:  Engage students in hands-on activities that involve creating their own examples of figures of speech. This could include writing poems, creating visual representations, or acting out scenarios that incorporate these language elements.
• Explore Real-world Examples:  Help students recognize figures of speech in everyday language, advertisements, song lyrics, and other real-world contexts. This connection to their daily lives can make the concept more relevant and interesting.
• Interactive Games:  Incorporate games and interactive exercises that make learning about figures of speech enjoyable. Games like Bingo, Jeopardy, or crossword puzzles can reinforce understanding while adding an element of fun.
• Provide Mnemonics:  Mnemonics or memory aids can help students remember different types of figures of speech. Create acronyms, rhymes, or catchy phrases that summarize key features of each figure of speech.
• Group Discussions:  Foster group discussions where students can share their understanding of figures of speech, analyze examples together, and brainstorm creative applications. This collaborative approach encourages critical thinking.
• Relate to Writing Skills:  Emphasize the practical application of figures of speech in writing. Encourage students to incorporate these elements into their own compositions to enhance their descriptive and expressive skills.
• Use Graphic Organizers:  Utilize graphic organizers to visually represent the relationships between different figures of speech. Visual aids can help students organize information and see connections more clearly.
• Provide Constructive Feedback:  When students create their own examples, offer constructive feedback that highlights both successful usage and areas for improvement. This feedback helps reinforce learning and encourages experimentation.
• Create a Figurative Language Wall:  Establish a figurative language wall in the classroom where students can add examples they come across in their readings. This visual display serves as a constant reference and reinforcement.
• Encourage Exploration:  Encourage students to explore figures of speech in literature of their choice. This autonomy fosters a sense of ownership and allows students to discover how authors use these devices in various genres.
• Assessment through Creative Projects:  Assess understanding through creative projects where students demonstrate their mastery of figures of speech. This could include creating a figurative language anthology, performing skits, or designing visual displays.

By employing a combination of these strategies, teachers can make the learning process engaging, relevant, and memorable for students as they delve into the world of figures of speech in language arts classes.

Explore the cultural or historical significance of certain figures of speech

Some sayings have special meaning because of history or culture. Let’s look at a few;

“Bread and Circuses” - Historical Importance

• Start:  This saying is from ancient Rome, created by a Roman poet named Juvenal. In Latin, it’s called “panem et circenses.”
• Meaning:  It talks about a trick Roman rulers used to keep people happy. They gave them free food (bread) and entertainment (circuses) to distract them.
• Cultural Significance:  People now use this saying to criticize leaders who use simple things to keep people happy without fixing bigger problems.

“The Iron Curtain” - Historical Importance

• Start:  This phrase was made up by Winston Churchill, the leader of Britain, in a speech in 1946.
• Meaning:  Churchill used it to talk about the separation between Eastern Europe, controlled by the Soviet Union, and the democratic Western nations after World War II.
• Cultural Significance:  “The Iron Curtain” became a symbol of the Cold War, showing the split between communist and capitalist countries.

“The American Dream” - Cultural Importance

• Start:  It’s not a specific phrase but a big idea tied to U.S. history and stories.
• Meaning:  The American Dream is the belief that anyone, no matter where they come from, can be successful through hard work.
• Cultural Significance:  This idea is a big theme in American stories, reflecting what people believe and hope for. It’s also talked about in discussions about fairness and equal opportunities.

“Catch-22” - Literary Importance

• Start:  Created by author Joseph Heller in his book “Catch-22” from 1961.
• Meaning:  In the book, it’s a messed-up rule that stops people from avoiding dangerous situations, making them stuck.
• Cultural Significance:  “Catch-22” is now used to talk about any situation with confusing rules. It points out how some rules in systems are silly and frustrating.

“Big Brother” - Literary and Cultural Importance

• Start:  Popularized by George Orwell in his book “1984” from 1949.
• Meaning:  In the book, Big Brother is a symbol of a government that watches and controls its people.
• Cultural Significance:  “Big Brother” now means a government watching too much. It comes up in discussions about how technology affects our privacy.

“Glass Ceiling” - Cultural Importance

• Start:  Coined in the late 1900s to talk about invisible barriers stopping women and minorities from getting top jobs.
• Meaning:  It’s about unfair practices that keep certain groups from reaching high positions.
• Cultural Significance:  “Glass ceiling” is widely used to talk about gender and racial unfairness at work, showing the challenges faced by these groups.

These sayings have become important in our talks about culture and history. They show up in conversations and influence how we see things in different parts of our lives.

Discuss the role of figures of speech in advertising and persuasive communication

Figures of speech play a crucial role in advertising and persuasive communication by adding impact, emotional appeal, and memorability to messages. Here’s how figures of speech contribute to the effectiveness of advertising;

Enhanced Imagery

• Role:  Figures of speech, such as metaphors and similes, create vivid mental images that help consumers visualize the benefits or qualities of a product or service.
• Example:  “Our mattresses are as soft as a cloud.” This simile creates a clear image of comfort and softness.

Emotional Appeal

• Role:  Figures of speech evoke emotions and connect with consumers on a personal level, making the message more compelling and memorable.
• Example:  “Open happiness” (Coca-Cola). This metaphor goes beyond the literal act of opening a bottle and associates the drink with a positive emotional experience.

Slogan Creation

• Role:  Figures of speech are often used to craft catchy slogans that stick in the minds of consumers, fostering brand recall.
• Example:  “Have a break, have a Kit Kat.” The catchphrase is memorable because of its pattern of repetition and rhyme.

Brand Personality

• Role:  Figures of speech help establish and reinforce a brand’s personality by imbuing messages with distinct tones and characteristics.
• Example:  “Just do it” (Nike). The simplicity and directness of this imperative sentence create a sense of empowerment and action.

Hyperbole for Emphasis

• Role:  Exaggeration through hyperbole grabs attention and emphasizes key features, making the product or service stand out.
• Example:  “The best a man can get” (Gillette). This hyperbolic statement implies superiority and excellence.

Rhetorical Questions

• Role:  Rhetorical questions engage the audience by prompting thought and involvement, encouraging them to consider the benefits or solutions offered.
• Example:  “What’s in your wallet?” (Capital One). This question invites consumers to think about their financial situation and consider the benefits of the advertised product.

Alliteration and Rhyme

• Role:  Alliteration and rhyme create a pleasing rhythm, making slogans and brand names more memorable.
• Example:  “Melts in your mouth, not in your hands” (M&M’s). The alliteration and rhyme contribute to the slogan’s musical quality.
• Role:  Assigning human qualities to products or services through personification makes them more relatable and fosters a connection with the audience.
• Example:  “Choosy moms choose Jif.” This personification suggests that discerning mothers prefer this particular peanut butter brand.

Metonymy and Synecdoche

• Role:  Metonymy and synecdoche involve substituting one term with another related concept, creating shorthand expressions that convey complex ideas in a concise manner.
• Example:  “The crown jewel of luxury” (Lexus). The use of “crown jewel” metaphorically represents the car as a symbol of ultimate luxury.

Storytelling Techniques

• Role:  Figures of speech are integral to storytelling in advertising, helping to craft narratives that capture attention, build interest, and communicate brand values.
• Example:  The “Share a Coke” campaign by Coca-Cola personalized the product by replacing the logo with popular names, creating a sense of connection and inclusivity.

In summary, figures of speech in advertising serve as powerful tools to convey messages with impact, create lasting impressions, and influence consumer behavior. They allow advertisers to go beyond mere information and appeal to the emotions, desires, and aspirations of their target audience.

How do figures of speech contribute to the tone and mood of a piece of writing

Figures of speech play a crucial role in shaping the tone and mood of a piece of writing. Here’s how they contribute to these literary elements;

Setting the Tone

• Role:  Figures of speech help establish the overall tone, which refers to the author’s attitude or the emotional atmosphere conveyed in the writing.
• Example:  The use of metaphors like “a sea of troubles” sets a tone of melancholy or despair in a piece.

Expressing Emotion

• Role:  Figures of speech, especially those that evoke emotions, contribute to the overall emotional tone of the writing.
• Example:  A simile comparing a smile to “sunshine on a cloudy day” creates a warm and positive emotional tone.

Conveying Attitude

• Role:  Figures of speech, such as irony or sarcasm, can convey the author’s attitude toward the subject matter.
• Example:  The use of verbal irony, saying one thing but meaning another, can create a tone of humor or criticism depending on the context.

Establishing Mood

• Role:  Figures of speech influence the mood, which is the feeling or atmosphere experienced by the reader.
• Example:  The repetition of soft-sounding consonants in alliteration can create a calm and soothing mood.

Enhancing Descriptive Language

• Role:  Figures of speech add layers of meaning to descriptive language, influencing how readers perceive the details and setting.
• Example:  The use of vivid metaphors and similes can transform a mundane description into a more engaging and colorful portrayal.

Creating Atmosphere

• Role:  Figures of speech contribute to the overall atmosphere or ambiance of a piece, influencing the reader’s experience.
• Example:  A metaphor describing a forest as “whispering giants” can create a mysterious and enchanting atmosphere.

Conveying Intensity

• Role:  Figures of speech, such as hyperbole or powerful imagery, contribute to the intensity of the writing.
• Example:  The use of hyperbole like “a million tears” can intensify the emotional impact of a piece.

Establishing Rhythm

• Role:  Figures of speech like alliteration or assonance can contribute to the rhythmic quality of a piece, influencing its tone.
• Example:  The repetition of harsh consonant sounds in alliteration can create a tense or dramatic tone.

Connotative Meanings

• Role:  Figures of speech often carry connotative meanings that go beyond their literal interpretations, influencing the emotional undertones of the writing.
• Example:  The use of a metaphor comparing time to a thief can carry connotations of loss and inevitability, affecting the overall mood.

Adding Depth and Nuance

• Role:  Figures of speech add depth and nuance to the language, allowing for a more nuanced tone that can convey multiple layers of meaning.
• Example:  The use of oxymorons, juxtaposing contradictory terms, can create a tone of complexity or ambiguity.

In essence, figures of speech serve as powerful tools for writers to craft a specific tone and mood, influencing how readers interpret and respond to the text emotionally. By employing various figures of speech strategically, writers can create a more immersive and evocative reading experience.

Can you identify and analyze figures of speech in famous speeches or poetry

Let’s look at examples of figures of speech in famous speeches and poetry;

Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” Speech

• Example:  “But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt.”
• Analysis:  This metaphor suggests that justice is a valuable resource that can be depleted, emphasizing the need for fairness and equality.
• Example:  “I have a dream…”
• Analysis:  The repetition of this phrase at the beginning of successive clauses emphasizes King’s vision and creates a powerful rhythmic effect.
• Example:  “Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York.”
• Analysis:  This allusion to the idea of freedom ringing refers to the patriotic song “My Country, ‘Tis of Thee,” connecting King’s message to American ideals.

William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 (“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?")

• Example:  “Thou art more lovely and more temperate.”
• Analysis:  The simile compares the beauty of the subject to a summer’s day but suggests that the subject is even more lovely and enduring.
• Example:  “But thy eternal summer shall not fade.”
• Analysis:  The metaphor of “eternal summer” suggests that the beauty of the subject will never diminish or age.
• Example:  “Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st.”
• Analysis:  The personification of “possession” implies that the subject possesses beauty, and it is something to be preserved.

John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address

• Example:  “Ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country.”
• Analysis:  This antithesis creates a powerful contrast, emphasizing civic responsibility over personal gain.

Parallelism

• Example:  “Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.”
• Analysis:  Parallelism enhances the symmetry of the sentence and emphasizes the call for unity.

Langston Hughes’ “A Dream Deferred”

• Example:  “What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun?”
• Analysis:  The metaphor of a deferred dream being compared to a raisin in the sun suggests withering and loss of vitality.
• Example:  “Or does it explode like a supersized fruit?”
• Analysis:  The simile emphasizes the potential for intense and destructive consequences if a dream is not realized.
• Example:  “Maybe it just sags like a heavy load.”
• Analysis:  Personifying a deferred dream as something that sags adds a tangible and emotional weight to the idea.

These examples demonstrate how figures of speech enrich the language, evoke emotions, and contribute to the overall impact of speeches and poetry. They serve as powerful tools for writers and speakers to convey complex ideas, create vivid imagery, and engage their audience.

Share examples of figures of speech used in different forms of media, such as film or television

Figures of speech are not limited to written works and are often employed in various forms of media, including film and television. Here are examples from both;

• Example (The Matrix):  “You take the blue pill—the story ends, you wake up in your bed and believe whatever you want to believe. You take the red pill—you stay in Wonderland, and I show you how deep the rabbit hole goes.”
• Analysis:  The red pill and blue pill metaphor in “The Matrix” represents choices with profound consequences, creating a powerful visual image.
• Example (Beauty and the Beast):  “Be our guest, be our guest, put our service to the test.”
• Analysis:  The personification of the objects in the castle as hosts adds a whimsical and entertaining quality to the song.
• Example (Spider-Man):  “With great power comes great responsibility.”
• Analysis:  This hyperbolic statement encapsulates the moral duty Spider-Man feels, emphasizing the enormity of the responsibility that comes with his powers.
• Example (Friends):  “Joey doesn’t share food!”
• Analysis:  The repetition of the “sh” sound in “Joey doesn’t share food” adds humor and emphasis to Joey’s possessive attitude toward his food.
• Example (The Simpsons):  The character named Sideshow Bob, who is anything but a “sidekick” and is often a central antagonist.
• Analysis:  This is an example of situational irony, where the opposite of what is expected occurs.
• Example (Breaking Bad):  The pink teddy bear symbolizes the tragic plane crash in the series.
• Analysis:  The pink teddy bear serves as a symbol of the catastrophic consequences of Walter White’s actions.
• Example (The Office):  “Dwight, you ignorant slut.”
• Analysis:  This humorous line from “The Office” uses a euphemism to mockingly insult a character, adding a comedic element.
• Example (Game of Thrones):  “The Iron Throne commands respect.”
• Analysis:  The Iron Throne is a metonym for the ruling power in the Seven Kingdoms, emphasizing the authority associated with the throne.
• Example (The Twilight Zone):  “To Serve Man” (Title of an episode).
• Analysis:  The paradox in the title becomes evident in the episode, where initially positive intentions take a dark turn, adding suspense and intrigue.

Figures of speech in film and television contribute to storytelling, character development, and overall audience engagement. They enhance dialogue, create memorable moments, and often add layers of meaning to the narrative.

How do figures of speech evolve, and are there cultural differences in their usage

Figures of speech, like language itself, evolve over time through cultural, societal, and linguistic influences. The changes in how people communicate, advancements in technology, shifts in social dynamics, and exposure to different cultures all contribute to the evolution of figures of speech. Here are some ways in which figures of speech evolve;

• Semantic Shifts:  The meanings of words and phrases can change over time, leading to shifts in the interpretation of figures of speech. Some words or expressions may take on new connotations or lose their original meaning.
• Pop Culture Influence:  Figures of speech often reflect current events, popular trends, or cultural phenomena. New expressions and metaphors may emerge based on the language used in music, movies, television, or social media.
• Globalization:  Increased interconnectedness and exposure to diverse cultures through globalization contribute to the adoption and adaptation of figures of speech from different linguistic traditions. Phrases or expressions from one culture may find resonance in another.
• Technological Advances:  Changes in technology can introduce new metaphors and analogies into everyday language. For example, the rise of the internet has given rise to figures of speech related to digital concepts.
• Social and Political Movements:  Figures of speech often reflect the values and concerns of a society. Social and political movements can influence language use, introducing new expressions or recontextualizing existing ones to convey evolving perspectives.

As for cultural differences in the usage of figures of speech;

• Language Structure:  Different languages have distinct grammatical structures and idiomatic expressions. Figures of speech that work well in one language may not have direct equivalents in another.
• Cultural Symbolism:  Certain figures of speech rely on cultural symbols and references that may not be universally understood. These symbols can carry different meanings or significance in various cultures.
• Historical and Contextual Nuances:  The historical context and cultural nuances associated with certain figures of speech may differ across cultures. What is considered a powerful metaphor in one culture may not resonate similarly in another.
• Humor and Wit:  Humor often involves wordplay and figures of speech, and what is considered witty or humorous can vary culturally. Puns, for example, may rely on language-specific nuances that may not translate well.
• Social Norms and Values:  Figures of speech often reflect societal norms and values. Expressions that align with the cultural context and beliefs of a particular community may gain popularity, while those conflicting with cultural norms may not.

In summary, figures of speech evolve in response to changes in language use, societal shifts, and cultural influences. While some figures of speech may transcend cultural boundaries, others are deeply rooted in specific linguistic and cultural contexts. Understanding these variations is essential for effective communication across diverse cultural landscapes.

Figures of Speech: Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Hyperbole, and Understatement

Introduction to figures of speech.

Figures of speech are literary devices that use language in a non-literal way to add depth, creativity, and emotion to writing. They help writers convey ideas more vividly and engage readers by creating mental images and associations. In this study guide, we will explore five common figures of speech: simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, and understatement.

A simile is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things using the words "like" or "as" to highlight a shared characteristic. Similes help create vivid imagery and make descriptions more relatable to readers.

• Her voice was as sweet as honey.
• The baby's skin was soft like silk.
• He ran like the wind to catch the bus.

A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things without using "like" or "as." Metaphors suggest that one thing is another, highlighting their similarities and creating a more profound connection in the reader's mind.

• Life is a rollercoaster, full of ups and downs.
• The world is a stage, and we are all actors.
• Her eyes were diamonds, sparkling in the sunlight.

Personification

Personification is a figure of speech that attributes human qualities, emotions, or actions to non-human objects, animals, or abstract ideas. Personification helps create a more engaging and relatable narrative by bringing inanimate objects to life.

• The wind whispered through the trees.
• The sun smiled down on the bustling city.
• Time waits for no one.

Hyperbole is a figure of speech that uses exaggeration for emphasis or effect. It is not meant to be taken literally but rather to create a strong impression or convey intense emotions.

• I've told you a million times to clean your room.
• She was so hungry she could eat a horse.
• His backpack weighed a ton after adding all his textbooks.

Understatement

Understatement is a figure of speech that deliberately expresses an idea as less important or powerful than it actually is. It is often used for ironic or humorous effect, or to downplay a situation.

• "It's just a scratch," he said, looking at the deep gash on his leg.
• The Great Wall of China is a pretty long wall.
• Winning the lottery would be nice, I suppose.

Using Figures of Speech Effectively

To use figures of speech effectively in your writing, consider the following tips:

• Choose figures of speech that are appropriate for your audience and purpose.
• Use them sparingly to avoid overwhelming your readers or diluting their impact.
• Ensure that your figures of speech are consistent with the tone and style of your writing.
• Avoid clichés and overused expressions; strive for originality and creativity.
• Use figures of speech to enhance your writing, not to replace clear and concise language.

Common Questions and Answers

What is the difference between a simile and a metaphor?

A simile compares two unlike things using "like" or "as," while a metaphor makes a direct comparison without using these words.

Can a figure of speech be used in non-fiction writing?

Yes, figures of speech can be used in non-fiction writing to make ideas more engaging, memorable, and relatable to readers. However, they should be used judiciously to maintain the clarity and credibility of the content.

How can I create original figures of speech?

To create original figures of speech, observe the world around you and look for unique connections between seemingly unrelated things. Draw inspiration from your own experiences, emotions, and imagination. Don't be afraid to experiment with unconventional comparisons and descriptions.

Figures of speech are powerful tools that can elevate your writing and engage your readers on a deeper level. By understanding and effectively using similes, metaphors, personification, hyperbole, and understatement, you can create vivid imagery, convey complex ideas, and evoke strong emotions in your writing. Remember to use them judiciously and creatively to make your writing more compelling and memorable.

Reviewing and Editing for Grammar Errors

Negation and double negatives, misplaced and dangling modifiers, reported speech and indirect quotations, conditionals and if-clauses, relative clauses and relative pronouns.

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50 Figures of Speech (Types & Examples)

What are figures of speech.

Figures of speech are creative rhetorical devices that go beyond literal meaning. They make the language more colorful and impactful. These figures of speech allow the writers to convey ideas and imagery in an imaginative and unconventional way through comparisons, associations and plays on words. Some common examples include similes, metaphors, hyperbole, personification, oxymoron’s and alliteration. Skillful use of rhetorical devices brings vividness and flair to expression. These figures of speech make communication more engaging, memorable and expressive.

Importance of Figures of Speech

The figures of speech are important rhetorical device, that writers and speakers employ to enhance the power and impact of their language. The use of creative comparisons and vivid imagery engage the audience in memorable ways that literal language often lacks.

Figures of speech strengthen communication by using creative language to emphasize ideas in a more compelling way than plain speech alone. Their artful deviations from literal meaning make key points more memorable and impactful for audiences. Used strategically or just to infuse writing with imaginative flair, rhetorical devices ensure ideas resonate longer in the minds of the readers and listeners. In essence, by elevating functional language to an art form through their nuanced turns of phrase, figures of speech make messages more persuasive, engaging and unforgettable.

How to Find Figures of Speech in writing?

For finding figures of speech in the writing, it is necessary to look for words or phrases that are used in a non-literal way.

For example, if someone says ‘my heart is breaking’, he is using a metaphor to describe his emotions.

50 Figures Of Speech With Examples

Here is a list of 50 figures of speech used in English literature and daily communication:

1- Alliteration

Repetition of the same initial letter or sound in closely connected words. They could be uttered within a phrase of sentences, starting with the same sound of consonants but not necessarily being the same letter. Some examples of alliteration are:

• Peter’s pink pig
• She sells seashells
• Big bad wolf
• Sally sells seashells by the seashore

Example in literature

“the raven” by edgar allan poe.

“Once upon a midnight dreary.”

In the said context, the sound of ‘m ‘ has been alliterated with ‘midnight ‘ and ‘dreary’. The repetition of consonant sound creates a musical and effect. It enhances the gloomy atmosphere, which the write is trying to convey in the poem.

2- Anaphora

It is a type of amplification, wherein the words or phrases are reiterated in every clause, sentence and line. The word is used to stress an idea in a piece of writing or it serves as a connector.

• I came, I saw, I conquered.
• To be or not to be, that is the question.
• United we stand, divided we fall.

“A Tale of Two Cities” by Charles Dickens

“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. It was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity. It was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness. It was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair.”

Dickens has used anaphora by repeating the phrase ‘it was’ at the beginning of each successive clause. He emphasizes the contrasting nature of the time period. The practice of anaphora is used to establish a unique mood and setting that stick in people’s minds to capture it as a whole.

3- Antithesis

It is a literary device, which is used to juxtapose the contrasting ideas in balanced phrases. It highlights opposition through parallel grammatical structures.

• The early bird catches the worm, but the second mouse gets the cheese.
• You win some, you lose some.
• Absence makes the heart grow fonder, but out of sight is out of mind.

J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings

“ All that is gold does not glitter, Not all those who wander are lost”

The first line ‘All that is gold does not glitter’ sets up an expectation. The second line ‘Not all those who wander are lost’ subverts it with the opposite proposition. This creates an antithetical parallel structure that emphasizes the contrast between appearances/expectations and realities. Things are not always as they seem on the surface.

4- Apostrophe

A direct address to an absent or dead person, or to an object, quality, or idea. It is a rhetorical device used to engage or emotionally influence the audience.

• Stupid phone, why aren’t you charging?
• Come on feet, you can make it up the stairs!
• Thank you coffee for the caffeine boost.

“Romeo and Juliet” by William Shakespeare

“O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name; Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, And I’ll no longer be a Capulet.”

The rhetorical device gives an emotional outlet to Juliet and draws the audience deeper into her perspective. It underscores the tragedy of their star-crossed love and opposing families through Juliet’s anguished pleas. This example demonstrates how apostrophe can powerfully convey emotion and engagement when used skillfully in literary works like Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. It intensifies reader experience of the characters and themes.

5- Assonance

The repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words. It adds musicality and emphasis to speech or writing. Assonance creates cadences that can make utterances more memorable, soothing or impactful.

• Pick a pink peach please.
• Slowly she strode down the street.
• Do you need anything else?

“The King’s English” by Kingsley Amis

“The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.”

This famous tongue twister uses assonance extensively through the repetition of the “ai” sound in words like “rain”, “Spain”, “mainly”. The assonance highlights the difficulty in pronouncing the phrase quickly due to all the similar vowel sounds falling in close succession. It makes the sentence rhythmically challenging to say.

6- Allusion

A reference to a well-known person, place, event or work of art. It relies on the readers or listener’s background knowledge and cultural literacy. They allow speakers to colorfully draw on cultural knowledge without exposition.

• That plan is doomed like the Titanic.
• Don’t pull a Houdini on me!
• She’s no Mother Teresa.

“The American Crisis” by Thomas Paine

“These are the times that try men’s souls.”

This well-crafted allusion would resonate powerfully with educated readers, which reminds them of the challenges ahead in their fight for independence using a culturally significant reference. It illustrates how allusions can add profound layers of inferred meaning in literature by drawing on intertextual connections in an economy of words.

7- Anachronism

Something out of its normal time. It involves mentioning something from a different time period in a way that distorts the actual chronology.

• I was just watching some Netflix after work yesterday.
• Let me check my iPhone for the time.
• I’ll email you the details later today.

“Ulysses” by Alfred Tennyson

 “I cannot rest from travel: I will drink Life to the lees.”

Tennyson imagines the thoughts and desires of the Homeric hero Ulysses in his later years after returning home from the Trojan War. However, the language and ideas Tennyson attributes to Ulysses are anachronistic, as they reflect Victorian England in the 19th century rather than ancient Greece.

8- Anastrophe

The inversion of the usual order of words. It involves rearranging the structure of words or phrases for impact. It creates variety from the standard structures we expect. 

• Fed up am I with this traffic!
• Off to work go I.
• In the kitchen, what’s that noise?

“Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds, Towards Phoebus’ lodging! Such a wagoner As Phaëton would whip you to the west And bring in cloudy night immediately.”

Romeo uses anastrophe by rearranging the expected word order of ‘fiery-footed steeds’ to emphasize the speed and passion of the horses as they carry the sun across the sky. While inverting ‘fiery-footed steeds’ to ‘you fiery-footed steeds’, the writer draws attention to the horses through anastrophe and builds dramatic tension as Romeo anxiously awaits nightfall.

9- Antagonym

A word that can have opposite meanings. Here are the common antagonym examples:

• Sanction – This word can mean “to approve” or “to penalize.” Example A: “The manager sanctioned the purchase of new computers.” (Approved) Example B: “The UN threatened sanctions against the hostile nation.” (Penalized)
• Oversight – This word refers to an unintentional failure to notice something, or the act of overseeing/supervising. Example A: “The typo was due to an oversight by the editor.” (Failure to notice) Example B: “There will be governmental oversight of the program.” (Supervision)
• Left – This word indicates either “departed” or “remaining.” Example A: “Most of the cake was eaten, but some was left.” (Remaining) Example B: “The traveler left early in the morning.” (Departed)

10- Antimetabole

Antimetabole involves the repetition of a phrase or statement in a reversed sequence. 

Example in “Frankenstein” by Shelley

“I, the miserable and the abandoned, am an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on.”

The above excerpt illustrates the antimetabole literary device through a reversed order of repetition including “and trampled on, and kicked, and spurned at”. This shows how much Frankenstein’s monster is being mistreated and rejected by society.

11- Antonomasia

Antonomasia is the act of replacing the name of an individual with another word/phrase. This word simply represents aspects of character of a person. It is also used to highlight similarity or relation between two people or item.

• The term calling someone who is very organized “a Monica” in relation to the well manicured Monica Geller character from friends.
• Calling someone cunning, crafty and shrewd as Judas, in reference to the Judas Iscariot of the Bible, who beated Jesus.
• Suggesting that an innocent, mischievous troublesome child is a “Dennis the Menace”.

12- Asyndeton

The literary device of Asyndeton involves leaving out connective words like ‘and’ or ‘or’ among other conjunctions when a number of connected clauses follow one preceding clause. This allows for faster movement as well as highlights the importance of it.

• Essays must be submitted on time.
• The house was ready for living with the furniture in it, carpets laid on the floor, and curtains drawn.

13- Anadiplosis 

This is the repetition of the last word of a preceding clause at the beginning of the next one.

• Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering.
• The environment, it is life and therefore we have to save it.
• I did everything I could. My best efforts were insufficient.
• You entered my world. My world has changed forever.

14- Chiasmus

Chiasmus is a rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of structures in order to produce a mirror effect.

• Fair is foul, and foul is fair. (Shakespeare’s Macbeth)
• You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget. (Cormac McCarthy, The Road)
• Ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country. (John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address)

15- Catachresis

Catachresis is the use of a word in an incorrect way or in the wrong context for rhetorical effect.

• Using ‘blanket of snow’ to describe snow covering the ground, even though blankets do not look like snow.
• Referring to a loud noise as ‘deafening silence’ despite the contradiction between deafening and silence.
• Describing someone’s smile as ‘infectious’ even though smiles do not spread disease like an infection.

The climax refers to the most tense and dramatic part of the narrative in works of literature. This is the climax when tension attains its zenith and the conclusion of the tale begins. Following this is a resolution stage whereby the major conflicts in the story are solved and the fate of characters is ascertained. A fundamental part of structure that also helps generate tension in the story and hold on the attention of the reader or viewer.

Types of Climax

Emotional Climax: The moment comes when a subject becomes too frustrated and bursts out with an enormous amount of emotion leading to an unexpected ending.

Plot Climax: This is where the climax of the story takes place, where the conflict culminates, and the starting point for the resolution.

Social Climax: It happens when someone or some people climb to a top of social position in most cases by planned strategy.

17- Euphemism

A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt.

• Passed away instead of died
• Let go instead of fired
• Challenged instead of disabled

“To Kill a Mockingbird” by Harper Lee

“Mrs. Dubose was a morphine addict,” said Atticus. “She took it as a pain-killer for years. The doctor put her on it. She’d have spent the rest of her life on it and died without so much agony, but she was too contrary—”

Here, words ‘addict and ‘pain killer’ have been used instead of direct terms like, ‘drug habit’ or ‘opiate addiction’. This may have been considered crude or inappropriate at the time. This allows the author to discuss Mrs. Dubose’s situation in a more genteel and less shocking way. He uses the euphemistic language rather than direct terminology.

18- Ellipsis

The omission of words necessary for complete grammatical construction but understood in the context.

• The European soldiers killed six of the remaining villagers, the American soldiers, two.

Example in Literature

“emma” by jane austen.

“He is very plain, undoubtedly—remarkably plain: but that is nothing compared with his entire want of gentility. I had no right to expect much, and I did not expect much; but I had no idea that he could be so very clownish, so totally without air. I had imagined him, I confess, a degree or two nearer gentility.”

Austen uses an ellipsis here when Harriet says “I had imagined him…a degree or two nearer gentility.” Harriet doesn’t finish her thought. The ellipsis shows that her words trail off hinting that she is uncomfortable admitting she hoped Mr. Martin would be more refined. This allows Austen to suggest Harriet’s embarrassment, without having her directly spell it out.

19- Enjambment

The continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza in poetry.

“Sonnet 116” by William Shakespeare

“Let me not to the marriage of true minds Admit impediments. Love is not love Which alters when it alteration finds, Or bends with the remover to remove.”

The writer employs the literary device of enjambment in the foresaid lines. Rather than pausing at the end of the line, the sentence continues into the next one without punctuation. This creates a flowing and lyrical feeling that mirrors the notion of love not being impeded.

20- Epistrophe

The repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences.

• Government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the Earth. (Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address)
• We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills (Winston Churchill’s speech to the House of Commons)

“I Have a Dream” by Martin Luther King Jr.

“I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit together at the table of brotherhood.”

The use of epistrophe has been observed in “I have a dream” at the start of several different phrases. The repetitive nature of this technique underscores his idea about the future, and it helps make his words more poignant, inspiring and memorable. Every time King says “I have a dream” he refers to his wish that there should be harmony and equality in the United States. Anaphora (repeated phrase leading to clauses) of this aspirational sentence provides rhetorical force and rhythm of the speech to crescendo at emotional climax where King’s dreams of the nation are presented.

21- Euphony

The use of phrases and words that are noted for their mellifluousness and ease in speaking.

• The sounds of children’s laughter carried melodiously through the warm summer air.
• The babbling brook babbled pleasantly as it wound its way through the verdant meadow.

“Great Expectations” by Charles Dickens

The lilting euphony of the writing style matches Pip’s hopeful expectations as he journeys to Miss Havisham’s house for the first time:

“The mist was heavier yet when I got out upon the marshes, so that instead of my running at everything, everything seemed to run at me. This was very disagreeable to a guilty mind. The gates and dykes and banks came bursting at me through the mist, as if they cried as plainly as could be, ‘A boy with somebody else’s pork pie! Stop him!’”

The consonance and assonance create a musical, flowing quality to mimic Pip’s eager and optimistic young imagination, which emphasizes the theme of hope in the novel.

22- Epizeuxis 

The repetition of a word or phrase in immediate succession, typically within the same sentence, for vehemence or emphasis.

• Alone, alone, all, all alone, Alone on a wide, wide sea.
• Fight, fight for your rights and your freedom!

“Julius Caesar” by William Shakespeare

Mark Antony repeats the words in his famous speech to emphasize his points and rouse the crowd:

“For Brutus is an honorable man; So are they all honorable men— Come I to speak at Caesar’s funeral. He was my friend, faithful and just to me.”

The repetition of words ‘honorable’ and subsequently ‘faithful’ create stress qua the qualities of Caesar, while planting seeds of doubt through his epizeuxis. The repetition mimics the persuasive rhythm of a skillful orator whipping the crowds into an emotional frenzy over Caesar’s death.

23- Hyperbole

Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement or claim that is not meant to be taken literally, but instead used as a way to emphasize a point or evoke strong feelings.

• I’ve told you a million times to clean your room!
• The wait to get in was endless.

“Romeo and Juliet” by Shakespeare

“For I ne’er saw true beauty till this night.”

When Romeo first lays eyes on Juliet, he goes overboard describing how he has never seen someone so beautiful before. He is basically exaggerating to show just how head-over-heels in love with her he is already. This total exaggeration about her sets things up for how their whole intense, doomed relationship story will go from here.

24- Hendiadys 

A figure of speech in which a single complex idea is expressed by two words connected with “and” rather than a noun and adjective.

• We listened to the poet’s wise and ancient words.
• The guests ate and drank until late in the evening.

“The Great Gatsby” by F. Scott Fitzgerald

“Her voice is full of money—that was the inexhaustible charm that rose and fell in it, the jingle of it, the cymbals’ song of it.”

Here the words ‘jingle’ and ‘cymbals song’ express the musical quality of Daisy’s voice more vividly than just calling it ‘musical voice’. The pairing of synonymous nouns intensifies the quality being described.

25- Hypallage 

A figure of speech in which the syntactic relation between two terms is reversed. It is often used for poetic effect.

• “The heavy foot of time” instead of “the footfalls of heavy time”.
• The hungry stomach waited impatiently to be fed.

“Love Medicine” by Louise Erdrich

“The windswept plain gave no shelter to wandering cattle, and slanted wood planks of abandoned farmhouse doors banged in aimless gusts.”

The way Erdrich describes the wind is real neat. Instead of just saying the wind was blowing hard or whatever, she says the plain itself was windswept.

26- Innuendo

An indirect or subtle observation about a thing or person. It is generally critical, disparaging, or salacious in nature.

• Some say he’s not unfamiliar with the inside of a jail cell.
• The politician claimed to stand for family values, but his record showed otherwise.

“Pride and Prejudice” by Jane Austen

“Is Miss Darcy much grown since the spring?” said Miss Bingley; “will she be as tall as I am?” “I think she will. She is now about Miss Elizabeth Bennet’s height, or rather taller.”

Jane Austen hints at some sexual stuff going on between Lizzy Bennet and Miss Bingley about Darcy. When they’re talking about how tall each of them are, it seems like they’re also arguing about who’s gonna be the one in charge in their whole complicated relationship with Darcy. Like the one who stands tallest gets to boss around the other two and so I think Austen’s pretty slyly starting some drama here with that suggestive comparison of their heights.

Special words or expressions used by a profession or group that are difficult for others to understand.

• Please reboot your PC to complete the installation.
• The computer technicians talked about RAM, CPUs, and SSDs when upgrading the office devices.

“The Grapes of Wrath” by John Steinbeck

“Takes a good mechanic to keep ‘em rollin’. Know how a differential works?”

The talk about car stuff like the differential shows how Al uses a bunch of mechanic words. Steinbeck makes it clear what Al does for a living just through the way he talks, without having to straight up say he’s a mechanic. Using all those gearhead terms makes Al seem more like a real person instead of just a character, and lets you get to know him better since you can see stuff about his job.

27- Juxtaposition

The fact of placing two or more things side by side, often with the intent of comparing or contrasting them.

• Beauty and decay.
• The lavish wedding reception was held in the ballroom, while homeless people searched for food in the alley behind the hotel.

“And yet he did it with what composure and concentration we have seen … accomplishing the task he set himself, both in the poor workshop and in the rich drawing-room.”

Dickens tries to get readers to really grasp the huge change in Dr. Manette’s life by showing the difference between his nice old job as a fancy doctor with a swanky office and his current gig cobbling shoes together in a dingy workshop and it’s like night and day – he went from living’ large to just scrapping by. It really makes you think about how quick things can turn around, don’t it?

Expression of one’s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite.

• A plumber’s house always has leaking taps.
• A traffic jam occurred on the highway on the day I left extra early to avoid being late.

 “The Story of an Hour” by Kate Chopin

“There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature.”

Mrs. Mallard is elated on hearing that her husband has passed away as she feels liberate from the union. Unfortunately, in a bitter irony of fate, she is overcome by shock following arrival from nowhere of Mr. Mallard who appears very much alive. Here, Chopin uses situational irony that inverts the scenario that Mrs. Mallard and the readers are accustomed to. This, in essence, explains why marriage was quite oppressing to her.

29- Litotes

An understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.

• He’s not the brightest bulb in the chandelier.
• The hike through the canyon was no walk in the park.

“Wuthering Heights” by Emily Brontë

Nelly criticizes Heathcliff with litotes after he returns following Catherine’s death:

“He’s not a rough diamond – a pearl-containing oyster of a rustic: he’s a fierce, pitiless, wolfish man.”

Bronté says heathcliff is no rough diamond but fierce and pitiless wolflike man with an attempt to understate the extent of Nelly’s hatred towards him. This makes the character of Heathcliff even crueler in an accentuated manner through negation instead of direct condemnation.

30- Metaphor

A metaphor makes a direct comparison between two unlike things, stating that one thing is the other.

• My old car was a dinosaur – old and decrepit.
• The assignment was a breeze – extremely easy.

“As daylight doth a lamp; her eyes in heaven Would through the airy region stream so bright.”

He compares Juliet’s eyes to stars. Romeo says her eyes would shine as brightly in the sky as daylight does to a lamp. Shakespeare uses metaphor to elevate Juliet’s beauty to celestial heights.

31- Metonymy

A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used to represent something else with which it is closely associated or related. It consists in replacing the name of one object of the other similar object.

• The pen is mightier than the sword.
• The White House issued a statement.

“Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.”

 In this line, “ears” is used to represent the attention or audience of the people.

32- Malapropism

Malapropism is an error of language which involves one word being wrongly exchanged for another closely sounding word having the opposite meaning which results into nonsense or some funny statement.

• He is the pineapple of politeness.
• I’m on a seafood diet. I see food, and I eat it.

“Much Ado About Nothing” by William Shakespeare

“Comparisons are odorous.”

Here, Dogberry mistakenly uses “odorous” instead of “odious,” resulting in a humorous misuse of the word.

33- Meiosis

A euphemistic figure of speech that intentionally understates something or implies that it is lesser in significance or size.

• I’m somewhat tired after completing a marathon.
• It’s just a flesh wound.

“I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.”

This reduces the focus on his intentionality in order to build up a strong empathic sense. The above instances go to show that Meiosis can be employed to underrate or reduce a matter for comic effect or emphasis.

34- Onomatopoeia

The use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions to which they refer.

• “Buzz” – the word imitates the sound of a bee.
• “Splash” – the word resembles the sound of something hitting or entering water.

“The Bells” by Edgar Allan Poe

“How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle, In the icy air of night!”

The word “tinkle” imitates the sound of bells ringing, which provides a sensory experience for the reader. These examples illustrate how Onomatopoeia is used to bring aural imagery to written language, evoking sounds through words.

35- Oxymoron

An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms to create a paradoxical effect. It is usually used to create a dramatic or thought provoking impact in literature, poetry or everyday language.

“Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow.”

Here, the combination of ‘sweet’ and ‘sorrow’ creates the oxymoronic expression. I hope this clarifies the concept of an oxymoron and provides relevant examples.

36- Paradox

A statement that seems self-contradictory or nonsensical but in reality expresses a possible truth.

“1984” by George Orwell

“War is peace, freedom is slavery, ignorance is strength.”

The juxtaposition of contradictory concepts forms a paradox. It reflects the twisted logic of the dystopian society depicted in the novel.

37- Parallelism

The use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter.

• To be, or not to be: that is the question. (Hamlet)
• The midnight’s all a-glimmer, and ’tis oil midnight. (A Midsummer Night’s Dream)

“Jane Eyre” by Charlotte Bronte

“The evening ailed her, and she grew shimmeringly and inconsolably pale. She was disturbed.”

In the aforesaid example, ‘ailed her’ and ‘grew shimmeringly and inconsolably pale. She was disturbed’ are parallel in structure and meaning. The sentence creates a strong image of the protagonist emotional state through repetition of sentence structure and synonyms.

38- Personification

Attributing human characteristics to nonhuman things.

• The sun smiled on the meadow.
• The wind whispered through the trees.
• The clock struck midnight.

See also: Anthropomorphism vs Personification

Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II

“The hills were alive with the sound of music.” 

In the aforesaid example, personification is used to describe the tranquil hills surrounding the setting as if the hills themselves emanated sound. This poetic device makes the scene vivid and lively, which allows the readers or viewers to visualize the environment more clearly.

A pun refers to a type of a joke that uses one word but with multiple meanings either deliberately or unintentionally.

• I’m reading a book on anti-gravity. It’s impossible to put down!
• She died doing what she loved, spreading satin.

“Hamlet” by Shakespeare

“To be, or not to be: that is the butt’s finish. Or, to butt or not to butt–that is the question:”

The speaker creates puns by substituting words like ‘butt’ for ‘to be’ and ‘butt’ or ‘or not to butt’ for ‘to be, or not to be’. These humorous wordplays provide a comedic take on the original soliloquy. It reveals the power and versatility of language and English puns. Moreover, the puns help to convey a sense of humorous absurdity, which serves as an effective way of breaking the tension in a scene.

40- Pathetic fallacy

Attributes human feelings and responses to inanimate things or animals, especially in art and literature.

• The somber clouds darkened our mood.

“Macbeth” by William Shakespeare

“ Naught’s had, all’s spent, Since it operational kind Was mine, ’tis interference, ‘twixt drunkenness And sleep, ‘twixt waking and oblivion ‘Tis an easyZoomonly title Loans Credit Line perfect palindrome ‘Tis but a year or two at most, / Ere I must sleep in my tomb.”

This excerpt is rich in pathetic fallacy, as the thunder, lightning and rain are personified and directly connected to the events and emotions of the characters.

41- Periphrasis

A literary device that is used in the formulation of an alternative and shorter phrase to replace a relatively long and complicated one. This is usually in form of a circumlocution or round about expression, rather than direct or literal phraseology. Periphrasis is used because of different aims that include highlighting the statement, adding weight or solemnness, masking the sense and avoiding tediousness.

Common Example

• At this current moment in time” instead of “now.”
• Instead of saying “You stupid idiot,” one might say, “You’re not exactly a genius,”

Example In literature

“O, she doth mock me too! Friar Laurence, I took her for my flour and frame; and now am I turn’d, then, an compromise of sound and sense, I am very salt of tear.”

Through the use of periphrasis, Lord Capulet is able to express the depth of his grief and the magnitude of his loss without resorting to simple and direct language.

42- Polyptoton

The stylistic scheme in which words derived from the same root are repeated.

• Love is an irresistible desire to be irresistibly desired.

“As You Like It” by Shakespeare

“For who so firm that cannot be agitated? Be not disturbed, though change and chiding chance, By gallants fond, by gossips diffame; praise you, and why not? Speak you praises, or wherein dish? If you disgust, why then fair Mar low despite? If you can blame, blame; if you cannot blame, why then be brief! Thus convergence, thus men judge of us: If we be merry, praise it not; If we be grave, thengraver us: Set down these rights; where is your scribe? Write, for my part, I am I.”

Through the use of Polyptoton in her speech, Rosalind is able to stress the theme of changeability and inconsistency in human beings. She repeated the word ‘change’ with different endings and parts of speech to emphasize her meaning in a poetic and impactful manner.

43- Polysyndeton

Deliberate use of many conjunctions. This literary technique creates a series of equal clauses that are connected by ‘and’, ‘but’ ‘or’ and other coordinating conjunctions, which emphasizes the parallel structure of the sentences.

• We have ships and men and money and stores.

“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

“The sluggish ooze, which heaped round my feet, Cold slid and squirmed, and multiple my pains; And faster and faster sunk that stone! Who laid bat wings to Memphian sculptures’ eyes! Beneath the rocks, beneath the sea, / The old man popped.”

Through the use of Polysyndeton in this poem, Coleridge is able to emphasize the parallels, repeated and iterative circumstances faced by the speaker, which makes the poem more engaging and vivid.

The use of more words than necessary to convey meaning either as a fault of style or for emphasis.

44- Pleonasm 

It is a rhetoric device whereby two words are used to emphasize one meaning. This refers to a writing style that tends to use a lot of words to convey an idea while also repeating or using double terms denoting exactly the same meaning. 

• see with one’s eyes or burning fire.

“Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

“I am a thousand winds that blow, I am the diamond glints on snow, I am the sun on ripened grain, I am the gentle autumn rain. When you awaken in the morning’s hush, I am the swift uplifting rush Of quiet birds in circled flight. I am the soft stars that shine at night. Do not stand at my grave and cry, I am not there; I did not die.”

Here, the repetition of ‘I am’ is used to reinforce the idea of the speaker’s presence and continuity even after death. The use of pleonasms in this poem creates a lyrical and immersive quality, which emphasizes the richness and significance of everyday experiences.

A comparison between two unlike things using ‘like’ or ‘as’. Simile helps to create vivid imagery and convey complex emotion by providing a concrete example or comparison.

• Her smile was as bright as the sun.
• She worked like a horse

“A Midsummer Night’s Dream” by William Shakespeare

“I am seraunt to some demies, That mock our masters of their festivities; And sometimes I’ll a little poster it, When you have done your exercises, And wonder thengpuly how you come to it; But whether by born or taught I cannot decipher; It enables me to speak in divinity; And ’tis a common proof that low men understand it.”

Here, Puck uses a simile to describe his ability to move unnoticed. This simile is powerful and intriguing as it draws an interesting parallel between Puck’s movements and servants making fun of their masters festivities. The use of simile in this instance helps to convey the idea that Puck is able to move around discreetly without being seen.

46- Synecdoche

A part is made to represent the whole or vice versa.

• All hands on deck.
• Give me four

“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary, / Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore—” 

Poe’s use of a raven as a symbol in his poem goes beyond just representing a specific bird – it also highlights the gloomy associations and connotations that humans often attach to it. The poet employs synecdoche to represent the whole in order to create a somber and melancholic atmosphere.

47- Sibilance

A literary device where strongly stressed consonants are created deliberately by producing soft, hissing sounds. This effect is often produced through the use of sibilant consonant sounds, such as ‘s’, ‘sh’, ‘z’, and ‘zh’.

• The slithering snake slid through the grass.
• The sea slashed against the shore

“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” by T.S. Eliot

“Do I dare Disturb the universe? In a minute there is time For decisions and revisions which a lifetime Of trouble, of growing old Shall not make, shall not mitigate, Shall not make amends for, Still less does forgiveness, Since that silence in which we all Die like a departed king”

The writer uses a literary device called sibilance to create a pensive and contemplative mood. This technique involves the repetition of words with an ‘s’ sound, such as ‘disturb’ and ‘universe’, which contributes to a whispery and introspective tone that matches the speaker’s inner thoughts. The repetition of initial ‘s’ sounds in these words helps to establish a connection between the speaker’s thoughts and the events that he ponders, which creates a sense of complexity and instability in the relationship between the two.

48- SynScope

A figure of speech in which a part of a sentence is repeated in a different way. For example, “The dog, the dog, that stole the cat” is a sycope that repeats the word “dog” in a different way to emphasize it.

“Finnegans Wake” by James Joyce

“(Arise, O sleeper, I would cry to you up in your burrow, / Come out,\n”

James Joyce uses the literary device of syncope, which involves omitting letters or sounds from words to mimic natural speech. He builds dense, meaningful passages around gaps and distortions in dialogue to represent a sedated and slurred voice. The contrast between these sections of rich prose and moments of silence allows Joyce to vividly render the intense inner experiences and obsessions of his characters.

49- Tautology

Saying the same thing twice in different words, which is considered to be a redundancy.

• She took a deep breath and breathed in deeply.
• I have already told you that I will never do it again.

“Arise, fair sun, and kill the enviously dark night!”

Shakespeare uses repetition of the phrases ‘fair sun’ and ‘enviously dark night’ to emphasize the depth of Romeo’s feelings for Juliet. Though the two phrases mean the same thing, however their repetition create a strong visual image and sensuous tone that mirrors Romeo’s intense emotions. This repetitive technique enriches the text’s poetic style and resonates with the reader, which underscores the passionate love between the two characters.

A word applies to two others in different senses.

• She broke his car and his heart.
• She dressed her doll and her brother.

“A Walk” by Joseph Brodsky

“Officials throng the streets, The sun stews, yesterday’s rain Drips from the leaves and whatever else Will hold such pineapple.”

Brodsky uses zeugma that yokes together two ideas that may not naturally belong together. He connects ‘officials throng the streets’ with ‘the sun stews’ pairing a group of people with a description of the weather. This unusual juxtaposition allows Brodsky to hyperbolize and satirize as he critically examines the Soviet regime.

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Blog, Education

May 7, 2019

Aubrey Whitlock

The language of persuasion.

The Language of Persuasion (from Study Guide by Cass Morris)

Through the use of rhetorical devices (or figures of speech ), Shakespeare provides a map to help an actor figure out how to play a character and to communicate the story of the play to the audience.  These devices may provide clues to meaning, may indicate how a character’s mind works, or may audibly point the audience towards important concepts in a character’s speech.  Rhetoric is one of many tools an actor can use to discover playable moments in a speech or in dialogue. For example, a character who uses ellipsis, leaving out part of a sentence to force the other characters or audience members to complete it in their minds, might be forging a bond, or he might simply be in a hurry.

Julius Caesar includes one of Shakespeare’s most famous explorations of rhetoric: Antony’s “Friends, Romans, Countrymen” speech, an elaborate ploy in which Antony coaxes the plebeian mob from animosity to sympathy. Act Three, scene two is a verbal battle; Brutus first wins the plebeians over to his side, and Antony must conquer their good opinions for himself.

In this activity, your students will compare Brutus’s exoneration to Antony’s funeral oration, performing a rhetorical analysis of each and determining why Antony’s speech is ultimately more successful than Brutus’s.  This examination will include not only the R.O.A.D.S. categories, but also an examination of logos, pathos, and ethos, the three forms of persuasive appeal.

Step #1: Logos, Pathos, and Ethos

• Aristotle wished that all communication could take this form, but, owing to the frailties of human nature, he conceded the need for pathos and ethos.
• Does logos always have to be truthful? Or can a speaker create a very rational, very logical argument using false information? Or twist truthful facts into a misleading interpretation?
• You may wish to discuss common logical fallacies ( see http://www.theskepticsguide.org/resources/logicalfallacies.aspx  for a guide)
• Make a list of all the different emotions your students think it might be helpful to call on in a persuasive argument.
• What does a speaker need to know about his audience in order to use pathos effectively?
• Make a list of different ways a speaker might credential herself (introduction by another trusted person, talking about her background herself, a bio in an event program, etc).
• How can a speaker get an audience to trust him if they don’t already know who he is? How does presentation (dress, accent, posture, etc) play into the qualifications of ethos?
• When have they seen others use these methods of appeal? (Politicians, characters in movies, etc)
• When have they themselves needed to use them? (Running for class office, job interviews, college applications, etc)
• When have they ever seen these forms of appeal fail to persuade an audience?

Activity: Brutus’s Exoneration & Antony’s Funeral Oration

• Remind them of the circumstances Brutus is facing: He has made himself the public face of a group of conspirators who just murdered the ruling dictator of Rome, a man who was hated by much of the aristocracy but extremely popular with the army and with the common people.
• Remind them of the circumstances Antony is facing: Brutus has just convinced the crowd that he was right to kill Caesar, because Caesar was a tyrant who would have been the death of all freedom for all Roman citizens. Brutus has also, however, given Antony leave to speak Caesar’s eulogy, and has bid the plebeians to listen to what he has to say. Antony also enters with Caesar’s body, which at the moment is still covered-up.
• What does Brutus have working against him at the beginning of the scene?
• What does Antony have working against him at the beginning of the scene?
• What do they have working in their favor?
• If you were in this situation, what approach might you take?

Just like Brutus and Antony, modern politicians use rhetoric to attempt to influence the minds and hearts of voters. Ask your students when they have heard a politician try to excuse himself for something, like Brutus does. When have they heard a politician try to change their minds about something, like Antony does? For further exploration, have your students examine campaign speeches and public addresses with an eye for rhetoric used for persuasion or emotional appeal.  You might consider Martin Luther King Jr’s “I have a dream” speech, stump speeches from current or past elections, or presidential addresses on important events such as 9-11, Hurricane Katrina, or the Gulf Oil Spill. Or read our recent blog post on the rhetoric of Hermione in the Winter’s Tale and other contemporary women forced to testify in open forums.

Understanding the language of persuasion empowers students to think critically about how these appeals are used on them, and how they can in turn use them for their own benefit. Want our annotated copies of Brutus and Antony’s speeches for your classroom? Sign up for our monthly Education Newsletter ! You can also purchase our Julius Caesar Study Guide here .

Aubrey Whitlock is the ASC Education Associate and ASCTC Camp Life Coordinator.

Stylistic Devices (Rhetorical Devices, Figures of Speech)

On the following pages, we will explain some of the most important stylistic devices (also called rhetorical devices or figures of speech) – they are not only useful for analysing texts, but also for creating your own texts.

Stylistic devices make your speeches, essays etc. more interesting and lively and help you to get and keep your reader ’ s / listener ’ s attention.

Hyperbole: What Is It and How to Use It in Your Writing

Hyperbole uses figurative language to make an overstatement or exaggeration. This figure of speech creates emphasis and depending on the context, you can use it for comic or dramatic effect, to create vivid images, or to convey intensity or emotion.

The following hyperbole definition will help you understand this device and distinguish it from other literary terms.

Hyperbole examples and their function allow you to use them in your own creative writing to best effect.

Definition of hyperbole: What is it?

Hyperbole overstates or exaggerates, for example, circumstances, qualities or effects. As a rhetorical device or figure of speech, hyperbole takes a true statement and intensifies it to the extreme: “How much do you weigh, a ton?”. The shortest definition for hyperbole is, therefore, overstatement or extravagant exaggeration. It aims to create the most extreme form of a statement: “I died of shame” is already figurative language, and the hyperbole “I was so embarrassed, I died a thousand deaths” seeks to create a superlative of that.

The word hyperbole is pronounced ‘hi-PUR-bow-lee.’ It came into the English language from the Latin hyperbola , which goes back to the Greek word hyperballein , a composite of hyper for ‘beyond’ and the verb ballein meaning ‘to throw.’ The English adjective we use is ‘hyperbolic.’

Synonyms for hyperbole are overstatement, exaggeration or over-exaggeration, embellishment, magnification, or auxesis (meaning growth). In everyday speech, we use hyperbole to make a powerful impression, to emphasize and evoke feelings. As a rhetorical device or figure of speech, it can become a caricature, and we rarely take the meaning literally. “He has a brain the size of a pea” creates a vivid image most listeners will understand, but not take for fact.

Context is often important for hyperbole. We infer the intention of the speaker or the statement from what is exaggerated, not the actual meaning of the words. “To the moon and back” expresses vastness or a long way, but it’s also an impossible distance for the average person, raising questions if such a statement is sincere. “I love you to the moon and back” might sound romantic when you’re wearing rose-colored glasses but it can also come across as “cheesy” or insincere.

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What is the difference between hyperbole and litotes?

Hyperbole as extreme exaggeration or overstatement has a direct opposite in extreme understatement, also known as meiosis, or diminishment. Examples are referring to the ocean as “The Pond”, saying, “I’ve run into a bit of trouble” when there’s been a major accident or mishap, or stating “It’s nothing,” when indeed it is something.

As a figure of speech, litotes is a special case in which the speaker creates a magnification by denying its opposite. The negation of the understatement, therefore, becomes an overstatement:

Meiosis uses understatement to make something seem smaller than it is. Litotes, as a figure of speech, emphasizes the magnitude of something by denying its opposite, often ironically.

Why use hyperbole in writing?

Hyperbolic statements in creative writing grab the reader’s attention - when they stand out. Constant exaggeration can be exhaustive and will work against the audience’s suspension of disbelief. Hyperbole, therefore, is one of the quickest and easiest ways to create an unreliable narrator. We learn not to trust a character who’s full of “tall tales”.

Hyperbole is one of the literary devices such as simile, metaphor, personification, or euphemism which use figurative language to create meaning beyond the conventional definition of the individual words, deviating from the literal meaning. It’s more than selecting the strongest one of many synonyms in a thesaurus.

Hyperbole doesn't make a comparison, but an extravagant exaggeration or ridiculous overstatement. It can describe a duration or a quantity but works particularly well as intensification or emphasis on feelings and emotions. Hyperbole will most often appear in the direct speech of your characters.

In the narrative voice, this figure of speech will influence the relationship between narrator and reader and can be appealing or distancing. In screenwriting, you’re unlikely to use hyperbole in action lines and descriptions, since the meaning is not to be taken literally.

Hype can be short for hyperbole and usually emphasizes or exaggerates the benefits of something. Advertising makes use of hyperbolic messaging in slogans and statements to persuade customers and drive sales: “Red Bull gives you wings,” “The king of beers” (Budweiser), and “Breakfast of champions” (Wheaties) are such examples.

Examples of hyperbole

The figurative language of everyday conversation and life is full of hyperbole examples, which exaggerate to express emotions, emphasize or even create ironic, absurd, or grotesque overstatements.

Where art mimics real life, you’ll find characters using hyperbolic figures of speech in books and movies. Hyperbole can also appear in narratives, visually on screen or in a film script.

Playwright William Shakespeare employed figurative language to allow his characters to speak in rich, often hyperbolic metaphors. “The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars”, Romeo says of Juliet and claims that even the birds would mistake that brightness for day instead of night.

In Macbeth , the titular main character has figurative blood on his hands, which he cannot wash off, just like he can’t rid himself of the guilt of murder.

“Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather The multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red ”

It’s hyperbolic to assume that cleaning his hands in the ocean would turn them red from all the blood. Yet speaking figuratively, Macbeth shows how heavy his conscience weighs on him. Lady Macbeth replies that literal water—and clean hands—are enough to be done with it: “'A little water clears us of this deed.”

In Old Times on the Mississippi , author Mark Twain illustrates helplessness with hyperbole: “I could have hung my hat on my eyes, they stuck out so far.” F. Scott Fitzgerald uses a metaphor when the narrator describes Daisy’s voice. However, it is hyperbole that elevates the statement: “It was full of money—that was the inexhaustible charm that rose and fell in it, the jingle of it, the cymbals’ song of it.”

“I’m king of the world!” Jack declares in Titanic and though we know he’s far from it by any standard, we intuitively understand the feeling of elation that the outcry conveys. The line adds emotional emphasis, further heightening the rush of standing elevated at the bow, for which we have enough visual cues as well.

You can also use hyperbole in film to create contrast, for example between a character’s words and their actions. “To infinity and beyond!” is the tagline of Buzz Lightyear in Toy Story , which would already be hyperbolic for a real astronaut, let alone a toy. The contrast between the statement and Buzz’s capabilities becomes clear when he activates his laser weapon, which turns out to be only a red light.

Hyperbole is common in movie trailers, which are advertising and can overstate the film’s premise, stakes or content. For example, through editing, showing all the highlights and action scenes in a short time, or through narration, such as over-the-top voice-over lines.

Tropes can be hyperbolic as well. A trope is a theme or archetype recurring across a genre, such as an evil or mad villain or a near-almighty hero, devoted to fighting crime because of childhood trauma. Films can exaggerate tropes visually, by making a villain look hideous, employing gloomy lighting or angles, or by adding overly dramatic music.

‘Not hyperbole’ has become a trope itself, particularly in movies. It usually refers to a character making a hyperbolic statement or prediction; shortly after, that exact thing occurs. Examples of this trope are a character claiming to be nauseated by lies, and then having to throw up in the face of a lie, or a hero claiming to kick a villain through a wall, and then literally following through.

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Everyday speech

The use of hyperbole is common in the expressions we use every day. We overstate or overrepresent numbers to show an abundance or simply a lot: “I was attacked by a million mosquitoes.” We frequently hype things up to interest, motivate or convince someone: “You don’t want to miss the best party ever!” However, when we want to convey irony with this figure of speech, we might pair hyperbole with a deadpan delivery, a flat voice or an indifferent facial expression.

Negated understatement, litotes, is also a popular way to show appreciation of things without sounding overly enthusiastic. We might say “not shabby” instead of luxurious, “I can’t complain” when things are going well or “you managed to not screw up” when someone succeeded.

Another frequently used hyperbole in English and by now a figure of speech itself is the word ‘literally’, which we use with its opposite meaning, ‘figuratively.’ Adding “literally” to a statement therefore often qualifies it as not true and an obvious exaggeration. We say, “I’m literally starving” when we’re hungry, and “It’s literally killing me” for a nuisance.

Taking FOREVER: Improve your writing with hyperbole

As with many literary devices, less is usually more for hyperbole. It is intentional exaggeration, dramatic overstatement and obvious emphasis that should stand out. Hyperbole can only do that for your writing when your work is not saturated with it.

It’s a different matter when one of your characters is prone to hyperbolic statements. You can show their true nature when they constantly talk like that, but the rest of your cast or ensemble should have contrasting habits and traits.

Check your use of the word literally; it can serve as a marker for hyperbole, but try to create powerful figures of speech that don’t rely on it. As a rule of thumb, ‘literally’ is best avoided, unless it’s part of a character’s way of talking.

Hyperbole is not cliche per se, but unfortunately, it’s easy to fall into the trap of cliches when aiming for the hyperbolic: “I could eat a horse” is both a cliche and hyperbole. Think of an exaggeration that truly fits the circumstances and the character to avoid overused figures of speech.

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How to Use Good Figurative Language for Essays

Table of contents

Figurative language is a great way to make your essays more engaging and interesting for your readers. Not only does it add depth and nuance to your writing, but it also makes your arguments more persuasive.

However, many students don't know how to use figurative language effectively when writing essays.

In this post, we'll explore some of the best ways to use figurative language in your essays. We'll also look at a few specific examples of how to use good figurative language for essays to help you get started. So if you want to add some punch to your writing, keep reading!

What is Figurative Language in Writing

A figurative language is a form of writing that uses words or expressions in a non-literal way to add interest. The terms used in figurative language are not to be taken literally. In other words, it's a literary device that adds deeper meaning to your essay and makes your writing more engaging.

Why do authors use figurative language?

Authors use figurative language to make their stories more interesting to the readers. They also use them to evoke emotional reactions so they can connect deeply with the readers and hold their attention.

Can you use figurative language in academic writing?

Yes. You can use figurative language in academic writing if you are tactical enough to use it well. Academic writing is not always flowery, and using many figures of speech may look like fluff. Therefore, you should use them sparingly.

Importance of Figurative Language in Essays

Why resort to dull writing when you can use literary devices to help you express better, write impactfully and drive the message home? Here’s how you can take your writing to the next level by adding good figurative language for essays.

Makes essays interesting

Let's face it—plain, literal writing can be pretty boring. However, your essay becomes more enjoyable and interesting when you add a few well-chosen metaphors or similes. For instance, compare these two sentences:

Sentence 1: The wind was howling.

Sentence 2: The wind was like a wolf, howling at the moon.

While sentence 1 is not incorrect and reads fine, the second one is interesting and evocative.

Evokes emotions

In addition to making your essay more intriguing, figurative language makes it more evocative. This means that it can create an emotional reaction, which helps you connect better with your readers.

For example, if you're describing a sunset, you could say it was "red and orange." But if you want to evoke an emotional reaction, you could say, "The sunset was like a giant fireball, sinking slowly into the horizon."

Makes a persuasive argument

Finally, figurative language is also helpful when making a persuasive argument as in an argumentative essay . You can use them to communicate complicated ideas more clearly than in literal language.

For example, let's say you're trying to argue that somebody is acting selfishly. Instead of simply saying they're "selfish," you can drive your point home by saying, "She's acting like the world revolves around her!".

What are the 5 Main Types of Figurative Language

Now that you know what figurative language is and the importance of using them in essays, let’s take a look at the five main types of figurative language you can use, along with some examples.

A simile is a figure of speech that uses words "like" or "as" to compare two things that are not actually alike. Similes are often used in poetry and song lyrics to create imagery and help the reader visualize what the writer is saying.

For example, when you say, "My heart was like a rock tumbling down a mountainside," you are painting a vivid picture of how your heart reacted to a situation.

5 examples of a simile:

• As sweet as sugar;
• As strong as an ox;
• Swam like a fish;
• Busy as a bee;
• Cool as a cucumber.

2. Metaphor

A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two, unlike things without using the words "like" or "as." For example, you might say, "Love is a rose." to mean that love is beautiful and special, but it can also have thorns that can hurt you.

Metaphors are often used to make complex ideas more relatable and easier to understand.

5 examples of a metaphor:

• Life is a roller coaster ride;
• All the world is a stage;
• She lit up the room;
• He is the apple of my eye;
• John was a fish out of water in his new office.

3. Hyperbole

Hyperbole is an exaggeration used for emphasis or comic effect. It's often used in fiction and advertising to grab attention and make an impact.

5 examples of hyperbole:

• I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse;
• She slept for a thousand years;
• It’s raining cats and dogs;
• My work is killing me;
• This essay is going to take years.

4. Personification

Personification is a figurative language that gives human characteristics to nonhuman objects or concepts. It makes descriptions more vivid and interesting by making them relatable to human experiences.

5 examples of personification:

• Flowers danced in the breeze;
• The cameras loved her;
• London is calling;
• The plants were begging for water;
• Life passed me by.

5. Symbolism

Symbolism is when an object or action represents something else, usually something abstract, like an emotion or quality.

For instance, the color black often symbolizes death or darkness, while white might represent purity or innocence. In literature, authors often use symbolism to give their stories more depth and meaning.

Want to learn more about symbolism in writing? Check out this video by Reedsy .

4 Ways to Use Good Figurative Language for Essays

Figurative language can turn a simple description into a vivid work of art. However, it can be tough to know where to start if you've never used figurative language before. Here are some practical ways to add them to your essays.

Use hyperbole to reveal character traits

Hyperbole is an excellent tool to reveal the character traits of characters in your essay. You can use them to express how a particular character thinks, acts, feels, or behaves.

An exaggerated speech can show precisely how they feel about a situation. For instance, when a character says: "I tried calling you a million times!" This can reveal that the character is young, dramatic, and impatient.

Use metaphors to describe situations and settings

Similes and metaphors are the best figures of speech for describing situations or settings.

For instance, you could say, "Life is a journey" to describe the ups and downs of life's experiences. Or, you can say, "She was as angry as a hornet" to describe someone who was very angry.

Create some humor

You can use figurative language like hyperbole or personification to create a little humor in your essay. The exaggeration that comes with hyperbole can make your writing humorous and exciting to read.

For instance, when describing a disastrous date you went on, you might write: "He was chewing with his mouth open the whole time, and I was sure I saw something moving around in there. I don't think I've ever been so disgusted in my life."

By exaggerating the grossness of the situation, you add humor and a gross-out factor to your story, which will keep your readers entertained.

Use symbolism to give more meaning to objects

Make your readers think critically by giving more profound meaning to objects, animals, or characters with a symbolic meaning.

• Animals often symbolize various aspects of human nature. For example, the coyote is often seen as a trickster figure, while the bear often symbolizes strength.
• Colors often symbolize different ideas or emotions. For instance, white often represents purity or innocence, while black represents death or evil.

What is an example of a figurative language paragraph?

In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare writes, "But soft! What light through yonder window breaks? It is the East, and Juliet is the sun."

Shakespeare uses a simile to compare Juliet to the sun in this instance. He is saying that just as the sun brings light to the dawn, Juliet brings light into Romeo's life.

5 Tips To Use Figurative Language Effectively In Essays

When adding figurative language to your essays, you have to be tactical so they don't distort the meaning or disrupt the natural flow of your writing. Here are five tips on how to use figurative language effectively in essays.

Understand your goal

Before using any figurative language in your essay, know why you want to use them and whether they fit into the content. Also, understand whether they match the tone and style of your writing before adding them to the essay.

Use metaphors and similes sparingly

While metaphors and similes can make your essays interesting, they can become cliche and lose meaning if overused. When writing your essays, use them sparingly and only when they genuinely impact your writing.

Choose your words carefully

Figurative language is all about using words in new and interesting ways. When choosing your words and phrases, don't be afraid to experiment. Try out different figures of speech until you find the best fit for your essay context and message.

Strike a good balance

It's essential to strike a balance when using figurative language. Too much and it will become confusing and difficult to follow; too little and it will have no impact.

Find a middle ground that allows you to effectively communicate your ideas without overwhelming the reader.

Know the meaning

Finally, avoid flushing figures of speech into your essay just because you've heard them or read them somewhere. If you're unsure of the meaning, research and understand it first, and see if it fits your essay before ambiguously fixing words and phrases.

Final thoughts

Figurative language is a powerful tool that can add depth and dimension to your essays. Since they are diverse and dynamic, you must choose your words and phrases carefully to find the ones that work best for your essay.

Once you understand how to effectively use similes, metaphors, hyperbole, personification, and symbolism, you can create vivid images, emphasize important points, and set the tone for your story.

Now that you know how to add good figurative language for essays, don't hesitate to use them in your next essay writing assignment — you may be surprised by how striking and captivating your essay comes out.

At Writers Per Hour , we have expert writers who are aware of different literary devices such as figurative language and know how to use them to takes essays to the next level.

What’s more, apart from writing essays from scratch, we also provide editing and proofreading services and give your essays that final finishing touch that can help you get the grades you desire.

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Repetition Definition

What is repetition? Here’s a quick and simple definition:

Repetition is a literary device in which a word or phrase is repeated two or more times. Repetition occurs in so many different forms that it is usually not thought of as a single figure of speech . Instead, it's more useful to think of repetition as being a category that covers a number of more specific figures of speech, all of which use repetition in different ways.

Some additional key details about repetition:

• Figures of speech that employ repetition usually repeat single words or short phrases, but some can involve the repetition of sounds while others might involve the repetition of entire sentences.
• Repeating information has been scientifically shown to increase the likelihood of changing people's minds. The persuasive power of repetition is one of the reasons it is so common.

Repetition Pronunciation

Here's how to pronounce repetition: rep-ih- tish -un

Figures of Speech that Use Repetition

There are many different figures of speech that use repetition, all in different ways. These figures of speech can vary in the things they repeat (sounds, words, phrases, etc.) as well as in the specific order in which the repeated words appear in clauses or sentences. The most common repetition figures of speech are:

• Alliteration : The repetition of the same sound in a group of words, such as the “b” sound in: “Bob brought the box of bricks to the basement.” The repeating sound must occur either in the first letter of each word, or in the stressed syllables of those words.
• Anadiplosis : Occurs when a word or group of words located at the end of one clause or sentence is repeated at or near the beginning of the following clause or sentence. This line from the novelist Henry James is an example of anadiplosis: "Our doubt is our passion, and our passion is our task."
• Anaphora : The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses, phrases, or sentences. For example, Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech contains anaphora: "So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania..."
• Antanaclasis : A repetition of a word or phrase in which the that word or phrase means something different each time it appears. A famous example of antanaclasis is Benjamin Franklin's statement that: "We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately."
• Antimetabole : The repetition of a phrase, but with the order of words reversed. John F. Kennedy's words, "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country," is a famous example of antimetabole.
• Assonance : The repetition of the same vowel sound within a group of words. An example of assonance is the repetition of the "oo" sound in: "Who gave Newt and Scooter the blue tuna? It was too soon!"
• Consonance : The repetition of the same consonant sound within a group of words. An example of consonance is the repetition of the "f" sound in: "Traffic figures to be tough on July Fourth."
• Diacope : The repetition of a word or phrase with a small number of intervening words. The repetition of "unhappy" in the first line of Anna Karenina is an example of diacope, "Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way," is an example of diacope.
• Epanalepsis : Occurs when the beginning of a clause or sentence is repeated at the end of that same clause or sentence, with words intervening. The sentence "The king is dead, long live the king!" is an example of epanalepsis.
• Epistrophe : In epistrophe, one or more words repeat at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences. In his Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln urged the American people to ensure that, "government of the people, by the people, for the people,shall not perish from the earth." His repetition of "the people" at the end of each clause is an example of epistrophe.
• Epizeuxis : The repetition of a word or phrase in immediate succession, with no words in between. When the character Kurtz in Heart of Darkness says, "The horror, the horror," that's an example of epizeuxis.
• Polysyndeton : Occurs when coordinating conjunctions—words such as "and," "or," and "but" that join other words or clauses in a sentence into relationships of equal importance—are used several times in close succession, particularly where conjunctions would normally not be present at all. For instance, the following sentence contains polysyndeton: "We ate roast beef and squash and biscuits and potatoes and corn and cheese and cherry pie."
• Polyptoton : Occurs when words that share the same root, but are not identical, are repeated. The question, "Who shall watch the watchmen?" is an example of polyptoton.
• Refrain : In a poem or song, a refrain is a line or group of lines that regularly repeat, usually at the end of a stanza in a poem or at the end of a verse in a song. In a speech or other prose writing, a refrain can refer to any phrase that repeats a number of times within the text.

Repetition Examples

Here are additional examples from literature for each of the most common figures of speech that use repetition.

Repetition Example from Literature: Alliteration

This example from lines 5-6 of the Prologue of Romeo and Juliet has two sets of alliteration, one with “f” sounds and one with “l” sounds.

F rom f orth the f atal l oins of these two f oes A pair of star-cross'd l overs take their l ife;

Repetition Example from Literature: Anadiplosis

In Lolita , the morally bankrupt Humbert Humbert defends his relationship to the young Lolita to an imagined jury. Here, he reveals that what he presented as another person's letter was actually written by him, ostensibly from memory.

What I present here is what I remember of the letter , and what I remember of the letter I remember verbatim (including that awful French.)

A tactic of his deceit involves convincing the jury of the improbable—that is, that he remembers a letter verbatim—and his use of anadiplosis as a persuasion tool reflects both his charming and incredibly slimy personality.

Repetition Example from Literature: Anaphora

In this short excerpt from The Great Gatsby , F. Scott Fitzgerald uses anaphora in a description of the apartment that Tom Buchanan keeps as a secret location for his extramarital affair. The anaphora emphasizes the smallness of this gaudy apartment, which also reflects the pettiness of the affair.

The apartment was on the top floor— a small living-room, a small dining-room, a small bedroom, and a bath.

Repetition Example from Literature: Antanaclasis

Shakespeare often used antanaclasis in his plays. For instance, in Act V of Henry V a character named Pistol promises to sneak off to England and there engage in crime:

To England will I steal, and there I'll steal.

Repetition Example from Literature: Antimetabole

The dashing trio's rallying cry in The Three Musketeers is a famous example of antimetabole. The saying has remained in circulation until today—in part because antimetabole makes it so memorable.

All for one and one for all !

Repetition Example from Literature: Assonance

In these lines from Book XII of Lattimore's translation of Homer's Iliad the assonance helps reinforce the lulling effect of the winds' sleep:

"When Zeus ... st i lls the w i nds asleep i n the sol i d dr i ft ..."

Repetition Example from Literature: Consonance

In this line from chapter 9 of Moby-Dick , the " s " and " h " sounds mirror the activity of the scene—singing—by making the prose musical.

Nearly all joined in s inging thi s h ymn, which s welled h igh about the h owling of the s torm ...

Repetition Example from Literature: Diacope

In Othello , just before he kills Desdemona in Act V, Othello utters this line that contains the repetition of diacope:

Put out the light , and then put out the light .

It's worth noting that Othello's line here is also an example of antanaclasis, as he is using "put out the light" to mean two different things.

Repetition Example from Literature: Epanalepsis

In this excerpt from a speech by Ralph Nader, the repetition of "minimum wage" underscores its role as a major concern in both his speech and his political priorities.

A minimum wage that is not a livable wage can never be a minimum wage .

Repetition Example from Literature: Epistrophe

In this example from Chapter 28 of the The Grapes of Wrath , Steinbeck's use of epistrophe in Tom Joad's farewell dialog with his mother emphasizes Joad's desire both to provide her with some reassurance and continue to be there for her:

Wherever they's a fight so hungry people can eat, I'll be there . Wherever they's a cop beaten' up a guy, I'll be there ...I'll be in the way guys yell when they're mad an'—I'll be in the way kids laugh when they're hungry and they know supper's ready. An' when our folk eat the stuff they raise n'live in the houses they build—why, I'll be there .

Joad's repetition of his presence wherever poor people need help also emphasizes his dedication to the cause he believes in, and turns him into an almost mythological or godly presence who is always there to protect and support the downtrodden.

Repetition Example from Literature: Epizeuxis

One of the most famous examples of epizeuxis occurs in Hamlet , as Hamlet is speaking to (and mocking) Polonious in Act 2. When Polonius asks Hamlet what he's reading, Hamlet responds:

Words, words, words.

Here Hamlet both mocks what he sees as the stupidity of Polonious's question, but at the same time the repetition communicates a kind of awful weariness, in which Hamlet can't bring himself to care about the meaning of the words.

Repetition Example from Literature: Polysyndeton

Bob Dylan won the nobel prize for literature for the genius of his lyrics. His song "Masters of War" shows how polysyndeton can be used to build a specific emotion:

" And I hope that you die And your death'll come soon I will follow your casket In the pale afternoon And I'll watch while you're lowered Down to your deathbed And I'll stand over your grave 'Til I'm sure that you're dead"

Anger and disgust are palpable in the final lines of this song of protest against the politicians behind the Vietnam War. By using polysyndeton, Dylan continues to add phrase after phrase, far beyond where listeners might expect him to stop, to fully communicate the depth of his fury and his hatred for the politicians he calls the "masters of war."

Repetition Example from Literature: Polyptoton

In Shakespeare's play Troilus and Cressida , the character Troilus uses polyptoton three times in two lines. In all three cases, the repetition emphasizes the might of the Greeks:

The Greeks are strong and skillful to their strength , Fierce to their skill and to their fierceness valiant;

Repetition Example from Literature: Refrain

These are the first two stanzas of a song from Shakespeare's play, Twelfth Night . This poem actually contains a "double refrain," because it has two lines that repeat as refrains in each stanza.

When that I was and a little tiny boy, With hey, ho, the wind and the rain, A foolish thing was but a toy, For the rain it raineth every day. But when I came to man’s estate, With hey, ho, the wind and the rain, ’Gainst knaves and thieves men shut their gate, For the rain it raineth every day.

Why Do Writers Use Repetition?

Given the large number of figures of speech that use repetition, it stands to reason that writers use repetition for all sorts of different reasons. That said, it's possible to describe some general reasons that writers might choose to use repetition:

• Emphasis: The repetition of a word or phrase naturally serves to highlight it's importance within a text and as a thing or idea.
• Persuasion: Scientific studies have shown that simply repeating something is one of the most effective ways to convince people of its truth. Figures of speech that use repetition are common in speeches for just this reason.
• Contrast: Sometimes by repeating the same thing in slightly different contexts it is possible to illuminate contrasts. For instance, in the sentence, "What you own ends up owning you," the repetition of "own" highlights the contrast or twist in the sentence, which argues that the things you buy to improve your life can end up limiting and influencing your life choices.
• Rhythm: Repetition creates a natural rhythm, like beats of a drum, within a sentence. Repetition, then, is not just valuable for how it can allow a writer to control the meaning of sentences. It also can help a writer to affect the feel of those sentences.

Other Helpful Repetition Resources

• Wikipedia entry on repetition : A pretty basic discussion of repetition as a device.
• Youtube video on repetition : This video covers the basics of repetition.

• PDFs for all 136 Lit Terms we cover
• Downloads of 1956 LitCharts Lit Guides
• Teacher Editions for every Lit Guide
• Explanations and citation info for 41,253 quotes across 1956 books
• Downloadable (PDF) line-by-line translations of every Shakespeare play
• Alliteration
• Anadiplosis
• Antanaclasis
• Antimetabole
• Epanalepsis
• Figure of Speech
• Polysyndeton
• Characterization
• Anachronism
• Verbal Irony
• Colloquialism
• Bildungsroman
• Slant Rhyme
• Blank Verse
• Dynamic Character

Writers' Treasure

Effective writing advice for aspiring writers

Improve Your Writing by Using Figures of Speech

• Magnetic Writing

Do you want to improve your writing ?

If the answer is a loud “Yes” then you know that there are certain things which are recommended in writing. Some of them are:

• Having a proper writing voice
• Having some personality
• Using emotive language

Today, we’ll look into an element of grammar that achieves all three of the recommendations in an excellent manner. What is this element of grammar? And how does it improve  your writing?

The element is figures of speech, and to find out how using them improves your writing, read on.

Figures of speech – introduction

What are figures of speech ? I could give you my own definition, but it’s better to get it from the professionals. From Wikipedia:

A figure of speech is a use of a word that diverges from its normal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words in it such as a metaphor, simile, or personification. Figures of speech often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity. However, clarity may also suffer from their use, as any figure of speech introduces an ambiguity between literal and figurative interpretation. A figure of speech is sometimes called a rhetoric or a locution.

It’s been one of the few times I’ve nodded at reading a Wikipedia definition. Some takeaway points:

• When you use a figure of speech, you say something which you don’t actually mean
• The literal meaning is quite likely to be wrong if you use a figure of speech
• You likely use them in everyday speech without realizing it
• And figures of speech can really shake up your writing and provide personality, which makes them preferable to factual writing.

This, in a nutshell, is what figures of speech are all about. You’ve seen what they are, now let’s see which of them can help you improve your – well – writing.

Types of figures of  speech

• Simile – What is a simile? It’s a direct comparison between two things, and this is important, those two things must not be similar. For e.g. “He was as strong as a rock.” The simile remains a useful workhorse when you just want that the reader should understand your comparisons simply (without any complications).
• Metaphor – Many people think metaphor is the best figure of speech to use in blogging (and copywriting), and I agree. Why? Well, first things first. Metaphor is a direct comparison between two things (and once again they must not be similar). Words such as “as” and “like” are not used in metaphor (they are in simile), instead one thing is described as the other thing. For e.g. “He was a rock, wrapped in a blanket of responsibility.”
• Analogy – Analogies are a bit more complicated than either similes and metaphors, but they too can work great (provided you do them right). What are they? They are indirect complicated comparisons of two things. They are logical arguments. In this, you show two or more things, show their similarities, and then conclude that as some things about them are similar, the others are also likely to be. (Strangely enough, this reminds of Geometry and the remaining components theorem. If some things are similar, then the others are also similar). 🙂

For e.g. “Now let’s take blogging and mountain climbing . They both are difficult to do. How? Because they both take a long time. Many times, you are faced with failure, but you must go on (climb on). There will be obstacles and times of success. Success takes a long time and is not guaranteed. Thus, they both are similar.”

• Personification – This kind of thing works best in poems, but can also work in normal, everyday writing. In this an abstract object or a non living thing is given a human quality such as speaking, walking etc. For e.g. “Opportunity knocks at the door. The bus shook itself importantly.”

Why are figures of speech good to use?

Visual words are great. We human beings love emotion and we are largely indifferent to reason (although our left brain likes it). We like to say that we are “logical” – but emotion just works better.

Figures of speech are, by default, emotional. If you want to really emphasize something in your writing, then using figures of speech is a great choice. They can add personality to your writing, i.e., instead of using plain boring facts, spice your writing up and jolt your readers.

What is the effect of jolted readers?

Readers are jolted into attention. Attentive readers are the best readers, just as passive readers are the worst readers. Attentive readers read and understand your content. They respond. They act upon what you tell them. But it seems they are a dying breed. Starting a new blog? Good luck, but don’t really hope too much from your readers. They are going to be too passive.

So how to make a passive reader into an attentive reader? The answer is simple: use metaphors, similes and analogies prudently.

When you use metaphors in a way that is not too much interrupting, your writing’s clarity just gets better. (And as you all know, clarity is very important). Readers like to read metaphors and imagine the situation visually in their head. Readers like to read similes and understand things clearly. And, sometimes when it’s for the best, they’ll tolerate analogies (provided they are clearly explained).

So the takeaway: Using figures of speech will give personality to your writing, jolt a passive reader into attention, improve the clarity of your article, and make the writing much more readable.

Due to the reasons given above, the only thing I can say as a conclusion is…

…if you’re not using figures of speech in your writing, you’re missing out .

But as with all things, too much of anything is bad. If you use too many of these things, you really will get exasperated readers. Just don’t it.

Have Your Say

What’s your opinion on figures of speech? Do you think they work well? Or are they just used too much these days? Whatever you want to say, come say it in the comments.

For more tips on how to improve your writing, subscribe today with email or RSS .

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Further reading:.

• Tips and Tricks to Improve Your Creative Writing

27 thoughts on “Improve Your Writing by Using Figures of Speech”

That was a great article! Thanks for sharing this 🙂

Thanks! What did you like about it? 🙂

Be sure to read others!

Nice on figures of speech. I would like to know more in detail with examples on what is metonymy and some examples. Can you provide. I have seen some on the link here http://readwritelistenspeak.com/metonymy-definition-2/ But I am not satisfied. Thanks

I’m really thankful, it is really helpful to me when I read the whole explanations. just to say thank you and plan to pass what I’ve learned to my colleague and course mates.

Hi Idrees Patel, I really admire your writing skills – your so talented to have this kind of skill at such a young age.

Talented? Not really. Hard work and passion are big factors in learning writing skills. You can learn more about that in this article .

As the saying goes, try and you’ll succeed. Thanks for the comment!

Nice though of you Ildress, – keep up the good work.

Thanks, but there was something about your comment that left me a bit puzzled. Oh, and I know you didn’t mean it, but my name is actually spelled Idrees.

Thanks again, though.

I thought you were an adult, Idrees. Your writing skills are the cookies and creme of all ice cream. You have such a neat, practical style of writing. I do hope you will continue to update your website often. It is an impressive project and a wonderful idea! 🙂 I’ve read most of your articles already, so don’t be discouraged or anything, if you were.

Thanks for the wonderful comment, you really did make me a lot happier! I will continue to update this blog, but studies are making it a lot more difficult. I intend to clarify this in a new article…

Glad you think that this pet project of mine is impressive, and thanks again!

thanks for your information….. i have many tasks concerning about figure of speech actualy i have been learning english, and it will be my third language.. i need more information about figure of speech in education and also society.. i’d like your opinion about it.. thanks for your kind attention

Well it sure and is always a part of my daily routine, to try and incorporate them into most of those I blog about. But think there more to it than just the 4 of them.

Of course there are more than just 4 of them, but for the purpose of this article they were enough for me. If I would write a paragraph for every figure of speech, then this post will be extremely long!

Really rad writing skills Idrees. i look forward to more of your posts. P.S hot pic.

Writers use figure of speech to boost their writing piece. Additionally they use figure of speech to make their piece descriptive and interesting.

Hi there,I check your blog named “Improve Your Writing by Using Figures of Speech” regularly.Your story-telling style is awesome, keep it up! And you can look our website about تحميل افلام.

Thank you very much Idrees

Please you have written books that talk much about figures speech that one could obtain?

This article really give me understanding of figure of speech. Thanks to the writer

I am very much aware of the statement that using figures of speech is a great way to improve one’s writing. But as a writer, I tend to have problems regarding those creative devices. There was one time I struggled as I wrote an entry for my journal. To make the process “more energetic”, I resolved to invent meanings of words. And that “energizing” process turned out to be quite difficult as I would end up making common meanings. To be honest, I cannot diagnose myself, but I know I might not be suffering from writer’s block. Am I?

Metaphor is indirect comparison and not direct as mentioned by you

Hey Idrees,

Great article! You really covered this topic well. I did notice that one of the links on the page is broken (the Copyblogger link that explains the difference between metaphor, simile, and analogy).

I wrote a similar piece here: that covers that in depth: https://hellosummers.com/metaphor-simile-analogy/

Just wanted to send this content your way to help you improve the piece. I tried to send you a link via your contact form, but the CATCHPA is broken.

Keep up the great work!

Figures of speech sugarcoats words and makes them interesting.

What a great article! Thank you for sharing with us. With this it give me broad understanding of figure of speech.

OH MY GOD thank you, that was really helpful. Well can I ask if there’re any other sites for this subject ? Thank you in advance ?

Nice work, please can you make a sentence that contains these five figures of speech, metaphor, simile, onomatopoeia, oxymoron and personification

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Definition of Repetition

Common examples of repetition, examples of repetition in movie lines, famous examples of repetition, differences between repetition of sounds.

In addition to using repeating words and phrases as a literary device, writers may use repetition of sounds as well. Overall, the repetition of sound can provide rhythm , pacing , and musicality to a work of poetry or prose. These types of repeated sounds are consonance , assonance , and alliteration .

Writing Repetition

It’s essential that writers bear in mind that their audience may experience fatigue if repetition is overused. As a literary device, repetition should be used deliberately and not just for the sake of repeating a word or phrase. However, when used properly, repetition can be an influential device in writing.

Sense of Rhythm

Create emphasis, purpose of repetition in literature, use of repetition in sentences, examples of repetition in literature, example 1: macbeth (william shakespeare).

Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow , Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death.

 Example 2: A Dog Has Died (Pablo Neruda; translated by Alfred Yankauer)

My dog has died. I buried him in the garden next to a rusted old machine. Some day I’ll join him right there, but now he’s gone with his shaggy coat, his bad manners and his cold nose, and I, the materialist, who never believed in any promised heaven in the sky for any human being, I believe in a heaven I’ll never enter. Yes, I believe in a heaven for all dogdom where my dog waits for my arrival waving his fan-like tail in friendship.

Example 3: The Ballad of the Sad Cafe (Carson McCullers)

But the hearts of small children are delicate organs. A cruel beginning in this world can twist them into curious shapes. The heart of a hurt child can shrink so that forever afterward it is hard and pitted as the seed of a peach. Or again, the heart of such a child may fester and swell until it is a misery to carry within the body, easily chafed and hurt by the most ordinary things.

Synonyms of Repetition

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Question 1 Directed Writing: How to Write a Speech ( CIE IGCSE English Language )

Revision note.

Question 1 Directed Writing: How to Write a Speech

One of the three formats that you may be asked to write in for Question 1 is a speech. This may be to your class or students in your school or college, or something more formal intended for broadcast. The opinions and ideas you put forward in your speech should be based on what you have read in the reading passages given, and your writing marks will come from your ability to vary your writing to suit the purpose, audience and form of the task, as well as how you structure your response.

The following guide will detail how to structure your response in the style of a speech. It is divided into:

Key features of a speech

• Persuasive techniques

The language and tone of your speech will be determined by the task and subject, but the following are the basic features of a speech which you could include in your response:

You might wish to structure your speech in the following way:

• Directly address the reader or audience:
• Introduce the topic and your point of view
• Use personal and inclusive pronouns to involve your audience, e.g., “you” or “we” 
• Engage your audience using a rhetorical question
• Your next paragraph should develop your argument:
• You will need to infer information, ideas and opinions from the reading texts to do this
• Provide an anecdote to offer an example which proves your argument:
• This builds rapport with your reader by engaging with them on a personal level
• Again, this should be based on what you have read 
• Engage the reader on a personal level using a counter-argument:
• Again, this should be based on and developed from the ideas in the reading texts
• Offer more research or studies:
• This can be in the form of statistics, a witness statement, poll, or quote from an expert, based on the reading texts
• End your speech with an emotive plea:
• Use emotive language to engage your reader
• Ending your response on a single sentence, perhaps using a triplet, is an effective conclusion

Rhetorical questions are commonly used as a persuasive device, but avoid over-using any one technique, as this will make your writing sound much less sophisticated. Always consider the reason why you are using a technique and what the effect is that you want to achieve. Do not just use techniques for the sake of using them.

Persuasive writing

A speech is often more persuasive than other forms of writing. You are trying to persuade your audience that your point of view is valid, and sometimes encourage them to join you.

Here are some tips for how to make your speech persuasive:

• Write in the first person (write from your own perspective)
• Use personal and inclusive pronouns:
• Using words such as “we” and “us” builds rapport between you and your audience and makes them feel involved
• Present your opinions as facts; as a truth that should not be challenged
• Be passionate but not aggressive:
• Use emotive language and imperatives to call your audience to action
• Decide on your position and stick to it
• Make sure you do not sound like an advertisement

As an example, let’s consider the following introduction to a speech about GCSEs:

For more guidance, please see our speech model answer.

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Author: Deb Orrock

Deb is a graduate of Lancaster University and The University of Wolverhampton. After some time travelling and a successful career in the travel industry, she re-trained in education, specialising in literacy. She has over 16 years’ experience of working in education, teaching English Literature, English Language, Functional Skills English, ESOL and on Access to HE courses. She has also held curriculum and quality manager roles, and worked with organisations on embedding literacy and numeracy into vocational curriculums. She now manages a post-16 English curriculum as well as writing educational content and resources.

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the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the exploitation of figures of speech and other compositional techniques; language designed to have a persuasive or impressive effect on its audience, but which is now often regarded as lacking in sincerity or meaningful content.... ...

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100+ Motivational Speech Topics That Guarantee Good Grades

Table of Contents

As a high school or college student, there is a very high probability that your tutor will assign you the task of writing a motivational speech essay. Such assignments require you to research keenly on the most inspirational topics on which to base your speech. Most students find the process of researching motivational speech topics quite draining and time-consuming, which is why we have come up with a comprehensive list of motivational speech ideas that will get you started on your path to attaining the top grades that you envision for yourself. 

In this post, we’ll look at a variety of motivational speech topics that will not only captivate the interest of your audience but also equip you with the skills to deliver a speech that has a deep impact. Whether you want to gain insight into how to give an outstanding speech, even as a research paper subject, or get answers to frequently asked questions regarding how to do so effectively, these motivational topics will save the day.  

What Is the Purpose of a Motivational Speech?

Motivational speeches, whether they are inspiring topics for an academic presentation or a one-minute motivational speech for learners, are intended to stoke enthusiasm and inspire progress.

• Explore the basic features of a powerful speech, such as personalized stories that appeal to emotions and a distinct, resonating message. 
• Examine a variety of topics, from inspiring speech ideas to popular motivating topics, and how they relate to young people’s passions and issues. 
• Emphasize the importance of understanding the audience, particularly in an educational environment where an excellent motivational speech must be meaningful and entertaining. 
• Wrap up by reflecting keenly on the intended impact of your speech. 

A well-written motivational speech should use simple language and aim to maintain clarity throughout. Keep it short and precise to maintain your audience’s attention and engagement.

List of Motivational Speech Topics

Crafting a motivational speech can be a challenging task. If you are struggling to come up with ideas to focus your speech on, then here are some brilliant motivational speech topics to inspire you. We have 100+ captivating motivational speech topic ideas broken down into easy-to-access categories.

Motivation Speech Topics for Youth

If you’re looking to write a motivational speech that specifically targets the youth, here are some inspiring motivational speech topics that you can explore.

• How to fully enjoy your high school experience? 
• How to set yourself up for success? 
• Drawing inspiration from successful entrepreneurs. 
• Adopting a healthy lifestyle in your youth.
• When and how to seek mentorship.
• What you need to know about your first job.
• How to protect your mental health? 
• Overcoming adversity and loss.
• Harnessing the power of social media for social impact.
• Youth leadership in the digital age.

Motivational Speech Topics for Students

If you have been assigned to write a motivational speech that specifically targets students on educational and inspirational matters, here are some interesting motivational speech topics that you should consider.

• Life skills: lessons beyond the classroom.
• The role of personal development in a student’s life.
• The role of teachers in a student’s growth.
• Adaptability: embracing innovation in your learning curve.
• Future trends in education.
• Strategies to succeed in school.
• Overcoming change: how to thrive in new environments.
• The role of student leadership in educational institutions.
• How to avoid procrastination and embrace growth? 
• How to overcome exam anxiety? 

Motivation Speech Topics for Business and Management

You may have been asked to write a speech that addresses businesspeople or aspiring business owners. Here are some motivational speech topics that you can implement.

• How to overcome business challenges during hard economic times? 
• Entrepreneurship 101: Coming up with a vision and mission for your business.
• How to build a customer-centered business? 
• How to raise capital for your business? 
• The importance of creating a vision-driven team.
• Teamwork: The value of collaboration and communication in the workplace.
• Financial management: the backbone of every successful business.
• Developing practical leadership skills for business.
• Purpose-driven enterprises: the role of social impact and sustainability in your business.
• Setting goals for your business: how to turn your vision into practical, actionable steps.

Motivational Funny Speech Topics

To create a funny motivational speech, you will require a combination of humor, inspiration and knowledge of the main topic of discussion. Your speech should deliver a serious topic in a funny and inspiring way. Here are a few funny motivational speech topics to consider. 

• How to find humor in stressful situations? 
• Things to do when you don’t know what to do.
• Fun ways to lose weight.
• Going left when nothing seems to go right.
• Why do men have a love-hate relationship with skinny jeans? 
• Fun ways to make money while studying.
• How to believe in yourself when all else fails? 
• Expensive mistakes that you can avoid on your way to success.
• How to kill time when stuck in traffic.
• Ten ways to raise your mood when you feel low.

Motivational Speech Topics About Science and Technology

If you are planning to write a speech that aims to inspire or educate an audience that is interested in science and technology, then you have a lot of research to delve into. Here are a few motivational speech topics that can point you in the right direction.

• What is the difference between astronomy and astrophysics?
• How to embrace the power of Artificial Intelligence? 
• Cybersecurity: What you need to know and apply to your digital space.
• Understanding how the medicine you take works.
• Understanding the power of your gut health.
• Harnessing the power of renewable energy.
• Renewable energy vs environmental conservation: How solar panels affect the environment.
• Next-generation technology in AI.
• Scientific advancements in biomedical technology.
• Exploring the new frontiers of medicine through pharmaceutical technology.

5-Minute Motivational Speech Topics

The secret to delivering a 5-minute speech is to keep it short and sweet while making precise points in simple language. Here are some motivational speech ideas that you can use.

• How to embrace resilience and overcome life challenges.
• Staying motivated in the pursuit of your dreams.
• Embrace the power of positive thinking.
• Five easy ways to unleash your creativity.
• How to become a better friend? 
• The importance of self-care.
• How to tell when you’re procrastinating? 
• How to prepare for your exam? 
• Ten simple ways to grow your confidence.
• Finding your purpose and working towards it.

Inspirational Speech Topics

If you are looking for some passion speech ideas , we have some motivational speech topics to get you started.

• Unleashing your potential: a personal growth journey.
• The path to self-mastery: personal development strategies.
• Turning ambitions into realities.
• The art of becoming your most excellent self.
• Personal excellence: goal setting and achievement.
• Conquering personal development challenges.
• Self-reflection: crucial to personal growth.
• Developing a healthy self-perception.
• The power of psychological fortitude.
• Lifelong learning: the journey to professional growth.

Motivational Speech Topics About Sport

When addressing an audience of sportspeople, you need to ignite them into winning the game ahead of them. Here are some ignite speech topics that you can explore:

• How physical exercise promotes mental wellness.
• Benefits of fostering team spirit in sports.
• Why do we need more inclusive policies in sports for players with disabilities?
• The vital role of equal sports coverage of female sports.
• Why it is important to encourage children to participate in sports activities.
• Do the benefits of hosting an international sports event outweigh the costs?
• Using sports as a tool for community development and social change.
• We need to encourage more women to participate in male-dominated sports.
• The importance of implementing safety measures in contact sports.
• The role of sports in building resilience and coping skills.

Motivational Speech Topics on Government and Politics

Political issues are often difficult to tackle, so we have compiled a list of motivational speech topics to make your work easier. Use these motivational topics to jumpstart your assignment. 

• Youth leadership in politics: promoting involvement and public participation.
• Promoting social and criminal justice: fostering fairness and diversity in government policies.
• Environmental policy aims to promote environmentally conscious choices for a more sustainable future. 
• Human rights and activism aim to inspire progress and promote justice.
• Political leadership: developing moral and effective administration.
• Civic engagement: emphasizing the value of voting and participation in legislative institutions.
• Motivating a career of dedication and impact in government.
• Fighting corruption: promoting transparency and accountability in politics.
• Improving humanity and inclusion in immigration and refugee policies.
• Encouraging international partnerships and peaceful resolutions through diplomacy.

Medical Persuasive Speech Topics

If you are looking for motivational speech topics to address medical issues, you can build on these ideas of motivational topics .

• The human body: revealing the mysteries and the wonders of human biology.
• Medical research: advancing scientific findings and innovative medical developments.
• The healthcare champions: inspiring the advancement of medical careers.
• Global health equity: driving efforts to enhance access to excellent healthcare. 
• Global disease prevention efforts aim to promote healthy lifestyles and wellness.
• Understanding medical ethics: inspiring ethical decision-making in medical services.
• The impact of healthcare education: motivating the next generation of qualified and ethical healthcare workers.
• Mental health awareness: promoting understanding and providing assistance for mental health.
• Developments in Modern Medicine: Promoting customized treatment.
• Advances in medical technologies: Fostering cutting-edge diagnostics and therapeutics.

Motivational topics encourage people to examine their lives closely and transform them for the better. Although a motivational speaker plays a vital role in strengthening a person’s resolve to achieve a higher quality of life, they often struggle to come up with catchy and empowering motivational speech topics. Using these inspirational speech ideas and motivational speech topics guarantees that you will create a winning speech.

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