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NCERT Notes: Causes Of Indian National Movement [Modern Indian History Notes For UPSC]

NCERT notes on important topics for the UPSC Civil Services Exam . These notes will also be useful for other competitive exams like banking PO, SSC, state civil services exams and so on. This article talks about the Causes of the Rise of the Indian National Movement.

Candidates can also download the notes PDF from the link provided below.

Causes of Indian National Movement (UPSC Notes):- Download PDF Here

The rise of national consciousness in India took place towards the latter half of the 19th century only. Before that, there were struggles and battles against British colonialism but they were all confined to smaller areas and in any case, did not encompass the whole of India. In fact, some scholars at the time did not consider India to be a country. Though political union had occurred in the past under great kings like Ashoka and Akbar and under the Marathas to an extent, they were not permanent. However, cultural unity was always seen and foreign powers always referred to the subcontinent as India or Hind as being one entity, despite being ruled by many rulers.

It can be said that the national movement, with the political and social emancipation of the people as its aim, arose in India in 1885, with the formation of the Indian National Congress.

Causes of the rise of the National Movement in India

• Western education

Macaulay had instituted a western educational system in India with the sole aim of creating a class of educated Indians who could serve their colonial masters in the administration of the ‘natives’. This idea sort of backfired because it created a class of Indians who became exposed to the liberal and radical thoughts of European writers who expounded liberty, equality, democracy and rationality. Also, the English language united Indians from various regions and religions.

• Vernacular languages

The 19th century also saw the revival of vernacular languages. This helped the propagation of the ideas of liberty and rational thought to the masses.

• End of the old social order

British imperialism put an end to the old social order of the country. This was resented by many Indians.

• Socio-religious reform movements

Socio-religious reform movements of the 19th century helped a great deal in the rise of nationalism in India. These movements sought to remove superstition and societal evils prevalent then, and spread the word of unity, rational and scientific thought, women empowerment and patriotism among the people. Notable reformers were Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Jyotiba Phule and so on.

• Economic policies of the British

The oppressive economic policies of the British led to widespread poverty and indebtedness among the Indians especially farmers. Famines which led to the deaths of lakhs were a regular occurrence. This led to a bitter sense of suppression and sowed the seeds of a yearning for liberty from foreign rule.

• Political unity

Under the British, most parts of India were put under a single political set-up. The system of administration was consolidated and unified throughout all regions. This factor led to the feeling of ‘oneness’ and nationhood among Indians.

• Communications network

The British built a network of roads, railways, post and telegraph systems in the country. This led to increased movements of people from one part of the country to another and increased the flow of information. All this accelerated the rise of a national movement in India.

• Growth of the modern press

This period also saw the rise of the Indian press, both in English and in the regional languages. This also was an important factor that helped in the dissemination of information.

• Lord Lytton’s policies

Lord Lytton was the Viceroy of India from 1876 to 1880. In 1876, there was a famine in south Indian which saw the deaths of almost 10 million people. His trading policies were criticised for having aggravated the famine. Also, he conducted the grand Delhi Durbar in 1877 spending huge amount of money at a time when people were dying of hunger.

Lytton also passed the Vernacular Press Act 1878 which authorised the government to confiscate newspapers that printed ‘seditious material’. He also passed the Arms Act 1878 which prohibited Indians from carrying weapons of any kind without licenses. The act excluded Englishmen.

• Legacy of the Revolt of 1857

After the Revolt of 1857 and its bitter crushing by the British, there was deep racial tension between the British and the Indians.

• Ilbert Bill controversy

In 1883, the Ilbert Bill was introduced which gave Indian judges the power to hear cases against European, by the then Viceroy Lord Ripon and Sir Courtenay Ilbert, the legal advisor to the Council of India. But there was a huge outcry against this bill from Britishers in India and in Britain. Arguments made against this bill displayed the deep racial prejudice the English had for Indians. This also exposed the true nature of British colonialism to the educated Indians.

• National movements outside the country

There were many national movements outside the country that inspired the Indian nationalists like the French Revolution, the American War of Independence and so on.

Also, Read | Impact of the Revolt of 1857

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Indian National Movement – UPSC Modern History Notes

The Indian National Movement, a pivotal chapter in the annals of India’s history, represents a stirring saga of determination, resilience, and collective aspiration for independence from British colonial rule. Spanning several decades and marked by a diverse array of leaders, ideologies, and strategies, this movement became the crucible in which the Indian subcontinent’s destiny was reshaped. It was a monumental struggle that galvanized millions of Indians across the length and breadth of the nation, transcending barriers of language, religion, and caste, and ultimately led to the emergence of independent India in 1947. The Indian National Movement remains a testament to the power of unity, non-violent resistance, and the pursuit of justice, and it continues to inspire nations around the world in their quests for self-determination and freedom. This introduction sets the stage for a deeper exploration of the multifaceted and dynamic journey of the Indian National Movement.

The period between 1885 and 1905 is commonly referred to as the Moderate Phase, led by moderate leaders. During this time, influential figures like Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozshah Mehta, D.E. Wacha, W.C. Bonnerjea, and S.N. Banerjee held prominent positions in Congress and shaped its policies. These leaders were strong advocates of “liberalism” and pursued moderate political approaches. They were known as Moderates to differentiate them from the extremists who emerged in the early twentieth century. The emergence of Indian nationalism in the late 19th century was influenced by various factors such as the spread of Western education, socio-religious reforms, British policies, and other contributing elements.

Table of Contents

Moderate Phase – Features

• During the Moderate Phase, which took place between 1885 and 1905, the Early Nationalists, commonly known as the Moderates, emerged as a significant group of political leaders in India, marking the beginning of the organized national movement. Two prominent moderate leaders were Pherozeshah Mehta and Dadabhai Naoroji.
• The Moderates consisted primarily of educated middle-class professionals, including lawyers, teachers, and government officials, many of whom had received their education in England. Their political activities followed a constitutional approach, focusing on lawful agitation and demonstrating a gradual and orderly political progression.
• The Moderates held the belief that the British authorities genuinely intended to be fair to the Indians but lacked awareness of the actual conditions in India. They believed that by shaping public opinion within the country and presenting public demands through resolutions, petitions, meetings, and other means, the authorities would gradually meet these demands.
• To achieve their objectives, the Moderates employed a two-pronged strategy. Firstly, they aimed to create strong public opinion to awaken consciousness and foster national spirit among the people. They also worked towards educating and uniting individuals on common political issues. Secondly, they sought to persuade the British government and public opinion to implement reforms in India in line with the nationalist agenda.
• In 1899, a British committee of the Indian National Congress was established in London, serving as its representative body. Dadabhai Naoroji played a significant role in advocating for India’s cause on international platforms, dedicating a considerable portion of his life and resources to this endeavor.
• Although there were plans to hold a session of the Indian National Congress in London in 1892, the proposal was postponed due to the British elections in 1891 and was subsequently not revived.

Moderate Phase – Objectives

• Establish a democratic, nationalist movement : The Moderates aimed to create a movement that would advocate for the rights and aspirations of the Indian people within a democratic framework.
• Politicize and politically educate people: The Moderates sought to raise political awareness among the Indian population, particularly the educated middle class, and educate them about their rights and responsibilities as citizens.
• Establish a movement’s headquarters: The Moderates aimed to establish a central headquarters or organization that would serve as a platform for coordinating and directing nationalist activities throughout the country.
• Promote friendly relations among nationalist political workers: The Moderates emphasized the importance of fostering friendly relationships and cooperation among nationalist political workers from different regions of India, to create a unified front against colonial rule.
• Create and spread an anti-colonial nationalist ideology: The Moderates aimed to develop and propagate an ideology that emphasized the need to oppose and challenge British colonial rule in India.
• Formulate and present popular demands to the government: The Moderates believed in formulating popular demands related to economic and political reforms, which would serve as a rallying point to unite the Indian people behind a common agenda. These demands would be presented to the government for consideration.
• Develop and consolidate a sense of national unity: The Moderates worked towards fostering a sense of national unity among people of all religions, castes, and provinces in India. They aimed to transcend divisions and create a shared identity based on the idea of Indian nationhood.
• Promote and cultivate Indian nationhood with care: The Moderates recognized the importance of nurturing and preserving the concept of Indian nationhood, paying attention to its development and ensuring its growth thoughtfully and deliberately.

Moderate Phase – Important Leaders

• Dadabhai Naoroji: Often referred to as the “Grand Old Man of India,” he was the first Indian to be elected to the British House of Commons. Naoroji authored the influential book ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India,’ which highlighted the economic drain caused by British policies in India.
• Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee: He served as the first president of the Indian National Congress (INC). Bonnerjee, a lawyer by profession, was also the first Indian to serve as Standing Counsel.
• G. Subramania Aiyer: He founded the newspaper ‘The Hindu,’ through which he criticized British imperialism. Aiyer also established the Tamil newspaper ‘Swadesamitran’ and was a co-founder of the Madras Mahajana Sabha.
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale: Gokhale was an influential leader and political mentor to Mahatma Gandhi. He founded the Servants of India Society, which aimed to promote social and political reforms in the country.
• Surendranath Banerjee : Known as ‘Rashtraguru’ and ‘Indian Burke,’ Banerjee founded the Indian National Association, which later merged with the INC. He was also associated with the Bengalee newspaper. Banerjee faced racial discrimination when he was fired from the Indian Civil Service.
• Other notable moderate leaders include Rash Behari Ghosh, R.C. Dutt, M.G. Ranade, Pherozeshah Mehta, P.R. Naidu, Madan Mohan Malaviya, P. Ananda Charlu, and William Wedderburn. These leaders played significant roles in advocating for India’s rights and pushing for political and social reforms during the Moderate Phase.

The method used by the Moderates

• Reform Demands and Criticism : The Moderates articulated reform demands and openly criticized government policies. They highlighted the need for social, economic, and political reforms in India.
• Emphasis on Patience and Reconciliation: The Moderates believed in peaceful and non-violent methods. They prioritized patience and reconciliation over violent confrontations, seeking to resolve issues through dialogue and negotiation.
• Constitutional and Peaceful Means: The Moderates relied on constitutional and peaceful means to achieve their goals. They adhered to legal frameworks and advocated for reforms within the existing system.
• Education and Political Consciousness: The Moderates placed great emphasis on educating people and raising their political consciousness. They aimed to inform and engage the public on matters of national importance, fostering a sense of political awareness among the masses.
• Formation of Public Opinion: The Moderates organized lectures and discussions in different parts of India and England to shape public opinion. They utilized platforms to generate awareness and garner support for their cause. The publication of the weekly journal ‘India’ aimed at disseminating information among the British people.
• Criticism through Newspapers and Journals: The Moderates utilized various newspapers and journals to criticize government policies and advocate for reforms. Publications like the Bengali newspaper, Bombay Chronicle, Hindustan Times, Induprakash, Rast Goftar, and the weekly journal India were utilized to voice their concerns and perspectives.
• Advocacy for Government Investigation: The Moderates called for government investigations into the problems faced by the people and sought viable solutions to address these issues.
• Organizing Meetings and Discussions: The Moderates regularly held meetings and discussions to address social, economic, and cultural issues. These gatherings took place in various locations, including England, Mumbai, Allahabad, Pune, and Calcutta, among others.
• By employing these methods, the Moderates sought to create awareness, mobilize public support, and influence policy-making in their pursuit of reform and progress for

Contributions of Moderate Nationalists

• Economic Critique of British Imperialism 
• Economic Critique of British Imperialism: Leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, R.C. Dutt, Dinshaw Wacha, and others critically examined the political economy of British rule in India. They put forth the “drain theory,” which explained the British exploitation of India’s resources and advocated against the conversion of India’s self-sufficient economy into a colonial one. They created public opinion that British rule was the primary cause of India’s poverty and economic backwardness. They called for an end to economic dependence on Britain, the development of an independent Indian economy, and the involvement of Indian capital and enterprise.
• Demands for Economic Reforms: The Moderate Nationalists demanded various economic reforms to alleviate the deprivation in India. They called for a reduction in inland revenue, the abolition of the salt tax, better working conditions for plantation laborers, and a decrease in military spending, among other measures. Their economic demands aimed to address the exploitative practices and policies of British imperialism in India.
• Advocacy for Constitutional Reforms: Despite limited official power, the Moderate Nationalists actively participated in India’s legislative councils, which were established by the Indian Councils Act (1861). They used these platforms to push for constitutional reforms and to advance the cause of the national movement. While the councils were initially designed as impotent bodies, the work done by the nationalists within them helped in the growth of the national movement.
• Council Expansion and Reform: From 1885 to 1892, the Moderate Nationalists focused on demands for council expansion and reform. They called for greater participation of Indians in the councils and sought more powers for the councils, particularly in terms of control over finances. These demands aimed to increase Indian representation and influence in the decision-making processes of the colonial administration.
• By highlighting the economic exploitation under British rule, advocating for economic reforms, and pushing for constitutional changes, the Moderate Nationalists played a crucial role in shaping public opinion, mobilizing support, and laying the foundation for the broader Indian national movement.

Campaign for General Administrative Reform

• Indianisation of Government Service: The Moderates argued for the inclusion of Indians in government services. They highlighted the economic benefits of employing Indians, as British civil servants received high salaries and remitted a significant portion of their earnings out of India, leading to an economic drain on national resources. They also emphasized the political and moral aspects, arguing that excluding Indians from positions of power was discriminatory and unjust.
• Separation of Judicial and Executive Powers: The Moderates criticized the existing system where the judicial and executive powers were not separated. They advocated for the separation of these powers to ensure a more efficient and impartial administration of justice.
• Criticism of Bureaucracy and Judicial System: The Moderates voiced concerns about the oppressive and tyrannical nature of the bureaucracy. They highlighted the bureaucratic inefficiencies and the time-consuming judicial system, calling for reforms to make these systems more responsive, transparent, and accessible.
• Opposition to Aggressive Foreign Policy: The Moderates criticized the aggressive foreign policy of the British government, which resulted in actions such as the annexation of Burma, the invasion of Afghanistan, and the suppression of tribals in the North West. They argued for a more restrained and just approach to dealing with foreign affairs.
• Increased Spending on Welfare and Development: The Moderates advocated for increased government spending on welfare measures such as health and sanitation, education (particularly elementary and technical education), irrigation works, agricultural improvements, and the establishment of agricultural banks for cultivators. They emphasized the need to prioritize social and economic development to improve the conditions of the Indian population.
• Protection of Indian Laborers in British Colonies: The Moderates raised concerns about the mistreatment and racial discrimination faced by Indian laborers in other British colonies. They called for better treatment and protection of the rights of Indian laborers, highlighting the need for fair and just treatment regardless of their location.
• Through their campaign for general administrative reform, the Moderate Nationalists aimed to address systemic issues, improve governance, and protect the interests and well-being of the Indian population.

Protection of Civil Rights

• Spread of Democratic Ideas: The Moderate Nationalists embarked on a continuous campaign to promote modern democratic ideals among the Indian population. They aimed to raise awareness and consciousness about civil rights and the principles of democracy.
• Integration of Civil Rights in the Freedom Struggle: As the national movement progressed, the defense of civil rights became an integral part of the struggle for freedom. The Moderate Nationalists understood that the preservation of civil liberties was crucial in challenging colonial oppression and establishing a just and democratic society.
• Outrage over Arrests and Deportation: The arrest of prominent leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and several journalists in 1897, as well as the arrest and deportation of the Natu brothers without a trial, sparked widespread public outrage. These incidents highlighted the violation of civil rights by the colonial authorities and further fueled the demand for their protection.
• The Moderate Nationalists fought to safeguard civil rights as they recognized their significance in ensuring individual freedoms, promoting democratic values, and challenging oppressive colonial policies.

Achievements of the Moderates

• Indian Councils Act of 1892: The Moderates’ demands for constitutional reform were partially met through the Indian Councils Act of 1892. This act increased the number of members in the Imperial Legislative Councils and Provincial Legislative Councils, allowing for greater Indian representation.
• Expansion of Legislative Councils: The act granted additional responsibilities to the Legislative Councils, such as the ability to engage in budget debates and question the executive. This expansion of their role gave Indian representatives a platform to voice their concerns and participate in the decision-making process.
• Implementation of Indirect Elections: The Indian Councils Act introduced indirect elections (nominations) in both the central and provincial legislative councils. While not fully elected, these nominations allowed for some Indian representation in the councils.
• Demand for Greater Representation and Budget Control: The Moderates, during Congress sessions, criticized the limited scope of the reforms. They demanded a majority of elected Indians in the councils and sought control over the budget. They argued that elected representatives should have the ability to vote on and amend the budget, emphasizing the principle of “No taxation without representation.”
• The achievements of the Moderates in securing constitutional reforms and expanding representation laid the foundation for further advancements in the Indian national movement. While they faced limitations and continued to advocate for more substantial changes, their efforts marked an important step forward in the struggle for political rights and self-governance.

Limitations of the Moderates

• Limited Mass Involvement: The Moderate Nationalists were predominantly composed of educated elites, such as lawyers, teachers, and government officials. They did not actively seek or prioritize the involvement of the masses in their movement. Unlike leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, who emphasized mass participation and mobilization, the Moderates relied more on intellectual and bureaucratic approaches.
• Distanced from the Masses: The Moderates’ attachment to Western political thought and their emphasis on constitutional methods sometimes created a disconnect between them and the broader population. Their intellectual and elite background made it challenging for them to fully connect with and understand the aspirations and struggles of the common people.
• Limited Goal of Autonomy: Unlike more radical and revolutionary factions within the national movement, the Moderates did not aim for complete independence from British rule. They were content with achieving dominion status, which would grant increased autonomy and self-rule while still being within the British Empire. This more moderate stance may have limited their ability to rally broader support for complete independence.
• It is important to note that these limitations should be understood in the context of the specific time and circumstances in which the Moderate Phase operated. While they had their constraints, the Moderates played a significant role in laying the foundation for the subsequent stages of the Indian national movement.

Evaluation of Early Nationalist

• Progressive Forces: The Early Nationalists represented the most progressive forces in India during their time. They advocated for constitutional reforms, civil rights, and economic independence from British imperialism. Their ideas and actions were instrumental in shaping the early stages of the national movement.
• National Awakening: The Moderates played a significant role in creating a widespread national awakening among Indians. They emphasized the need for unity and a sense of belonging to one nation, uniting people across regions, religions, and castes in the common struggle against colonial rule.
• Political Education and Modern Ideas: The Moderates actively worked to educate people about politics and popularize modern ideas. They played a crucial role in raising political consciousness and spreading awareness among the masses.
• Exposing Exploitative Colonial Rule: The Moderates effectively exposed the exploitative nature of colonial rule in India. They highlighted the economic drain and social injustices caused by British policies, undermining the moral foundations of colonialism.
• Realistic and Grounded Approach: The political work of the Moderates was based on hard realities rather than shallow sentiments or religious factors. They focused on practical reforms and gradual progress within the existing system, aiming to govern India in the interests of Indians.
• Foundation for a Mass-Based Movement: The Moderates laid the groundwork for a more vigorous and mass-based national movement that would follow in the years ahead. Their efforts provided a foundation for future leaders and organizations to mobilize the masses and broaden the struggle for independence.
• Limitations in Broadening the Base: One of the criticisms of the Moderates is their limited ability to broaden their democratic base and expand the scope of their demands. They primarily represented the educated elite and did not actively engage or involve the larger masses in the movement.
• In conclusion, the Early Nationalists, or Moderates, played a crucial role in the Indian national movement. They brought progressive ideas, created national awakenings, exposed colonial exploitation, and laid the groundwork for future mass-based movements. However, their limitations in broadening their base and expanding demands are also acknowledged.
• In conclusion, the Moderate Phase of the Indian national movement, led by the Early Nationalists, made significant contributions to the struggle for independence. They believed in peaceful and constitutional methods, seeking to transform colonial rule into a form of national rule that would be in India’s best interests. However, their approach was limited by their reliance on the educated elite and their hesitation to challenge British rule directly.
• While the Moderates were not able to achieve widespread mass participation and lacked radical political positions, their efforts were instrumental in creating a sense of Indian nationalism and raising awareness about the exploitative nature of colonial rule. They fought for the interests of the emerging Indian nation and laid the foundation for future nationalists who would adopt more militant and mass-based approaches in the struggle against colonialism.
• The Moderates played a significant role in shaping the early stages of the national movement, and their contributions should be recognized in the broader context of India’s journey towards independence.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: what was the indian national movement.

A: The Indian National Movement was a concerted effort by the people of India to gain independence from British colonial rule. It spanned several decades, with various leaders and organizations advocating for political, social, and economic reforms to achieve self-governance.

Q: When did the Indian National Movement start?

A: The Indian National Movement can be traced back to the late 19th century, but it gained significant momentum in the early 20th century. Some key events include the formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 and the emergence of leaders like Mahatma Gandhi as prominent figures in the movement.

Q: Who were the key leaders of the Indian National Movement?

A: The Indian National Movement had several prominent leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and many others. Each of these leaders played a significant role in different phases of the movement.

Q: What were the main methods and strategies employed in the Indian National Movement?

A: The Indian National Movement used a variety of methods and strategies, including nonviolent civil disobedience, boycotts, protests, strikes, and mass mobilization. Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence (Satyagraha) was a central theme in the movement, and it played a crucial role in India’s struggle for independence.

Q: When did India finally gain independence from British rule?

A: India gained independence from British rule on August 15, 1947. This historic event marked the end of nearly 200 years of British colonial rule in India and the beginning of a new era for the nation as it became a sovereign republic.

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What is the Indian National Congress?

The Indian National Congress is one of two major political parties in India . It was influential in the 20th-century Indian independence movement and dominated much of the republic’s early political scene.

When was the Indian National Congress founded?

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885, initially with the goal of pursuing moderate reform under the British raj in India. Its roots are in the early Indian nationalist movement that arose from the Indian Rebellion of 1857 .

The Indian National Congress was initially focused on moderate reform under the British raj in India. However, some early 20th-century activists began to boycott British imports and promote Indian goods, garnering the support of a wide swath of social classes. In the 1920s and ’30s party leader Mahatma Gandhi supported nonviolent acts of civil disobedience. Although tensions between the Congress Party and the raj escalated during World War II , by 1947 these tactics had secured independence for India.

Prior to Indian independence, the Indian National Congress was a champion of moderate reform, although during the 1920s and ’30s it transitioned to a focus on independence through nonviolent civil disobedience. Since independence, the party has traditionally supported socialist economic policies within a mixed economy , although in the 1990s it supported more conservative economic reforms. Its social policies have included secular government and equal rights, irrespective of caste.

The Indian National Congress’s prominent Gandhi family is not related to Mahatma Gandhi . Jawaharlal Nehru and his daughter Indira Gandhi , who both served as prime minister of India, were close associates of the Mahatma. However, Indira’s surname came from her husband, Feroze Gandhi. Feroze and the Mahatma were not related.

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Indian National Congress , broadly based political party of India . Formed in 1885, the Indian National Congress dominated the Indian movement for independence from Great Britain . It subsequently formed most of India’s governments from the time of independence and often had a strong presence in many state governments.

(Read Indira Gandhi’s 1975 Britannica essay on global underprivilege.)

The Indian National Congress first convened in December 1885, though the idea of an Indian nationalist movement opposed to British rule dated from the 1850s. During its first several decades, the Congress Party passed fairly moderate reform resolutions, though many within the organization were becoming radicalized by the increased poverty that accompanied British imperialism. In the early 20th century, elements within the party began to endorse a policy of swadeshi (“of our own country”), which called on Indians to boycott of imported British goods and promoted Indian-made goods. By 1917 the group’s “extremist” Home Rule wing, which was formed by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant the previous year, had begun to exert significant influence by appealing to India’s diverse social classes.

In the 1920s and ’30s the Congress Party, led by Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi , began advocating nonviolent noncooperation . The new change in tactics was precipitated by the protest over the perceived feebleness of the constitutional reforms enacted in early 1919 ( Rowlatt Acts ) and Britain’s manner of carrying them out, as well as by the widespread outrage among Indians in response to the massacre of civilians in Amritsar ( Punjab ) that April. Many of the acts of civil disobedience that followed were implemented through the All India Congress Committee, formed in 1929, which advocated avoiding taxes as a protest against British rule. Notable in that regard was the Salt March in 1930 led by Gandhi. Another wing of the Congress Party, which believed in working within the existing system, contested general elections in 1923 and 1937 as the Swaraj (Home Rule) Party , with particular success in the latter year, winning 7 out of 11 provinces.

When World War II began in 1939, Britain made India a belligerent without consulting Indian elected councils. That action angered Indian officials and prompted the Congress Party to declare that India would not support the war effort until it had been granted complete independence. In 1942 the organization sponsored mass civil disobedience, called the Quit India Movement , to support the demand that the British leave India. British authorities responded by imprisoning the entire Congress Party leadership, including Gandhi, and many remained in jail until 1945. After the war the British government of Clement Attlee passed an independence bill in July 1947, and independence was achieved the following month. In January 1950 India’s constitution as an independent state took effect.

From 1951 until his death in 1964, Jawaharlal Nehru dominated the Congress Party, which won overwhelming victories in the elections of 1951–52, 1957, and 1962. The party united in 1964 to elect Lal Bahadur Shastri and in 1966 Indira Gandhi (Nehru’s daughter) to the posts of party leader and thus prime minister . In 1967, however, Indira Gandhi faced open revolt within the party, and in 1969 she was expelled from the party by a group called the “Syndicate.” Nevertheless, her New Congress Party scored a landslide victory in the 1971 elections, and for a period it was unclear which party was the true rightful heir of the Indian National Congress label.

In the mid-1970s the New Congress Party’s popular support began to fracture. From 1975 Gandhi’s government grew increasingly more authoritarian , and unrest among the opposition grew. In the parliamentary elections held in March 1977, the opposition Janata (People’s) Party scored a landslide victory over the Congress Party, winning 295 seats in the Lok Sabha (the lower chamber of India’s parliament) against 153 for the Congress; Gandhi herself lost to her Janata opponent. On January 2, 1978, she and her followers seceded and formed a new opposition party, popularly called Congress (I)—the “I” signifying Indira. Over the next year, her new party attracted enough members of the legislature to become the official opposition, and in 1981 the national election commission declared it the “real” Indian National Congress. In 1996 the “I” designation was dropped. In November 1979 Gandhi regained a parliamentary seat, and the following year she was again elected prime minister. In 1982 her son Rajiv Gandhi became nominal head of the party, and, upon her assassination in October 1984, he became prime minister. In December he led the Congress Party to an overwhelming victory in which it secured 401 seats in the legislature.

Although the Congress Party remained the largest party in parliament in 1989, Rajiv Gandhi was unseated as prime minister by a coalition of opposition parties. While campaigning to regain power in May 1991, he was assassinated by a suicide bomber associated with the Tamil Tigers , a separatist group in Sri Lanka . He was succeeded as party leader by P.V. Narasimha Rao , who was elected prime minister in June 1991.

List of Indian National Movement Phases 1857-1947 in Chronological Order

Indian National Movement, a pivotal struggle for independence from British colonial rule, spanning from the late 19th century to 1947. Key events include the Revolt of 1857, formation of Indian National Congress, Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement.

Table of Contents

Indian National Movement helped to unite disparate people and social groups into one nation, shaping an important period of Indian history. Awareness began to emerge with the growth of English education in a few important urban areas, including Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay, in the late 19th century. Intellectuals at the time opposed the injustices and deceit of the previous societal structure. After focusing on the concept of British rule and its impact on India, the informed Indians became progressively more critical of British policies in India. This article has complete details related to Indian National Movement for UPSC Exam Preparations.

Read More:  Socio-Religious Reform Movement

List of 14 National Movements in India – From 1885 to 1947

• 1857 – Revolt of 1857; Sepoy Mutiny
• 1885 – Foundation Of Indian National Congress
• 1905 – Swadeshi Movement
• 1906 – Muslim League Founded
• 1914 – Gadar Party Movement
• 1916-1918 – Home Rule Movement
• 1917 – Champaran Satyagraha
• 1917 – Kheda Satyagraha
• 1918 – Ahmedabad Mill Strike
• 1919 – Rowlatt Satyagraha
• 1920 – Khilafat And Non-Cooperation Movement
• 1930 – Civil Disobedience Movement
• 1940 – Individual Satyagraha
• 1942 – Quit India Movement

Indian National Movement Phases

Based on the time period, the leadership, the objectives, the techniques used, and the social base, the National Movement during the years 1885 to 1947 can be divided into the following three phases.

Read More: Reformist Movements & Revivalist Movements

List of National movements in India from 1857 to 1947

This List represents all timeline of Indian freedom struggle from 1857 to 1947. Read the List to know all about the Indian national movement:

Read More:  Young Bengal Movement

Indian National Movement Moderate Phase (1885-1905)

W.C. Banerjee, Surendra Nath Banerjee, Dhadabhai Naoroji, Feroze Shah Mehta, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, Badiruddin Tyabji, and Judge Ranade were among the prominent figures during the first phase (moderate phase) of the National Movement. They were referred to as moderates because they used legal and peaceful means to fulfil their requests. The moderates’ requests included things like:

• Reform and expansion of legislative committees.
• Greater chances for Indians in higher positions thanks to the simultaneous administration of the ICS test in England and India.
• The division of the judicial and administrative branches.
• Greater authority for municipal governments.
• A cut in military expenditures.

freedom of association, freedom of opinion, and freedom of expression The Moderates were loyal to the British and had complete confidence in them. The Moderates presented their requests through petitions, resolutions, meetings, leaflets and pamphlets, memoranda, and representatives. Only the educated classes were allowed to participate in their political actions. Their goal was to gradually achieve political freedom and self-government. The Indian Council Act of 1892 expanded the legislative councils, which was the only request from Congress that the British government approved.

Read More:  Reform Movements in Southern India

Important Moderate Personalities

• Dhadabhai Naoroji was referred to as India’s “Grand Old Man.” In England, he is considered as India’s unofficial ambassador. The first Asian to hold a seat in the British House of Commons, he made history.
• Gandhi looked up to Gopal Krishna Gokhale as his political mentor. He established the Servants of India Society in 1905 to teach Indians how to spend their lives in service of their nation.
• The Indian Burke was the moniker given to Surendranath Banerjee. In order to advocate for legislative reforms, he established the Indian Association in 1876. He had called for the 1883 convocation of the Indian National Conference, which in 1886 united with the Indian National Congress .
• The Hindu and Swadesamitran were established by G. Subramanya Aiyar.

 Read More: Self-Respect Movement

Indian National Movement Extremist Phase (1905-1916)

The Indian National Movement went through an extreme era from 1905 to 1916. Extremists served as the phase’s leader. Extremists or aggressive patriots thought that success could be attained by using risky tactics. Lala Lajpat Rai , Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Bipin Chandra Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh were significant radical figures.

Also, Check Freedom Fighter of India

Indian National Movement UPSC

For many government exams, the Indian National Movement is a very pertinent subject in Indian history, and understanding the types of questions that might be asked in the test is the only way to fully comprehend the importance of this topic. Candidates should therefore practice enough queries on the subject. Peasant movements were a part of societal struggles against British atrocities during the British Colonial Period in the 18th and 19th centuries. This article has all the details related to Indian National Movement for UPSC Preparations.

Read More:  Singh Sabha Movement

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Who started Indian National Movement?

The East India Association was started by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1867, and the Indian National Association was started by Surendranath Banerjee in 1876. Seventy-two Indian delegates gathered in Bombay in 1885 and established the Indian National Congress as a result of a proposal made by A.O. Hume, a retired Scottish civil servant.

How many movements were in Indian National Movement?

There were nine Indian National Movement

Who is the father of Indian National Movement?

Bal Gangadhar Tilak is the father of Indian National Movement

Which was the first national movement in India?

Revolt of 1857 was the first national movement in India

What are the 3 phases of Indian national movement?

The Early Nationalist Period is the name given to the movement's initial stage. The Assertive Nationalism Era, which lasted from 1905 to 1919, is known as the second era. The Mahatma Gandhi Era, which ran from 1919 to 1947, was the last stage of the freedom fight.

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The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors or contributions from different parts of the country

Last updated on September 30, 2023 by Alex Andrews George

The Indian Freedom Struggle is a saga that begins with the onset of British colonialism in the 17th century.

The East India Company initially entered India as traders, gradually expanding their control until they established a full-fledged colonial administration.

With the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the Company secured a decisive victory, marking the commencement of British dominance over Indian territories.

Early Resistance (1757-1857)

From the early days of colonization, various sections of Indian society resisted British rule. The period witnessed a series of uprisings, including tribal revolts, peasant movements, and local mutinies, each signifying discontent and opposition against foreign subjugation.

First War of Independence (1857)

The Revolt of 1857, often termed the First War of Independence, was a significant turning point. Sparked by the introduction of the new Enfield rifles, the uprising saw widespread participation from soldiers, civilians, and royalty alike, reflecting a collective aspiration for freedom.

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Formative Years (1858-1905)

Following the Revolt of 1857, the British government officially took control of the East India Company. The subsequent years saw the formation of early political groups and the articulation of constitutional demands, laying the groundwork for an organized national movement.

Swadeshi and World War I (1905-1918)

The Swadeshi Movement, initiated against the partition of Bengal, advocated for the boycott of British goods and the promotion of self-reliance. World War I further intensified the struggle, as expectations for self-governance grew among Indians who contributed significantly to the war effort.

Gandhian Era (1919-1947)

The entry of Mahatma Gandhi transformed the Indian nationalist movement. With his principles of truth, non-violence, and Satyagraha, Gandhi mobilized masses across the country, leading pivotal campaigns like the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit India Movement.

Subaltern and Revolutionary Contributions

Parallelly, subaltern groups, including tribal communities, women, and lower castes, played an indispensable role, fighting for both national independence and social emancipation. The freedom struggle also witnessed the emergence of revolutionary groups seeking to overthrow British rule through armed rebellion.

Towards Independence

The persistent efforts of various factions within the Indian freedom movement eventually bore fruit in 1947 when India gained independence. This triumph was, however, accompanied by the painful partition of the country into India and Pakistan, leaving behind a legacy of both unity and division.

Table of Contents

Early Resistance to British Rule (1757-1857)

The seed of the Indian freedom struggle was sown immediately after the Battle of Plassey in 1757 when the British East India Company took control over Bengal. During this phase, India saw sporadic uprisings mainly due to the oppressive policies of the British.

Major Uprisings

Between 1757 and 1857, numerous revolts erupted in different parts of the country. These were primarily led by local chieftains, peasants, and tribal leaders who were directly affected by the harsh revenue policies and administrative practices imposed by the British. Some notable uprisings include the Sanyasi Rebellion (1763-1800), the Chuar Rebellion in Bengal, and the Paika Rebellion in Odisha in 1817.

Key Figures

• Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi: Born as Manikarnika, Rani Laxmibai played a crucial role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Her courage and leadership were evident as she led her army against the British, becoming a symbol of resistance and an inspiration for future generations.
• Kunwar Singh: A prominent leader during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Kunwar Singh led the revolt in Bihar. Despite being in his old age, his commitment to the cause made him a notable figure in the struggle against British rule.
• Bahadur Shah II: The last Mughal emperor, also known as Bahadur Shah Zafar, played a symbolic role in the 1857 Rebellion. He was declared the emperor of India by the rebelling sepoys, providing a symbolic unity to the rebellion against the British.

The First War of Independence (1857)

The Revolt of 1857 marked a significant turn in the Indian freedom struggle. Often referred to as the First War of Independence, it was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful, uprising against the British East India Company.

The revolt began in Meerut on May 10, 1857, and soon spread to several parts of northern and central India. Major battles occurred in Delhi, Lucknow, Kanpur, and Jhansi, with local rulers, sepoys, and civilians participating actively.

Notable Figures

• Mangal Pandey: Pandey played a pivotal role in igniting the rebellion. A sepoy in the British East India Company, his act of rebellion in Barrackpore is often considered the first spark of the 1857 uprising.
• Tantia Tope: A close associate of Nana Sahib, Tantia Tope was a general in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He was instrumental in the recapture of Gwalior and led his troops with agility and surprise against the British forces.

Formative Phase (1885-1905)

Post-1857, nationalistic sentiments were channelled into forming organized movements. The Indian National Congress (INC) was established during this period, marking the beginning of a new phase in the Indian freedom struggle.

Indian National Congress

Founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume, the INC played a significant role in the freedom struggle. Initially, it was a platform for civil servants to express their views on British policies, but over time, it became the principal leader of the Indian nationalist movement.

Leaders of the Phase

• Dadabhai Naoroji: Known as the ‘Grand Old Man of India’, Naoroji was a prominent leader of the INC and the first Indian to be a British MP. He was one of the earliest leaders to demand ‘Swaraj’ or self-rule for India.
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale : A mentor to Mahatma Gandhi, Gokhale was a senior leader of the INC and founder of the Servants of India Society. He advocated for social reforms and was a strong supporter of constitutional means to achieve political self-rule.

Swadeshi Movement (1905-1911)

The Swadeshi Movement was a turning point in India’s struggle for freedom, initiating widespread public protest against British rule for the first time. The Movement began as a response to the partition of Bengal by Viceroy Lord Curzon in 1905, aimed at dividing and ruling by creating religious divisions.

Context and Overview

Curzon’s decision was ostensibly based on administrative convenience, but it was widely perceived as a ‘divide and rule’ strategy. In response, the Swadeshi Movement emerged with a call for the boycott of British goods and the promotion of Indian-made products. It was not just a form of economic nationalism but also a powerful cultural and social revolution.

Prominent Contributors:

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak : Often referred to as ‘Lokmanya’, Tilak was one of the first and strongest advocates of Swaraj. He was one of the prime architects of modern India and probably the strongest advocate of Swadeshi. Tilak used the movement to represent the major grievances of the people and exposed the British government’s exploitation of the Indian people.
• Bipin Chandra Pal: Known as the ‘Father of Revolutionary Thoughts’, Pal was part of the Lal-Bal-Pal triumvirate that was at the forefront of the Swadeshi Movement. He advocated the boycott of British goods and emphasized self-reliance and national education as the key to national regeneration.
• Lala Lajpat Rai : Rai played a pivotal role in the Swadeshi Movement. Being a fervent nationalist, he supported the boycott of British goods and institutions. He played a key role in promoting Swadeshi goods and ideas through speeches and writings, inspiring many to join the movement.
• Rabindranath Tagore : Nobel laureate and cultural icon, Tagore actively participated in the Swadeshi Movement. He promoted the idea of self-reliance through the use of Swadeshi goods and the boycott of foreign products. He also composed many songs and writings during this time to inspire a sense of nationalism and unity among Indians.

Key Events and Impact

• Swadeshi and Boycott: The twin strategies of Swadeshi and Boycott were employed. The people were urged to boycott British goods and promote the use of Indian goods. This led to a surge in the Indian indigenous industry.
• Formation of banks: Many Indians, inspired by the movement, established indigenous banks and insurance companies to strengthen the economic base of the colonized nation.
• Educational Boycott: There was a widespread boycott of government schools and colleges. National educational institutions like the Bengal National College were established.
• Spread of the Movement: Initially starting in Bengal, the movement spread to other parts of India, fostering a sense of nationalism and unity among diverse groups of people.

Challenges and Legacy

Though the Swadeshi Movement eventually slowed down due to various reasons including differences within the INC and repressive measures by the British, it left an indelible mark on India’s struggle for freedom. The Movement sowed the seeds for future mass movements led by Gandhi and others, creating a legacy of resistance and self-reliance that would continue until India gained independence in 1947.

Gandhian Era (1915-1947)

The Gandhian Era marks a significant chapter in India’s freedom struggle, embodying non-violent resistance, civil disobedience, and grassroots mobilization. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, or Mahatma Gandhi , played an instrumental role during this period, shaping the course of the movement towards attaining Swaraj or self-rule.

The Gandhian Era was characterized by mass participation and the introduction of non-violent resistance as a powerful tool against colonial oppression. Gandhi, with his unique philosophy and methodology, mobilized the common masses, making the struggle for independence truly inclusive and participatory.

Gandhi’s Return & Philosophy

• Return to India: Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915, immersing himself in the Indian socio-political environment.
• Philosophy: His philosophy centred on truth, non-violence, and simplicity, with Satyagraha or ‘truth force’ being his method for civil resistance.

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)

• Overview: Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in response to the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the repressive Rowlatt Act.
• Major Events: Mass boycott of British goods, services, and institutions, including schools, colleges, and courts.
• Key Contributors: Alongside Gandhi, leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru , Sardar Patel , and Maulana Azad played crucial roles.

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934)

• Introduction: It was a mass protest against the British-imposed salt tax, exemplified by the Dandi Salt March led by Gandhi.
• Dandi March: Gandhi’s 240-mile march to the Arabian Sea town of Dandi to make salt, symbolically challenged the British monopoly.
• Notable Participants: Sarojini Naidu, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, and Vallabhbhai Patel were active participants.

Quit India Movement (1942)

• Background: With World War II intensifying, Gandhi sought to leverage the global situation to push for India’s immediate exit from British rule.
• Main Events: Despite mass arrests of leaders, the movement saw widespread participation across India, with protests, strikes, and demonstrations.
• Key Figures: Aruna Asaf Ali, Jayaprakash Narayan, and Usha Mehta were among those who played pivotal roles.

Sub-Movements & Other Leaders

• Khilafat Movement: Working in tandem with the Non-Cooperation Movement, it sought to protect the Ottoman Caliphate, showcasing Hindu-Muslim unity.
• Subhash Chandra Bose: Though differing from Gandhi’s ideology, Bose contributed immensely to the freedom struggle, notably through the Azad Hind Fauj.

Legacy of the Gandhian Era

• Philosophy & Tactics: Gandhi’s philosophies continue to inspire movements for civil rights and social change across the world.
• Constitutional Developments: The era witnessed significant constitutional developments, like the Government of India Act 1935, which shaped India’s political future.
• Path to Independence: The sustained resistance eventually led to the British conceding to the demand for independence, culminating in the attainment of freedom in 1947.

Subaltern Contributions to the Indian Freedom Struggle

Subaltern contributions refer to the efforts of groups that were socially, politically, and geographically outside of the hegemonic power structure. These groups, often overlooked in mainstream narratives, played a crucial role in the Indian Freedom Struggle.

The subaltern contributions to the Indian Freedom Struggle offer a narrative of resistance and assertion by groups that were marginalized and oppressed. These stories of resilience and struggle are vital to understanding the multifaceted and inclusive nature of India’s journey to independence.

Tribal Movements

• Overview: Tribal communities resisted British rules that affected their traditional rights and livelihoods.
• Birsa Munda: Leader of the Munda tribe, Birsa led the Munda Rebellion against British rule, aiming to establish the Munda Raj and remove the British government and missionaries.
• Alluri Sitarama Raju: He led the Rampa Rebellion of 1922-24 against the British in response to the implementation of the Madras Forest Act, which restricted the tribal people’s access to forests.

Women in the Freedom Struggle

• Overview: Women participated actively in the freedom struggle, breaking traditional norms and contributing significantly to the movement.
• Sucheta Kriplani: She was a freedom fighter who worked closely with Mahatma Gandhi during the Partition riots. She was India’s first woman Chief Minister, serving as the head of the Uttar Pradesh government.
• Kasturba Gandhi: Kasturba was a political activist involved in the Indian Independence Movement and the wife of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. She was imprisoned in British jails multiple times along with her husband.
• Aruna Asaf Ali: Known for hoisting the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan in Bombay during the Quit India Movement, Ali was a strong supporter of civil rights and an advocate for women’s empowerment.

Lower Caste Movements

• Overview: Lower caste movements aimed to eradicate caste-based discrimination and ensure social justice and equality.
• B.R. Ambedkar : A jurist, economist, and social reformer, Ambedkar campaigned against social discrimination towards the untouchables and supported the rights of women and labourers. He played a pivotal role in drafting the Constitution of India.
• Periyar E.V. Ramasamy: Founding the Self-Respect Movement and Dravidar Kazhagam, Periyar worked against caste-based discrimination and Brahminical supremacy. He was also a strong advocate for women’s rights.

Other Minority Contributions

• Overview: Various minority groups also participated actively in the freedom struggle.
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad : An Indian scholar and a senior leader of the Indian National Congress, Azad was the first Minister of Education in India. He supported education for the underprivileged and played a significant role in developing the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs).
• Sikh Community: The community played a vital role, with figures like Bhagat Singh and Udham Singh becoming symbols of resistance against British rule.

Revolutionary Movements in the Indian Freedom Struggle

Revolutionary movements formed a vital aspect of the Indian freedom struggle, providing a militant alternative to the non-violent approach advocated by Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. These groups sought to achieve independence through armed struggle and subversion against British colonial rule.

The revolutionary movements in the Indian freedom struggle were pivotal in mobilizing and inspiring the masses towards the cause of independence. Although their methods differed significantly from the mainstream, non-violent struggle, the revolutionaries’ courage, and commitment left an indelible mark on India’s journey towards freedom, making them unforgettable heroes of the nation’s history.

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)

• Overview: Established in 1928, the HSRA aimed to overthrow the British colonial authority through an armed revolution.
• Bhagat Singh : A prominent leader in the HSRA, Singh is celebrated for his courage and commitment to the independence cause. He was involved in several high-profile actions, including the bombing of the Central Legislative Assembly and the killing of British police officer J.P. Saunders.
• Chandrasekhar Azad: A mentor to Singh, Azad was involved in the Kakori train robbery and other actions aimed at undermining British rule. He vowed never to be captured alive and kept his promise until his last breath.
• Rajguru and Sukhdev: Close associates of Singh and Azad, both played critical roles in various revolutionary activities and were eventually executed alongside Singh.

Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army – INA)

• Overview: Founded in 1942, the INA was an armed force comprising Indian prisoners of war and expatriates in Southeast Asia, aiming to overthrow British rule with Japanese assistance during World War II.
• Subhas Chandra Bose : The most prominent leader of the INA, Bose was a charismatic figure who sought international alliances to support India’s independence struggle. He coined the famous slogan “Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!” inspiring many to join the INA.

Other Noteworthy Movements & Figures

• Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar: These were two prominent revolutionary organizations in Bengal involved in a series of bombings, assassinations, and robberies as forms of protest against British rule.
• Surya Sen: Leader of the Chittagong Armoury Raid, Sen was a school teacher who led a group of revolutionaries in a daring raid on British armouries.
• Rash Behari Bose: He played a key role in the Ghadar Conspiracy and later collaborated with Japanese forces to support the Indian independence movement during World War II.

Legacy & Impact

While the revolutionary movements did not directly lead to India’s independence, they had significant impacts:

• Inspiring the Masses: The courage and sacrifices of the revolutionaries inspired many Indians to join the independence movement.
• Shaping National Consciousness: These movements helped foster a sense of nationalism and urgency among the general population, creating widespread support for India’s struggle for freedom.
• Pressurizing Colonial Powers: The activities of these groups kept the British authorities on edge, forcing them to deploy significant resources to maintain control.

The Indian Freedom Struggle: Conclusion

The Indian Freedom Struggle is a journey of countless sacrifices, movements, and leaders, each contributing towards the cherished goal of independence.

It’s a testament to the indomitable spirit of the people of India, their enduring fight for justice, and the diverse paths they tread to secure national freedom.

Understanding this struggle is imperative for appreciating the value of freedom and the democratic principles that modern India is built upon.

Before we finish…

In addition to this overview post, we have created a lot of articles and study materials on Indian History.

Out of these, lovers of Modern Indian History should not miss:

• How to Study Modern Indian History for UPSC?
• Modern Indian History: From about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present – significant events, personalities, and issues
• India’s Struggle for Independence: Indian Freedom Movement

How to study the Indian Freedom Struggle in detail?

Students may note that this article on the Indian National Movement is just an overview of the topic. There is a lot more to learn  about the history of India.

We recommend the below sources to learn the History of India and the Indian National Movement.

• Join  ClearIAS Video Course (Prelims cum Mains).
• Go through  ClearIAS notes on Indian History.
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Essay on National Movement

Students are often asked to write an essay on National Movement in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on National Movement

Introduction.

The National Movement refers to the struggle for freedom and independence from colonial rule. It was a mass movement that united people from all walks of life.

The National Movement in India began in the late 19th century. It was sparked by the discontent against British policies and the desire for self-rule.

Role of Leaders

Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhash Chandra Bose played a crucial role. They mobilized masses and led various campaigns for independence.

The National Movement resulted in India gaining independence in 1947. It also instilled a sense of unity and nationalism among Indians.

250 Words Essay on National Movement

Introduction to the national movement, the genesis of national movement.

The genesis of national movements can be traced back to the 18th and 19th centuries, when nations across Europe and Asia began to rise against colonial powers. This period was marked by a growing consciousness of national identity, fueled by the Enlightenment’s ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

The Role of Intellectuals and Masses

Intellectuals played a significant role in the national movement. They inspired the masses with their writings, speeches, and actions, fostering a sense of national pride and unity. Simultaneously, the masses, driven by the desire for freedom and justice, participated actively in protests, strikes, and revolutions, making the national movement a truly inclusive struggle.

Impact of the National Movement

The national movement had profound impacts, leading to the dismantling of colonial empires and the emergence of independent nations. It fostered democratic values, human rights, and the rule of law, shaping the political landscape of the modern world. Moreover, it stimulated cultural and social transformation, promoting national languages, arts, and traditions.

In conclusion, the national movement was a transformative period that redefined the course of history. It was not just a fight for political freedom, but also a struggle for cultural identity, social justice, and human dignity. It serves as a testament to the indomitable spirit of humanity, inspiring future generations to uphold the values of freedom and justice.

500 Words Essay on National Movement

The National Movement, also known as the Indian Independence Movement, was a series of historical events that marked India’s struggle for freedom from British rule. It was a vibrant, multifaceted movement that involved various political organizations, philosophies, and leaders, united by their common goal of ending British colonial control.

The Birth of the National Movement

The rise of extremist ideology.

The early 20th century witnessed a shift from moderate to extremist ideology in the National Movement. Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal advocated for Swaraj (self-rule) and used methods like boycotts, strikes, and public processions to mobilize the masses. The 1905 partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon was a significant event that ignited widespread protests and marked the beginning of the Swadeshi Movement.

Impact of World War I and II

World War I and II were pivotal in shaping the National Movement. The British government’s decision to involve India in the wars without consulting Indian leaders led to widespread resentment. The post-WWI period saw the emergence of Mahatma Gandhi as a significant leader who introduced the concept of Satyagraha (non-violent resistance). His leadership during the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22) and the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34) galvanized the masses and intensified the struggle for independence.

The Final Phase

The National Movement was not just a struggle for independence but also a journey of nation-building. It brought together diverse groups, instilled a sense of collective identity, and laid the foundation for a democratic India. The movement’s success was a testament to the power of unity, non-violence, and the indomitable spirit of the Indian people in their quest for freedom. The National Movement left an indelible mark on India’s history and continues to inspire generations.

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Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle – 100,200,500 Words

• Updated on  
• Aug 5, 2023

India was ruled by the Mughals and Britishers for many years. The British Raj lasted until August 1947. Post that, Bharat has to face the consequence of the divide-and-rule policy of the Britishers. This policy segregated the country into two parts: the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Freedom is an urge to rise up and fight against the odds to set yourself free. India has also fought courageously against the Britishers to earn Independence. Democracy and liberal feeling thriving in today’s India is the result of the Indian Freedom Struggle.

Table of Contents

• 1 What is the Indian Freedom Struggle?
• 2 Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle in 200 words
• 3.1 Major Events of the Indian Freedom Struggle

Also Read: Education and Study Abroad Journey of Mahatma Gandhi

Must Read: Significance of Independence Day

What is the Indian Freedom Struggle?

Indian Freedom Struggle was an inspiring journey for every citizen of India and it has been written in golden words in the history of India. The freedom we experience today is the courageous saga of sacrifices, relentless efforts, and unwavering determination of the freedom fighters of our land that induced the feeling of unity and strength among all the people of India. 

The Indian Freedom struggle led to a large-scale campaign which resulted in the end of British rule in India. Freedom was demanded by the Nationalists and the Congress party.

Initially, the leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Annie Besant, Dadahai Naoroji, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale raised their voices and put forward the feelings and aspirations of freedom of the Indian masses.

Mahatma Gandhi emerged as the face of the Indian Freedom Struggle and his weapon was “non-violence” which set India free from the hold of British rule.

Also Read: Revolt of 1857

Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle in 200 words

We all have heard and read a lot about India’s Freedom Struggle through books, movies, theatre, etc. Every Indian citizen experiences a feeling of pride and respect for all those freedom fighters who struggled for Indian independence . It was all initiated in the late 1800s and lasted till 1947. Later, India became a republic in 1950. Indian men and women were colonized and ruled by the Britishers. 

Despite the diversity of the country, the Indian Freedom Struggle was the result of unity. People belonging to different castes, languages, religions, and regions undividedly fought for India’s freedom selflessly. The unity eradicated the social barriers and eventually resulted in freedom for the country.

Freedom fighters like Uddham Singh, Veer Savarkar, Tantia Tope, Bhagat Singh, Mahatma Gandhi, Bhagat Singh, Rani Laxmi Bai and many others had devoted their lives to the motherland. 

Mahatma Gandhi introduced the concept of Satyagraha. He believed that passive resistance and civil disobedience are influential weapons to challenge the dominating Britishers. 

Acts like Quit India Movement, Non-Cooperation Movement , and Civil Disobedience Movement have united millions of Indians in a non-violent Indian Freedom struggle. 

The Indian freedom struggle not only resulted in eradicating British rule but also inspired the whole world. Mahatma Gandhi’s principles of civil disobedience and non-violence helped other freedom movements across the globe. 

Also Read: Indian National Movement

Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle in 500 words

The Indian Freedom struggle is literally a historic journey of Independence. The story of every freedom fighter of that time is so unique and inspiring that it induces a proud feeling among every citizen of India. The seeds of freedom were sown during the 19th century and it seemed like a never-ending war. During this period India witnessed many reform movements. The hard work, dedication and sacrifice of social reformers laid the groundwork for an awakened society. 

Everyone in the country followed an identical tune of independence. In 1885, the formation of INC (Indian National Congress) indicated the beginning of a collective political movement against Britishers. The country demanded “Swaraj” i.e. self-rule and it became a ringing call resonating in the heart and minds of the masses. 

Whenever we think about freedom and independence, Mahatma Gandhi will always strike us as an undisputed leader of the Indian Freedom Struggle. His philosophy of non-violence has inspired the whole world and is followed to date. He became the guiding leader who believed Satyagraha and civil disobedience as a potent weapon to fight against British authority.

Major Events of the Indian Freedom Struggle

From 1920-1922, Mahatma Gandhi led the first large-scale mass movement against the British Raj i.e. the Non-Cooperation Movement. People boycott British educational institutions, British goods, as well as Civil services etc. This movement was suspended by the Britishers, yet it brought the masses together in the Indian Freedom Struggle. 

Another key period in the Indian Freedom Struggle was the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934). It all started with Mahatma Gandhi and his group of supporters marching to the Arabian Sea to make salt in protest of the British salt tax. People from many walks of life, including women and farmers, actively participated in this campaign.

The Quit India Movement (1942) was a turning point in India’s struggle for independence. It demanded that British authority in India be ended immediately. The British replied with persecution and brutality, but the Indian people’s tenacious spirit won over the Britishers. Several major leaders were imprisoned as a result of the campaign, and it acted as a wake-up call to the British that their rule in India was indefensible.

Many freedom fighters like Bhagat Singh, Subhash Chandra Bose, Chandrashekhar Azad and many others fought and became martyrs in Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, Subhash Chandra Bose, and countless others became martyrs in the fight for freedom. Their bravery and dedication would always inspire generations.

On 15 August 1947, India became independent after a really long fight and sacrifice. Today, we all live in a democratic society, liberal in terms of thoughts as well as actions. This freedom and democracy is the dedication, hard work, unity, and sacrifice of the freedom fighters.

Thus, after a long struggle the nation celebrated freedom, as the National flag was unfurled with Jawaharlal Nehru’s iconic speech “Tryst with Destiny.” His speech echoed India’s dreams and aspirations. 

In conclusion, the freedom journey of India is an epic transformation journey from early reform movements to Mahatma Gandhi’s guidance and sacrifice of countless fighters.

Also Read: Indian History for Competitive Exams

A. Bhagat Singh, Tantia Tope, Rani Laxmi Bai, Uddham Singh, Mahatma Gandhi and others are some of the most popular freedom fighters in India.

A. Mahatma Gandhi also known as the Father of Nation is the person behind our freedom. He guided the entire nation and believed in non-violence as the biggest weapon to fight the war of freedom.

So, that was all about an Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle. Do let us know how you celebrated this Independence Day in the comment section. For more such insightful blogs stay tuned to Leverage Edu .

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Role of women in Indian National Movement

Related Papers

Suraj Bohare

Indian Nationalism has always been projected as a masculine endeavour. Indian historiography on independence movement has mentioned very little on the role of women and various aspects of their struggles during the time. While identifying the literature it is can be seen that even among historians of the Cambridge school, only very few had commented on the role of women in the Indian national movement (Thapar, 2006).

Asian Journal of Women's Studies https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2006.11666014

Anisha Datta

Subhankar Das

From the first war of independence to freedom movement till 1947 & afterward, Women played a crucial rule in achieving independence. Unless their active & passive contribution, freedom would mere be like a dream. This article consists contributions of women & name of contributors in the context of national movement.

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This article deals with the Indian Freedom Struggle and the contribution of Indian women in this war of Independence. The article tells us the participation of women of Punjab in the nationalist movement from 1901-10, 1911-20, 1921-30, 1931-40 and 1941-47. In 1901-10, political upheavals in the province of Bengal affected Punjabi women and few women showed their sympathy with the Bengali individuals. The decade 1911-20 was the most important decade as the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy and therefore the martial law of 1919 acted as a catalyst for making ladies consciousness for fighting for the freedom of India. Then these women victims and alternative sympathetic women directly jumped into the Non-Cooperation movement of 1920. The decade 1921-30, witnessed the direct involvement of girls of Punjab in the freedom struggle and these women came into the contact of M.K. Gandhi. The decade 1931-40 was the period of direct action and women of Punjab region did not sit back at their homes and got active in disobeying the government by following the non-violent ways of Gandhi from 1930-34. The last seven years from 1941 to 47 were those when the women of Punjab province came forward and fought aboard men and suffered the same consequences as the men suffered. These activist ladies were so trapped in this struggle, that they unheeded gender issues or put them aside until independence had been achieved and in the finish in 1947 after the accomplishment of independence, the women of Punjab were given credit to their deeds.

Suruchi Thapar-Bjorkert

International Journal of Advanced Academic Studies

Raisa Rafaela Serrano Muñoz

The advent of a nationalist movement known as Neo-nationalism in India led to the history of the women's movement there. Gender concerns have been dropped from the Neo-nationalist agenda in order to concentrate on the lost Hindu identity that was influenced by nostalgic traditions from the past that oppressed and subjugated women while celebrating the role of the male figure. This paper covers the description of the public activists who diverged from the social regulations before the Women"s Movement in India (before 1850), along its first phase (1850-1915) and the second phase (1915-1947). These phases would become the key to improving the role of women in the country and would drive reforms to achieve gender equality.

Prashant Suryawanshi

"We record our homage and deep admiration for the Womanhood of India who in the hour of peril for the motherland forsook the shelter of their homes and with unfailing courage and endurance stood shoulder to shoulder with their menfolk, in the frontline of India�s national army to share with them the sacrifices and triumphs of the struggle". �From a Resolution passed on January 26, 1931. Role of Indian women: The entire history of the freedom movement is replete with the saga of bravery, sacrifice and political sagacity of great men and women of the country. This struggle which gained momentum in the early 20th century, threw up stalwarts like Mahatma Gandhi, Lala Lajpat Rai, Motilal Nehru, Abul Kalam Azad, C. Rajagopalachari, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Jawaharlal Nehru and Subash Chander Bose. Their number and stature often gives us an erroneous impression that it was only a man�s movement. But it is not so. Many prominent women played a leading role in the freedom movement. The important place assigned to women in India dates back to the time of the Vedas and Smritis. Manu declared that where women were adored, Gods frequented that place, During the Vedic age the position of women in society was very high and they were regarded as equal partners with men in all respects. Who had not heard of Maitri, Gargi, Sati Annusuya and Sita? In keeping with this tradition, burden of tears and toils of the long years of struggle for India�s freedom was borne by the wives, mothers, and daughters, silently and cheerfully. The programme of self-imposed poverty and periodical jail going was possible only because of the willing cooperation of the worker�s family. In the various resistance movements in the villages, the illiterate women played this passive but contributory part as comrades of their menfolk. Rani Laxmibai The first name that comes to mind is that of the famous Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi. Dressed in men�s clothes, she led her soldiers to war against the British. Even her enemies admired her courage and daring. She fought valiantly and although beaten she refused to surrender and fell as a warrior should, fighting the enemy to the last. Her remarkable courage inspired many men and women in India to rise against the alien rule. Begum Hazrat Mahal Another woman whom we remember in this connection was Begum Hazrat Mahal, the Begaum of Oudh. She took active part in the defence of Lucknow against the British. Although, she was queen and used to a life of luxury, she appeared on the battlefield herself to encourage her troops. Begam Hazrat Mahal held out against the British with all her strength as long as she could. Ultimately she had to give up and take refuge in Nepal.

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Essay on Indian National Congress

The Indian National Congress founded in 1885 was the institutionalized form of emergent Indian nationalism.

It was the first organized expression of Indian nationalism on an all-India scale.

The birth of the Indian National Congress was not a sudden event or a historical accident but the result of a gradual effort of a number of educated Indians of Bengal and other regions who were very much dissatisfied and disgusted by the exploitative nature of the alien British rule.

Image Source: upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/The_Indian_National_Congress_moves_toward_independence.jpg

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In India, we notice a process of the beginning of political awakening since 1860, which took a major leap forward in 1870-1880 and finally led to the founding of the Indian National Congress in December 1885. R.C. Majumdar aptly observes, “The national conference held in Calcutta in 1883 forestalled it in all essential aspects.

The forerunners of the Indian National Congress were many and among them the most important ones were:

(a) The British Indian Association founded in Bengal in 1843,

(b) British India Association founded in Bengal in 1851,

(c) India League founded in 1875,

(d) Indian Association in 1876,

(e) Bombay Association founded in early fifties of the 19th century,

(f) Poona Sarvajanik Sabha set up in 1886, and

(g) National Conference in 1883.

Besides these major regional organizations in India, some radicals in England founded the British India Society in 1837 to promote and create interest in the conditions of India. In the year 1843, the Bengal British India Society was founded by George Thompson with the goal of advancement of the public welfare by peaceful means while being completely loyal to the British crown.

The British India Association actively campaigned for throwing open offices to all Indians, trial by jury, and establishment of provincial and central legislative councils with elected representatives. The Indian Association spearheaded by Surendranath Banerjee acted as a catalyst in creating awareness by undertaking mobilization activity against the injustices done to Indians in general and to Surendranath Banerjee in particular. Thus started an agitational strategy when age limit was reduced for Indians to appear for ICS and when a judge wanted an idol to be brought to the court.

Surendranath Banerjee initiated all-India tour to propagate the idea of national self-respect and he may justifiably be called the first national leader of India. We can agree with Bipan Chandra that the foundation of the Congress was the natural outcome of the political awareness and work done by various bodies in the years between 1850 and 1885. In the process of the foundation of the Indian National Congress by 72 people in 1885 at Bombay, undoubtedly, A.O. Hume, a retired civil servant of India played a very crucial role along with other early nationalist leaders like Naoroji, Ranade, Banerjee and others.

But a powerful and long-lasting myth, the myth of ‘Safety Valve’ has been in circulation, which states that the Indian National Congress was started by A.O. Hume and others under the official direction, guidance and advice of a no less a person than Lord Dufferin, the Viceroy, to provide a safe, Mild, peaceful and constitutional outlet or ‘safety valve’ for the rising discontent among the masses, which was inevitably leading to a popular and violent revolution.

Bipan Chandra after a detailed discussion about this myth and reality observes that the ‘safety valve’ theory is a myth but as ‘time factor’ was not ripe or suitable for the Indians to start an organization, the earliest nation­alists Dadabhai Naoroji, Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, Pherozeshah Mehta, G. Subrahmanya Iyer and Surendranath Banerjee cooperated with Hume because they did not like to arouse official hostility at such an early stage of their work. Gokhale aptly points out “No Indian could have started the Indian National Congress”.

If an Indian had come forward to start such a movement embracing all-India, the officials in India would not have allowed the movement to come into existence. If the founder of the Congress had not been a great Englishman and distinguished ex-official, such was the distrust of political agitation in those days that the authorities would have at once found some way or the other to suppress the movement.

Bipan Chandra concludes this discussion on myth and reality as follows:

“If Hume and other English liberals hoped to use the Congress as a safety-valve, the Congress leaders hoped to use Hume as a lightening conductor. And as later developments show, it was the congress leaders whose hopes were fulfilled”. Percival Spear states, “At the start the Congress was a modest body, having only seventy delegates at its first session. But from the first it formed a focus for the new classes’ political opinions. By 1900, it had spread all over India and was regarded by the forward looking members of the new class as the natural mouthpiece of their aspira­tions. Its support came mainly from the new professionals with a sprinkling of businessmen in Bombay and of landlords in Bengal”.

The first step in the direction of founding of Indian National Congress was initiated by Hume in March 1883 by appealing to the graduates of the Calcutta University to come together to form an association for the moral and political regeneration of the Indians. In his appeal he stressed “self-sacrifice and unselfishness as the only unfailing guides to freedom and happiness”. In response to his appeal, Indian National Union was formed in 1884 under his leadership. Subsequently, it turned into Indian National Congress.

The objectives of the Indian National Congress were proclaimed by its first president W. Chandra Banerjee as follows:

(1) The promotion of personal intimacy and friendship among workers from various comers of India.

(2) The eradication of all prejudices from the minds of every Indian towards the others and to foster sentiments of national unity among all the inhabitants of India.

In the beginning, the Indian National Congress stood for piecemeal reforms by submitting petitions, resolutions and deputation to satisfy the demands of the Indians expressing their faith in the political liberalism of the British Raj.

The Indian National Congress through resolution demanded for:

(i) The appointment of a commission to inquire into the working of the Indian government,

(ii) The abolition of the India council of the Secretary of state for India,

(iii) Creation of legislative councils of the north-west provinces and Awadh and the Punjab,

(iv) Enhancement of the number of elected members in the central and provincial legislative councils with the right of interpolation and discussion of the budget and the creation of a standing committee in the house of commons to look into the demands of the people,

(v) Reduction of military expenditure and equitable division of expen­diture between India and England,

(vi) Introduction of simultaneous Public Service Examinations in England and India and raising age of the candidates who wish to appear for ICS. Till 1905, the Indian National Congress, demanded only for piecemeal reforms through petitions and prayers.

On the basis of the goal, strategy and technique adopted by the Indian National Congress, the national movement of India was divided as moderate phase (1885-1905), extremist phase (1905 to 1918) and the revolutionary phase and finally the Gandhian phase (1919 to 1947).

Related Articles:

• Birth of Indian National Congress
• Political Associations for the Revolt before the Indian National Congress
• Achievement of Indian National Congress during the period from 1885-1905
• The Ideologies and Programmes of the Indian National Congress during 1885-1920

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Role of Women In Indian Freedom Struggle

Sub-Categories:

Modern History

Table of Contents

• Characteristics of Womens Participation in Freedom Struggle
• Significance of Womens Participation in Freedom Struggle
• Womens Participation in National Movement

Significance of Women’s Participation in Freedom Struggle

• Women played a crucial role in providing cohesiveness to the nationalist movement due to the universal category of "woman" that transcended divisions.
• Nationalists used the concept of "Bharat Mata" to evoke nationalist sentiments and delegitimise British rule, which also legitimised women's involvement in the public sphere.
• Women's support was essential for effective forms of resistance, such as boycotting foreign-made cloth and picketing shops.
• The female intelligentsia took leadership roles and facilitated the participation of women from the extended female space, creating an intermediate social space between the household and the public world.
• Women's participation in the freedom struggle empowered them and brought them out of domestic confinement into public life, professions, and governance roles. It strengthened the national movement and opened doors for gender equality.

PYQs on the Role of Women In Indian Freedom Struggle

Q)  Discuss the role of women in the freedom struggle especially during the Gandhian phase. (UPSC Mains 2016)

Q)  With reference to Indian freedom struggle, Usha Mehta is well-known for ? (UPSC Prelims 2011)

a) running the secret congress radio in the wake of quit India movement

b) participating in the second round table conference

c) leading a contingent of Indian national army

d) assisting in the formation of Interim Government under Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

Q)  Annie Besant was (UPSC Prelims 2013)

• responsible for starting the Home Rule Movement
• the founder of the Theosophical Society
• once the President of the Indian National Congress

Select the correct statement/statements using the codes given below.

a) 1 only 

b) 2 and 3 only

c) 1 and 3 only 

d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (c)

FAQs on the Role of Women In Indian Freedom Struggle

What was the background of the women who participated in the indian freedom struggle.

Women from diverse backgrounds, including royalty, aristocracy, and commoners, actively participated in the freedom struggle.

Which women freedom fighters took part in the Salt Satyagraha?

Women freedom fighters such as Sarojini Naidu, Mithuben Petit, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, Matangini Hazra, etc., actively joined the Salt Satyagraha, which was a large-scale act of civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi. 

Which Women Freedom Fighters made notable contributions in the field of education?

Some notable figures include Savitribai Phule, Ramabai Ranade, Rani Laxmi Bai, Sarojini Naidu, and Madam Bhikaji Cama. They were actively involved in promoting education and empowering women through various initiatives.

What were the challenges faced by women during the freedom struggle? 

While taking part in the freedom struggle, women encountered various obstacles, such as social stigma, violence, and imprisonment at the hands of colonial authorities.

Who was Annie Besant?

Annie Besant, a notable British theosophist and reformer, played a significant role in advocating for Indian independence. Besant became a member of the Theosophical Society and later served as its representative. 

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