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Writing a Winning Job Application Letter: Tips and Examples

A job application letter, also known as a cover letter, is a formal letter that accompanies your resume and introduces you to a potential employer. The purpose of a job application letter is to highlight your qualifications, experience, and skills that make you the perfect candidate for the job. It also helps employers understand your personality, work ethic, and how you plan to contribute to their organization.

Importance of Customization

One of the key factors that can make or break your job application letter is how well you customize it to the specific job you are applying for. Employers want to see that you have taken the time to research their company and understand what they are looking for in a candidate. Customizing your letter also shows that you are genuinely interested in the job and that you are willing to put in the extra effort to stand out from other applicants.

Brief Overview of Key Sections

While job application letters can vary slightly depending on the job and industry, they typically contain four key sections:

Introduction: This section should include a brief introduction, the job you are applying for, and how you found out about it.

Qualifications: In this section, you should discuss your qualifications and experience that make you a good fit for the job. Be sure to tailor this section to the specific job requirements to show that you have the skills they are looking for.

Skills: Here, you should highlight your relevant skills and how they apply to the job. Use examples from your past experiences to demonstrate your proficiency in each skill.

Closing: The closing paragraph should thank the employer for considering your application and provide contact information for them to reach you.

In this article, we will dive into each of these sections in more detail and provide tips and examples to help you write a winning job application letter.

Understand the Job Requirements

To write a winning job application letter, it is important to thoroughly understand the job requirements. This involves analyzing the job description and understanding the needs of the employer, as well as tailoring your letter to attract the specific employer.

A. Analyzing the Job Description

The job description provides you with valuable information about the position you are applying for. It outlines the required skills, qualifications, and responsibilities of the job. By analyzing the job description, you can determine if the role is a good fit for your experience and qualifications.

When analyzing the job description, it is important to pay attention to key phrases and requirements mentioned. These can give you insight into the priorities of the employer and allow you to tailor your application to meet those priorities.

B. Understanding the Needs of the Employer

To write a winning job application letter, it is also essential to understand the needs of the employer. This means researching the company and the industry to get a better understanding of the company culture, mission, and values. It also means understanding the desired outcome of the position and how you can address the employer’s needs.

One way to convey your understanding of the employer’s needs is to highlight relevant accomplishments in your application letter. By showing how you have successfully addressed similar challenges in the past, you can demonstrate your potential value to the employer.

C. Tailoring the Letter to Attract Specific Employer

Finally, to write a winning job application letter, it is important to tailor your letter to attract the specific employer. This means using language and examples that relate to the specific company and its values. It also means customizing your application letter to the specific job and its requirements.

To tailor your letter, take the time to research the company and its values. This can involve reviewing their website, social media, and other online resources. By addressing the specific needs and values of the employer, you can show that you are invested in the position and the company.

To write a winning job application letter, it is important to understand the job requirements, analyze the job description, understand the needs of the employer, and tailor the letter to attract the specific employer. By doing so, you can craft an application that stands out from the competition and showcases your value as a candidate.

Research the Company and Industry

Before writing your job application letter, it’s important to research the company and industry thoroughly to increase your chances of writing a winning letter. Here are three key areas to focus on:

A. Understanding the Mission, Vision, and Values of the Company

Make sure you take the time to research the company’s mission, vision, and values. This will help you understand the company’s goals and the qualities they look for in employees. You can find this information on the company’s website, social media pages or company annual report.

Incorporate the values and mission statement of the company into your job application letter. This highlights your alignment with the company culture, and how your beliefs and goals match that of the organization’s.

B. Identifying the Company’s Competition

Once you have an understanding of the company, you need to identify the company’s competition. Knowing who the competitors are can help you understand the industry as well as the company’s market share position.

List the company’s competitors in your job application letter and briefly explain how you see the company’s strengths overcoming the competitors’ weaknesses.

C. Industry Trends and How to Address Them

The final area to focus on when researching the company and industry is identifying current industry trends and how these trends may impact the company’s future. Use reputable sources to gather trends and predictions about the industry. This will also show the recruiter that you are not only familiar with their industry, but are engaging in informed discussion and contributing to innovative solutions.

Incorporate industry trends into your job application letter and showcase the ideas and innovations you bring, how leveraging them can enhance the company’s position and how you can contribute to any current and future challenges, for which the potential employer has yet to find a solution.

By researching and incorporating the above areas into your job application letter, you demonstrate a genuine interest in the organization and showcase clear understanding, innovative thought and how your expertise can improve the company’s performance.

Know Your Strengths and Skills

When writing a job application letter, it’s crucial to understand your unique selling proposition, relevant experience, and transferrable skills. This information will help you stand out from the other applicants and potentially land the job of your dreams.

A. Identifying Your Unique Selling Proposition

Your unique selling proposition (USP) is what sets you apart from the other candidates. It could be a specific skill, experience or personality trait that aligns with the company’s values and job requirements. Start by analyzing the job description and researching the company culture to identify what makes you an ideal candidate for the role.

Once you have identified your USP, use it as the main selling point in your job application letter. Highlight your strengths and skills and explain how they align with the job requirements and the company’s values. This will show the hiring manager that you are not just another candidate, but someone who has something valuable to offer.

B. Highlighting Your Relevant Experience and Accomplishments

Your work experience and achievements are essential in demonstrating your abilities and suitability for the job. When crafting your job application letter, focus on highlighting your relevant experience and accomplishments. Use specific examples to demonstrate how you have contributed in previous roles and how those skills could be applied to the new role you are applying for.

Be sure to use metrics whenever possible as numbers are a great way to showcase your achievements. For example, if you were able to increase sales revenue by 20% in your previous role, mention it in your letter. This will give the hiring manager a clear understanding of your capabilities and how they align with the job requirements.

C. Understanding How to Leverage Transferrable Skills

Transferrable skills are those abilities that you have gained from your previous experiences that are not necessarily related to the job you are applying for. They can be valuable in demonstrating your adaptability and ability to learn quickly.

When discussing your transferrable skills in your job application letter, highlight how they could be applied to the new role you are applying for. For example, if you have strong communication skills, explain how you could use that to effectively collaborate with team members and clients.

By understanding and leveraging your unique selling proposition, relevant experience and accomplishments, and transferrable skills, you can write a job application letter that stands out from the crowd. Remember to tailor your letter to the job requirements and company culture to increase your chances of success.

Address Gaps in Your Resume or Experience

When applying for a job, it’s important to consider any gaps in your resume or experience that might be a red flag for hiring managers. Addressing these gaps upfront can demonstrate your accountability and willingness to take ownership of your shortcomings.

A. Taking ownership of failings

If you have gaps in your work history or experience, don’t try to hide or make excuses for them. Instead, take ownership of any failings and show that you’re actively working to improve yourself. This could involve taking courses, pursuing certifications, or volunteering in relevant areas to gain hands-on experience.

B. Finding a workaround for unfilled requirements

Sometimes a job posting requires specific qualifications or experience that you don’t have. In these cases, it’s important to find a workaround that demonstrates your ability to still meet the employer’s needs. This could involve highlighting related experience or transferable skills that could compensate for the missing requirement. Alternatively, it might involve offering to take on additional training or work with a mentor to acquire the missing knowledge.

C. Highlighting transferable skills to counter an irrelevant job background

When applying for a job in a new industry or field, it’s common to have a background that might not seem directly relevant. However, this doesn’t necessarily mean you’re unqualified for the role. By highlighting transferable skills, such as leadership, problem-solving, or communication, you can demonstrate your ability to adapt to new situations and learn quickly.

Addressing gaps in your resume or experience is an important aspect of writing a winning job application letter. By taking ownership of your failings, finding workarounds for unfilled requirements, and highlighting transferable skills, you can position yourself as a strong candidate and increase your chances of landing the job you want.

Crafting an Attention-grabbing Opening Paragraph

In the competitive job market, first impressions matter. The opening paragraph of your job application letter is your opportunity to make a positive and lasting impression on potential employers. In this section, we’ll explore the importance of crafting an attention-grabbing opening paragraph and provide tips and examples on how to do so.

A. Importance of First Impressions

Studies show that it takes less than 30 seconds for a recruiter or hiring manager to form an initial impression of a job candidate. This means that your opening paragraph is a critical component of your job application letter. Your goal is to capture the employer’s interest and convince them to continue reading.

B. Creative and Engaging Opening Lines

One effective way to capture the employer’s attention is by starting your letter with a creative and engaging opening line. This can be a quote, a personal story, a relevant statistic, or a bold statement. The key is to be authentic and genuine while still standing out from other applicants.

C. Strategies for Catching the Employer’s Attention

Beyond the opening line, there are several strategies you can use to further capture the employer’s attention. These include highlighting relevant skills and experience, demonstrating enthusiasm for the position and company, and connecting your qualifications to the job requirements.

By following these tips and examples, you can craft an attention-grabbing opening paragraph that sets you apart from the competition and piques the employer’s interest.

Highlighting Your Accomplishments

When it comes to writing a winning job application letter, highlighting your accomplishments is crucial. This allows potential employers to see the proven results that you can bring to their organization. Here are a few tips on how to effectively highlight your accomplishments:

A. Demonstrating Achievements in Previous Roles

One of the most effective ways to demonstrate your achievements is by highlighting your accomplishments in your previous roles. This shows that you have a track record of success and can bring that success to your next job. When highlighting your achievements, make sure to focus on results, not just responsibilities. Instead of stating that you managed a team, highlight the specific results that you achieved as a team leader.

For example, instead of saying, “Managed a team of 10 employees,” you could say, “Led a team of 10 employees to achieve a 25% increase in sales within the first quarter.” This shows the impact you had in your previous role and gives potential employers an idea of what you can achieve in their organization.

B. Using Data to Support Accomplishments

Using data to support your accomplishments is a powerful way to illustrate the impact you had in your previous roles. This could include data such as sales figures, customer satisfaction ratings, or employee retention rates. When using data, make sure to include specific numbers and percentages.

For example, instead of saying, “Improved customer satisfaction,” you could say, “Increased customer satisfaction ratings by 15% through implementing a new customer service training program.” This demonstrates the impact you had on the organization and the value you can bring to a potential employer.

C. Highlighting Relevant Certifications and Awards

Another way to highlight your accomplishments is by showcasing any relevant certifications or awards you have received. This shows that you have taken the time to invest in your professional development and have been recognized for your achievements.

When highlighting certifications and awards, make sure to explain why they are relevant to the job you are applying for. For example, if you are applying for a marketing position, highlighting your Google Analytics certification would be relevant as it demonstrates your analytics skills.

Highlighting your accomplishments is a crucial part of writing a winning job application letter. By demonstrating your achievements in previous roles, using data to support your accomplishments, and highlighting relevant certifications and awards, you can show potential employers the value you can bring to their organization.

Showcasing Your Writing Skills

When it comes to writing a winning job application letter, showcasing your exceptional writing skills is crucial to increase your chances of getting hired. Employers often look for applicants who have a way with words, can express themselves clearly, and can craft compelling content that leaves a lasting impression. Here are several ways to showcase your writing skills:

A. Highlighting experience in writing

One of the most effective ways to showcase your writing skills is to highlight your experience as a writer. This can include previous work experience in writing-related fields such as journalism, marketing, or content creation. If you have a writing degree, mention it. You can also share published articles or blog posts that you have written to demonstrate your skills in action. Highlighting relevant experience shows that you have the skills needed to excel in the role you are applying for.

B. Incorporating keywords

Incorporating keywords relevant to the job posting can also help showcase your writing skills. Employers often use applicant tracking systems (ATS) to scan resumes and cover letters for specific keywords related to the position. By including these keywords, you can increase your chances of getting past the initial screening process and showcase your understanding of industry-specific language.

C. Proper grammar, spelling, and tone

Finally, it’s essential to ensure that your writing exhibits proper grammar, spelling, and tone. Errors in these areas can undercut the impact of your application letter and send the wrong message to your potential employer. Take the time to proofread your cover letter and resume carefully, and have someone else review them too. Double-check for proper punctuation, spelling errors, and that your tone fits the professional context.

Showcasing your writing skills is critical when applying for jobs, particularly those that require excellent communication skills. Highlighting relevant experience, incorporating keywords, and ensuring proper grammar, spelling, and tone are strategies that can help set you apart from other applicants and make a lasting impression on potential employers.

Using Power Words and Phrases

When writing a job application letter, it is essential to use powerful words and phrases that can help you stand out from the crowd. Here are some tips to help you select the right words:

A. Selecting Strong Action Words

Action words can help demonstrate your skills and experience effectively. Use verbs that showcase your achievements and contributions to your previous roles. For instance, rather than saying you “assisted” your team, use words such as “led,” “managed,” or “initiated” to emphasize your role in driving projects and initiatives forward.

B. Avoiding Common Clichés and Buzzwords

Although buzzwords and clichés may seem tempting, they could potentially undermine the impact of your letter. Instead of using cookie-cutter phrases like “I am a team player,” try to use specific examples to illustrate your ability to work collaboratively. Also, avoid jargon that may not be familiar to the reader and opt for straightforward language that can be easily understood.

C. Crafting Impactful and Persuasive Sentences

To make your letter more impactful and persuasive, use language that emphasizes your strengths and accomplishments. Start sentences with action words and focus on the results you have achieved. Also, be specific and illustrate your points with concrete examples that demonstrate your value to the prospective employer.

When writing your job application letter, make sure to choose powerful words that demonstrate your expertise and experience effectively. Avoid using clichés and buzzwords and instead focus on crafting persuasive and impactful sentences that showcase your strengths and contributions. By following these principles, you can create a compelling letter that increases your chances of landing the job you want.

Formatting and Presentation of Your Job Application Letter

When it comes to writing a winning job application letter, the presentation and formatting of the letter are just as important as the content. Here are some tips to ensure your letter looks professional and polished:

A. Ensure consistency in formatting

Make sure your letter has a consistent format throughout. This means using the same font and font size for the entire letter. Also, ensure that the margins and spacing are consistent from beginning to end.

B. Proper use of fonts, margins, and spacing

Use a standard font like Times New Roman or Arial, in a legible size (such as 11pt or 12pt). Be sure to use proper spacing between paragraphs and section headers. It’s important to have enough white space to make the letter easy to read, but not so much that it takes up unnecessary space.

C. Guidelines on length of the letter

Longer letters can seem rambling and may deter the hiring manager from reading the whole thing. Focus on the most important points and make them clear and succinct. Remember, your goal is to make a strong case for yourself as a candidate, not overwhelm the reader with information.

By following these tips, you can ensure that your job application letter looks professional, polished, and focused on what matters most – your qualifications for the job.

Sample Job Application Letter

Writing a winning job application letter is important if you’re looking to impress the hiring manager and land your dream job. In this section of the article, we’ll walk through a sample job application letter, analyze its strong points, and provide strategies to improve it.

A. Walk Through a Sample Job Application Letter

Dear Hiring Manager,

I am writing to express my interest in the position of Marketing Manager at ABC Company, as advertised on [job board]. With over [number] years of experience in the marketing industry, I believe I have the skills and knowledge to succeed in this role and make a significant contribution to your team.

During my time at XYZ Company, I was responsible for developing and executing successful marketing campaigns that exceeded client expectations and resulted in increased ROI. My experience in digital marketing, social media management, and content creation have prepared me well for this role. I am highly adaptable, and I have a proven track record of implementing innovative strategies to achieve business objectives.

In addition, I am a strong communicator and collaborator, and I work well in cross-functional teams. I am confident that my skills and experience make me a strong candidate for the role of Marketing Manager at ABC Company.

Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to the opportunity to discuss my qualifications further.

Sincerely, [Your Name]

B. Analyzing the Strong Points in the Letter

The sample job application letter has several strong points:

• The candidate clearly expresses their interest in the position and summarizes their skills and experience in the marketing industry.
• The letter highlights the candidate’s successful track record in executing marketing campaigns and achieving business objectives.
• The candidate demonstrates their adaptability and ability to implement innovative strategies.
• The letter emphasizes the candidate’s communication and collaboration skills.

C. Strategies to Improve the Letter

To improve the sample job application letter, consider the following strategies:

• Start with a strong opening sentence that grabs the hiring manager’s attention, such as a personal anecdote or a statement about the company’s mission.
• Use specific examples of your achievements and accomplishments to demonstrate your value to the company.
• Customize your letter to the specific job and company by conducting research and referencing relevant company initiatives or values.
• Show enthusiasm and a willingness to learn by expressing interest in the company’s future projects or goals.

By implementing these strategies, you can enhance your job application letter and increase your chances of landing an interview with your dream company.

Writing a winning job application letter requires attention to detail, strong communication skills, and a clear understanding of the hiring company’s needs and values. By following these tips and analyzing examples such as the one above, you can take your job application letter to the next level and stand out from the competition.

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How to Write a Job Application Letter (With Examples)

What Is a Job Application Letter?

Tips for writing a job application letter, how to get started.

• Writing Guidelines
• What to Include in Each Section

Simple Formatting Using a Template

Tips for writing an effective letter, sample job application letter, sending an email application, review more letter examples.

Do you need to write a letter to apply for a job? Most of the time, the answer is yes. Even when employers don’t require a job application letter , writing one will help you highlight your skills and achievements and get the hiring manager’s attention. The only time not to send one is when the job listing says not to do so. It can help, and it definitely won't hurt to include an application letter with your resume.

A job application letter, also known as a cover letter , should be sent or uploaded with your resume when applying for jobs. While your resume offers a history of your work experience and an outline of your skills and accomplishments, the job application letter you send to an employer explains why you are qualified for the position and should be selected for an interview.

Writing this letter can seem like a challenging task. However, if you take it one step at a time, you'll soon be an expert at writing application letters to send with your resume.

Melissa Ling / The Balance

Before you begin writing your job application letter, do some groundwork. Consider what information you want to include, and keep in mind that space is limited.

Remember, this letter is making a case for your candidacy for the position. But you should do more than just regurgitate your resume. Instead, highlight your most relevant skills, experiences, and abilities.

Analyze the Job Posting

To include the most convincing, relevant details in your letter, you'll need to know what the employer wants.

The biggest clues are within the job advertisement, so spend some time decoding the job listing . Next, match your qualifications with the employer's wants and needs.

Include Your Most Relevant Qualifications

Make a list of your relevant experience and skills. For instance, if the job ad calls for a strong leader, think of examples of when you've successfully led a team. Once you've jotted down some notes and have a sense of what you want to highlight in your letter, you're ready to start writing.

Writing Guidelines for Job Application Letters

Writing a job application letter is very different from a quick email to a friend or a thank-you note to a relative. Hiring managers and potential interviewers have certain expectations when it comes to the letter's presentation and appearance, from length (no more than a page) and font size to style and letter spacing . Keep these general guidelines in mind, but always stick to any explicit instructions in the job listing or application portal.

Length: A letter of application should be no more than one page long. Three to four paragraphs are typical.

Format and Page Margins: A letter of application should be single-spaced with a space between each paragraph. Use 1-inch margins and align your text to the left, which is the standard alignment for most documents.

Font: Use a traditional font such as Times New Roman, Arial, or Calibri. The font size should be between 10 and 12 points.

What to Include in Each Section of the Letter

There are also set rules for the sections included in the letter, from salutation to sign-off, and how the letter is organized. Here's a quick overview of the main sections included in a job application letter:

Heading: A job application letter should begin with both your and the employer's contact information (name, address, phone number, email), followed by the date. If this is an email rather than an actual letter, include your contact information at the end of the letter, after your signature.

•   Header Examples

Salutation: This is your polite greeting. The most common salutation is "Dear Mr./Ms." followed by the person's last name. Find out more about appropriate cover letter salutations , including what to do if you don't know the person's name or are unsure of a contact's gender.

Body of the letter: Think of this section as having three distinct parts.

In the first paragraph , you'll want to mention the job you are applying for and where you saw the job listing.

The next paragraph(s) are the most important part of your letter. Remember how you gathered information about what the employer was seeking, and how you could meet their needs? This is where you'll share those relevant details on your experience and accomplishments.

The third and last part of the body of the letter will be your thank you to the employer; you can also offer follow-up information.

Complimentary Close: Sign off your email or letter with a polite close, such as "Best," or "Sincerely," followed by your name.

• Closing Examples

Signature: When you're sending or uploading a printed letter, end with your handwritten signature, followed by your typed name. If this is an email, simply include your typed name, followed by your contact information.

• Signature Examples

Overwhelmed by all these formatting and organization requirements? One way to make the process of writing a job application easier is to use a template to create your own personalized letters. Having a template can help save you time if you are sending a lot of application letters.

Be sure that each letter you send is personalized to the company and position; do not send the same letter to different companies.

• Always write one. Unless a job posting explicitly says not to send a letter of application or cover letter, you should always send one. Even if the company does not request a letter of application, it never hurts to include one. If they do ask you to send a letter, make sure to follow the directions exactly (for example, they might ask you to send the letter as an email attachment or type it directly into their online application system).
• Use business letter format. Use a formal business letter format when writing your letter. Include your contact information at the top, the date, and the employer’s contact information. Be sure to provide a salutation at the beginning and your signature at the end.
• Sell yourself. Throughout the letter, focus on how you would benefit the company. Provide specific examples of times when you demonstrated skills or abilities that would be useful for the job, especially those listed in the job posting or description. If possible, include examples of times when you added value to a company.

Numerical values offer concrete evidence of your skills and accomplishments.

• Use keywords. Reread the job listing, taking note of any keywords (such as skills or abilities that are emphasized in the listing). Try to include some of those words in your cover letter. This will help the employer see that you are a strong fit for the job.
• Keep it brief. Keep your letter under a page long, with no more than about four paragraphs. An employer is more likely to read a concise letter.
• Proofread and edit. Employers are likely to overlook an application with a lot of errors. Read through your cover letter, and if possible, ask a friend or career counselor to review the letter. Proofread for any grammar or spelling errors.

This is a job application letter sample.  Download the letter template (compatible with Google Docs or Word Online) or read the example below.

Sample Job Application Letter (Text Version)

Elizabeth Johnson 12 Jones Street Portland, Maine 04101 555-555-5555 elizabethjohnson@emailaddress.com

August 11, 2024

Mark Smith Human Resources Manager Veggies to Go 238 Main Street Portland, Maine 04101

Dear Mr. Smith,

I was so excited when my former coworker, Jay Lopez, told me about your opening for an administrative assistant in your Portland offices. A long-time Veggies to Go customer and an experienced admin, I would love to help the company achieve its mission of making healthy produce as available as takeout.

I’ve worked for small companies for my entire career, and I relish the opportunity to wear many hats and work with the team to succeed. In my latest role as an administrative assistant at Beauty Corp, I saved my employer thousands of dollars in temp workers by implementing a self-scheduling system for the customer service reps that cut down on canceled shifts. I also learned web design and timesheet coding, and I perfected my Excel skills. 

I’ve attached my resume for your consideration and hope to speak with you soon about your needs for the role.

Best Regards,

Elizabeth Johnson (signature hard copy letter)

Elizabeth Johnson

When you are sending your letter via email include the reason you are writing in the subject line of your message:

Subject Line Example

Subject: Elizabeth Johnson – Administrative Assistant Position

List your contact information in your signature, rather than in the body of the letter:

Email Signature Example

Elizabeth Johnson 555-555-5555 email@emailaddress.com

Review more examples of professionally written cover letters for a variety of circumstances, occupations, and job types.

CareerOneStop. " How Do I Write a Cover Letter? "

University of Maryland Global Campus. " Cover Letters ."

• Mar 26, 2024
• 11 min read

How to Write a Job Application Letter (Tips and Examples)

Your guide to getting your foot in the door.

Joanna Zambas

Content Manager and Career Expert

Reviewed by Chris Leitch

Do you have your heart set on a specific company but have never seen them post a single vacancy? And are you on the verge of giving up completely, and convinced you’re going to be jobless and broke for the rest of your life?

Well, don’t crumple your  perfectly written résumé  in a ball of paper just yet — there’s still hope for you!

All you need to do is write an awesome job application letter.

Application letters are a great way to get your foot in the door of a company that hasn’t advertised a position or when you’re applying for an academic program or an  internship .

So, what are you waiting for?

Read on to find out how to write a great job application letter (and land that  dream job  of yours in the process)!

What is a job application letter/email?

Whereas cover letters are used when applying for a specific vacancy, and include details which are complementary to what’s on the applicant’s résumé, application letters are submitted when there is no job opening, and they tend to be more detailed.

Unlike cover letters, which usually span about one page, application letters can be twice as long.

How should you structure your letter?

The structure and formatting of your application letter is just as important as the words you use to sell your skills and enthusiasm for the job. The pointers below will help you deliver your message in a professional and effective way.

Sender’s address

Begin your letter with your address listed in the left-hand corner of the page. In the US, it’s acceptable to list your address in the right-hand corner. (Skip this step if you’re going to send your application via email.)

If you’re applying via email, create an email address for professional use if you haven’t already. This should include your first and last names or initials — no nicknames or years of birth! Two appropriate examples are [email protected] and [email protected] .

As with any official letter, include the date of your letter below your address.

Subject line

The  subject of your email  should make the manager want to read more and not automatically press the “Delete” button. It could be something like: “Social Media Expert with over 5 Years of Experience”.

Inside address

The company’s address should appear a few lines below your address and the date. Skip this if you’re sending an email.

As with any formal letter, you need to open with the correct formal salutation (such as “Dear Mr [surname]” or “Dear Ms [surname]”).

It’s also best to find out who the head of the department is, and address your letter directly to them to show that you’ve taken the time to really do your research. If you begin with “Dear Hiring Manager”, for example, you’re potentially destroying your chances of getting the job you’re applying for.

Opening paragraph

The opening paragraph should provide details on why you’re getting in touch.

Think about what you want to achieve with this letter before forming your answer. For example, you could say that it’s been a dream of yours to work for the company and that you feel that, given the chance, you’d love to bring new skills and ideas to the table. You can also highlight any qualifications you have here.

Middle paragraph(s)

This is where you will explain why you’re suitable for the position by listing skills you’ve developed through previous work experience . Remember that this shouldn’t be a word-for-word copy of your résumé; rather, you should use this as an opportunity to expand on notable achievements.

And make sure you tailor the content of your letter to the particular job title and company you’re applying to — you don’t want to ramble on about irrelevant details.

Final paragraph

Finally, focus on what you bring to the table and how the company can benefit from your skills and experience. If you have statistics and figures to back up your claims, even better!

For example, if you’re an experienced project manager, you could say how you want to showcase your leadership skills and help the company reach its desired turnover, and then back this up with statistics on how you did just that in previous positions.

You should close your letter with a call-to-action. For example, you could say something like: “I look forward to hearing back from you to discuss any possibilities”. And don’t forget to thank the reader for their time!

Your name and signature

If you’re sending this by snail mail, opt for a handwritten signature. If, on the other hand, you’re sending an email, simply write your name, followed by your contact information.

Most application letter templates (and formal letter templates in general) use the Times New Roman typeface at 12 points. Other recommended fonts include Arial, Georgia and Calibri.

Tips for writing your letter

When it’s time to write an application letter, bear the following points in mind to ensure that your document captures the hiring manager’s attention and successfully creates the impression that you’d make a good fit for their company.

1. Include bullet points

Bullet points can be used as an effective formatting tool when writing your application letter. They can demonstrate points clearly and concisely, as well as help with the overall layout, allowing for bite-sized, readable chunks of information.

2. Make sure the language you use is easy to read

You might be a literary wizard , but those long words won’t impress the hiring manager if they make your letter difficult to read.

3. Use positive language

Positivity is the way forward when it comes to selling your skills to a potential employer. Therefore, you should use positive words when explaining your previous work experience.

These words include “assisted”, “conducted”, “executed”, “proposed” and “recommended”, which (when used right) can demonstrate your contribution and dedication to your role and organization.

4. Be creative

Depending on the industry that you’re interested in, you can be a bit creative with your approach . This means that you don’t have to follow the conventional structure of a cover letter, and can instead adopt a more story-like approach.

Should you add any attachments?

Since application letters are not submitted in response to particular job ads, but rather serve as an inquiry into any unadvertised openings which may be available, they tend to be standalone documents. That is to say they are not typically accompanied by other files.

Whereas cover letters are concise, tailored to the job posting and accompanied by résumés, your letter of application will be a more extensive account of your skills and experiences.

That being said, if you’re applying for a creative position such as that of a video editor or blog writer, it makes sense to include a few samples of your work that best represent your talent and ability.

Job application letter samples

The following application letter samples can give you an idea as to what to include in your letter, as well as how to structure it effectively.

1. Job application email sample

Dear Mr Cannon,

I have long been following your company’s growth and progress, being extremely passionate about clean, renewable energy. I remember coming across XYZ Renewables back in the early 2000s, when it was still in its early startup stages, and I admire how your leadership has grown the company since.

Having gained extensive experience as a solar consultant over the last decade, I have kept an eye out for any job opportunities with XYZ Renewables. This is why I am writing to you today: to express a keen interest in working with you in the future, should any solar consultation vacancies become available at your company.

In my current role at ABC Energies, I train new hires in advising and liaising with clients, as well as in designing and installing solar systems that cater to the needs and budget of our clients. I carry out the same duties myself, and have been commended for my customer service skills and technical know-how in solar systems installations. Over the last year, I have overseen and facilitated transactions totaling upwards of $1 million.

I appreciate you taking the time to read through my application. I hope that my skills and work experience can contribute to a fruitful collaboration down the line.

Yours sincerely,

Mark Rowling

2. Internship application email sample

Dear Ms Kipling,

Ever since I was a sophomore in high school, I’ve dreamed about pursuing an undergraduate degree in interior design and going on to work for an award-winning architectural firm. During my studies at AB College, where I graduated from just over a month ago, I became exposed to the works of various such firms, including your own.

XY Designs stood out to me for the simplicity of its designs (I am also a fan of Scandinavian interiors!) as well as its clever use of natural lighting and earthy colors and textures. In particular, I was impressed with the renovation of the Workwell coworking space you undertook and completed in 2022.

I believe that working alongside the designers on your team and under your mentorship would be an invaluable experience, which is why I am reaching out to enquire about any potential internship opportunities you may have this coming summer. During my studies, I have become proficient in using SketchUp and 3Ds Max, and completed my final project on Scandinavian interiors and architecture specifically. I am attaching a link to my final project portfolio below.

Thank you for your time, and I hope to hear back from you soon.

Respectfully,

3. Academic application letter sample

Gregory Allen Department of English AB University Syracuse, NY

Tuesday, March 26, 2024

Dear Mr Allen,

During my undergraduate studies in animation, I discovered — quite unexpectedly — a passion for writing, and specifically writing for film and television. Although up until that point I had believed myself to be a VFX artist in the making, the discovery caused me to reconsider. Today, I am writing to express my interest in the Creative Writing MA program at AB University.

During my final year at Arts College, I produced a screenplay for a short film, and found that setting up the scene and creating a whole new world in words was far more fascinating to me than trying to recreate it by moving around and rendering pixels on a screen. I received the highest mark out of everyone on my course for that piece of writing; and that was followed by my screenwriting professor’s recommendation: the way he spoke about AB University’s history and faculty removed any sort of doubt from my mind. It all became clear: this was to be my new path.

I have attached some writing samples, as per the application guidelines: my final-year screenplay as well as two pieces of prose I wrote in my free time. I hope that you may consider my application for a spot on the Creative Writing course.

I look forward to hearing back from you. Thank you for your time!

Best wishes,

Things to remember

From writing the first draft of your application letter to editing it and adding the final touches, remember to do the following:

1. Do your research

Research is one of the most important steps when it comes to  job searching ; you need to make sure that you know all there is about the organization you’re targeting and you should have a clear understanding of what their company culture is like.

2. Don’t forget to proofread

This goes without saying, but never send your application letter off without proofreading it. With so many readily available editing tools online, there’s no excuse for a careless typo or wordy sentences. Grammarly and Hemmingway are two of the most popular programs to help you perfect your writing.

3. Use their style of writing

You can usually guess a company’s style of writing from their website and publications. So, it’s important to try and keep your letter in line with this so they can see that you’re a real match for the position and that they’d be silly to not invite you for an interview.

Final thoughts

Whether you go to write a cover letter or an application letter, or even to put together a portfolio for a prospective employer to see, the same thing applies: everything you include must be related to the position you’re hoping to land.

So, before you’ve started writing, take time to consider which of your skills, qualities and achievements best portray you as a strong candidate , and how you can best convey your interest in (and suitability for) the company as a whole.

Have you ever written an application letter before? Do you have any other tips to share with fellow jobseekers? Leave us a comment in the comments section below!

Originally published on August 21, 2018. Updated by Electra Michaelidou.

Job Applications

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• Job Application Documents

How to Write a Job Application Letter (with Examples)

Last Updated: June 8, 2024 Fact Checked

Sample Letters

Introduction, body paragraphs, closing your letter, expert q&a.

This article was written by Shannon O'Brien, MA, EdM and by wikiHow staff writer, Aly Rusciano . Shannon O'Brien is the Founder and Principal Advisor of Whole U. (a career and life strategy consultancy based in Boston, MA). Through advising, workshops and e-learning Whole U. empowers people to pursue their life's work and live a balanced, purposeful life. Shannon has been ranked as the #1 Career Coach and #1 Life Coach in Boston, MA by Yelp reviewers. She has been featured on Boston.com, Boldfacers, and the UR Business Network. She received a Master's of Technology, Innovation, & Education from Harvard University. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 10,706,657 times.

So, you’ve found your dream job and want to make sure you nail the job application process. You double- and triple-check the criteria—they’re asking for a cover letter. What does that mean, and how do you write it? A cover letter or letter of application is a single page that sums up why you want and deserve the job. Think of it as an extension of your resume; a sales pitch for why you’re the perfect candidate. We’ve put together a step-by-step guide full of examples and tips on how to write a letter of application for a job. With our help and a little finesse, you may soon be calling that dream job your own.

Things You Should Know

• Format your application letter single-spaced and in Times New Roman, Arial, or Calibri font that’s 10- to 12-point in size.
• Open your letter with an engaging and confident first paragraph that briefly includes your qualifications, where you found the job, and your overall interest in the position.
• Show your personality in the body paragraphs by describing the passions that relate to the position in 1 or 2 sentences.
• Use keywords (like leadership, communication, and detail-oriented) from the job description throughout your letter to show that you’ve done your research.

• First and last name
• Phone number
• Email address
• Personal website and/or portfolio link (if you have one)

• If you don’t know the hiring manager's name, search the company’s website or refer to the name of the individual who originally posted the job opening.
• If you’re in doubt about who to address your letter to, use “[Department] Hiring Manager.”

• If you don’t have the employer or hiring manager’s name, use a general but professional opening, “To Whom It May Concern” or “Dear [Department] Hiring Manager.”

• Be short and specific in this opening paragraph—save those details for later.
• Think of your first paragraph as a sales pitch. What can you say that’ll grab their attention immediately? Is there something you have that other candidates don’t that make you more qualified for the position?
• Show the employer that you’re familiar with the company and job application by noting keywords and characteristics valued by the company.
• For example: “I write to apply for the Office Manager position at Acme Investments, Inc. I am an excellent fit for this position, as demonstrated by my extensive background in management and proven success as a corporate administrator.”

• Companies appreciate when job candidates include this information because it lets them know where people are searching for jobs.
• Only include a company contact or friend’s name if you have their permission. This way, they’ll be ready to answer any questions about you and your character later.
• You may write something like: “John Smith recommended that I get in touch with you about the general manager position at EnviroRent,” or “I came across the available position on LinkedIn and believe I am a strong candidate.”

• For instance, if the company needs someone who can lead a team and handle multiple projects at once, note what team projects you’ve led in previous positions and how you improved overall productivity.
• If you have numerical data or stats to back up your accomplishments, include them! This is your time to brag about your achievements and show how you’ve excelled in the workplace.

• Scan the job application for keywords like leadership, communication, management, and detail-oriented. Then, highlight in your letter how you have these characteristics or skills.
• Avoid embellishing any of your qualifications. Remember, an employer can always double-check the facts.
• If you’re not sure what to write, refer to your resume or CV. What have you done that matches the job description best, and how can you elaborate on it?
• For example: “In my previous role, I successfully supported an office of 100 personnel and honed my management and interpersonal skills through customer service and clerical responsibilities.”

• For instance, you could express how the company has impacted you personally and why that’s driven you to apply for the position.
• Although you want to provide details, keep it short. Stick to a 1 to 2-sentence description rather than a full-length story. Your letter should stay under 3 paragraphs.
• Here’s an example: “My passion for teaching began the summer of my sophomore year of high school when I was a camp counselor. I was given the opportunity to teach a class focusing on local plant life, and the campers’ enthusiasm cultivated my love for teaching and conservation.

• For instance, you could write, “I am excited about the possibility of working for you and your company. I would be more than happy to discuss my qualifications and Acme’s future direction in person or via video conference.”
• Keep your call to action brief and open, or provide specific dates you’d be available to meet with the employer.

• For instance, sign off with, “Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to hearing from you,” or “Thank you for considering me for this position. If you have any further questions or require additional documentation, please don’t hesitate to contact me.”

• If you’re sending your letter via email, import your signature into the document as an image or .png file.

• Always proofread and ask someone else to read over your application letter before you send it. This way, you can make sure it’s absolutely perfect and error-free. [13] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
• Keep the overall tone of the company or employer in mind while writing your letter. For instance, if you’re applying to be a journalist for a prestigious news website, match their word choice and writing style. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
• Be sure to customize your application letter for every job you apply to, even if they have the same qualifications. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://www.ferrum.edu/downloads/careers/cover-letters.pdf
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/job_search_writing/job_search_letters/cover_letters_workshop/formatting_and_organization.html
• ↑ https://icc.ucdavis.edu/materials/cover-letters
• ↑ https://hbr.org/2016/05/learn-to-love-networking
• ↑ https://hbr.org/2014/02/how-to-write-a-cover-letter
• ↑ https://www.astate.edu/dotAsset/54eb42cc-33a3-4237-a46e-3f4aaac79389.pdf

About This Article

The best way to start an application letter is to mention where you found the job opportunity and how your strengths can benefit the employer. Devote time in the body paragraphs to tell the employer more about your experience and qualifications. Explain why you’re the best candidate and finish by inviting the hiring manager to contact you. For suggestions on how to prepare your letter, and examples of what to write, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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How to Write an Application Letter

How do you write an application letter that can get you the job you desire?

Many job seekers don’t always see the reason why they should write an application letter when they are applying for a job because they feel they can just send their CVs.

Your CV indeed contains all the necessary information that the recruiter needs to know about you, but sometimes your CV alone may not be able to do the job of helping you land the job of your dreams.

Your CV may do a great job of showing that you have the skills and education required to excel in a particular position, but it may not be great at telling your prospective employer that you are the best person for the job.

This is what an application letter does for you. An application letter expresses your interest in a job and shows the employer why you are the best person for the position. Writing an application letter is one of the hidden job search hacks that help you  apply for fewer jobs, but land more interviews .

If you are tired of getting  rejected every time you apply for a job vacancy , then you should consider writing an application letter that will help you express your sincere interest in the job of your dreams. In this article, we will be looking at:

• What is an application letter
• Importance of an application letter
• Difference between an application letter and a resume letter
• How to write an application letter
• Application letter examples

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What is an Application Letter?

A job application letter is a formal document that is sent to a prospective employer to express your interest in a position. An application letter is usually sent alone and not attached alongside another document.

Most times, an application letter is not sent after you must have seen an advertised position but sent whether or not a vacancy was advertised. The application letter serves a purpose that is similar to that of the CV.

Read:   How to Write an Application Letter in Nigeria for a Teaching Job

When You Should Write an Application Letter.

Yes, it is true that you should write an application letter when you are interested in a job, but that is not all you consider before you decide to write an application letter.

When you see a job advert that you are interested in, you send your CV and cover letter, right? But this does not quite work for application letters. Employers will not replace the CV and cover letter with an application letter.

The approach of an application letter is different from the CV and the cover letter. You should write an application letter when the employer does not solicit your interest in the position. This simply means when there is no job advertisement or posting.

For example, if you are searching for a job and you have a list of top companies that you would love to work for, you don’t necessarily have to wait for a job posting to declare your interest in that particular job. You can simply email an application to different companies.

This is a way for you to extensively and formally introduce yourself to the prospective employer of the companies that you would love to work for.

Why You Should Write an Application Letter for a Job

Just like we have discussed earlier, there are many reasons why people write application letters. If you are actively searching for a job, then this is why you should consider writing an application letter:

• It serves as a formal introduction between you and your prospective employer.
• It can help you access hidden jobs.
• It can help you to be a step ahead of other job seekers.
• It puts you in a less competitive circle in comparison with what happens when jobs are advertised with thousands of applicants showing interest.
• It can help you boycott the process of applying for a job online, and writing a resume letter because most times application letters stand alone.

Difference between a Job Application Letter and a Cover Letter

Many people use the terms application letter and resume letter interchangeably because they think that they mean the same thing. Even though the application letter and the cover letter perform almost the same function, they are different.

• An application letter is intended to stand alone, while a cover letter is usually accompanied by a CV or resume.
• A resume/cover letter will contain a brief introduction that consists of three to four sentences about the job seekers' experience, education, accomplishment and why the job seeker feels he/she is the best candidate for the job. On the other hand, an application letter may have a more extensive introduction because it is meant to stand alone just like the CV.
• An application letter often can substitute for a resume and, therefore, requires that the job seeker include specific information about her work history and professional competencies. A cover letter, on the other hand, should not contain too much information about the job seekers because it is merely an introduction to the resume.
• A cover letter is like an elevator pitch. It is intended to capture the reader's attention enough to make the recruiter or hiring manager want to review the CV.
• A cover letter is usually used by a job seeker to show interest in a job vacancy after which the job seeker will attach a detailed document (which is usually a CV). An application letter is mostly used by a job seeker to show interest in an unsolicited job.

Learn  how to write a stunning cover letter  now.

How to Write An Application Letter in 10 Easy Steps

These tips will guide you on how you can write an application letter:

• Write an Outline
• Write your first draft
• Use a friendly tone
• Make it concise
• Tailor the job application letter to the job specification and company requirement
• Use typed and not handwritten documents
• Use quality paper
• Write a mind blowing ending

Are you applying for a security job, but don't know how to write an application letter? Read how to write an application letter for a security job in Nigeria

1. Write an Outline : Just like you write an outline when you want to write an essay, it is also important that you write an outline when you want to write your application letter. The outline is the structure of what you want to write in your actual application letter. It is good that you make clear what you want to achieve, and all the things that you want your prospective employer to know.

An outline of your application letter will make it easy for you to write your application letter because you have the structure planned out already.

2. Write a Draft : After you must have done a structure for your application letter, then it is good for you to do a rough draft of the application letter before writing the original one.

When you are drafting your application letter, you can make use of the outline that you did earlier to serve as a guide for your application letter. At this point, you may not worry about grammatical mistakes and punctuation errors. This is to help you develop a prototype application letter.

3. Salutation : Salutation is one aspect of the application letter that is obvious. Most times that is what the employer will likely see first as soon as they open the letter. Since this is an important aspect of the application letter, you need to be careful.

It is important for you to know some tips on salutation before you start writing your application letter:

• You should put a comma at the end of your salutation
• If you are addressing more than one recipient, you should address the recipient as ‘Dear Sirs/Madams’.
• If you don’t know the name of the recipient, you should address the person as ‘Dear Sir/Madam’.
• If the recipient's gender is not known, you should address the person with the full name. Like; ‘Dear David Houston’.

 4.  Tone : Employers can sense your tone from the way that you write. When you are writing your application letter, you must treat the recipient with respect. Be polite and use formal language when you are writing. Be careful not to use slang or ambiguous words.

5. Be Brief : As much as you need to give your prospective employers reasons why you think you are the best person for the job, it is equally important for you to as brief as possible.

Employers are very busy and may not be able to spend time reading your application letter. Mention the purpose of your letter in the first paragraph because this is where the employer will likely look at first.

6. Tailor the letter to the job and the company : Tailoring your application to the job that you are applying for and the company will give your prospective employer the mindset that you are passionate about the job and the company.

Employers look forward to hiring people that are passionate about the job. Tailoring your application letter may be all you need to land the job of your dreams.

7. Use typed and not handwritten documents : Unless a handwritten letter is requested, you should send a typed and computer-generated document. Typing your document will help you present a well-aligned, clear, and easy to read the document.

8. Use a high quality Paper: If you are sending a hard copy application letter, make sure you use a good and quality paper. Don’t tear out a sheet of paper from your notepad and use that paper to write your application letter. If you do that, your application letter will look scrappy and rough.

9. Proof-reading : proof-reading your application letter will help you see errors that you would need to fix before you send your application letter. You can read your application letter out loud to yourself to see some errors.

Check the spellings on your application letter and punctuation errors. You can use Grammarly.com to check your spellings and edit your errors.

 10.  Ending your application letter : When you are sending your application letter, you should make sure that your tone matches the tone of the letter. A formal letter closing is polite, courteous, and respectful.

These are common closing that you can use to end your application letter:

• ‘Sincerely’ or your ‘faithfully’
• ‘Your Truly’
• ‘Faithfully Yours’

Application Letter Example for Any Job Vacant Position

Writing an application letter can be easy and straight forward if you follow some rules. From salutation, closing, to the overall organization of your letter some rules makes your application letter appear good.

Your application letter should begin with the contact information. The contact information should include your contact and that of the employer.

The contact information should include; name, address, phone number, email, and date. If it is an email application letter, you can put your contact at the end of the letter after your signature.

The heading of your application letter includes the contact information and the salutation.

Contact information

(Your contact information)

City, State Zip Code

Phone Number

Email Address

(The employer’s contact information)

Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name,

(Salutation)

Salutation is the polite greeting that is usually at the beginning of the application after the contact information of the. The common salutation format is ‘Dear Mr./Ms’ followed by the person’s last name.

The body of the application letter

The body of your application letter lets your prospective employer know the position that you are applying for, why they should consider your application and how they would finally follow you up if they consider you for the position.

The body of your application letter is made up of different paragraphs leading up to the conclusion. Here we are going to look at the different paragraphs.

First paragraph

The first paragraph of your application letter will include information about why you are writing the letter in the first place. It is in this paragraph that you will mention the job that you are applying for and where you saw the job application.

It is in the first paragraph that you create a lasting impression on the employer. This is where you sell yourself to your prospective employer.

Second and third paragraph

The second and the third paragraph of your application letter should tell your prospective employer what you have to offer the company and what you have to offer performing the job.

These paragraphs are the most important in your application letter because this is where you have to prove to the employer that you meet the need of what the employer is looking for.

This is where you would have to share the experience, skills and accomplishments that suggest you as the best person for the job.

Remember to state how your qualification makes you the best person for the job.

Note : You should research the company and find out some information that will help you emphasize that you are the best person for the position. You can research the role that you would love to fill to find out the company’s expectation for the role, and then tailor your application in that regards.

You should also not forget to make use of specific example where possible. If you say that you are a skilled at marketing products, you should be able to give examples that would emphasize that.

Last paragraph

The last paragraph of your application letter should summarize your application letter. You should also thank your employer in this part of your application letter. You should conclude this paragraph by thanking your employer for considering you for the position.

You can also include information on how the employer or the company will follow you up.

Complimentary close

You should sign off your letter with a polite close. For example;

Signature (for a hard copy letter)

Typed Signature

Job Application Letter   Example for an Experienced Job Candidate

Writing an application letter for a job may not be an easy thing to do especially when you are writing one for the first time.

Looking at an application letter example will help write your own without much stress. This application letter example will guide you to write your application letter.

David Emmanuel

11 South Street

Ocean View Estate, Lekki,

Lagos, Nigeria.

555-555-5555

[email protected]

November 13th, 2019.

Judith Peterson

Human Resources Director

Capital Solutions, Inc.

101 Admiralty Way

Lekki, Lagos,

Dear Mr. Judith,

I was very happy when my friend, Daine James, told me that Capital Solutions are searching for a Human Resources Specialist with a minimum of two years experience.

From my research on the company, I learned that Capital Solutions see team work as an important aspect of performance that can help the company reach its goals, and how much the company needs a Human Resources specialist that would join the team and start performing at once. I believe that I am that ideal candidate for your team.

I am David Emmanuel, a graduate of Human Resources and Personnel Management from the University of Lagos. My 5 years of experience in Human Resources practices has made me become a Human Resources specialist.

In my current as the Human Resources Manager, I manage a team of 20 staff members, organize on-boarding program for new staff, and prepare pay role for the company. I also have experience in:

• Data entry and data reporting on HRM software
• Recruiting and hiring processes (which includes; creating job descriptions, posting job vacancies, creating candidate awareness on available job vacancies, screening CVs and scheduling interviews).
• Organizing company event. (Organizing end of the year party and team bonding events).

I would love to speak with you about my qualifications and what I can do for your team. Thank you for your consideration.

(Signature)

David Emmanuel.

Job Application Letter   Example for Job Candidates with No Experience

Jane Aderinsola

11 Ajayi Close,

111-333-4444

John Samuel

Dear Mr Emmanuel,

I was extremely excited when a friend mentioned the opening for the role of a customer service intern. I recently graduated from the University of Lagos, where I studied Mass Communication. I am very passionate about customer service, which is why I am excited about this position.

As a first-class graduate of Mass Communication, and as a one-time public relations officer for the students’ Union. I have learned how to effectively communicate and manage relationships with diverse people.

Asides from my graduate program, I have also taken different certificate courses and training in customer service practices and public relations. I recently attended a 2-weeks customer service training where I learned: The ethics of customer services, telephone etiquette, and I improved my written communication skills.

From my education, training and experience, I have been able to build the following skills:

· Excellent communication skills

· Good listening skills

· Improve my writing skills

· People management skills

· Interpersonal skills

· MS Office

I believe that my education, experience, and training in Mass communication and customer service practices has prepared me for this internship role.

Considering the great milestone that ABC company has achieved over time, I am certain that this company will be a great environment for me to grow my career as well as contribute to the success of the organization.

I look forward to a scheduled time where we can discuss my qualification as regards the internship.

Thank you for your consideration .

Application Letter FAQ

1: should my cv be accompanied by an application letter .

The answer is yes, your CV or résumé should always be accompanied by an application letter. It's an important self-marketing tool which you shouldn't fail to utilize.

2:  How Should I Format My Application Letter?

Your application letter should be formatted the following way: ●    Heading (hard copy) or Subject (Email) ●    Salutation Check this post for more infomration on how to format your application letter

3:  What Should I Include In My Application Letter?

Your application letter should include relevant work history and skills, the significant role you played in your previous job which matches the job you are now applying for, why you would be a  good fit for the role, achievements, and any industry certifications you possess

4: How Long Should My Application Letter Be?

Typical, a cover letter should be half a page, or one full page in length. Break it into paragraphs, so that the information can be easily and quickly absorbed by the recruiter.

Having a professional application letter can help you land the job of your dreams without having to wait for years. Companies receive loads of application letters daily, but learning how to write an effective application letter can help stand out from other job seekers.

Looking to land your dream job? See  100 interview questions and answers  to get you prepared for the big day.

Staff Writer

24 comment(s).

You explain it very well because your way of explanation is lovely. I am a social person, and I read many blogs from different websites. is one of them. He can also provide us with good information. I appreciate it. Keep it up.

Thank you very much Meave for your comment. 

You have explained well. But what if the person doesn't have any working experience? 

Thank you Ozuu for your comment. The post has been updated, so you can look at the application letter example for job seekers with no experience.

It is the section before the application letter FAQ.

thanks it has helped me

I love yr explanation but  what if the person is not a graduate ,and have no experience, if the person is an ssce holder , how we the person write the application Letter

I appreciate your work,good explanation.It really helped me

I really appreciate your explanation,it was very helpful

You explained very well... Thanks so much

Thank you for your explanation  but what about shs graduate 

Thanks alots your explanation helps.

Thanks for your vivid insight on this subject. I actually benefited alot. Keep it up. 

Best regards from;

EMMANUEL SUNDAY

Wow! Never knew that there's a difference between application letter and CV cover letter.  Thanks for your explanation, was really helpful.

The lecture is very educative. 

What if you are writing an application letter for a job that isn't related to your specialty. 

Example, you studied banking and finance but wanting to write for a position of a human resource and you don't have any experience on that. How will you go about it? 

I love this question, can someone answer this

This article is fantastic and I got some good information by reading this. 

Nice comment, <a href=";>check this out also.</a>

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• Letter Of Application

49 Best Letter Of Application Samples (+”How to Write” Guide)

Almost all adults have written a letter of application when applying for a job that suits their qualifications. At times, the feedbacks could be extremely frustrating and it may not even be your qualifications that come into question. If the substance of your letter of application sample is okay, then it must have been the format. Therefore, you must learn all that you can to compose an effective job application template .

Table of Contents

• 1 Letter Of Application Templates
• 2 What is a letter of application?
• 3 Letter Of Application Samples
• 4 Writing a letter of application
• 5 Application Letter Examples
• 6 Practical tips to keep in mind when writing your letter of application
• 7 Job Application Templates

Letter Of Application Templates

What is a letter of application?

A letter of application which is sometimes called a cover letter is a type of document that you send together with your CV or resume. It provides details about your experiences and skills. It also contains detailed information about why you consider yourself the most qualified for the job you’re applying for.

In most application letter examples, you also enumerate reasons with explanations about your interest in the position you want which requires all of your relevant skills. Letters of application inform your prospective employer about your interest in the position, what makes you a worthy contender, and why the employer should choose you.

Letter Of Application Samples

Writing a letter of application

You would compose a letter of application for a variety of purposes which are either domestic or professional. All letter of application samples are generally of the formal type and they follow some predefined format which applies to most types of application letters. It is, therefore, essential to get acquainted with the steps when writing one:

Preparation

• Get a blank sheet of paper and divide this into two columns. Indicate “Requirements” in one column and “Skills” in the other. Now read the details of the job vacancy very carefully. While doing this, familiarize yourself with the job requirements too.
• At this point, you should already have a resume which you can compare with the requirements of the job, both in terms of skill and experience. Including these major points relevant to the job provides for you the right and most significant information in your application letter format more efficiently and quickly.
• Start your job application template by including your contact details at the top. The purpose of this is to make it very easy for the prospective employer to find out exactly who you are and how to contact you. Make sure you use the correct letterhead too.
• Include the company’s information. After your contact details, you should also provide information about the company of the employer you’re applying to and this includes the name, job title, company name, and the business address. Providing these details gives the impression that you’ve taken some time to compose a customized letter of application to that company.
• Including this information also shows that you have done extra research about the hiring manager of the position you want. You can always search for the company’s website to find out the hiring manager’s name. Or as an alternative, search for the name of the department head of the department to which you’re applying. If you can’t access either name, it’s still okay to address the application letter to the company’s hiring department.
• Address the letter to the employee whom you’re writing to. Including this in your application letter format shows that you’re formal enough to begin with an official address. Never address your application letter with the words “ To Whom It May Concern .” This is very generic and informal. It also gives the impression that you didn’t do much research on the company you’re applying to.

Application Letter Examples

Writing the letter of application

• Write a compelling first paragraph. Write something that draws the interest of your reader, in this case, the hiring manager. Most application letter examples end up in the dust bin because they’re devoid of appeal. To avoid this, treat your first paragraph like a breaking news article by opening with a declarative statement.
• Inform the reader about your enthusiasm for applying for a position in the company. Demonstrate to the hiring manager about your familiarity with the company’s work and how you would perfectly fit for the position applied for.
• Mention where you discovered the information about the position you’re applying. Make some calls and research to find out if you have an acquaintance in the company. It’s always great to have a reference on the inside. Don’t hesitate to name drop, especially if the person granted you permission to do so.
• Elaborate why hiring you will benefit the employer. A job vacancy usually opens when the company has an issue which needs solving. As an applicant, it’s your job to solve this issue among other things.
• You can refer to your resume where you have enumerated your accomplishments, experiences, and skills. From this, you can use an example or two and elaborate on them. These show that you are very much qualified for the role.
• Provide a brief summary of your strengths, experience, and qualifications. The second paragraph of your letter should provide a summarized description of your experiences and abilities to demonstrate why you’re the perfect choice for the job.
• Highlight the most significant parts of your professional career. Although your most recent accomplishments would be a good place for you to start, you might have a past experience which perfectly fits the required qualifications of the job. If you need to dig deeper to prove your worth, then do so.
• Create an image of yourself which isn’t on your resume. Resumes typically depict what you’ve done during your last assignments or jobs. As an applicant, you would also want the hiring manager to see the person behind these accomplishments.
• In maybe two or three sentences, express your thoughts on how your previous company has personally made an impact on you and how this dream job application will, in one way, shape your future. Showing this human side of you proves that you are more than the facts printed on paper.

Finish up your application letter

• Create a brief summary explaining why you are the best candidate for the position in just one sentence. It’s best to end your letter with a polite reminder to your prospective employer why you’re the best applicant for the job and this gesture may earn you an interview. But do this succinctly in just one meaningful sentence.
• Provide a gentle invitation to reach out to you. Make an invitation to your reader about wanting the chance to speak more about the vacant position. It isn’t redundant to give your contact information again just for emphasis.
• Also, don’t forget to thank the hiring manager about any consideration that he will make then end the letter with a courteous statement like “looking forward to hearing from you at the earliest convenience” or something equally pleasant.
• Sign off. This step can, at times, be very frustrating, especially if you don’t know what’s considered appropriate. Using a tone that’s too formal may have a tinge of insincerity and it might not fit the overall style of the letter itself. Just be sincere without sounding offensive, period.
• Finally, after signing off, write your complete name and affix your signature. If your word processor has been set up for a signature, you may insert this underneath your name. Or you can print out the final version of your letter then affix your signature. For a letter of application sample, a signature is optional.

Practical tips to keep in mind when writing your letter of application

Depending on what it contains, how you prepared it, and how you formatted it, a letter of application can either make you or break you. To make sure that your application letter format will support you, consider the following tips:

• Get right to the point The first paragraph of your job application template should already state the purpose. Indicate the job you’re applying for, the name of the company, and the source of the job vacancy listing. You can mention why you’re a strong contender for the position but do so in a direct-to-the-point statement.
• Offer a variety of information Instead of being too technical, tone down your language on a more personal level, not to sound like the contents of your bullet-point resume. An anecdote about your career and work experience will do just fine. Although a resume is a must when applying for a job, the application letter should highlight relevant information which your resume cannot do.
• Make a good case for yourself The main objective of your letter of application is to land a job interview which hopefully will get you a job offer. A good application letter can achieve both goals for you. Another way to enhance your chances is by offering details regarding your experiences and job background which demonstrates why you’re a very qualified candidate. Expound on how your previous jobs have prepared you adequately for the position and what good you can do with said position and the company as well. Highlight your strengths.
• Close the letter with relevant details Don’t forget to include a note of thanks towards the end of the letter to show your appreciation for considering you for the position. Again, provide your contact details and state how you plan to follow up on your letter. This gives the impression on your genuine interest for the position.

Job Application Templates

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In today's fiercely competitive job market, where countless resumes flood the inboxes of recruiters and hiring managers, how can you ensure that your application stands out?

The answer lies in the art of crafting a compelling application letter - a key weapon in your job-seeking arsenal that should never be underestimated.

Beyond being a mere formality, application letters act as your personal advocate, presenting your qualifications, experiences, and aspirations in a concise and persuasive manner.

While your resume showcases your skills and achievements, the application letter breathes life into those words, demonstrating your unique personality and genuine interest in the position.

But, what is a good sample of an application letter?

In this guide, we will unravel the secrets behind an outstanding application letter and provide you with various application letter samples for any position.

So, let’s dive in!

• What is a job application letter and why should you write one?
• How do you write an application letter?
• What are some outstanding application letter samples?
• What is a good application letter sample for a teacher?

What is a Job Application Letter and Why Should You Write One?

A job application letter, also known as a cover letter, is a formal document that accompanies a resume when applying for a job.

It serves as a more insightful introduction to the employer, providing an opportunity for you to express your interest in a specific job or position, and highlight your qualifications, experiences, and suitability for the role.

A well-written job application letter can significantly enhance a candidate's chances of securing an interview and ultimately landing the desired job. Here’s how:

Showcases Your Career Trajectory with More Details: While a resume provides a comprehensive overview of your education, work history, and skills, an application letter allows you to delve deeper into your qualifications and how you plan to leverage the same to help the company grow. By emphasizing these qualifications, job seekers can make a compelling case for their candidacy and demonstrate why they are the ideal fit for the role.

Demonstrates Motivation and Interest: A job application letter allows you to convey your enthusiasm and genuine interest in the position and the company. It provides an opportunity to explain why you are drawn to the organization, its mission, or its culture. By showcasing your passion and motivation, you can differentiate yourself from other applicants and leave a lasting impression on the employer.

Personalizes Your Application: A well-crafted application letter enables you to tailor your application to the specific job and employer. It allows you to address the hiring manager directly and explain why you are interested in the role. By customizing the letter, you can demonstrate their attention to detail, research skills, and understanding of the organization's needs.

Addresses Potential Concerns or Gaps: In some cases, job seekers may have certain concerns like career changes or gaps in their resumes that need addressing. An application letter allows you to explain any career transitions, employment gaps, or other circumstances that may require clarification. By proactively addressing these concerns, candidates can provide context and alleviate any potential doubts in the employer's mind.

Also Read: How to write a letter of intent for a job?

How Do You Write an Application Letter?

Given below are some highly insightful tips that will help you write an effective application letter for any position:

Tailor the Letter to the Specific Job Description

Carefully read and understand the job description to identify the key qualifications, skills, and experiences the employer is seeking.

Accordingly, tailor your application letter to highlight how your background aligns with these requirements. Doing so will significantly increase your chances of getting shortlisted.

Also, incorporate relevant keywords from the job description into your letter to demonstrate that you possess the desired qualifications and are a good fit for the position.

Also Read: What are the 4 types of request letters?

Research the Company

Familiarize yourself with the company's mission, values, products/services, and recent news or achievements. This information will help you tailor your letter to demonstrate your knowledge and genuine interest in the company.

You can check the company's presence on social media platforms, such as LinkedIn, Twitter, or Facebook, and look for recent updates, industry trends, or any other relevant information that can enhance your understanding of the company.

This can provide valuable insights that can be incorporated into your letter.

Use a Professional and Formal Tone

Follow a formal business letter format while writing your application letter and include a professional salutation and complimentary closing.

Ensure that the font, spacing, and alignment are appropriate and consistent throughout the letter.

If possible, address the letter to the hiring manager’s name rather than a generic "To Whom It May Concern." Avoid using slang, jargon, or overly casual language.

Also Read: How to address a cover letter without a name?

Proofread Carefully

Before submitting your application letter, proofread it multiple times to catch any grammatical or spelling errors.

Utilize software or online tools to help identify and correct any grammatical or spelling mistakes and check for consistency in formatting, punctuation, and verb tenses. Ensure that names, dates, and contact information are accurate.

Keep the Letter Concise

Limit your application letter to one page or less, focusing only on the most relevant information.

Highlight only the most notable achievements and qualifications that you possess in terms of the job description and focus them on describing how you plan on leveraging them to benefit the company.

Also Read: How to ask for a professional letter of recommendation?

Application Letter Sample

Given below are different versions of application letter samples for different purposes:

Scholarship Application Letter Sample

[Your Name] [Your Address] [City, State, ZIP Code] [Email Address] [Phone Number] [Date]

[Scholarship Committee Name] [Scholarship Organization] [Address] [City, State, ZIP Code]

Dear [Scholarship Committee Name],

I am writing to apply for the [Scholarship Name] offered by [Scholarship Organization]. I am honored to have the opportunity to compete for this scholarship and would like to express my sincere gratitude for considering my application.

As a senior pursuing a Bachelor's degree in [Your Field of Study] at [Your School Name], I have maintained a consistently high GPA, demonstrating my commitment to academic excellence. I am deeply passionate about [Your Field of Study] and aspire to make a significant impact in this field.

Beyond my academic achievements, I have actively engaged in community service and leadership activities. As a dedicated volunteer at [Community Organization], I have had the privilege of supporting and mentoring underserved youth, fostering their academic growth and personal development. I believe in the power of community involvement and aim to continue making a positive impact on society.

Receiving the [Scholarship Name] would greatly alleviate the financial burden associated with my education, allowing me to fully dedicate myself to my studies and pursue opportunities that enhance my professional growth. Moreover, it would serve as an affirmation of my potential and inspire me to continue striving for excellence in all my endeavors.

Thank you for considering my application. Enclosed, please find the required documents, including my academic transcripts, letters of recommendation, and a detailed resume, which provide further evidence of my qualifications. If there are any additional materials or information needed, please do not hesitate to contact me.

I am sincerely grateful for the opportunity to be considered for the [Scholarship Name]. Your support would not only contribute to my educational journey but also empower me to continue making a difference in my field and community.

Thank you for your time and consideration.

Sincerely, [Your Name]

Also Read: What is the best scholarship resume template that you can use in 2023?

Short Application Letter Sample for Any Position

[Recipient's Name] [Company Name] [Address] [City, State, ZIP Code]

Dear [Recipient's Name],

I am writing to express my keen interest in joining [Company Name] in any available position. I am impressed by the company's outstanding reputation and commitment to excellence, and I am confident that my skills and qualifications would make me a valuable asset to your team.

With a [number of years] of experience in [relevant industry/field], I have developed a strong foundation in [relevant skills/areas]. I possess a diverse skill set, including [specific skills or areas of expertise], which I believe would be highly beneficial in contributing to the success of [Company Name]. Additionally, I am a quick learner with a strong work ethic and a passion for delivering exceptional results.

Throughout my career, I have consistently demonstrated my ability to [mention key achievements or responsibilities that align with the company's needs]. I am adept at [specific tasks or responsibilities], and I have a proven track record of [mention relevant accomplishments or projects]. I thrive in fast-paced environments and excel at collaborating with cross-functional teams to achieve common goals.

I am excited about the possibility of joining [Company Name] and contributing to its growth and success. Enclosed is my resume, which provides further details about my qualifications and experiences. I would welcome the opportunity to discuss how my skills align with the needs of [Company Name] and how I can contribute to your team.

Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to the opportunity of discussing my candidacy further.

Also Read: How to find a job you love in 2023?

Application Letter Sample for Teacher

[Principal's Name] [School Name] [Address] [City, State, ZIP Code]

Dear [Principal's Name],

I am writing to apply for the position of teacher at [School Name], as advertised on [source of job posting]. I am excited about the opportunity to join your esteemed educational institution and contribute to the academic and personal development of students.

With [number of years] of experience in the field of education, I am confident in my ability to create a stimulating and inclusive learning environment. I am passionate about fostering a love for learning and supporting students in reaching their full potential.

Throughout my career, I have had the privilege of teaching students at various grade levels, including [mention relevant grade levels or subjects]. I have a solid understanding of curriculum development, lesson planning, and instructional strategies that cater to diverse learning styles. I strive to create engaging and interactive lessons that encourage critical thinking, creativity, and active participation.

In addition to my teaching experience, I am proficient in incorporating technology into the classroom to enhance student engagement and facilitate a dynamic learning experience. I stay updated with the latest educational advancements and continuously seek professional development opportunities to further enhance my skills as an educator.

I am eager to contribute to the exceptional reputation of [School Name] and work alongside a team of dedicated professionals who share the same passion for education. Enclosed is my resume, which provides further details about my qualifications, certifications, and accomplishments.

Thank you for considering my application. I would welcome the opportunity to discuss my candidacy further and demonstrate my commitment to educational excellence. I am available for an interview at your convenience.

Also Read: How to write a compelling cover letter?

FAQs on Application Letter Sample

• Is an application letter a formal letter?

Yes, an application letter is a formal letter that follows a specific format and tone. It is typically used to apply for a job, internship, scholarship, or admission to an educational institution, and requires professional language and structure.

• What is an application writing format?

An application writing format typically includes a formal salutation, an introduction stating the purpose of the application, body paragraphs providing relevant information or qualifications, and a conclusion expressing gratitude and willingness for further communication. It is important to maintain a professional tone, use proper grammar and punctuation, and follow any specific guidelines or requirements provided by the recipient.

• How do you start a formal application?

To start a formal application, begin with a professional salutation, such as "Dear [Recipient's Name]," or "To whom it may concern." Follow the salutation with a concise and clear introduction that states the purpose of the application and captures the recipient’s attention.

Visit Hiration’s ChatGPT powered career activator platform with 24x7 chat support to get expert assistance with any of your career-related queries. If you have any questions, you can also reach us at support{@}hiration.com.

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Free Australian Resume Template

What is an application letter?

Also known as a cover letter, an application letter is a summary of your strongest and most relevant skills and abilities that will be expanded in your resume or selection criteria. It introduces you to potential employers and highlights your suitability for the position you are applying for.

All written applications should include an application letter. In many cases, your application letter is just as important as your resume. It is unlikely that your resume will be read if your application letter doesn't make a good first impression.

The Dos and Don'ts

What to include

At the top ↑ :

At the bottom ↓ :

An application letter can be structured into 3 parts:

Introduction

The beginning of your application letter should include:

The body of the application letter is where you 'sell yourself. It should address the key requirements stated in the job ad, describing how you have the required qualifications, knowledge, skills and experience.

Identify keywords, phrases and skills mentioned in the ad and focus on emphasising your strengths in these areas. It isn't necessary to include everything mentioned in the job ad. Instead, focus on three to five of the most important elements.

Points to remember:

• Keep to one theme per paragraph and support your claims with examples.
• Write persuasively
• Explain why you are interested in the position or working for the company / organisation
• State the value you will bring to the position
• Identify how your achievements and skills qualify you for the role

At the end of the letter:

Sample Cover Letter

Mailing address

Telephone number(s)

Email address

Today's date

Your addressee's name

Professional title

Organisation name

Dear Mr/Ms [last name],

RE: Application for [job role], reference number [number]

Start your application letter with a statement that establishes a connection with your reader. Briefly say what job you are applying for and where you saw the job advertisement.

The mid-section of your application letter should include short paragraphs that make relevant points about how your qualifications and skills make you a good fit for the position. You should not summarise your resume. You may include bullet points here. Choose some qualifications, skills and experience that really target the position you are applying for. Do not go overboard and save information for the interview.

Your concluding paragraph should instigate the reader to contact you for an interview. Refer to any attachments added to your application. Show appreciation for consideration and say thank you.

Yours sincerely, 

(Include your contact details here if you do not add them at the top of the letter)

Further Support

Below are some useful links providing further support with:

They also include example cover letters. Please note, it is important to use examples as a guide only. DO NOT copy the examples and use them as your own.

• What is a Cover Letter? Useful advice and tips from seek.com.
• Cover Letters - The Good and The Bad A few simple tips from seek.com to help you get your cover letter noticed.
• Cover Letters - Monash University More advice about format and content of a cover letter, as well as industry specific examples.

Additional Resource

Featured Resources

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How to Write a Cover Letter for College Application (Free Template

Crafting a compelling college application cover letter is crucial yet challenging. It’s a single-page document that can set you apart from thousands of applicants. Learn how to highlight your academic achievements, extracurricular activities, and community service to make your application stand out.

Written by:

Dr. Moina Rauf

Dr. Moina Rauf, fluent in English and Dutch, is a distinguished writer and editor with a PhD in Economics and a Bachelor’s degree in English Literature and Economics. With extensive experience in both academia and industry, she excels in elucidating complex concepts about business management, human resources policies, legal documentation, employee leaves, appointments, contracts, and workplace culture. Her proficiency in analyzing and simplifying intricate documents ensures comprehensive understanding for her audience. Published in academic journals, Dr. Rauf’s authority in her field is well-established.

Writing a great college application cover letter can be one of the most challenging prose pages that one has to put together in their high school career. On the one hand, it is just a simple single-page document, but on the other, how do you talk about the things you need to talk about without boring the reader? A well-written cover letter will give you an edge among the thousands of applicants sending in their applications for the same college. The letter should highlight your academic achievements, extracurricular, athletic, and community service achievements that will help you stand out during the highly competitive selection process.

• What is a College Application Cover Letter?

A college application cover letter is a written document submitted during the college admission process. It allows applicants to introduce themselves, share personal experiences, and explain why they are a strong fit for a particular college or university. The letter provides a more qualitative perspective beyond academic achievements and test scores, giving applicants an opportunity to showcase their personality, goals, and unique qualities.

• How to Write a Great Cover Letter for Your College Application

Writing a cover letter, also known as a personal statement or statement of purpose, is a crucial step in the admissions process. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to write an effective college application cover letter:

Understand the Requirements

Review the application guidelines provided by the college. Understand the word limit, formatting requirements, and any specific prompts or questions they want you to address.

Start with a Strong Introduction

 Craft an engaging opening that captures the reader’s attention. This could be a personal anecdote, a relevant quote, or a thought-provoking question. Make it clear why you are passionate about your chosen field of study.

Provide Personal Background

Share relevant personal details, such as your name, where you’re from, and any unique aspects of your background that have influenced your academic journey.

Highlight Academic Achievements

Showcase your academic accomplishments, including your GPA, standardized test scores, and any honors or awards you’ve received. Discuss specific courses or projects that have contributed to your academic growth.

Discuss Extracurricular Activities

Detail your involvement in clubs, sports, or organizations. Highlight any leadership roles, responsibilities, or significant contributions you’ve made. Connect these activities to your personal and academic development.

Express Your Passions and Interests

Share your hobbies, interests, and passions outside of academics. Demonstrate how these aspects contribute to your well-rounded nature and connect to your chosen field of study.

Outline Your Career Goals

Clearly articulate your short-term and long-term career goals. Explain how the college’s programs and resources will help you achieve these goals. Show a thoughtful and informed approach to your future plans.

Explain Why You Chose This College

Discuss why you are specifically interested in attending this college. Mention particular programs, professors, or resources that align with your academic and personal objectives.

Address Challenges and Overcoming Adversity

If applicable, briefly discuss any challenges you’ve faced and how you’ve overcome them. Highlight your resilience and determination in the face of adversity.

Summarize in the Conclusion

Summarize key points in the conclusion and restate your enthusiasm for joining the college. End with a strong closing statement that leaves a positive impression.

Proofread and Revise

Carefully proofread your letter for grammatical errors, clarity, and coherence. Consider seeking feedback from teachers, mentors, or peers to gain different perspectives.

• Free Cover Letter Template

[Your Full Name]

[Your Address]

[City, State, ZIP Code]

[Email Address]

[Phone Number]

[College Admissions Committee]

[College Name]

[College Address]

Dear [Admissions Committee or Specific Individual],

I am writing to express my sincere interest in applying for admission to [College Name] as a prospective student in the [Intended Program/Major]. With a passion for [Your Chosen Field] and a commitment to academic excellence, I am excited about the prospect of contributing to and benefiting from the vibrant community at [College Name].

Allow me to introduce myself. My name is [Your Full Name], and I hail from [Your Hometown]. Currently enrolled at [Your Current Educational Institution], I come from a [Brief Description of Family Background] that has instilled in me the values of [Values]. These values have been instrumental in shaping my academic journey.

Throughout my academic career, I have consistently demonstrated a commitment to excellence. My [GPA/Standardized Test Scores] reflect my dedication to achieving academic milestones. I have also engaged in [Relevant Courses/Projects] that have deepened my understanding of [Your Chosen Field].

Beyond the classroom, I have actively participated in [Clubs/Sports] and undertaken leadership roles in [Specific Clubs or Organizations]. These experiences have not only honed my leadership and teamwork skills but have also allowed me to make meaningful contributions to my school community.

In addition to my academic pursuits, I am a dedicated [Hobbies/Interests]. This multifaceted approach to life reflects my belief in the importance of a well-rounded education.

My short-term and long-term goals include [Your Career Aspirations], and I believe that [College Name] is the ideal environment to nurture my ambitions. The [Programs/Resources] offered align perfectly with my aspirations, and I am eager to immerse myself in the rich academic environment at [College Name].

Upon extensive research, it became evident that [College Name] stands out for its [Highlight Specific Programs/Resources]. I am particularly drawn to [Professor’s Name] work in [Specific Area], and I am excited about the opportunity to learn from and collaborate with such esteemed faculty members.

In facing challenges such as [Briefly Mention Challenges], I have cultivated resilience and determination. These experiences have not deterred me but, instead, have strengthened my resolve to succeed in the face of adversity.

In conclusion, I am enthusiastic about the prospect of contributing to the [College Name] community and believe that my unique background and experiences make me a strong candidate for admission. I look forward to the opportunity to further discuss my application in an interview.

Thank you for considering my application. I appreciate your time and attention to my candidacy.

[Your Signature]

Practical Users

The template provided is useful for prospective students applying to undergraduate or graduate programs. Its utility lies in its adaptability, as it can be customized to suit the individual’s unique experiences, educational background, and aspirations. The template provides a structured format, saving time for applicants who may be applying to several institutions. By inserting their personal details and customizing the content, applicants can efficiently create tailored letters for different colleges without starting from scratch each time.

Key Components

• Personalization is crucial in a college application cover letter. By providing placeholders such as “[Your Full Name],” “[Your Address],” “[Your Hometown],” and “[Your Current Educational Institution],” the template ensures that the applicant can easily insert their specific details. This personalization makes the letter feel more genuine and tailored to the individual’s unique background.
• Mentioning specific details about the chosen program and the college demonstrates that the applicant has done thorough research. Placeholders like “[Intended Program/Major]” and “[College Name]” allow the applicant to customize the letter for each application. This adaptability ensures that the letter feels relevant and targeted to the specific institution.
• Academic achievements and career goals are central to the letter. Placeholders like “[GPA/Standardized Test Scores],” “[Relevant Courses/Projects],” and “[Your Career Aspirations]” allow the applicant to showcase their unique academic strengths and aspirations. This flexibility ensures that the letter effectively communicates the applicant’s academic profile and future plans.
• Extracurricular activities provide insights into the applicant’s character. Placeholders like “[Clubs/Sports]” and “[Specific Clubs or Organizations]” allow the applicant to insert details about their involvement and leadership roles. This customization ensures that the letter reflects the breadth of the applicant’s experiences beyond academics.
• Demonstrating a genuine interest in the college is vital. Placeholders like “[Highlight Specific Programs/Resources]” and “[Professor’s Name]” allow the applicant to specify what aspects of the college attracted them. This customization ensures that the letter convincingly communicates the applicant’s alignment with the college’s values and offerings.
• Sharing challenges and how they were overcome adds depth to the application. Placeholders like “[Briefly Mention Challenges]” allow the applicant to insert specific details about their resilience. This adaptability ensures that the letter authentically communicates the applicant’s ability to overcome obstacles.
• Maintaining a formal tone and including proper salutations and closings is essential in professional communication. Placeholders like “[Admissions Committee or Specific Individual]” and “[Your Signature]” ensure that the letter adheres to formal conventions while still allowing for personalization.

Craft an engaging opening statement that reflects your personality. Consider using a relevant anecdote, a thought-provoking question, or a personal reflection. Address the admissions committee or specific individuals if their names are known.

• Sample Cover Letter

Dear Admissions Committee,

I am writing to express my enthusiastic interest in applying for admission to Elite University as a prospective student in the Computer Science program. With a fervent passion for technology and a commitment to academic excellence, I am eager to contribute to and benefit from the esteemed community at Elite University.

From the earliest days of my academic journey, the realm of computer science has captivated my imagination. As an aspiring computer scientist, the opportunity to apply for admission to Elite University is a dream come true. Allow me to introduce myself. My name is Alexander Greene, and I hail from the vibrant city of Technoville, where innovation and technology intersect.

Coming from a family of engineers, I have been immersed in a culture that values analytical thinking and problem-solving. My parents, both accomplished software engineers, have instilled in me the importance of creativity and perseverance in the face of complex challenges. Their influence has been pivotal in shaping my interest in computer science.

Throughout my high school years at Technoville High, I have consistently demonstrated a dedication to academic excellence. With a current GPA of 4.0 and outstanding scores on standardized tests, I have sought to challenge myself by enrolling in advanced placement courses, particularly those in mathematics and computer science.

My academic journey has been complemented by hands-on experiences, including a notable project where I developed a mobile application to assist local businesses in managing inventory. This project not only honed my coding skills but also instilled in me a deep appreciation for the practical applications of technology.

Beyond the classroom, I have actively participated in various clubs and organizations that have further fueled my passion for computer science. As the president of the Technoville Coding Club, I initiated coding workshops for local high school students, fostering a community of young tech enthusiasts.

Additionally, my role as the captain of the Technoville Robotics Team allowed me to merge theoretical knowledge with practical problem-solving. Leading the team to victory in regional competitions highlighted my leadership abilities and reinforced my commitment to collaborative innovation.

In addition to my academic pursuits, I am an avid participant in hackathons and coding competitions, where I continually seek to expand my knowledge and skills. My interest in ethical hacking has led me to explore the intersection of cybersecurity and artificial intelligence, and I am excited about the potential of these fields to shape our technological future.

My short-term goal is to pursue a degree in computer science at Elite University, where I aim to immerse myself in cutting-edge research and collaborative projects. Long-term, I aspire to contribute to the development of innovative technologies that address real-world challenges, particularly in the field of artificial intelligence.

My decision to apply to Elite University is grounded in the institution’s renowned Computer Science program and its commitment to fostering a dynamic learning environment. The opportunity to learn from distinguished professors, such as Dr. Cynthia Innovator, whose work in artificial intelligence aligns with my interests, is particularly enticing.

Furthermore, Elite University’s emphasis on hands-on research, its state-of-the-art facilities, and the vibrant tech community on campus are precisely what I seek to propel my academic and professional journey forward.

In facing challenges such as navigating a demanding academic curriculum while actively contributing to extracurricular activities, I have cultivated resilience and time management skills. These experiences have not deterred me but, instead, have fueled my determination to excel in the face of adversity.

In conclusion, my passion for computer science, combined with my academic achievements and hands-on experiences, makes me a strong candidate for admission to Elite University. I am confident that my contributions to the university community will extend beyond the classroom, enriching the collaborative spirit that defines Elite University.

Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to the opportunity to further discuss how my unique background and aspirations align with the vision of Elite University.

Alexander Greene

[Signature]

The sample letter provided is useful as it effectively integrates key elements, including an engaging introduction, a comprehensive overview of the applicant’s academic and extracurricular achievements, and a clear alignment with the specific college’s offerings. The letter is personalized, demonstrating a genuine interest in the institution, and maintains a formal tone throughout. Furthermore, it showcases the applicant’s unique qualities and ambitions, contributing to a compelling and well-rounded application.

• The letter by Alexander Greene begins with an engaging introduction that immediately captures the reader’s attention. This is important for making a positive first impression and encouraging the admissions committee to continue reading.
• The inclusion of the personal background by the writer provides context to their journey, linking family influences and values to their interest in computer science. This adds depth and helps the admissions committee understand the applicant’s motivations.
• Academic achievements, including GPA and standardized test scores, are highlighted by Alexander Greene, showcasing his commitment to excellence. The mention of advanced placement courses and a hands-on project demonstrates a well-rounded approach to education.
• Alexander’s involvement in coding clubs, robotics, and leadership roles emphasizes not only academic prowess but also teamwork and leadership skills. This section illustrates a holistic engagement with the subject beyond the classroom.
• Detailing participation in hackathons and coding competitions shows a genuine passion for computer science. The exploration of ethical hacking and the intersection of AI and cybersecurity adds specificity and uniqueness to Alexander’s profile.
• The articulation of short-term and long-term career goals is beneficial for demonstrating a clear vision. Linking these goals to the desire for a degree at Elite University helps align Alexander’s aspirations with the institution’s offerings.
• The writer provides specific reasons for choosing Elite University, including renowned professors and a commitment to hands-on research. This demonstrates that he has thoroughly researched the institution and understands how it uniquely fits its academic and professional objectives.
• Mentioning challenges faced and overcome adds a human element to the application. It showcases resilience and the ability to manage demanding situations, contributing to Alexander’s overall character.
• The conclusion effectively summarizes key points and reinforces Alexander Greene’s enthusiasm for joining Elite University. It leaves a positive and lasting impression on the reader.
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• Tips for writing an effective letter

Regardless of the recommended length, your college application cover letter should show evidence that you performed due diligence concerning the selected college. You don’t want to include any irrelevant information that you “think” should be included. Conduct your research and lay down the facts. You can visit the college website and look at local news to find out what is happening on campus.

Sound structure

An application letter should be both formal and professional. Structure your application letter in business letter format and include your contact information, your name, title, date, and address of the recipient. Also, make sure to use a proper salutation, e.g., “Dear Application Committee,” Alternately, if you already have their name and title, you can use “Dear (their last name).”

Even cover letters, although formal, can showcase a person’s personality, passion, and sense of humor. Just as college application essays are meant to add color to the applicant’s back and white representation, so too can the college application cover letter tell a little more about the applicant. Choosing a single area from your application on which to expound tells the recipient what you consider important.

College Connection

When writing your application, you should highlight how you see yourself fitting in on the college campus. Legacy students may speak to their family’s pride in their family’s rich history at the college. Others with political affiliations might refer to their intentions of becoming active student leaders. Athletes might talk about their previous high school success and how they expect to contribute to their college teams.

In the race to get into your dream college, every student wants to be noticed among the flood of application letters. With so many pouring in daily, writing a really good letter is your way to get a competitive advantage. Our collection of college application cover letter templates, some free and some with added features, is simple and special. They make your application look impressive. Pick and get these templates to make your writing better and ensure you stand out in the crowd.

Remember, your cover letter is more than just a summary of your grades or a request for your resume. It’s like a cover letter, introducing you and giving a little peek into how well you fit with the college. Writing with care is super important. Don’t send in a letter that’s not fully developed and still expects to stand out. Take your time to carefully write a letter that shows off your unique qualities. As you step into this journey, we wish you the best of luck with your college application process.

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Know the difference between a portfolio and a CV

7 min read · Updated on June 26, 2024

A portfolio and a CV aren't the same thing, but they are complementary

Remember college art students lugging around huge black leather folders from one lecture to another? Ever wondered what that folder was? Spoiler alert – it was their portfolios, stuffed full of ideas, drawings, and collages, and used to build up a picture of their work, which would eventually help them get a job. Well, no need for all that lugging around nowadays. Let's take a closer look at the difference between a portfolio and a CV.

The main difference between a portfolio and a CV

In the job-search landscape, there are key differences between a portfolio and a CV. It's fair to say the two are similar in function, as they're both used to showcase a skill set for a prospective role. While the CV provides an overview of qualifications and experience, the portfolio enhances this by providing the evidence.

What is a CV?

Simply put, a CV (short for Curriculum Vitae) is a written overview of your work experience, skills, and qualifications, and is usually an essential component for any job application. It usually stands at two pages long , though there are some exceptions to this, such as a graduate CV , an academic CV , or a medical CV .

The CV structure is flexible, and can be moulded to your unique situation. However, there are some sections that employers expect to see, regardless of your circumstances. They include:

Name, professional title, and contact details

Personal profile 

Experience and employment history

Education and qualifications

Typically, a CV offers an overview of the last 10 years of your employment history as well as your relevant qualifications, along with keywords and key phrases to boost your ats score.

In summary, the perfect CV is a targeted, professional document, no longer than two pages, and designed to sell your skills, abilities, and achievements to potential employers. 

Expert tip: While you might have a generic copy of your CV on file, you should always tailor it to the vacancy at hand when submitting a job application. 

What exactly is a portfolio?

A portfolio, sometimes referred to as a career or professional portfolio, is a collection of work that truly demonstrates your skills and abilities. It often contains samples and tangible evidence, such as drawings, that show what words sometimes can't convey. They are very common in creative roles, such as design and writing, but also in teaching, project management, and technology sectors.

Portfolios are sometimes referred to as creative CVs and, as a result, the portfolio may also include an overview of qualifications and work experience.

A portfolio can come in a physical format (picture those art students again), but nowadays it's more likely to be digital, with some websites even offering portfolio templates. Complementing your CV, portfolio examples vary, from a personal website hosting samples of your work to a content management system such as clippings.me or Dribbble , or a PDF. 

Below are examples of job titles of professionals who would potentially have a portfolio:

Graphic designer

Illustrator

Make-up artist

Photographer

Videographer

Web designer

Notice how most of these jobs display their skills in a visual way, hence why having an up-to-date portfolio is a must.

To summarise, a portfolio contains evidence of your work throughout your career, such as photos, designs, articles, project templates, or lesson plans, and you can include a link to it on your CV. 

Expert tip: The best place to include your portfolio link is as a hyperlink in the contact details section, after the hyperlinks to your email address and LinkedIn page.

Why create a portfolio?

Ultimately, a portfolio and a CV are not the same thing, but the portfolio certainly complements the CV. The famous saying, “A picture paints a thousand words,” shows how much meaning and emotion just one image can convey, as opposed to the written word.

Say you're an accomplished graphic designer, and your CV lists your experience in design roles over the years – the projects you were a major part of, the types of designs you produced, and the software you've used. With all of that experience, it's likely that you would've crafted a strong CV for a graphic design position.

That might be all well and good, using words to describe your style of design or illustrations, but how can a potential employer really get to know your style without seeing your expertise first hand?

If you're keen to seal the deal, a portfolio can come in handy. By including a link to your portfolio, which showcases a collection of your graphic design work, prospective employers will see your talent first-hand, leaving no room for doubt. 

How to create a portfolio

Many of us are familiar with the basics of how to craft a CV , but perhaps less so with creating a professional portfolio. A portfolio can help give you a competitive edge when applying for jobs, as they're an excellent way to show off your skills and abilities. This is especially true for recent graduates or school leavers with little or no work experience , as you can include samples of projects completed during your studies.

See some tips below on how to create one:

Be clear about the objective when looking to create an online portfolio. For example, is its purpose to highlight your best graphic design work or are you showing off your insights on a blog?

Consider the hosting and design . If you haven't created a portfolio before, a hosted content management system is best.

Choose relevant samples of work to include . Aim for between 10 and 20 pieces of your best work, and organise them logically.

Include a biography to showcase any relevant achievements, along with your contact details.

In addition to visually demonstrating your expertise, a portfolio can also provide a great talking point in an interview.

Things to add to your portfolio

Unlike a CV, a professional portfolio is a more fluid document with greater scope for making it special. Sections to add to your portfolio include:

A statement of originality – this is a paragraph stating that the work contained within the portfolio has been created by you, and is original, confidential, and private. To stop others taking your images and using them willy-nilly, you should state that no one can share, copy, or duplicate any images without your say so.

A mission statement – this lays out your motivation and values within a professional setting, explaining why you love what you do, and why your role is crucial to the industry.

A short biog – this describes you, your career path, and your goals, along with those ever important contact details.

A career summary – not as detailed as the one on a CV, this should be short, listing your job title, name of the company, and dates, alongside your achievements and experience, plus any qualifications that are relevant. 

Should I put a portfolio on my CV?

You should now understand the difference between a portfolio and a CV. To enhance your chances of securing a position in your chosen field, add a link to your professional portfolio within your CV, so a prospective employer can have a 360 degree view of you as a professional and potential new colleague.

Including details about your portfolio to supplement your CV is a surefire way of strengthening your job application. If you have a basic CV and a portfolio, but aren't sure of the best way to go about linking the two, our professional CV writing service can help. 

This article was originally written by Laura Slingo and has been updated by Elizabeth Openshaw.

Recommended reading:

What's the difference between a CV and a resume?

Will a creative CV design help me to stand out?

How to transition to freelance from full-time job

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101 recession-proof jobs in 2024

How do recruitment agencies work? A job seeker's guide

How to find a job fast: 9 smart moves

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How to Apply for a Job Online: 10 Tips to Stand Out and Land an Interview

Applying for jobs online has become the norm. Generally, it's a win-win situation for both sides involved: Job seekers have a broad range of opportunities and the convenience of applying for multiple jobs from home, while employers can leverage automated systems to select the best candidates. However, the online application process can be daunting.

With numerous platforms to register, different requirements and application processes, and applicant tracking systems (ATSs) to dribble, many candidates experience a feeling described as job-hunting fatigue .

The bad news is that there's no way around it—online job applications have come to stay. The good news is that with a little strategy and organization, you can successfully navigate this process and stand out from the crowd of applicants.

In this article, we will teach you how to apply for a job online with 10 tips that not only will help you land an interview but also hopefully make your job hunting journey less stressful.

Looking for that perfect role? One of these open jobs on The Muse might just be the one »

How to apply for a job online: before, during, and after

From the start, applying for a job online requires four basic elements: a digitized version of your resume and cover letter , a professional email address, a good internet connection, and a handful of patience. Below we lay out essential tips for each step of the application process.

1. Write an ATS-friendly resume

Most companies use applicant tracking systems to filter candidates from online applications. This type of software quickly sorts and scans resumes to find the best “match” to a predetermined role. That's why writing an ATS-friendly resume is the first step in applying for jobs online—if your resume is not a match, it might not get selected. But how do you do it?

Simply put, your resume should be tailored to the specific role you're applying for and have keywords from the job description. Keywords in job descriptions include skills, experience, certifications, and education. For instance, “time management,” “HTML, C, and Java,” and “B.S in Computer Science” are often key requirements and terms used in software development job postings. (Here's how to read a job description the right way .)

Unless the employer asks for a creative resume, always use a simple and minimalist resume template with one column, standard fonts, and font sizes (for example, Arial 11), and no graph elements to make it easier to be scanned.

2. Have two versions of your resume

If you have a diverse professional background and are applying for different types of positions, you should have two versions of your resume, properly formatted for each role. This makes the online application process faster and easier, as you won't have to redo the whole thing at every new submission, only minor adjustments.

3. Keep your LinkedIn profile updated

Hiring managers often search for candidates on LinkedIn. Thus, your profile should always be updated with all the relevant experience, certifications, education, and skills for the job you intend to land. If you have a portfolio (and it's requested in your field) add the link to the “site” section.

Like your resume, your LinkedIn profile should also include some relevant keywords to make it easily found. For instance, if you're a data analyst experienced with sales, and that's exactly what you'd like to do in your next role, you could add “Data analyst | Sales chain expert” to your title.

Don't forget to update your picture and your header, if needed. The more clean and professional, the better. Remember that your profile is going to be the first impression the recruiter will have of you—and you want to make sure that is a good impression.

Optimize your LinkedIn profile with our 31 Best LinkedIn Profile Tips for Job Seekers

4. Have a basic cover letter draft ready

Some companies ask for cover letters, others don't. To save time, always have a basic cover letter drafted and update it to match the jobs you're applying for. As with resumes, if you're applying for two (or more) different roles, consider having two cover letter versions ready to go. (Take a look at these four cover letter examples in case you need some help.)

5. Use search engines to find open jobs

Most, if not all, companies post open positions on search engine websites—which include traditional job listing platforms and LinkedIn. You can leverage this by searching for specific keywords related to the job you want and selecting companies to submit an application.

On The Muse , you can filter more than 10,000 open positions by experience level, job category, company industry, location, and benefits. Similarly, LinkedIn allows you to filter job openings by date, company, level of experience, and work system (remote or on-site).

When you find the ideal opportunity and decide to apply, two things can happen: 1) You'll be redirected to the company's website to fill out your application there. 2) You'll be able to fill up your application on that same page. On LinkedIn, for example, companies can opt for a simplified application, in which you upload your resume on LinkedIn, answer a couple of questions, and send it.

6. Create accounts on job listing websites

Speaking of job listing websites, creating an account for the ones most popular or commonly used by companies can significantly speed up your application process. Keep in mind that sooner or later you'll have to do it, so you might anticipate the task.

Usually, those websites have a profile page—similar to LinkedIn—that you have to fill up with the following information:

• Certifications
• Awards and recognitions

Some will allow you to register with LinkedIn and autofill the information, which facilitates the process. (Remember to check if the data exportation was successful and every box is filled correctly). However, others don't have this option and you’ll have to do it manually. To avoid spelling and grammar mistakes or missing information, consider taking a day when you have free time to focus instead of rushing to finish your registration.

7. Use the career section of companies sites

Company websites are also places to find and apply for jobs online. If there is any specific company that you'd really like to work for, check their website and search for a “Careers” page. If you find one, it's likely that you have two options: 1) Submitting your resume to their tablet database or 2) Apply for a specific job if there are any openings.

In both cases, you'll either have to fill up your work history, education, and personal information manually or use the autofill through LinkedIn or your resume file. Keep in mind that every company site is different, so these options may not always be available in all the sites you visit.

In case you have to manually add your information, a trick that can speed up the process is copying and pasting from your resume. Just remember to make the necessary changes and adapt to each specific job position.

8. Be prepared to do employment tests

Online applications in job listing sites often come with employment tests, also known as talent assessment tests, that you have to complete as part of your candidacy. Not doing the tests, when they're mandatory, will automatically disqualify you.

Usually, these tests assess your personality and skills. Some will also evaluate emotional intelligence, cognition, and work style—it really depends on your industry, field, and role. Needless to say, scoring high on employment tests is crucial to be considered by the hiring manager—so you want to take them seriously and complete them calmly.

Although this seems a daunting task to do, there's a plus side: some companies use the same or similar tests, which allows you to repurpose one that's already saved on the platform or know exactly what kind of answers you'll have to respond.

9. Have an application email script drafted

Some companies, especially small ones, don't have built-in software to handle online job applications and would rather have candidates send their resumes via email. For this reason, consider having an email script drafted to send along with your resume and cover letter, if requested.

Your message should be professional, and straight to the point. A brief salutation, a sentence expressing your interest in the role, one to two sentences about your resume (and cover letter), a closing sentence, and your signature is enough. For instance, you could say something along the lines of:

Dear [Name],

My name is [Your Name] and I'm excited to apply for the Software Developer position listed on LinkedIn.

As requested, I've attached my resume and cover letter . Please let me know if I can provide any extra information.

Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to hearing from you.

Best regards,

[Your Name]

[email protected]

555 123 4567

linkedin.com/in/name

10. Track your applications and follow up

While it’s not mandatory, ideally you should track and follow up with your applications. Generally, one to two weeks is considered a reasonable time to reach out to check the status of your application.

Keeping track of your applications also prevents you from applying for the same company multiple times (don’t even bother—it won't get you the job) and also helps you remember which job a recruiter is referring to when they reach out to you. (Here's how to follow up on a job application .)

Your tracking system can be as simple as a notebook with detailed notes, or as formatted as a spreadsheet tracking the job opportunity, hiring manager’s contact info, dates you sent the resume and followed up, and any response you’ve received so far.

Extra advice on online applications

Applying for a job online is as formal as handing your resume in person. Thus, you should take every detail of this process seriously, including the following:

• Email address : Use a professional email address, both to register on job listing sites and to send emails to recruiters. Avoid playful or overly informal usernames and opt for a version with your name and last name.
• Resume file format : Generally, it's best to submit your resume as .doc or .docx, however, some employers may ask for a PDF file. You can have both versions saved, for convenience, or convert the file format when necessary.
• Your resume file name : Always save your resume file with your name and last name. For instance, annajonesresume.doc. This makes it easier to locate, both for you and the hiring manager. Avoid generic names such as “resume” or random numbers.
• Follow the employer's directions : If the job posting requires specific information or documents (for instance, a portfolio or a cover letter), give what is requested. If they don't, then don't. Following the recruiter's instructions is crucial to successfully applying for jobs online—everything they want from you is going to be written in the posting.

Bottom line

Online job applications can be confusing at first, but they tend to be simpler than most people expect. You need a tailored and ATS-friendly resume, a cover letter draft in case the employer asks for one, and a dose of patience to fill up your personal information, education, and work history on job listing sites.

Paying close attention to the job description is crucial to know exactly what the employer is looking for and what steps should be taken to successfully submit your application. If you feel like you need extra help, even after reading our tips, consider working with a career coach .

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• In the cover letter, describe the link between your recommended assignment and the mission of that IC.
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• Check your eRA Commons  account for assignments. This information is available within six to eight weeks after submission.

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Supplementary information:, i. background, ii. final rule, a. eligibility requirements, 1. works that may be included in the group, i. constitutional challenge, ii. news website limitation, iii. website limitation, 2. scope of collective work, 3. one-month limitation, 4. authorship, ownership, and work made for hire requirements, 5. subjects of inquiry, i. permitted additional title information, ii. permitted archived urls, b. filing fee, c. deposit requirements, 1. “home page” requirement, i. timing of deposit capture, ii. “complete copy”, 2. site maps, 3. additional deposit suggestions, 4. other comments, e. application requirements, f. conclusion, list of subjects, 37 cfr part 201, 37 cfr part 202, final regulations, part 201—general provisions, part 202—preregistration and registration of claims to copyright, enhanced content - submit public comment.

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U.S. Copyright Office, Library of Congress.

Final rule.

The U.S. Copyright Office is creating a new group registration for frequently updated news websites. This option will enable online news publishers to register a group of updates to a news website as a collective work with a deposit composed of identifying material representing sufficient portions of the work, rather than the complete contents of the website. The final rule is nearly identical to the provisions set forth in the January 2024 notice of proposed rulemaking, with one modification in response to public comments and one to reflect a technical change in the process for submitting these claims.

Effective July 22, 2024.

Rhea Efthimiadis, Assistant to the General Counsel, by email at [email protected] or by telephone at 202-707-8350.

The Copyright Act authorizes the Register of Copyrights to specify by regulation the administrative classes of works for the purpose of registration and the deposit required for each class. [ 1 ] In addition, Congress gave the Register the discretion to allow registration of groups of related works with one application and one filing fee. [ 2 ] This procedure is known as “group registration.”  [ 3 ] Pursuant to this authority, the Register has issued several regulations permitting group registrations for certain types of works, including newspapers, newsletters and serials, unpublished works, unpublished and published photographs, contributions to periodicals, secure test items, works on an album of music, short online literary works, and database updates. [ 4 ]

This rulemaking expands the available group registration options because of several factors specifically impacting news websites. Along with receiving requests from online publishers, the Office observed the increase in news content offered online and the dynamic nature of such material. [ 5 ] It also reviewed stakeholder comments in prior proceedings that discussed the challenges associated with registering online news content, including those submitted in response to its 2022 Copyright Protections for Press Publishers report. [ 6 ] Finally, the Office acknowledged the deposit challenges associated with websites, particularly news websites, in its 2011 publication titled Priorities and Special Projects of the United States Copyright Office (October 2011-October 2013) . [ 7 ]

On January 3, 2024, the Office published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (“NPRM”) to establish a new group registration option for frequently updated news websites. [ 8 ] The proposed rule would allow an applicant to register a news website as a collective work (including any individual component works it fully owns, such as literary works, photographs, and/or graphics)  [ 9 ] with a deposit composed of identifying material, rather than the complete contents of the website. The proposed rule would also allow registration of the news website and any updates published within one calendar month, if the deposit evidences a sufficiently creative selection, coordination, or arrangement within each collective work to constitute a copyrightable compilation. [ 10 ] Each Start Printed Page 58992 collective work must have been created as a work made for hire, with the same person or entity named as both the author and copyright claimant. The proposed rule stated that applicants would be required to submit their claims through the online copyright registration system, using the application currently in use for a group of newspaper issues. [ 11 ]

The Office received twenty comments in response to the NPRM. [ 12 ] All but one  [ 13 ] supported the Office's proposal to create the new group registration option, though the majority requested various modifications. Two commenters, however, expressly conditioned their support on substantive changes to the rule, which would substantially change its scope. [ 14 ] In general, commenters were interested in expanding eligibility for this option to a greater number of works and changing the deposit requirement. Proposals included revising the definition of “news website,” removing the work made for hire and author/claimant requirements, increasing the time limitation for updates to the news website, clarifying the “home page” deposit requirement, and asking the Office to confirm the scope of remedies for copyright infringement of a collective work. [ 15 ] Finally, one commenter encouraged the Office to “identify opportunities for improvement” and to remain “adaptive to technological changes.”  [ 16 ]

Having reviewed and carefully considered each of the comments, the Office now issues a final rule that is nearly identical to the proposed rule, with one modification reflecting concerns raised by some commenters regarding the “home page” deposit requirement and one modification concerning the application form for this option. These modifications are discussed in more detail below. With respect to requests that we received to expand the scope of the rule, the Office will closely monitor how the new group option performs, including the number and complexity of the claims submitted, the amount of time needed to examine these claims, and the modest filing fee for this option. The Office remains open to revisiting these issues in the future based on this rule's performance.

In the NPRM, the Office proposed to limit this group registration option to updates to a “news website,” defined as “a website that is designed to be a primary source of written information on current events, either local, national, or international in scope, that contains a broad range of news on all subjects and activities and is not limited to any specific subject matter.” As described in the NPRM, the proposed rule stems from the rapid development and predominance of news websites over print newspapers, [ 17 ] and requests from news publishers for a feasible way to register “newspaper websites” that are “updated frequently.”  [ 18 ] Thus, the proposed rule is an extension of the existing group newspaper option that has been available for decades. [ 19 ] Consistent with the Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, the proposed rule defines a “website” as “a web page or set of interconnected web pages that are accessed using a uniform resource locator (“URL”) organized under a particular domain name.” A number of commenters encouraged the Office to expand the type of works eligible under the rule and recommended revisions to both definitions.

Before turning to the requests to expand the rule, the Office addresses the argument made by a small number of commenters that the proposed group registration option would violate the First Amendment by limiting the option to a particular type of work. In a joint comment, NWU, NPPA, and NASW stated that restricting the option to “news” websites constitutes “[c]ontent-based discrimination,” which they considered “[c]onstitutionally suspect and subject to strict scrutiny” that the rule “cannot meet.”  [ 20 ] In support of this argument, they cited Arkansas Writers Project v. Ragland, 481 U.S. 221 (1987), which reviewed a state sales tax scheme that taxed general interest magazines, but exempted newspapers and religious, professional trade, and sports journals. Because Arkansas “advanced no compelling justification for selective, content-based taxation of certain magazines,” the Supreme Court held the tax scheme invalid under the First Amendment. [ 21 ] Analogizing the tax scheme in Arkansas Writers Project to the proposed registration option, NWU, NPPA, and NASW argued that the exclusion of any web content that does not meet the “news website” definition is unconstitutional. [ 22 ]

Aligned with NWU, NPPA, and NASW, another commenter, Gordon Firemark, contended that, by limiting the group option to updates to news websites, the proposed rule “excludes other types of content from [its] benefits” and denies content creators “relief from the burdens of the current system.”  [ 23 ] He argued that recent Supreme Court precedent concerning trademark registration requires a content-neutral approach. [ 24 ]

The Office disagrees with these arguments. It is correct that the Supreme Court has held that content-based laws—laws restricting or compelling Start Printed Page 58993 speech based on its communicative content—are presumptively unconstitutional, [ 25 ] and subject to strict scrutiny, under which the government must show that the law is the “least restrictive means” of advancing a “compelling” governmental interest. [ 26 ] A regulation can be content-based “on its face,” if its text applies to speech based on the subject matter, topic, or viewpoint of that speech. It can also be content-based if it has a discriminatory purpose that “cannot be justified without reference to the content of the regulated speech” or was “adopted by the government because of disagreement with the message” conveyed. [ 27 ] However, a regulation that places “a differential burden on speakers is insufficient by itself to raise First Amendment concerns.”  [ 28 ] The tax scheme in Arkansas Writers Project was found to violate these principles by being directed at particular subjects, thus targeting a small group within the press. [ 29 ] That is not the case here.

The Office's proposed group registration option is not analogous to the unconstitutional tax statute in Arkansas Writers Project for multiple reasons. First, the option does not restrict or compel speech based on its communicative content. Nor does it favor or disfavor particular topics or subjects, or exclude a small group of the press. [ 30 ] Instead the option is available for updates to news websites that contain a broad range of topics regardless of the content of the speech involved.

Second, the registration option is viewpoint neutral and operates not as a restriction on speech, but as a condition for qualifying for one of many options available to register copyrights, including online websites and other publications. The Standard Application is available to any type of author for any type of work within the statutory categories. [ 31 ] Group registration options are discretionary accommodations offered by the Office in a number of areas. Currently, the Office administers ten group options covering unpublished works, short online literary works, works on an album of music, serials, newspapers, newsletters, contributions to periodicals, published and unpublished photographs, automated databases, and secure test items. [ 32 ] For online publications, group serials and group newsletters are other registration options for publications that fall outside of the “newspaper” or “news website” definitions.

The Supreme Court's recent ruling in a case involving trademark regulations supports the Office's view. There the Court reviewed a rule of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) barring the registration of trademarks that use the names of particular living individuals without their written consent. [ 33 ] The Court held that this bar, though content-based, is viewpoint neutral and does not violate the First Amendment. [ 34 ] The Court noted that while its precedents “distinguish between content-based and content-neutral regulations of speech,”  [ 35 ] they further distinguish “a particularly `egregious form of content discrimination'—viewpoint discrimination,” which targets not merely a subject matter, “but particular views taken by speakers on a subject.”  [ 36 ] The Court identified “[s]everal features of trademark [law]” that “counsel against a per se rule of applying heightened scrutiny to viewpoint-neutral, but content-based trademark regulations.” Most notably, it found that “trademark rights have always coexisted with the First Amendment, despite the fact that trademark protection necessarily requires content-based distinctions.”  [ 37 ] Accordingly, the Court held that USPTO's “content-based, but viewpoint-neutral, trademark restriction [ ] is compatible with the First Amendment.”  [ 38 ]

Similarly, copyright registration, and the broad administrative classification authority Congress granted to the Register, necessarily requires content-based distinctions. Indeed, since its passage in 1976, the Copyright Act has authorized the Register “to specify by regulation the administrative classes into which works are to be placed for purposes of deposit and registration” and to permit “ for particular classes, the deposit of identifying material instead of copies or phonorecords, the deposit of only one copy or phonorecord where two would normally be required, or a single registration for a group of related works.”  [ 39 ] Like the USPTO's name bar, these administrative distinctions are not based on the particular views taken by authors and have always coexisted with the First Amendment. The addition of an administrative classification for this new group registration option, which adopts near-identical criteria for determining “news” content to that of the existing group option for newspapers, is “a matter of policy and discretion”  [ 40 ] fully compatible with the First Amendment.

Further, unlike the viewpoint-based trademark provisions held unconstitutional for barring registration of scandalous or disparaging marks, [ 41 ] the Office's viewpoint-neutral administrative classification does not bar registration for non-news content or websites. Quite the opposite: to increase participation in the registration system, the Office has created several group options for the registration of works that are published online. [ 42 ] The Standard Application also remains available to any type of author for any type of work within the statutory categories. This rule does not prevent anyone's ability to register non-news works.

Multiple commenters urged the Office to expand the rule's definition of “news website” by removing the condition that the website must contain news on all subjects and activities. [ 43 ] In encouraging Start Printed Page 58994 the Office “not to exclude . . . specialized websites,” the ABA-IPL noted that the “proposed rule may provide especially meaningful benefit to smaller news websites—including those that focus on certain `specific subject matter.' ”  [ 44 ] HBP argued that “websites, like HBR.org, that focus on a particular area of news . . . still face the same registration problems afflicting all news websites.”  [ 45 ] The Authors Guild also expressed concern that the rule would exclude more specialized news publications, such as those that focus on political news. It argued that “these publications clearly qualify as news websites under any ordinary understanding of that term.”  [ 46 ] Relatedly, commenters claimed that content restrictions “put[ ] examiners in an untenable position of deciding what is or is not `news.' ”  [ 47 ] Finally, four commenters asked the Office to abandon the “news website” definition and extend the group option “to any periodically-produced content distributed through the internet.”  [ 48 ]

After considering this request and in the interest of implementing this final rule as quickly as possible, the Office declines to revise the definition at this time. As an extension of the newspaper group option, the “news website” definition is modeled on the Office's longstanding regulation defining a “newspaper” as a publication that is “mainly designed to be a primary source of written information on current events, either local, national, or international in scope,” that “contains a broad range of news on all subjects and activities and is not limited to any specific subject matter.”  [ 49 ] This definition is very broad and it is intended to “make any newspaper eligible for a group registration.”  [ 50 ] It is also intended to distinguish a “newspaper” from a “newsletter,” which is defined elsewhere in the regulations as a publication that contains “news or information that is chiefly of interest to a special group, such as trade and professional associations, colleges, schools, or churches.”  [ 51 ]

Under this definition, newspapers are aimed at any member of the general public who may be interested in newsworthy information or events that are reported on a given day. [ 52 ] By applying a similar definition to websites, the final rule recognizes that “news websites” are also intended to have universal appeal.

This definition would encompass news websites that cover current events and provide information on diverse topics, including some political websites like those identified in the Authors Guild's comment. [ 53 ] Although these sites focus primarily on issues involving politics and events with political implications, they do not limit their coverage to a particular subject matter nor are they directed at narrow or discrete groups of readers. [ 54 ]

The Office also disagrees with commenters that the “news website” eligibility requirement places a burden on examiners. Indeed, the definitions for “news website” and “newspaper” are similar, in part, to enable consistent application of both rules. Examiners are accustomed to assessing eligibility based on this definition.

However, if the definition proves too rigid or unworkable, the Office is willing to revisit this issue based on its experience in administering this rule. Importantly, however, this new group option is not intended to extend to the websites of all serials or newsletters, which in print or ePrint form have the benefit of separate group registration options. [ 55 ]

The Office received requests to expand the rule beyond websites. Commenters recommended that the proposed rule be amended to include mobile applications (“apps”) in the definition of “website.”  [ 56 ] They argued that “[m]any news publishers encourage users to access content on an app rather than a website.”  [ 57 ]

The Office declines to amend the definition. It considers an app to be “a computer program that is used directly or indirectly in a computer or handheld electronic device.”  [ 58 ] The Office has a procedure for registering the underlying code that operates the app. [ 59 ] To the extent that news publishers seek to register the works published on the app, a registration for a newspaper or a news website would protect those works if they contain the same content.

AIPLA encouraged the Office to revise the definition of “website” to clarify that a website is not limited to content accessed using a single domain name. [ 60 ] It explained that “web pages are composed of various elements, like text, images, and videos” that “might be hosted on a different server than the one hosting the main web page for reasons such as efficiency, speed, and cost.”  [ 61 ] The Office appreciates this distinction but declines to revise the definition. To qualify for this option, each collective work in the group must be published under one particular domain name. For registration purposes, the Office does not assess eligibility based on where component digital works may be stored. The Office believes the “particular web page” requirement is necessary to prevent applicants from using the option to register collective works published under different domain names on the same application, which would make it difficult to identify the website that is covered by the registration. Therefore, the final rule retains the definition proposed in the NPRM.

The proposed rule provides that claims registered under this option will be limited to the collective work authorship based on the selection, coordination, and/or arrangement of the individual component works, and that all parts of the collective work will constitute one work for purposes of 17 U.S.C. 504(c)(1) . [ 62 ] Additionally, the Start Printed Page 58995 Office made clear that the registration will also cover the individual contributions contained within the collective work if they are fully owned by the copyright claimant and were first published in that work.

NPR asked the Office to confirm that “the scope of the collective work will explicitly include all copyrightable contributions made by the claimant, not just textual works.”  [ 63 ] As noted above, a “news website” is defined as “a website that is designed to be a primary source of written information.”  [ 64 ] If the collective work contains individual contributions that are fully owned by the copyright claimant and were first published in the work, then the registration will cover those contributions, so long as they are copyrightable subject matter. However, a component work “that is perceptible to the user only by downloading or separately purchasing that particular work is not considered part of the website for registration purposes and must be registered separately.”  [ 65 ] Additionally, any “externally linked content [ i.e., content residing on another website] is not considered part of the website's content for registration purposes.”  [ 66 ]

HBP recommended that the Office permit applicants to disclaim content that is licensed and not owned by the applicant. As with group newspapers, the Office does not see the need for a limitation of claim for news websites, because the proposed rule expressly states that “[e]ach update to the website must be [an original] collective work.” A registration issued by the Office pursuant to this rule will only cover the new contributions owned by the copyright claimant. Consistent with any collective work registration, any articles, photos, or other contributions included in the collective work that were previously published, previously registered, owned by another party, or in the public domain are automatically excluded from the claim. As a practical matter, therefore, a disclaimer to expressly exclude material in the application is unnecessary.

Port. Prerogative Club asked the Office to “[c]larify whether updates to numerical information, such as prices, volumes, retweets, or other metrics, qualify as registrable under the rule, and whether the Office has changed its policy on the registrability of short phrases and headlines.” The Office states that its longstanding regulation denying protection for words and short phrases has not changed. [ 67 ] Regarding “prices, volumes, retweets, or other metrics,” it is unclear whether the commenter is referring to individual works of authorship, or whether these items appear in a compilation. Individual numbers and short phrases are not copyrightable. However, a copyrightable compilation of these items may be registrable.

The proposed rule permits an applicant to include updates published on the same website within the same calendar month. Three commenters urged the Office to remove the limitation, arguing that it is too “onerous.”  [ 68 ] NPR recommended that the Office allow for the option to cover “three months, or six months, or a calendar year” to “reduce registration costs.”  [ 69 ] Noting that “attorneys' fees and statutory damages can be awarded as long as copyright is registered within three months of first publication,” NWU, NPPA, and NASW requested that the rule be amended to allow registration of updates published “during any specified three-month period.”  [ 70 ]

At this time, given administrative capabilities, the Office cannot expand the option to cover more than one month of updates. As the NPRM explained, to deliver the option promptly, and to minimize development time, the Office is adapting the existing group application for newspapers, which is used to register up to one month of newspaper issues and contains technical validations that prevent applicants from entering publication dates that are more than one month apart. Changing the limit would require additional modifications to the application and delay implementation of the final rule. Further, the Office seeks an appropriate balance between the interests of copyright owners and the administrative burden to the Office. Based on the modest fee set for this option, some limit on the number of works included in each claim is necessary. The Office will reassess whether the limit can be increased after it has gained sufficient experience administering the rule.

Under the proposed rule, to be eligible for the option, each collective work in the group must have been created as a work made for hire, with the same person or entity named as the author and copyright claimant. Multiple commenters questioned this requirement. [ 71 ] The Authors Guild argued that the work made for hire requirement “arbitrarily and unfairly confines the benefit of the rule to corporate entities even where other creators are producing substantially the same type of content.”  [ 72 ] While they recognized that this requirement reflects practical and technical limitations, NMA and AIPLA noted that “there does not seem to be a fundamental reason for such a limitation in principle, and in many business cases, the work may be fully owned by the publisher, or obtained via assignment or operation of law.”  [ 73 ]

The Office acknowledges that the work made for hire requirement may not reflect every business case of ownership. However, this requirement streamlines the registration procedures, which, as noted above, will adapt the existing group application option for newspapers. Under that option, the same person or entity must be named as the author and copyright claimant, and each issue must be a work made for hire. The Office retains the same requirements for the news websites option to minimize the need for additional development time that would otherwise be required. Start Printed Page 58996

Additionally, under general Copyright Office practice, if the author and claimant are not the same person, the applicant is statutorily required to provide a transfer statement explaining how the claimant acquired all of the rights initially belonging to the author. [ 74 ] If an applicant names a third party as the copyright claimant, but fails to provide a transfer statement, then the Office must correspond to determine whether the claimant actually owns all of the exclusive rights in the works, which delays the registration decision. The corresponding additional time and costs that the Office would incur are inconsistent with the reduced fee for examination of multiple collective works.

Moreover, imposing a work made for hire limitation is consistent with the goal of this rulemaking, which is to address obstacles to registering online news content produced by news publishers, who often also publish newspapers. Based on its experience with the existing group newspaper registrations, the Office expects that this requirement will produce an optimal public record, while reducing the administrative burden that these claims impose. The final rule accordingly retains the work made for hire requirement. Applicants who do not qualify for the option may still register their works individually using the Standard Application.

The Office invited public comments on whether it should give applicants the opportunity to provide additional information, such as individual article or photograph titles, as part of this group registration option. Commenters expressed support for the implementation of an opportunity to include granular information concerning individual component works at the applicant's discretion. [ 75 ] The Authors Guild noted that “in the event an individual article is the subject of a later infringement action, the applicant may need to rely on its own recordkeeping to establish that the article was on the website during the period covered by the registration.”  [ 76 ] It concluded, “[t]he listing of individual titles or other information on the application may provide additional evidence relevant to that showing.”  [ 77 ] The Office agrees and will provide instructions on its website explaining how applicants may submit additional information regarding component works on an optional basis. [ 78 ]

The Office also invited public comments on the availability and effectiveness of technological solutions for saving or archiving websites that could assist or supplement news websites' recordkeeping efforts while also informing the public of the contents of the website and/or any updates registered. The Office suggested that applicants may provide in the “Note to Office” field additional information regarding the contents of the work, such as archived URLs that capture the complete content of each collective work submitted for registration. The Copyright Alliance expressed support for this suggestion, provided that doing so is voluntary. [ 79 ] Therefore the Office encourages applicants to submit archived URLs in the “Note to Office” field on a voluntary basis.

The NPRM provided that the filing fee for this option will be $95, the same fee that currently applies to a claim in a group of newspapers. It noted that the Office believes it is reasonable to charge the same fee as for the group newspaper option, given the similarities in expected workflow associated with examining these claims. The NMA expressed support for this modest fee, describing it as “reasonable and unarbitrary.”  [ 80 ] The final rule establishes this fee.

The NPRM proposed that for each collective work submitted under this group registration option, applicants must “submit a deposit that is sufficient to identify some of the updates that were made to the website.”  [ 81 ] The Office specified that “applicants will need to submit separate PDF files that each contain a complete copy of the home page for the site. Each PDF must show how the home page appeared at a specific point during each day of the calendar month when new updates were published on the site.”  [ 82 ] Additionally, the NPRM required that each deposit demonstrate “that the home page contains a sufficient degree of selection, coordination, and/or arrangement to be registered as a collective work.”  [ 83 ] Several commenters requested that the Office consider different deposit requirements, though commenters varied on the specific changes they requested or discussed deposits generally. The Office addresses each suggested change below.

After considering NMA's request to resolve a purported ambiguity in the proposed rule regarding the time of day for daily deposits of home pages, the Office is clarifying the time period for capturing deposits. [ 84 ] The language within section (m)(6)(i) requiring “[e]ach PDF [to] show how the home page appeared at a specific point during each day of the calendar month” does not require applicants to capture PDFs of home pages at the same exact time every day. [ 85 ] Instead, PDFs of home pages must show how the home page appeared at some point during each day, in addition to satisfying other applicable deposit requirements.

Three commenters specifically requested that the Office expand the identifying material it will accept to encompass more than “a complete copy of the home page for the site.”  [ 86 ] The NAB stated that “the Office should amend the deposit requirements proposed in § 202.4(m)(6)(i) to allow for the submission of a copy of identifying material in lieu of a complete copy of the home page.”  [ 87 ] It explained that “many news websites utilize an `infinite scroll' feature that automatically and continuously loads more content as users scroll down the web page” making Start Printed Page 58997 it “technologically impossible for an applicant to satisfy the deposit requirement of providing a PDF of the home page in its entirety.”  [ 88 ] Copyright Alliance echoed this sentiment stating “a user is able to continuously reveal additional content on the web page without having to leave the page to view the content on a separate web page. For such web pages, it is not possible to capture an `entire copy' of the page since the user can endlessly reveal the contents of the page.”  [ 89 ] Similarly, NMA noted that, due to the difficulties posed by “extensive or close-to-infinite scroll,” the Office should clarify that an applicant could meet the deposit requirement “as long as [the PDF] captures the masthead, URL identifier, and a defined minimum amount of the homepage (which in most cases will encompass all of it), including representative updates from the previous deposit copy.”  [ 90 ]

After considering these comments, the Office concludes that the requested modification to the proposed rule is reasonable and supports the overall goal of this group registration option. Accordingly, the final rule includes an alternative to the “complete copy of the home page” requirement where submitting a complete copy is not feasible due to the size or continuous nature of the home page. In such circumstances, applicants may “submit the first 25 pages of the home page that demonstrates updates from the previous deposit copy.” This portion of the rule is designed to decrease the burden on applicants that wish to utilize this group registration option, but are unable to satisfy the “complete copy” deposit requirement. The Office believes that this modification will facilitate registration, while also ensuring that the deposit provided is sufficient to identify the work and the copyrightable authorship covered by the registration. Applicants utilizing this provision are advised that any deposit should only include updates within the time period covered by the application. In the event that an applicant includes updates outside the time period, they would be considered previously published material, and would not be covered by the registration. Additionally, as stated in the NPRM, if a copyright owner is required to prove to a court or an alleged infringer “the specific contents of a website at any particular point in time, it will need to preserve and maintain its own copy of the site and rely on its own recordkeeping to provide such proof.”  [ 91 ]

NWU, NPPA, and NASW disagreed that a home page would constitute sufficient identifying material for registration. [ 92 ] They asserted that “requiring deposit of PDFs of images of the home page is disconnected from the reality that updates aren't necessarily visible on the `home page' of a website.”  [ 93 ] While “[u]pdates appear on the home pages of some—but far from all—newspaper publishers' websites,” the home pages of other websites, such as self-published or references websites, are “mostly or entirely static,” with updates occurring on other “inside” pages that are not indexed or referenced on the home page. [ 94 ] Instead, NWU, NPPA, and NASW suggested that the Office accept a “sitemap page or set of sitemap pages,” “as the way to indicate which pages of a site have most recently been added or modified, and when.”  [ 95 ] Sitemaps, they alleged, “are structured, standardized, machine-readable, and human-readable” and “all updates in a given period can be identified by a single sitemap or set of sitemaps,” which the Office could “use[ ] immediately.”  [ 96 ]

The Office declines to permit applicants to submit a sitemap page or a set of sitemap pages as identifying material for several reasons. First, it is not clear that sitemaps themselves provide information that would allow an examiner to determine whether each collective work within the group application contains sufficient creative selection, coordination, or arrangement. [ 97 ] Second, sitemaps do not satisfy the public notice function that deposits serve, as they do not display the work requested for registration and are not sufficient to identify the updates made to the websites. [ 98 ] As explained in the NPRM, any deposit requirement must “satisfy the public notice function of capturing, and making available for public inspection, a deposit that should be sufficient to identify” the work covered by the application. [ 99 ] Lastly, accepting sitemap deposits would likely not aid in efficiency as suggested. [ 100 ] If an examiner receives a sitemap, they would likely need to correspond with the applicant to determine what exactly the application covers. For these reasons, the Office declines to modify the final rule to include sitemaps.

Commenters also suggested that the Office accept deposits comprised of annotated Portable Document Formats (“PDFs”)  [ 101 ] or PDF deposits of apps. [ 102 ] Specifically, one commenter encouraged the Office to consider accepting annotated PDFs of a single web page, where “[a]nnotations could circle content that is not included in registration, such as licensed content as compared to original news organization content” or “content already registered.”  [ 103 ] Other commenters, including Copyright Alliance, NMA, and the Authors Guild, proposed that the Office should accept PDFs that “contain a complete copy of the home page of . . . mobile application[s]. ”  [ 104 ] Start Printed Page 58998 They discussed the ease with which applicants could submit app PDFs  [ 105 ] and how PDFs address record-keeping concerns and “concerns over whether the collective works stem from the same source.”  [ 106 ] Copyright Alliance and NMA also suggested that the absence of a uniform resource locator (“URL”) from app PDFs, a requirement of the proposed rule, is immaterial because apps “generally prominently feature the logo or other visible identifier of the publication in question” and news content on an app is “organized and contained,” similar to a website. [ 107 ] NMA further recommended that because the USPTO has “long accepted” app screenshots for trademark specimens, subject to certain requirements, the Office should adopt similar standards. [ 108 ]

The Office declines to permit parties to submit annotated PDFs of a single web page. As discussed above, each update will be registered as a collective work. For that reason, there is no need to identify component works that are not owned by the claimant or component works that have been previously registered, because as a general rule, a registration for a collective work does not cover this type of preexisting material.

The Office also declines to accept PDF deposits of apps to represent a news website. Initially, it is unclear whether the selection, coordination, and/or arrangement of material encompassed within the PDFs would be identical to the selection, coordination, and/or arrangement of a website's home page, regardless of whether the same content is present on both. [ 109 ] Further, the Office continues to believe that the rule's deposit regulations offer flexibility, while still satisfying the public notice function of deposits. The regulation will permit applicants to submit a complete copy of the website's home page, and when that is not feasible due to the size or continuous nature of the home page, applicants may submit the first 25 pages of the home page demonstrating updates from the previous deposit copy.

Commenters made additional suggestions and remarks on the proposed rule's deposit requirements and the Office's deposit requirements generally. With respect to the Office's modernization efforts, ABA-IPL suggested that the Office consider generally expanding the “format of deposit copies accepted” and regularly reviewing and updating registration regulations. [ 110 ] ABA-IPL stated that the Office should accept deposits in .xml format for regularly updated news content, such as content covered under the proposed rule, “as [.xml] and similar formats are widely used in digital content creation and management.”  [ 111 ] The University of Michigan Library (“UM-Library”) expressed concerns with the proposed regulations regarding fixation and preservation. [ 112 ] They asserted that the proposed deposit requirements are not “sufficiently fixed for copyright purposes” and that if deposit “materials are not collected and preserved—even as facsimiles or through emulation—then as a practical matter there will be a huge gap in the possibilities for research, scholarship, and understanding.”

The Office is sympathetic to commenters' desires to expand the file formats accepted for deposit purposes generally, including regularly updated news content. As stated above and in the NPRM, the current registration system only accepts certain file types. [ 113 ] The Office anticipates revisiting its acceptable file formats in connection with ongoing improvements to its technology systems. Until then, the Office continues to actively engage in research about the suitability of other file formats. [ 114 ]

The Office appreciates the fixation and preservation concerns about the proposed deposit requirements, codified in the final rule. It continues to believe, however, that the deposit requirements are sufficient. As stated above and in the NPRM, the Copyright Act imbues the Register with broad authority to accept identifying material in lieu of complete copies or phonorecords  [ 115 ] where such copies or phonorecords are “bulky, unwieldly, easily broken, or otherwise impractical to [serve] . . . as records identifying the work[s] registered.”  [ 116 ] This provision, and its legislative history, give the Register flexibility in determining the deposit requirements when identifying material is involved, and the Office has used this authority in the past. Within this rulemaking, the Office believes the proposed deposit requirements are appropriate, and less burdensome than general deposit requirements for websites. [ 117 ] As the Office discussed in the NPRM, the proposed deposit requirements satisfy the public notice function and still require that deposits sufficiently “identify some of the updates” made to the website. [ 118 ] Any fixation concerns may be alleviated by the fact that the proposed regulations are merely registration deposit requirements. They do not relieve a registrant from complying with other legal obligations, such as the obligation to maintain and preserve copies of a website, including its content, in the context of an infringement claim. [ 119 ]

The NPRM explained that the Office planned to use one of its existing group registration application forms to process these claims. Specifically, it said applicants would be required to submit their claims through the current electronic registration system using the application designated for a group of newspaper issues. None of the commenters objected to this proposal.

After consulting with the Library of Congress's Office of the Chief Information Officer, the Office determined that it would be feasible to create a separate application for news website claims that will be cloned from the corresponding application that is used for group newspaper claims. This should simplify the registration process for both applicants and Office staff by preventing potential confusion between claims involving newspaper issues and claims involving updates to a news website. The cloned application will include the same technical specifications and system validations that appear in the group newspaper Start Printed Page 58999 form. The final rule has been modified to reflect this change. Information and instructions on how to submit these claims will be provided in the application itself and on a dedicated page on the Office's website.

Based on requests from affected parties for the expeditious implementation of the rule  [ 120 ] and the absence of arguments supporting a delay, the Office finds that good cause exists to issue these regulations as a final rule with an immediate effective date. Commenters have presented a record supporting “the demonstrable urgency of the conditions [the rule is] designed to correct.”  [ 121 ] Finally, the registration option authorized by the final rule will be available to registrants at or near the rule's publication date.

• General provisions
• Copyright claims, preregistration and registration

For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the Copyright Office amends 37 CFR parts 201 and 202 as follows:

1. The authority citation for part 201 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 17 U.S.C. 702 .

Section 201.10 also issued under 17 U.S.C. 304 .

2. In § 201.3, amend table 1 to paragraph (c) by redesignating paragraphs (c)(12) through (c)(29) as (c)(13) through (c)(30), respectively, and adding a new paragraph (c)(12) to read as follows:

Table 1 to Paragraph ( c )

Registration, recordation, and related servicesFees ($) *         *         *         *         *         *         *(12) Registration of a group of updates to a news website95 *         *         *         *         *         *         *

3. The authority citation for part 202 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 17 U.S.C. 408(f) , 702 .

4. Amend § 202.4 by adding paragraph (m) and revising paragraph (r) to read as follows:

(m) Group registration of updates to a news website. Pursuant to the authority granted by 17 U.S.C. 408(c)(1) , the Register of Copyrights has determined that a group of updates to a news website may be registered with one application, the required deposit, and the filing fee required by § 201.3 of this chapter, with each update being registered as a collective work, if the following conditions are met:

(1) Definitions. For the purposes of this paragraph (m):

(i) News website means a website that is designed to be a primary source of written information on current events, either local, national, or international in scope, that contains a broad range of news on all subjects and activities and is not limited to any specific subject matter.

(ii) Website means a web page or set of interconnected web pages that are accessed using a uniform resource locator (“URL”) organized under a particular domain name.

(2) Requirements for collective works. Each update to the website must be a collective work, and the claim must be limited to the collective work.

(3) Author and claimant. Each collective work in the group must be a work made for hire, and the author and claimant for each collective work must be the same person or organization.

(4) Updates must be from one news website; time period covered. Each collective work in the group must be published on the same news website under the same URL, and they must be published within the same calendar month. The applicant must identify the earliest and latest date that the collective works were published.

(5) Application. The applicant must complete and submit the online application designated for a group of updates to a news website. The application may be submitted by any of the parties listed in § 202.3(c)(1).

(6) Deposit. (i) For each collective work within the group, the applicant must submit identifying material from the news website. For these purposes “ identifying material ” shall mean separate Portable Document Format (PDF) files that each contain a complete copy of the home page of the website. In case a complete copy is technically unfeasible due to the size or continuous nature of the home page, the applicant may submit the first 25 pages of the home page that demonstrates updates from the previous deposit copy. Each PDF must show how the home page appeared at a specific point during each day of the calendar month when new updates were published on the website.

(ii) The identifying material must demonstrate that the home page contains sufficient selection, coordination, and arrangement authorship to be registered as a collective work If the home page does not demonstrate sufficient compilation authorship, the deposit should include as many additional pages as necessary to demonstrate that the updates to the news website can be registered as a collective work.

(iii) The identifying material must be submitted through the electronic registration system, and all of the Start Printed Page 59000 identifying material that was published on a particular date must be contained in the same electronic file. The files must be submitted in PDF format, they must be assembled in an orderly form, and each file must be uploaded to the electronic registration system as an individual electronic file ( i.e., not .zip files). The file size for each uploaded file must not exceed 500 megabytes, but files may be compressed to comply with this requirement.

(7) Special relief. In an exceptional case, the Copyright Office may waive the online filing requirement set forth in paragraph (m)(5) of this section or may grant special relief from the deposit requirement under § 202.20(d) of this chapter, subject to such conditions as the Associate Register of Copyrights and Director of the Office of Registration Policy and Practice may impose on the applicant.

(r) The scope of a group registration. When the Office issues a group registration under paragraph (d), (e), or (f) of this section, the registration covers each issue in the group and each issue is registered as a separate work or a separate collective work (as the case may be). When the Office issues a group registration under paragraphs (c), (g), (h), (i), (j), (k), or (o) of this section, the registration covers each work in the group and each work is registered as a separate work. When the Office issues a group registration under paragraph (m) of this section, the registration covers each update in the group, and each update is registered as a separate collective work. For purposes of registration, the group as a whole is not considered a compilation, a collective work, or a derivative work under section 101, 103(b), or 504(c)(1) of title 17 of the United States Code.

Shira Perlmutter,

Register of Copyrights and Director of the U.S. Copyright Office.

Approved by:

Carla D. Hayden,

Librarian of Congress.

1.   17 U.S.C. 408(c)(1) .

2.   Id.

3.   See generally 37 CFR 202.3(b)(5) , 202.4 .

4.   Id. at 202.3(b)(5), 202.4(c)-(k), (o).

5.   See 89 FR 311 , 311-12 (Jan. 3, 2024).

6.  U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright Protection for Press Publishers (June 2022), https://copyright.gov/​policy/​publishersprotections/​202206-Publishers-Protections-Study.pdf .

7.   See 89 FR 311 , 312 .

8.   Id. at 311. The final rule defines a “news website” as “a website that is designed to be a primary source of written information on current events, either local, national, or international in scope, that contains a broad range of news on all subjects and activities and is not limited to any specific subject matter.” 37 CFR 202.4(m)(1)(i) .

9.  Because the Office will not examine each component work within the collective work, the copyright claimant bears the burden of proving that it owns the individual component works claimed in the submission.

10.  A “collective work” is a type of compilation. See 17 U.S.C. 101 . A “compilation” is “a work formed by the collection and assembling of preexisting materials or of data that are selected, coordinated, or arranged in such a way that the resulting work as a whole constitutes an original work of authorship.” Id.

11.  As noted in the NPRM, “in appropriate circumstances, the Office may waive the online filing requirement, subject to the conditions the Associate Register of Copyrights and Director of the Office of Registration Policy and Practice may impose.” 89 FR 311 , 316 n.55.

12.  The Office also received a letter from several organizations reflecting their collective support for finalizing the rulemaking in a timely manner and in-line edits to the Office's proposed regulatory language. Letter from Ass'n of Am. Publishers et al. to Suzanne Wilson, Gen. Counsel and Assoc. Register of Copyrights (Apr. 4, 2024), https://www.copyright.gov/​rulemaking/​newswebsite/​Association-of-American-Publishers-et-al%E2%80%93Letter-to-Copyright-Office.pdf .

13.   See Am. Ass'n of Independent Music, Ass'n of Am. Publishers, Inc, and Recording Industry Ass'n of Am., Inc. (“A2IM, AAP, & RIAA”) Comment at 2 (“Commenters express no position on the primary focus of the NPRM—whether the Office should create a new group registration option for frequently updated news websites—or on the details of how such an option should be implemented.”).

14.   See generally Nat'l Writers Union, Nat'l Press Photographers Ass'n, Nat'l Ass'n of Sci. Writers (“NWU, NPPA, & NASW”) Comment; Gordon Firemark 2 Comment.

15.  A handful of commenters also proposed that the Office should adopt the NPRM immediately, as an interim rule. See, e.g., Copyright All. Comment at 11; Nat'l Pub. Radio (“NPR”) Comment at 3-5; News Media All. (“NMA”) Comment at 2.

16.  Am. Bar Ass'n Section of Intell. Prop. L. (“ABA-IPL”) Comment at 4.

17.  89 FR at 311-12 (noting that “[m]ore than eight in ten Americans get news from digital devices, and, as of 2021, more than half prefer digital platforms to access news”).

18.   Id. (citing Newspaper Association of America Comments at 12-18, Submitted in Response to July 15, 2009 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, Mandatory Deposit of Published Electronic Works Available Only Online, U.S. Copyright Office Dkt. No. 2009-3 (Aug. 31, 2009) (emphasis omitted), https://www.copyright.gov/​rulemaking/​online-only/​comments/​naa.pdf ).

19.   37 CFR 202.4(e) . The Office's definition of newspapers is based on the Library of Congress's collection policy definition. Library of Congress, Collections Policy Statements: Newspapers—United States 1 (Sept. 2023), https://www.loc.gov/​acq/​devpol/​neu.pdf .

20.  NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 12-13; Gordon Firemark 2 Comment (asserting that “the proposed regulation is not Content Neutral, as required under the First Amendment”).

21.   Arkansas Writers Project, 481 U.S. at 234.

22.  NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 12-13.

23.  Gordon Firemark 2 Comment.

24.   Id. (citing Iancu v. Brunetti, 139 S. Ct. 2294 (2019), and Matal v. Tam, 582 U.S. 218 (2017)).

25.   Reed v. Town of Gilbert, 576 U.S. 155, 163 (2015).

26.   Sable Commc'ns of Cal. v. FCC, 492 U.S. 115, 126 (1989).

27.   Reed, 576 U.S. at 164 (internal quotes omitted).

28.   Leathers v. Medlock, 499 U.S. 439, 452-53 (1991) (citing Mabee v. White Plains Publ'g Co., 327 U.S. 178 (1946), and Oklahoma Press Publ'g Co. v. Walling, 327 U.S. 186 (1946)).

29.   Arkansas Writers Project, 481 U.S. at 229 (finding the tax scheme impermissibly targets a small group of the press because “the magazine exemption means that only a few Arkansas magazines pay any sales tax”).

30.   Arkansas Writers Project, 481 U.S. at 229-30.

31.   37 CFR 202.3(b)(2)(i)(A) .

32.   See generally id. at 202.4.

33.   Vidal v. Elster, No. 22-704, slip op. at 1 (2024).

34.   Id.

35.   Id. at 4 (2024) (quoting National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra, 585 U.S. 755, 766 (2018)).

36.   Id. (2024) (quoting Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of Univ. of Va., 515 U. S. 819, 829 (1995)).

37.   Id. at 6.

38.   Id. at 12.

39.   17 U.S.C. 408(c)(1) (emphasis added).

40.   Leathers, 499 U.S. at 452 (quoting Regan v. Taxation with Representation, 461 U.S. 540, 549 (1983)).

41.   See Gordon Firemark 2 Comment (citing Iancu v. Brunetti, 139 S. Ct. 2294 (2019), and Matal v. Tam, 582 U.S. 218 (2017)).

42.   See, e.g., 85 FR 37341 , 37345 (June 22, 2020) (final rule for group registration of short online literary works); 83 FR 61546 , 61546-48 (Nov. 30, 2018) (final rule for group registration of newsletters and serials); 82 FR 29410 , 29410-11 (June 29, 2017) (final rule for group registration of contributions to periodicals).

43.   See ABA-IPL Comment at 2; Am. Intell. Prop. L. Ass'n (“AIPLA”) Comment at 1 (“We encourage the Office to reconsider [the definition of `news website'] and clarify the final clause—`not limited to any specific subject matter'—which could be construed as excluding news websites with an industry-specific focus ( e.g., wired.com), and thus unnecessarily limiting access to this group registration option.”); Copyright All. Comment at 4 (“We urge deletion of the phrase `. . . on all subjects and activities and is not limited to any specific subject matter' in the proposed rule . . . .”); Harvard Bus. Publ'g (“HBP”) Comment; Nat'l Ass'n of Broad. (“NAB”) Comment at 3; NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 12-13; NMA Comment at 8; The Authors Guild Comment at 2; see also Letter from Ass'n of Am. Publishers et al. to Suzanne Wilson, Gen. Counsel and Assoc. Register of Copyrights (Apr. 4, 2024).

44.  ABA-IPL Comment at 2.

45.  HBP Comment.

46.  The Authors Guild Comment at 1-2.

47.  John Murphy Comment; The Authors Guild Comment at 2 (arguing that “making eligibility determinations based on the substantive content of the materials submitted for registration . . . goes well beyond the Office's ordinary examination process”).

48.  Gordon Firemark 1 Comment; see NWU, NPPA, & NASW at 12-13; Brenda Ulrich Comment; John Murphy Comment.

49.   37 CFR 202.4(e)(1) .

50.   82 FR 51369 , 51371 (Nov. 6, 2017).

51.   37 CFR 202.4(f)(1)(i) .

52.   Id. at 202.4(e)(1) (“Newspapers are intended either for the general public or for a particular ethnic, cultural, or national group”).

53.  The Authors Guild Comment at 1-2.

54.   Cf. 37 CFR 202.4(f)(1)(i) (designed for newsletters that “contain news or information that is chiefly of interest to a special group”).

55.  Group registration of serials provides a registration option for serial issues within a three-month period that meet the eligibility requirements for that option. Id. at 202.4(d)(1). Group registration of newsletters provides an option for registering a group of newsletters published within a one-month period. Id. at 202.4(f)(1).

56.  Copyright All. Comment at 6; NAB Comment at 4; NMA Comment at 10.

57.  The Authors Guild Comment at 2; Copyright All. Comment at 6; NAB Comment at 4.

58.  U.S. Copyright Office, Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices sec. 722 (3d ed. 2021) (“ Compendium (Third) ”).

59.   Id.

60.  AIPLA Comment at 1-2.

61.   Id.

62.  In the NPRM, the Office also noted that when a website is registered as a compilation, the statute provides that the copyright owner may seek only one award of statutory damages for infringement of the compilation as a whole—rather than a separate award for each individual work that appears on the website—even if the defendant infringed all of the works covered by the registration. 17 U.S.C. 504(c)(1) (“For the purposes of this subsection, all the parts of a compilation or derivative work constitute one work.”). Some commenters urged the Office to acknowledge and adopt the “ `independent economic value' test to determine when copyrighted material constitutes a separate `work' for the purpose of determining eligibility for statutory damages.” A2IM, AAP, & RIAA Comment at 2-3; Copyright All. Comment at 8; NAB Comment at 6-8. Acknowledging that the NPRM correctly states “that the group registration option will extend to individual works that make up the collective work if they are fully owned by the applicant,” NMA asked the Office to confirm that its statement “do[es] not reflect a substantive opinion on eligibility for statutory damages.” NMA Comment at 11-12. The Office stands by its restatement of section 504(c)(1) and declines to address the matter further in this rulemaking. See H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476, at 162 (1976), reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5659, 5770 (“Subsection (c)(1) makes clear, however, that, although they are regarded as independent works for other purposes, `all the parts of a compilation or derivative work constitute one work' for this purpose.”).

63.  NPR Comment at 7.

64.   37 CFR 202.4(m)(1)(i) (emphasis added).

65.   Compendium (Third) sec. 1002.2.

66.   Id.

67.   See 37 CFR 202.1(a) .

68.  John Murphy Comment; see NPR Comment at 5 (“[T]he office should further relax the frequency”); NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 16-17.

69.  NPR Comment at 5.

70.  NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 16.

71.  The Authors Guild Comment at 3; NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 11; NMA Comment at 11; AIPLA Comment at 2; Letter from Ass'n of Am. Publishers et al. to Suzanne Wilson, Gen. Counsel and Assoc. Register of Copyrights (Apr. 4, 2024).

72.  The Authors Guild Comment at 3; NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 11.

73.  NMA Comment at 11; AIPLA Comment at 2 (“[W]e see no clear policy reason to disfavor registration of copyrights acquired through other means ( e.g., by assignment).”).

74.   Compendium (Third) sec. 620.4.

75.  ABA-IPL Comment at 3; AIPLA Comment at 2; Copyright All. Comment at 6-7; NAB Comment at 5; NMA Comment at 7; The Authors Guild Comment at 4.

76.  The Authors Guild Comment at 4.

77.   Id.

78.  Note, however, the Office will not certify the accuracy of such additional information based on the identifying material deposited.

79.  Copyright All. Comment at 7.

80.  NMA Comment at 7.

81.  89 FR at 316.

82.   Id.

83.   Id.

84.  NMA Comment at 11.

85.   37 CFR 202.4(m)(6)(i) (emphasis added); see also 89 FR at 316 (“Each PDF must show how the home page appeared at a specific point during each day of the calendar month when new updates were published on the site.”).

86.  Copyright Alliance Comment at 10-11; NAB Comment at 4-5; NMA Comment at 11. See also Letter from Ass'n of Am. Publishers et al. to Suzanne Wilson, Gen. Counsel and Assoc. Register of Copyrights at App. at 2 (Apr. 4, 2024) (proposing regulatory language altering the deposit requirement when “a complete copy is technically unfeasible or unreadable due to the size or continuous nature of the home page”); Nexstar Media Group Inc. Comment (stating that Nexstar “would like to see even more modification of the requirements for article submission, so that each local television station or other news site would not be required to have dedicated staff purely for depositing copyrighted materials, which may be updated several times per day”).

87.  NAB Comment at 5.

88.   Id.

89.  Copyright All. Comment at 10-11.

90.  NMA Comment at 11.

91.  89 FR at 316.

92.  NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 17-20.

93.   Id.

94.   Id.

95.   Id.; see also id. at 20 (proposing “submission of `a file or set of files linked from a master file listing in structured form the text files on the site added or modified during the time period covered by the application, including the URL and the date each file was added to the site or most recently modified' ”).

96.   Id. at 17, 20. NWU, NPPA, and NASW asserted that “the `sitemap.xml' standard has been widely accepted and adopted by website publishers, web publishing platforms, and developers of content management systems (CMSs).” Id. at 17-18.

97.   See 17 U.S.C. 410(a) ; Compendium (Third) sec. 204.3 (“[D]eposit copy(ies) should be clear and should contain all the authorship that the applicant intends to register.”). This finding is bolstered by the examples cited in NWU, NPPA, and NASW's comment, which do not provide any information that would allow the examiner to determine any copyrightability of the collective work. See NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 18 nn.19-22; id. at 19 nn.23-26.

98.   See H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476, at 153 (1976), reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5659, 5769 (“As a general rule the deposit of more than a tear sheet or similar fraction of a collective work is needed to identify the contribution properly and to show the form in which it was published.”).

99.  89 FR at 316.

100.   See NWU, NPPA, & NASW Comment at 20 (suggesting that sitemaps “could be used immediately in manual Copyright Office work flow but would also lend themselves to efficiencies through automated parsing”).

101.  Erik Gottlieb Comment.

102.  Copyright All. Comment at 6; NMA Comment at 10; The Authors Guild Comment at 2. See also Letter from Ass'n of Am. Publishers et al. to Suzanne Wilson, Gen. Counsel and Assoc. Register of Copyrights at 1 & App. at 2 (Apr. 4, 2024) (proposing the Office “include[e] mobile app content in the scope of the rule”). The Office also received a comment from Port. Prerogative Club, suggesting that the Office “evaluate whether native [version control systems (“VCS”)] files would satisfy [the Office's] internal requirements for deposit copies.” Port. Prerogative Club Comment at 2. The Office currently does not accept this file format, but will revisit file formats as part of its ongoing work in developing the Enterprise Copyright System.

103.  Erik Gottlieb Comment.

104.  NMA Comment at App. at 16 (proposing regulatory language). See Copyright All. Comment at 6; NMA Comment at 10; The Authors Guild Comment at 2. See also Letter from Ass'n of Am. Publishers et al. to Suzanne Wilson, Gen. Counsel and Assoc. Register of Copyrights at 1 & App. at 2 (Apr. 4, 2024) (proposing the Office “includ[e] mobile app content in the scope of the rule”).

105.  Copyright All. Comment at 6; The Authors Guild Comment at 2.

106.  Copyright All. Comment at 6.

107.   Id. (noting that “news content on an app is already organized and contained in an interconnected and uniform ecosystem, much like a website”); NMA Comment at 10 (stating that app screenshots serve the same “identifying function as URLs”).

108.  NMA Comment at 10.

109.   See 89 FR at 313 (“[T]he organization and arrangement show in a PDF package may vary depending on whether it depicts the website as it would appear on a desktop computer, a mobile phone or other electronic device.”). But cf. ABA-IPL Comment at 4 (“The Section is aware of no substantive difference between what is published at a URL and what is published on an app.”).

110.  ABA-IPL Comment at 4-5.

111.   Id. at 4.

112.  UM-Library Comment at 1-2.

113.  89 FR at 313; see also eCO Acceptable File Types, U.S. Copyright Office, https://www.copyright.gov/​eco/​help-file-types.html (last visited July 5, 2024) (listing acceptable file formats).

114.  For example, the Office is researching the web archive file format (“WARC”) that is utilized by the Library of Congress' Web Archiving Team. Research has shown that there are many publicly available options for adapting websites in the WARC format, including through internet browser extensions.

115.   17 U.S.C. 408(c)(1) ; see also 89 FR at 311 (discussing identifying material).

116.  H.R. Rep. No. 94-1496, at 154 (1976), reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5659, 5770.

117.   See 89 FR at 313, 316 (discussing how depositing complete copies of websites poses difficulties for applicants and the Office).

118.   Id. at 316.

119.   Id.

120.   See Letter from Ass'n of Am. Publishers et al. to Suzanne Wilson, Gen. Counsel and Assoc. Register of Copyrights (Apr. 4, 2024); Copyright All. Comment at 11.

121.  H.R. Rep. No. 79-1980, at 260 (1946). See 5 U.S.C. 553(d) (30-day notice not required where agency finds good cause).

[ FR Doc. 2024-15880 Filed 7-19-24; 8:45 am]

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