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Higher Education in Pakistan Ills and remedies

March 22, 2018 Essay , March 2018 Leave a comment

1. Introduction 2. Types of Education

Formal education
Informal education

3. An Overview of Higher Education Setup in Pakistan

Statutory position
Administrative system

4. Ills Prevailing in Higher Education System of Pakistan A. Infrastructure-related Ills

Lack of institutes
Missing necessary facilities
Overcharging by private-sector institutions

B. Human Resource-related Ills

Meagre strength of faculties
Lack of motivation in members of faculty
Lack of skills and expertise
Meagre strength of support staff
High dropout ratio at elementary level

C. Curriculum-related Ills

Curriculum not in consonance with domestic needs
More focus on mere theories
Presence of mistakes and errors
Lack of analytical approach
Uninteresting and monotonous descriptions
No focus on character-building

D. Teaching Methodology-related Ills

Promotion and encouragement of cramming
No focus on conceptual study
Monotonous style of teaching

E. Examination-related Ills

No testing of analytical skills
Use of unfair means in examination halls
Inconsistent style of grading

5. Factors Responsible for the Presence of Ills

Budgetary constraints
Myopic vision of the policymakers
Distracted attention of the government
Bureaucratic hurdles
Poor growth of economy
Commercialization of education
Missing element of morality in the society
Persistently-rampant corruption
Incapacity of concerned HR departments

6. Impacts of Flawed Higher Education System

Unemployment and underemployment
Lack of talent and skills
Devastating impacts on different sectors of economy
Deteriorated image of the state
Social degradation
Increase in lawlessness and crime

7. Recommendations for the removal of Ills of the Higher Education Sector

Devising sharply-focused, meticulously-planned and thoroughly-integrated policies
Allocating reasonable budget to higher education
Tapping of indigenous mineral, geographical and human resources to enhance the availability of funds
Introduction of civil service reforms to improve the bureaucratic structure
Mature, responsible and objective role of media for the upgrade of moral standards of the society
Tightening the monitoring and regulatory mechanism to curb the commercialization of education
Devising pragmatic policies for maximum utilization of available resources
Focus on skills development of education- related human resource
Annual revision and upgrade of curriculum
Use of technology to improve the examination standards
Attracting best brains to education sector by improving perks

8. Conclusion

higher education in pakistan ills and remedies essay css

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2: ills in pakistan's higher education, 3: remedies & way forward, 4: conclusion.

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Higher Education in Pakistan: Challenges, Opportunities, Suggestions

Education Quarterly Reviews, Vol.4 No.2 (2021)

8 Pages Posted: 3 May 2021

Khan Ghulam Murtaza

Guangzhou University

Date Written: April 25, 2021

Higher education provides opportunities to censoriously reveal the cultural, moral, socio-economic, and spiritual issues faced by the human race. Pakistan's higher education system has many institutional drawbacks includes a lack of quality management, institutional structure, and knowledge gaps between cross-culture educations systems to improve the efficiency of the current higher education system in Pakistan. To make Pakistan an educational center, Pakistan must strengthen the education system by developing modern technology and higher education. This study focuses on low enrolment and dropout gaps, quality and quantity of higher education standards, infrastructure, facilities, and low-quality teaching methods. This study summarizes these problems with suggestions to improve higher education standards and quality through cross-culture developments, performance standards, teaching methods, and examination reforms in Pakistan's higher education system.

Keywords: Pakistan Higher Education, Challenges, Suggestions

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Khan Ghulam Murtaza (Contact Author)

Guangzhou university ( email ).

Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Waihuanxi Road 230 Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006 China

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HIGHER EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN: ILLS AND REMEDIES

1. Introduction Negligence of higher education in Pakistan by successive regimes has left the domain in tatters. This warrants immediate attention of the leaders and policy makers to overhaul the higher education on a priority bases.

2. A Brief Overview of the Higher Education System of Pakistan

3. Problems Associated with the Higher Education System of Pakistan A. Allocation of insufficent funds B. Paucity of highly qualifies faculty C. Outdated teaching methods, redundant curricula and focus on cramming D. Rising cost of higher education resulting in the polarization of society E. Corruption in higher education system and unplanned growth of private institutions F. No link between the higher education institutes and the industry

4. Remedies a Framework to Address the Issues A. Public private partnership to improve the overall quality of higher education B. Rooting out corruption C. Improving a scrutiny process while affiliating a university with HEC D. Cultivating a culture of research E. Emulating the German Higher Education model F. Preventing the commercializing of higher education

5. Conclusion There is a pressing need for Pakistan to revamp its higher education system in order for a country to assume a prominent role in the international domain.

Higher Education in Pakistan Ills and Remedies

Essays, Outlines
Jan 20, 2023
Noshin Bashir

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

Higher education is a tertiary education leading to award of an academic degree. Pakistan has a diverse higher education system that includes universities, colleges, and other institutions offering undergraduate and graduate degrees in various fields of study. It includes not only universities and colleges but also various vocational schools that provide preparation in fields such as medicine, theology, business, law, music and art. Annually, on average, 480,000 students graduated from universities across the Pakistan out of which only 172,000 graduates were able to acquire jobs. This is undoubtedly one of the major concerns of Pakistani students as most of them struggles with the issues of unemployment. This is due to the some of the issues in our education system. Before diving down into ills and remedies, have a brief introduction about types of education and higher education setup in Pakistan.

2. Types of Education

Formal education: Refers to structured and organized learning that takes place in an institutional setting, typically delivered by trained educators and follows a predetermined curriculum, leading to recognized credentials such as diplomas, degrees, or certifications.
Informal education: Refers to learning that occurs outside of formal institutional settings, often through experiential, self-directed, or incidental learning processes, and is not typically structured or recognized by traditional credentials.

3. An Overview of Higher Education Setup in Pakistan

Statutory position: Refers to the legally defined roles, responsibilities, and authority assigned to educational institutions, organizations, or individuals by relevant laws, regulations, and policies, which dictate their official status and functions in the education system.
Administrative system: Refers to the organizational structure, processes, and procedures put in place to manage and oversee the operation, management, and coordination of educational institutions and programs, including decision-making, resource allocation, and policy implementation.
Institutes: Refers to an organization or establishment that provides specialized instruction, training, or research in a particular field of study, often leading to certifications, diplomas, degrees, or other credentials.

4. Ills Predominant in Higher Education System of Pakistan

Following are some of the ills predominant in higher education system of Pakistan:

Curriculum-related Ills
Curriculum not in consonance with domestic needs
Presence of mistakes and errors
More focus on mere theories
Uninteresting and monotonous descriptions
Lack of analytical approach
No focus on character-building
Examination-related Ills
No testing of analytical skills
Inconsistent style of grading
Use of unfair means in examination halls
Infrastructure-related Ills
Lack of institutes
Overcharging by private-sector institutions
Missing necessary facilities
Human Resource-related Ills
Lack of skills and expertise
Lack of motivation in members of faculty
Meager strength of faculties
Meager strength of support staff
High dropout ratio at elementary level
Teaching Methodology-related Ills
No focus on conceptual study
Promotion and encouragement of cramming
Monotonous style of teaching

5. Factors Responsible for the Presence of Ills

Budgetary constraints: Pakistan’s education sector has historically received low budget and investment, with inadequate funding allocated for higher education. Limited financial resources have resulted in insufficient infrastructure, outdated facilities, and a lack of resources for research and innovation, all of which have contributed to the challenges faced by higher education institutions.
Commercialization of education: The lack of commercialization of education has limited the access to quality education, compromised academic standards, and a narrow focus on market-driven programs.
Outdated Curricula and Teaching Methods: The curricula and teaching methods in higher education institutions in Pakistan are often criticized for being outdated, theoretical, and lacking in practical relevance. This mismatch between the curriculum and the changing needs of the job market has led to a gap in skills development and employability of graduates.
Myopic vision of the policymakers: The myopic vision of policymakers has resulted in inadequate long-term planning, limited investment in infrastructure and resources, and a narrow focus on immediate economic returns, contributing to the ills of the education system.
Poor growth of economy: The poor growth of the economy in Pakistan can be attributed, in part, to the negative impacts of commercialization of higher education, such as limited access to quality education, compromised academic standards, and a narrow focus on market-driven programs.
Shortage of Qualified Faculty: Many institutions of higher education in Pakistan face a shortage of qualified and experienced faculty. This can result in overcrowded classrooms, limited opportunities for research and innovation, and compromised quality of teaching and mentoring, which in turn affects the overall quality of higher education.
Persistently-rampant corruption: Corruption in education sector refers to the pervasive and persistent occurrence of unethical practices, such as bribery, cheating, nepotism, and other forms of corruption, that undermine the integrity and quality of the education system in Pakistan, leading to negative impacts on the overall higher education landscape.
Limited Research and Innovation Culture: The culture of research and innovation in higher education institutions in Pakistan is relatively weak, with limited investment in research infrastructure, funding, and collaborative opportunities with industry. This results in low research output, limited innovation, and a lack of cutting-edge knowledge creation and dissemination.
Governance and Management: Weak governance and management structures in higher education institutions, including lack of autonomy, corruption, and nepotism, have resulted in mismanagement, inefficiencies, and politicization of higher education in Pakistan. This has hampered the overall effectiveness and performance of higher education institutions.

6. Impacts of Flawed Higher Education System

Scarcity of talent and skills
Increasing unemployment and underemployment
Withering impacts on various sectors of economy
Social degradation
Deteriorated image of the state
Increase in lawlessness and crime

7. Recommendations for the removal of Ills of the Higher Education Sector

Devising meticulously-planned, sharply-focused, and thoroughly-integrated policies
Tapping of indigenous mineral, geographical and human resources to enhance the availability of funds
Mature, responsible and objective role of media for the upgrade of moral standards of the society
Adequately funding higher education institutions, providing modern infrastructure, state-of-the-art laboratories, libraries, and technology resources
Providing professional development opportunities for faculty, including training, research methodologies, and modern teaching techniques
Promoting an entrepreneurial mind-set among students and faculty, and fostering innovation & creativity
Allocating sensible budget to bring innovation in higher education
Enhancing the leadership and management capacity of higher education institutions
Introduction of civil service reforms to enhance the bureaucratic structure
Focus on skills development of education-related human resource
Strictly monitor the regulatory mechanism to curb the commercialization of education
For maximum utilization of available resources, devise proper pragmatic policies
Annual revision and upgrade of curriculum
Utilize such technology that improve the examination standards
Improve perks to attract best brains for education sector

8. Conclusion

Overall, addressing these challenges and implementing remedies to improve higher education in Pakistan would require a multi-pronged approach involving government policies, institutional reforms, stakeholder collaboration, and a commitment to excellence and innovation.

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University Education: ills and remedies

In the latest QS World University Rankings 2019, only two Pakistani institutions made it to the top 500 and merely seven to the top 1000. Just one of our universities is listed in the top 500 on the rankings of QS Graduate Employability. Such is the poor and appalling condition of higher education in the country.

Our university education system is caught in many serious dilemmas. Many public universities serve as places for political contests. Generally, both students and teachers have their own political wings. Student federations associated with any political party would come on roads to lodge angry and violent protests at the drop of a hat on the slightest whims of their political masters. Most of them are so powerful that they can shut down the whole campus for days by brute force. Coercing teachers to dismiss classes so that students could participate in demonstrations is routine. Resorting to inter-federation political violence is also commonplace. Having political affiliations, most of the authorities and administrators strongly support the respective students’ organizations.

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The overall situation in hostels is also tragic. Illicit drugs are used by students and alcohol consumed with impunity. Many addicts (students) first start on soft drugs, such as cannabis which is readily available and then go for more potent drugs like ice (methamphetamine) etc. Drug rings operate without much difficulty allegedly with the connivance of some officials. Likewise, for the most part political activities are also undertaken there which lead to chaos and unrest. It is the hostels where most of the brilliant and best students, whose parents have built hopes on them, transform into drug addicts and political tools. Outsiders, those who reside illegally, are mostly responsible for ruining the atmosphere here.

Moreover, there are highly qualified teachers in our universities. But, is only educational qualification enough? Many among them resort to teaching via PowerPoint presentations, giving plain reading to the contents, and ending the class with absolutely no concern for any learning process. They may hold first-class degrees and be gold-medalists but, regrettably, possess no aptitude for teaching. Usually practical work is paid no attention to and data is faked without performance of experiments. Rote learning is encouraged and teachers are pleased with reproduction in papers of what they have exactly taught. Some teachers would hold classes on politics and Islam in lieu of teaching their specific subjects. Yet, Islam teaches to do what one is strictly paid for. Spending time devoted to a particular discipline on other issues is tantamount to hypocrisy and venality.

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Thesis, partly or entirely, are mostly obtained through copy-paste method and edited subsequently with the use of different software. Researches are not carried out in many cases and findings are fabricated. Fictitious interviews are conducted and only on paper visits are made.

When it comes to writing of papers in national and international journals, the priority of both students and faculty members is not quality but quantity. They play the numbers game whereby prestige is gained by publishing research papers irrespective of authenticity and originality. While exhibiting professional incompetence, many students switch fields at postgraduate level. Some go for businesses they inherit from their parents, or get irrelevant menial jobs for which they are over-qualified.

Quite frankly, male students are predominantly of the view that female get unfair favours from male teachers when their papers and tests are marked. It seems almost ridiculous but when some female students share the same conviction it gives credence to the argument.

Scholarship cheques distributed among students in GCU

In order to enhance the quality of higher education in the country, many policy changes need to be brought about. Politics should be completely banned on campuses because this is the main distraction for students and a cause of many social evils including violence. Vice chancellors ought to be appointed on merit rather than on political patronage. Lecturers and professors must not be recruited only on the basis of medals and papers published. Their capability for teaching should be given a significant weightage. Environment which encourages creativity and promotes reasoning among students should be explored.

Experiments and practical work in laboratories may be carried out with diligence under supervision of lab assistants with no room for negligence and delinquency. Researches should be performed practically with proper protocols followed, whereas forging of data and plagiarism must be discouraged and duly punished. It would enormously help in drafting quality research papers.

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Also, why not make the climate of hostels education friendly by holding seminars on different issues in their premises. It may result in confining students’ attention to positive things. Besides, these hostels should be made cleaned of drugs and other crimes.

The government is wanting in heedfulness concerning university education in the country. Before it’s too late, decisive steps must be taken towards important reforms which are long overdue.

Siraj M. Shawa

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Higher Education in Pakistan Ills And Remedies – CSS Essay

The essay cover topics such as “Higher education in Pakistan ills and remedies. Higher education in Pakistan issues, challenges and the way forward. Problems and issues in higher education in Pakistan. Challenges in higher education in Pakistan. Issues of higher education in Pakistan.”

Higher Education in Pakistan Ills And Remedies

The value of college education is not the learning of many facts but the training of mind to think – Albert Einstein

Reforms in Examination System

In today’s knowledge based economy, higher education is very important for the development of a country and its economy. It plays the role of leadership in a society. All over the world universities and colleges, which are the centres of higher education, are guiding and cooperating with the agricultural and industrial development organizations and they are developing their economy and agriculture rapidly and meaningfully. There is a direct link between education and development. Contrary to this, in Pakistan, unfortunately after passing more than seven decades higher education could not show any fruitful results. Even the rate of participation at higher education is low comparatively to other countries of the region. There are many reasons of this failure which have been discussed in detail in below paragraphs.

Meaning And Purpose Of Education

Before discussing challenges in higher education, it is important to know what higher education is. It means differently for different people. This difference in meaning from person to person depends upon individual relation with it. For example; for a student, higher education means the acquisition of a degree that makes him eligible for a professional job. Similarly for a college professor higher education means professional certificate while for a lay man it is the continuation of a formal learning process after secondary education. Generally it is the highest part of learning process that enables a student to become a professional member of the society.

Effects Of Globalization On Education

The primary aim and objective of higher education is to convert ordinary people into human capital by teaching them professional knowledge. With educated citizens and skilful labour force government want to achieve socio-political, socio-economic and socio-cultural development. Higher education contributes in many ways in the development of a society. It turned ordinary people into highly skilled professionals, changes economy by introducing new forms of investment and earning and changes society by bringing changes in art, literature and norms and traditions. It promotes the passion of respect and self-dependence among people. It also promotes the character of deep observation in people and enables them to choose between right and wrong rightly and not to follow traditions blindly.

Education Of Freedom

Higher education has played an important role in the development of advance countries. It is basically an agent of change but unfortunately it could not do so in Third World countries generally and in Pakistan particularly. In Pakistan, despite of passing more than seven decades, the standard of higher education is very low. According to some critics, higher educational institutions of Pakistan only produce graduates and not professionals. There are many reasons of this failure, some of which have been discussed in detail in below paragraphs.

Higher Education is An Agent Of Change

The first and foremost basic problem is the lack of requisite number of higher education institutions in the country. Though with the establishment of Higher Education Commission (HEC) in 2002, a significant increase in the number of universities and degree colleges, country wide has been observed but still the figure is far below the required level. There are total ninety four (94) Higher Education Commission’s recognized universities (HEC website data) in the country. Every year thousands of students complete intermediate and are ambitious for higher education but they failed to continue due to limited number of seats available for students in public universities.

Role Of Education in Economic Development

Gender discrimination and quota system is another major problem faced by our higher education system. In co-education institutions, generally limited number of seats is available for female students. Similarly, no or low interest of parents in girls schooling is making the situation worse. In rural areas of Pakistan, female education is not considered as a social friendly custom. In these areas, most families did not like education of women at all, while some parents allowed only primary education.

Low standard of education is another major problem of our higher education system. Out-dated learning and teaching methods and more focus on theory rather than on practice by the teachers and institutions are some of the problems that fall under this category. The condition of our education system is such that the universities of some of the develop countries, sometimes did not considered the degrees of our students up to the mark for admission in graduate and post-graduate programmes.

Co-education – Merits And Demerits

Similarly, some educational institutions, especially those of rural areas,face the problem of lack of required infrastructure and facilities. This is one of the main reasons for students’ unrest in such institutions. Likewise the teaching of untrained and incompetent teaching staff, misuse of the students’ political federations and ignoring of the students concerns and demands, regarding academic disciplines, by the institution’s administration, all are the major reasons that lead to the students’ unrest and their deviation from learning process.

Education plays a vital role in the development and grooming of students’ personality. It broadens students’ scope of learning and instils in them the spirit of oneness, unity, nationalism, patriotism, tolerance and sacrifice. Education made them responsible and vigorous members of the society. Education also plays a major role in social and emotional integration. Unfortunately, the schooling system of third world countries did not provide such learning. Due to corrupt education system, the students also sometime fell into corrupt and immoral practices.

Failure of proper management by the educational institutions’ administration is another major problem in higher education system of our country. The two basic management problems of such type are fund and duty corruption. Most of the time it has been observed that despite of having huge funds education centres sometimes are not performing well. The main reason behind this is either the management staff is incapable to utilize the fund fully or the amount of money is used by the high management personnel for personal use. In both cases institution suffer in the form of lack of required facilities. Duty corruption is another major management problem. The unwillingness of the universities and college staff to perform their duties whole heartedly affect the institutions badly there by creating many problems.

Education For Varied Talents

Since independence, the government of Pakistan has adopted five education policies but unfortunately none of them could bear fruitful results. The main reason behind this is either the partial or even non implication of the policies in some, especially in remote areas of the country. Non seriousness on the part of Ministry of education of the country makes the situation worse. It is very unfortunate fact that the last education policy was adopted by the government in 1998 and its duration ended in 2010 but despite of passing more than four years after the due time of the end of policy, the government could not adopt a new policy. This shows the incapability and impractical attitude of the government.

Out-dated course books and degrees’ curricula are other big problems of the higher education system of Pakistan. Because of this reason our students lag behind in practical field. The degrees’ course combination and syllabus are usually not designed to meet the need of the time.

Education Produce Thinkers Not Followers

The inadequate allocation of budget by the government for the development of education sector has always been remained one of the major reason behind the poor performance of this sector. Pakistan’s education spending is lowest in South Asia. The country spends only 2.5% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) on education whereas the other countries spend double of that percentage on education. Unfortunately the country has never considered education as the basic step for the development of the nation and so no serious attempt for its development has ever been made by the government.

To counter these challenges and improve the standard of education, the government should take steps for the development of this sector on emergency basis. In Twenty-first century, where economy is knowledge base, it has become important that the government should quit its impractical behaviour in this regard. Below are given some of the suggestions for the improvement of education sector.

The first and foremost important step that the government should take is to improve the quality of education. In this regard help and guidance should be taken from developed educational institutions of various countries such as Oxford and Cambridge universities.

Next important step that the government should take is to bring administrative reforms in educational institutions administration department. The administration staff of each university and college should be thoroughly scrutinized and the corrupt members should be immediately fired. Similarly a system of thorough investigation of the staff performance should also be devised so that future corruption cases could be minimised.

The course and curricula combination should be made in such a way that it meets the needs of time and trained student’s multi dimensionally. Degrees course combination should also be devised in such a way that it provides a variety of formal and non-formal knowledge to the learners.

The government should also make sure the availability of equal opportunity of education for all citizens of the country, irrespective of their gender. In this regard, serious steps should be taken in rural areas where education ratio, especially of women is very low. The government should also make education in the reach of every countryman.

It is now need of the time that the government should allocate sufficient fund for the development of this sector. The government should now realise that the real investment in twenty-first century is investment in human capital. Due to lack of sufficient fund and improper usage of the available resources, most of the higher education institutions of the country do not possess required facilities. The allocation of enough funds and its proper usage is the only solution to this problem.

The population of Pakistan is increasing at an alarming rate and so does the number of students but unfortunately the number of higher education institutions in the country is increasing at a very low pace. The government should increase the number of higher education institutions in the country so that it could consume all aspirants of higher education effectively.

Now it is time for the adaptation of a dynamic and professionally planned education policy. The government should give-up all the previous policies and adopt such a policy that could solve all these major problems of our higher education system.

The condition of higher education system in Pakistan, no doubt is very dim and there are a lot of challenges that the country is facing in this regard, mainly because of the impractical attitude of the government towards education sector. The education system of many other countries of the region, which got independence in the same decade in which Pakistan did,has improved much more over time than ours and unfortunately we still face the same problems of infancy period of the country. No doubt the higher education system of Pakistan has many problems but the government now seems serious towards its improvement as many positive steps have been taken by the present government in this regard.

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2. Higher Education in Pakistan: Ills and Remedies

Higher Education in Pakistan: Ills and Remedies

Introduction: Higher education plays a crucial role in shaping the intellectual, social, and economic progress of a nation. In Pakistan, like many other developing countries, the higher education system faces numerous challenges that hinder its effectiveness and quality. This essay aims to explore the ills plaguing higher education in Pakistan and propose potential remedies to address these issues.

I. Ills in Higher Education:

2. higher education in pakistan: ills and remedies

Inadequate Funding: Insufficient investment in higher education has resulted in limited resources, outdated infrastructure, and a lack of research and development opportunities. This hampers the quality of education and restricts the ability to attract and retain qualified faculty.
Outdated Curriculum: Many universities in Pakistan have outdated and irrelevant curricula that fail to meet the needs of a rapidly changing job market. The focus on rote learning and a lack of emphasis on critical thinking, problem-solving, and practical skills hinder students’ ability to compete in the global workforce.
Quality Assurance: Quality assurance mechanisms in higher education institutions are often weak or non-existent. The absence of accreditation bodies and standardized assessment methods contributes to inconsistencies in the quality of education provided by different institutions.
Brain Drain: Pakistan faces a significant brain drain, as highly talented individuals seek better opportunities abroad due to limited research facilities, inadequate career prospects, and unfavorable working conditions within the country’s higher education system. This loss of human capital hinders national progress and development.
Gender Disparity: Gender disparity is prevalent in higher education, with women facing numerous barriers to access and succeed. Sociocultural norms, limited educational opportunities for girls, and inadequate support systems contribute to the underrepresentation of women in higher education institutions.

II. Remedies for Higher Education:

Increased Funding: The government should prioritize higher education funding and allocate a larger portion of the national budget to ensure adequate resources, improved infrastructure, and enhanced research and development capabilities. Partnerships with private sector organizations and international institutions can also help generate additional funds.
Curriculum Reforms: Higher education institutions need to revise their curricula to align with industry needs and global trends. Introducing interdisciplinary programs, emphasizing practical skills, promoting critical thinking, and incorporating research-based projects can enhance the relevance and employability of graduates.
Quality Assurance Framework: Establishing a robust quality assurance framework is essential. Accreditation bodies should be established or strengthened to ensure the adherence to educational standards. Standardized assessment methods, periodic evaluations, and institutional audits can help maintain and enhance the quality of education.
Research and Innovation: Encouraging research and innovation is crucial for the growth of higher education. Funding mechanisms, incentives for research productivity, and the establishment of research centers and collaborations between academia and industry can foster a culture of innovation and contribute to national development.
Gender Inclusivity: Policies and initiatives must be implemented to address gender disparity in higher education. This includes providing scholarships and financial aid specifically targeted at female students, ensuring safe and inclusive campus environments, promoting gender-sensitive teaching methods, and increasing opportunities for women in faculty and leadership positions.

Conclusion: The higher education system in Pakistan faces numerous challenges that impede its progress and quality. However, through adequate funding, curriculum reforms, a robust quality assurance framework, increased research and innovation, and initiatives to address gender disparity, these ills can be remedied. By prioritizing these reforms, Pakistan can build a strong higher education system that equips students with the skills and knowledge needed for personal and national success. Visit: https://techinsightguru.com/

Q. No. 8. Write short note on any TWO of the followings (i) Perfect and Pure competition. (2018-I)

Q. no. 6. (a) discuss major cannons of taxation and their relevance to tax system in pakistan. (2018-i), q. no. 5. (a) explain arc and cross elasticities and analyze their role in decision making by the consumers. (2018-i), q. no. 4. (a) analyze three different shapes of aggregate supply curve (constant, positively sloped and vertical). (2018-i), q. no. 3. (a) how the concepts of notional aggregate demand (keynesian) and real aggregate demand (neo-classical), (2018-i), leave a reply cancel reply.

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Education System of Pakistan: Issues and Way Forwards

Kalsoom Begum
December 15, 2023
CSS Essays , CSS Solved Essays

CSS and PMS Solved Essays | Education System of Pakistan: Issues and Way Forwards

Kalsoom Begum, a Sir Syed Kazim Ali student, has attempted the CSS essay “ Education System of Pakistan: Issues and Way Forwards ” on the given pattern, which Sir Syed Kazim Ali teaches his students. Sir Syed Kazim Ali has been Pakistan’s top English writing and CSS, PMS essay and precis coach with the highest success rate of his students. The essay is uploaded to help other competitive aspirants learn and practice essay writing techniques and patterns to qualify for the essay paper.

1-Introduction

2-Debunking the term education

3-Significance of education for a nation’s progress

4-Current situation of Pakistan’s education system

5-What issues are facing Pakistan’s education system?

Case in Point : Even after the adoption of more than 25 policies, still the education system is failing to raise the nation socially and economically
Case in Point: Clear difference between the attitudes of students coming out from the public educational institutions, deeni madaris and the few private elite institutions
Case in Point : According to the International Crisis Group, Pakistan is amongst the 12 countries in the world that spent less than 2 per cent of their GDP on the education sector
Case in Point : According to a UNESCO report, there are no proper training standards in the available training institutes in the remote areas of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Case in Point : According to the International Association of Universities, Pakistan is the world’s 20th-largest country in terms of the number of universities. Nonetheless, the country contributes only 0.49 per cent to the world’s research documents.
Case in Point : According to the Planning Commission of Pakistan, less than six per cent of the youth population acquires technical skills, and only two per cent implemented
Case in Point : Kalimullah, head of the sociology department at Peshawar University, depicts the education system as a source of ongoing deep polarization in the country

6- Recommendations to overcome educational challenges

✓ To allocate a sufficient budget for education, the education system of Pakistan takes a fresh breath with resources
✓ To strengthen accountability so that everyone owns their responsibilities
✓ To own their responsibilities, accountability must be strengthened
✓ To introduce an updated and relevant curriculum catering to the modern world’s psyche and needs.
✓ To work smoothly without any discrimination, there must be less political interference in the education sector
✓ To provide solid political will on policy implementation and less interference of politics in the education sector

7- Conclusion

Extensive English Essay and Precis Course for CSS & PMS Aspirants

Education, the kindling of the flame, is the permanent character of human history from darkness to light and the evolution of thoughts from ashes to the phoenix. It has remained the most powerful tool for securing growth and progress in the socio-economic and political realm. Thus, education lays the foundation for a country’s political, social, and economic development. However, being a developing country, Pakistan has been facing critical issues in education since its inception; therefore, the education system has failed to deliver according to the nation’s aspirations. This is because there is a shortage of techno-vocational institutions, policy implementation, uniformity, budget, training and research institutions, and moral development in the country’s institutions. As a result, the state has failed to develop innovative mindsets to contribute to the socio-economic and political upliftment of the country. Although multiple education policies have been designed to improve Pakistan’s education system, none have ever been implemented successfully. Therefore, it is high time for the government to look into the matter meticulously to help the coming generation have a better education system and progress. This essay discusses the issues of Pakistan’s education system and suggests ways forward for overcoming these issues.

Debunking the term, education is a process that begins at birth and continues until the end of life. The primary focus and function of education is to prepare children for their roles as workers and members of a larger society and identify the purpose of education, shaping of the social being. Generally, there are two main types of education: formal education, which takes place in proper education and training institutions, and non-formal education, which does not occur in formally structured schools. The differences between traditional and non-formal education can be seen in terms of the purpose, timing, content, delivery system and level of control.

In a broader context, it plays a significant role in people’s physical, mental, psychological and social growth and is the pillar of national progress. Countries with constructive education systems are considered the world’s socio-economic leaders. The founders of Pakistan realized early that the future of this nation depended on a productive pursuit of knowledge through education. In his message to the first Education Conference in November 1947, the Quaid-e-Azam said: “If we are to make real, speedy and substantial progress, we must bring our educational policy and program on the lines suited to the genius of our people, consonant with our history and culture and having regard to the modern conditions and vast developments that have taken place all over the world. The future of our State will and must accordingly depend upon the education we give our children and how we bring them up as future citizens of Pakistan. Through sound education, we should try to instill in them a high sense of honour, integrity, responsibility and selfless service to the nation. There is an immediate and urgent need to give scientific and technical education to our people to build up our future economic life and to see that our people take to science, commerce, trade, and particularly well-planned industries. We should not forget that we must compete with the world, which is moving quickly in this direction.” Every nation crops its generations according to its society and provides teachings to play a significant role in developing its country. Thus, education has played an essential role in the development of Norway , as their highest literacy rate leads them to be amongst the most prosperous nations.

Since its inception, Pakistan has expressed its commitment to promoting education and literacy in the country through education policies at the domestic level and getting involved in international commitment, for instance, ‘Education for All’, Vision 2030, and Millennium Development Goals. A review suggests that progress has been observed in the education system. But still, there is a dire need for research and training institutions, policy implementation, trained and professional teachers, uniformity and direction, and updated and relevant syllabi, delineating the current outlook of the country’s education system.

Talking about the issues that Pakistan’s education system facing today, the first is several education policies have been created, but none have been implemented in an authentic and genuine spirit. It is because there has been a lack of political will on the part of successive governments to enforce the policies vigorously due to the problems of corruption, lack of funds and gross inconsistency in straight planning on the part of various political regimes in Pakistan. Moreover, in the overall policy formulation, teachers have been ignored. They are regarded as unimportant elements, which has led to alienation between the teachers and the education system.

Moreover, different systems of education are simultaneously working in the country. The curriculum is also not uniform, giving birth to other schools of thought . For example, there is a difference between students’ attitudes toward public educational institutions, deeni madaris, and the few private elite institutions. This trend has accelerated the pace of polarization in society, created a massive gap in the nation, and even deeply penetrated its cultural veins. The recent wave of terrorism and the increasing sectarian division are the logical consequences of this divided system of education. As a result, in the current polarized system of education, there has occurred a tremendous social division in society on political, social, and economic grounds rather than unity among the people, which is cutting knee deep the ideological and social foundation of the nation leading towards further divisions on linguistic and regional grounds, which has potentially damage the social cohesion and fabric of the society.

Besides, finance is considered the engine of a system. The education system of Pakistan has been crippled mainly due to the scarcity of finance. The successive governments have been giving less than 2.5 per cent of their budget to the education sector, which is not sufficient for the growing educational needs of the nation in the present changing times. Academic budgetary allocation has increased in many developing regional countries, such as Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. But in Pakistan, it is declining day by day. According to the International Crisis Group, Pakistan is among the 12 countries that spend less than 2% of their GDP on education. With this insufficient budgetary allocation, the country has hardly meet the targets of universalizing primary education as a signatory to the SDG goals by 2015 and onward.

In addition to this, training is essential for quality performance of teachers, as teaching is a challenging job. And there is a lack of training opportunities for teachers in Pakistan. However, there are various teacher training institutes in the country. These institutes are either not well-resourced or are poorly run due to a lack of funds and trained human resources, such as trainers and administrators. According to the UNESCO report, “There are no proper training standards in the available training institutes in the remote areas of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.” Most training institutes have been closed down due to lack of funds. The courses being run in the teacher education intuitions are outdated and very traditional, which does not enhance teachers’ skills, motivation, and quality.

Adding more to it, quality research in Pakistan’s education system is still a distant dream. According to the International Association of Universities, “Pakistan is the world’s 20th-largest country in the number of universities. Nonetheless, the country contributes only 0.49 per cent to the world’s research documents.” As a result, even the highly qualified youth could do nothing to resolve the prevailing socio-economic problems of the country.

Furthermore, technical education is considered the most practical form, potentially developing countries’ social and economic aspects by producing trained labour. Contrarily, Pakistan’s education system is unable to have skilled labour . According to the Planning Commission of Pakistan, “Less than six per cent of the youth population acquires technical skills, and only two per cent implement them.” This indicated that Pakistan’s techno-vocational institutes lack efficiency and productivity. Thus compromising the country’s employment and economic output.

Lastly, the education system’s negligence in children’s moral development promotes intolerance and polarization among the young masses. So, it impacts their thoughts and actions. Kalimullah, the head of the Sociology Department at Peshawar University, depicts, “The education system as a source of ongoing deep polarization in the country. As a result, they failed to serve the country for good.” Thus, neglected morality in the education sector buries the talent of the land of the pure even before the bloom.

Nonetheless, there is always a light at the end of the tunnel. Pakistan’s youth can be turned into diamonds of talent and virtuosity if educated how they deserve to be. For this purpose, the following steps must be taken. First, there should be sufficient educational budgetary allocation in the national GDP. This will provide the system with resources to take fresh breaths of life. Thus, if the country’s fiscal allocation exceeds the low percentage to the optimum demanded one, its education system will eventually boom at large like all other developing countries: Sri Lanka and Finland.

Second, the accountability system must be strengthened, and all the professionals associated with the education system should be educated to take responsibility individually and collectively. This helps create a sense of ownership of the system and its functions. To accomplish this, free and fair accountability benches must be allocated in all institutions to ensure their transparency, especially the country’s education sector’s officials. In this way, the government will overcome the predicament of the poor education system.

Third, the government should introduce a uniform curriculum to provide equal opportunities for rural students to compete with urban students in the job market. The curriculum should be evaluated on an annual basis. In this regard, a vast survey could be conducted to seek the opinions of teachers, parents and the community regarding their expectations and observations. In this light, the expert recommendations of the education researchers are that the curriculum goals should be redefined, and such curriculum should be prepared, which caters to the psyche and needs of the society and the country without any discrimination of cast, colour and creed.

Fourth, the education sector should have as little political interference as possible. This will allow the system to function smoothly and without any discrimination. Frequent political intervention creates gaps and trust deficits on the part of public and government agencies; solid political will on the part of government is required in policy implementation in the education sector. Thus, policies should be implemented without any delay in time and resources.

Last but not least, there is a need to implement national education policy and Vision 2030 education goals. An analysis of education policy suggests that at the policy level, there are several admirable ideas, but practically, there are some shortcomings. Also, policies should be implemented without any delay of time and resources. There should be a strong political will on the part of the government to implement policies without any delay. Poor policy implementation has created gaps and trust deficits for the public and government agencies.

To conclude, a nation’s efficiency depends on its education system; only a viable education system can enable it to achieve its national goals. Unfortunately, Pakistan, as a developing country, has faced critical problems in education: unequipped teachers, lack of political will, irrelevant and outdated curricula, and a non-uniform education trajectory since its inception. Therefore, the education system has failed to play its part in achieving human resources. The raw potential of the country’s youth can be polished through pragmatic education policies and raising education indicators to help strengthen the country’s position in global and International politics.

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Major Education Problems in Pakistan and Solutions (CSS Essay)

Table of Contents

What is Education?

Education is the simple process of learning and knowing. It is not restricted to the schools only. Education starts from the mother’s lap. Parents and family inculcate good manners and make responsible citizens out of their children. Home is called first school of the children, but the formal education starts from the school, where they are taught, how to behave and understand what is going on around them.

Importance of Education

“The foundation of every state is the education of its youth”. Diogenes Laertius

Education is very important for every human being. It makes one able to understand what is happening around us logically and clearly. Only educated person has the ability to take practical decisions and make right moves at the right time. Human existence without education is just like fecund land. Education not only enables individuals to put their potential to best use and do something productive in the upcoming future, but also plays a main role in shaping an individual to be a better, responsible citizen and an active member of the society. An educated person with self-confidence and precise moves knows how to transform the world. Education provides the ladder for achieving success in life and enables us to utilize skills and caliber in a constructive way. Therefore, it’s the prime responsibility of an individual to get educated and live a prosperous life while being a responsible citizen.

Education in Pakistan

Education plays a vital role in human capital formation. It raises the productivity and efficiency of individuals and thus produces skilled manpower that is capable of leading the economy towards the path of sustainable economic development.

The situation in Pakistan, like many other developing countries, is not very encouraging. The low enrolment rates at the primary level, wide disparities between regions and gender, lack of trained teachers, deficiency of proper teaching materials and poor physical infrastructure of schools indicate the poor performance of this sector.

Middle class go to a bit more affordable private institutes and the poor ones are left behind who then join the government institutes, with poor educational faculties.

The outcome of this class difference is that English medium schools students learn least about Islam but they gather a sound knowledge of outside world.

Apart from the above mentioned educational systems, another system is also being run i.e. seminary system imparting children solely with religious education and no emphasis on modern studies, producing a generation that knows well about religion but is deprived of essential modern education.

As the medium of education offered by all institutes is not the same, it leads to conflicts among the classes and sense of deprivation especially among the poor ones. This continues at higher education level as well, e.g. LUMS, IBA, GIKI etc these institutions are meant for the elite class, developing social class differences between the students of lower class institutes who might have better abilities and caliber than the students of these institutes, but their intelligence goes neglected, resulting in a waste of talent that could bring Pakistan to the best of its Success and development.

Moreover the examination system is nor fair and just. Corruption and bigotry prevail our education system at all levels, if you have contacts and resources you can climb up to as high a level of success as you desire, it is the poor and middle class that suffers always, and the Government seems to have turned deaf ear to the wimping of these deprived people.

The education status in Pakistan is not unstable since its establishment. The biggest reason why Pakistan’s lagging far behind many countries that were founded somewhere near the era in which Pakistan was formed, is its low literacy rate, i.e. poor education system.

Literacy rate of Pakistan is almost around 50% where the essentials for being termed an educated person are that you are able of reading and writing (34% aprox). Which is not a good sign, with a result that more than half of the literate ones are also not educated in a completely proper way?

Education teaches one the way of spending a good life, it teaches one the etiquettes, the proper manners, and civilities to live an honorable life. It changes a person’s mindset and makes him more flexible and poised in his attitude towards various aspects of life. As Most of the Pakistanis are deprived of their very basic right of getting educated they never become independent and are exploited and influenced by the educated ones, this creates great disparities in social classes. Corruption, feudalism, living on Loans, etc these are all the problems that arise as a result of poor education, hence, the people fail to elect correct people for the government and suffer whole their lives because the mindset cannot be altered except only with education So, it’s a dire need of the debilitating education-health status of the state that proper education system be implemented so that a just even social, economic and political system would be ensured. And soon shall Pakistan make its way to the soaring heights of Progress and development.

Problems in Education of Pakistan

Education is considered as the cheapest defense of a nation. But the down trodden condition of education in Pakistan bears an ample testimony of the fact that it is unable to defend its own sector. Though 62 years have been passed and 23 policies and action plans have been introduced yet the educational sector is waiting for an arrival of a savior. The government of Pervaiz Musharraf invested heavily in education sector and that era saw a visible positive educational change in Pakistani society. Now a days, the economic situation in Pakistan is under stress and education is the worse effected sector in Pakistan. The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan says,

“The state of Pakistan shall remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education within minimum possible period.”

In Human development Report Pakistan is placed at 136th position for having just 49.9% educated populace. The primary completion rate in Pakistan, given by Date Center of UNESCO, is 33.8% in females and 47.18% in males, which shows that people in the 6th largest country of the world are unable to get the basic education.

Problems in Education

Following are the problems in education in Pakistan.

1. Education System is based on Unequal Lines

The educational system of Pakistan is based on unequal lines. Medium of education is different in both, public and private sector. This creates a sort of disparity among people, dividing them into two segments.

2. Regional Disparity

Regional disparity is also a major cause. The schools in Baluchistan (The Largest Province of Pakistan By Area) are not that much groomed as that of Punjab (The Largest Province of Pakistan By Population). In FATA, the literacy rate is deplorable constituting 29.5% in males and 3% in females.

3. Ratio of Gender Discrimination

The ratio of gender discrimination is a cause which is projecting the primary school ratio of boys & girls which is 10:4 respectively. For the last few years there has been an increase in the growth of private schools. That not only harms the quality of education but creates a gap among haves and has not.

4. Lack of Technical Education

The lack of technical education is a biggest flaw in the educational policy that has never been focused before. Therefore, less technical people mean less.

The allocation of funds for education is very low. It is only 1.5 to 2.0 percent of the total GDP. It should be around 7% of the total GDP.

6. Untrained Teachers

The teachers in government schools are not well trained. People who do not get job in any other sector, they try their luck in educational system. They are not professionally trained teachers so they are unable to train a nation.

Poverty is also another factor that restricts the parents to send their children to public or private schools. So, they prefer to send their children to madrassas where education is totally free.

Recently, minister of education announced a new Education policy for that next 10 years. The interesting thing is that the previous educational policy from 1998 to 2010 is still not expired. Although it is projected to give new plans and to make more promises with the nation. It is said in this policy that all the public schools will be raised up to the level of private schools. No plan of action have been discussed, yet a notice is issued to private schools to induct government course in 5th and 8th class and these classes will bound to take board exams. This disturbed the students of private sector also.

Solutions for Educational System

Estimating the value of education, the Government should take solid steps on this issue. Implementation instead of projecting policies should be focused on. Allocation of funds should be made easy from provinces to districts and then to educational institutes. Workshops must be arranged for teachers. Foreign states are using LSS system. This should be inducted in Pakistani schools to improve the hidden qualities of children. Technical education must be given to all the classes. The education board of Punjab has projected a plan to give tech- education to the children of industrial workers. Promotion of the primary education is the need of time. Teachers, professors and educationists should be consulted while devising any plan, syllabus or policy. The state seems to give up her responsibility and totally relying on private sector. The need of time is to bring education in its original form to masses. Burdening students with so much books will not work as he will not understand what the world is going to do next moment. Education is the only cure of the instability in the state and can bring revolution through evolution, by eradicating the social evils. This is how to remove illiteracy in Pakistan.

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What Explains the Declining Reputation of Higher Education in Uzbekistan?

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There are many factors, but ultimately a college diploma no longer guarantees employment and the youth of Uzbekistan are skeptical of its necessity.

What Explains the Declining Reputation of Higher Education in Uzbekistan?

Demand for public tertiary education in Uzbekistan is slowly declining. This trend is partly due to the increasing number of local and international private universities along with opportunities to study abroad, and partly due to the diminishing prestige of a university degree among the youth.

“Higher education in Uzbekistan was better ten years ago,” said 26-year-old Eldor from Samarkand, who decided to drop out of his master’s program at a public university despite the full scholarship he had been awarded. He explained his decision by citing the low quality of education and a lack of job prospects for graduates.

“Demand for university graduates used to be high so 90-95 percent of students knew what to do after graduation. Now, many do not understand what they want from their degree or what to do after university,” Eldor said. “For them, higher education institutions have become a store that issues diplomas. The quality of education has decreased and interest in higher education among young people is also decreasing.”

The term abiturient refers to individuals who have applied or are about to apply for university admission but have not yet become a student. Entrance exams are arranged once in a year only and students are selected based on the highest scores earned by abiturients.

On July 14, entrance exams for state universities began. This year, there was a record low number of applicants – 894,279 and 10 percent of them were denied seats in the exam for various reasons. To compare, in 2020, over 1.4 million applicants were registered. Over the past decade, the admission rate has increased from 9.6 percent in 2015 to 18.7 percent last year.

Decreasing interest in traditional public tertiary education can be explained by a couple of factors.

After the government change in 2016, the new administration’s reforms significantly impacted the education system. The number of higher education institutions in Uzbekistan surged dramatically within a few years. In 2016, there were only 77 higher education institutions. Over the next seven years, this number soared to 213 – a whopping 176.6 percent increase. This growth was achieved by establishing new public universities and branches of existing universities in new cities. Additionally, private universities were permitted, and many international universities opened campuses in Uzbekistan. Currently, there are 116 public universities, 67 private institutions, and 30 campuses of foreign universities.

“Interest in higher education has decreased because it is easy to enroll. The large number of private universities leads to the idea that a university degree is easily attainable,” said Oybek Omonov, a 20-year-old graphic designer from Tashkent.

Not only has the number of universities increased, but in 2017 correspondence studies and evening classes were also introduced . In correspondence studies ( sirtqi ta’lim ), students attend classes for a couple of weeks per semester only and are expected to self-study for the rest of the time. The reputations of both, as well as demand for their graduates, are low.

“I did not get what I wanted from university studies,” continued Oybek, explaining why he dropped out of his correspondence studies at Tashkent State University of Economics, which was once recognized as one of the top regional universities in Central Asia. “I think it’s better to work on myself now and become a top specialist in my field in four years than to struggle finding a job after university.”

“I got into Sign Language’s Pedagogy program at Tashkent State Pedagogical University for evening studies,” recounted Shahzoda Azizova from Kashkadarya, who also decided against finishing her studies. “The study fee was unjustifiably high and the prospect of finding a well-paying job after graduation was low. In the regions, deaf schools operate only in the centers, and even there it is very difficult to get a job.”

She also noted problems with her program. “Because it was evening studies, classes were sometimes not held,” Azizova said. “Moreover, they were more concerned about students’ uniforms and notes taken in lectures rather than their knowledge.”

Corruption in the higher education system causes widespread frustration, too. Dr. Azamat Akbarov, CEO of the Silk Road Research Academy, categorized this corruption into two levels. At the lower level, corruption permeates the educational process, including admissions, entrance exams, and study exams. For instance, local news outlets frequently report on people being arrested for accepting bribes to admit applicants into state universities. At the higher level, corruption involves inspections, accreditation, allocation of quotas for universities, and funding of educational institutions.

Witnessing injustice on many levels cheapens the value of education in the eyes of ordinary students.

“After school, I was admitted to the most prestigious college (a pre-university education institution) in my field of interest,” said Sardor Soib, 24, who currently works in the IT department of a local mobile operator company in Tashkent. The college’s principal, he noted to demonstrate the apparent prestige of the school, was also a senator in the Oliy Majlis, Uzbekistan’s parliament.

“But in practice all this meant nothing. We witnessed corruption, paper pushing, and different treatment for the rich and for ordinary students at an ‘elite’ institution. After that, I decided not to continue with traditional education and did not even apply to a university.”

Study and living expenses present another obstacle for many who want a college degree. From 2019 , students pay either a study fee only, or pay a higher fee but receive a monthly allowance. The lowest tuition fee nationwide is set at public universities for pedagogy, mathematics, and science majors – at 6.3 million Uzbek soms ($500) a year.

Private universities, however, are accessible only to those from families with substantial incomes. While the average annual tuition ranges from $3,000 to $5,000, studying medicine at Central Asian University, for example, costs $8,000 per year.

“The study fee at public universities is reasonable, especially given it is not flat for all majors,” said Eldor. “However, the fees at campuses of international universities, where students have to pay $3,000-$4,000 per year, is not justified. For Uzbekistan, given how much average families earn, there should be a $1,500 cap.” Anything more than that, he said, was profiteering.

At the same time, government scholarships have significantly decreased. A decade ago, in 2015, the government supported 33 percent of new students with scholarships. Students did not pay a tuition fee and were given a monthly allowance. Last year, only 18.4 percent of freshmen started their studies without a worry of paying the bills.

Correspondence and evening study students do not receive any scholarships. They are not offered a place at student dormitories nor can they get a study loan from the 2024-2025 academic year onwards. Tashkent is increasingly packed with students as the majority of universities (at least 40 percent ) are located in the capital city. When newcomers cannot find an affordable place to stay, many drop their studies and return to their home regions.

Another wave of diversion from public universities is due to study abroad opportunities. The number of youth who choose this path has drastically increased – from 28,100 in 2015 to 109,945 in 2021. Most of them study in neighboring Kyrgyzstan (38,857 in 2022), Kazakhstan (9,571 in 2022), Tajikistan (over 5,000 in 2023) and in Russia (48,700 in 2023) or South Korea (12,000 in 2023).

The sudden increase in the number of university graduates has decreased demand for them in the job market. Just three years ago, in 2021, there were slightly over half a million students countrywide. As of 2024, their number has reached to over 1.3 million . This is the result of rapid changes with a focus on quantity rather than quality of education.

“Higher education is already devalued among young people,” concludes Eldor. “In the field of economics, accounting, [and] information communication technologies, for example, a college diploma is not required. A person with 2-6 months of course studies and work experience is more valued in the labor market than a university graduate with no experience and no solid knowledge.”

Tashkent stopped issuing licenses to private universities from 2023. Minister of Higher Education, Science, and Innovation Kungirotboy Sharipov explained that this measure was taken to prevent the proliferation of low-quality graduates and reduce the number of unemployed college alumni. Five private universities have already had their license s taken away. Sharipov also mentioned that 20 public universities are set to be closed because only 5-10 percent of their graduates have been able to find employment.

University degrees have not lost all their value yet. For many, particularly those from rural areas, a college degree is still one of the few avenues to improve their lives. However, unlike a decade ago when demand was high and supply limited, a college diploma no longer guarantees employment and the youth are skeptical of its necessity.

The author thanks the TalTech Law School at Tallinn University of Technology for providing the opportunity to participate as a fellow in Caucasus and Central Asia Research Social Innovation: Development Assistance, Innovation and Societal Transformation project that allowed her to work on this piece.

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Monday, July 16, 2007

Inefficient use of available resources. Unequal distribution of Faculties among Public & Private Sector Lack of Monitoring Lack of standardization of Private Universities. Emphasize on quantitative education rather than qualitative aspect of education. Inadequate attention to research and support for it.

Ineffective governance and management structures and practices. Inefficient Regulatory steps Strong skepticism about the realization of reform Politicization of faculty, staff and students Poor recruitment practices and inadequate development of faculty and staff.

Lack of internship facilities for students of higher Education institutions and universities. Week coordination between Universities and industrial, agricultural, and other sectors of the economy.

Inadequate funding.
Un adjusted fee structure of private universities
No share of Foreign Direct investment in Education sector
No concept of Debt Financing in Education sector

Lack of moral training in Higher Education Institutions Promoting Westernization on the name of Modernization Creating social misbalances


(Thursday, January 13, 2011), (Sunday, January 13, 2019), (Sunday, February 28, 2010), (Friday, February 12, 2010), (Saturday, January 06, 2018)

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Higher Education in Pakistan Ills and remedies

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Higher Education in Pakistan Ills and Remedies

1. Introduction

2. Types of Education

3. An Overview of Higher Education Setup in Pakistan

4. Ills Predominant in Higher Education System of Pakistan

5. Factors Responsible for the Presence of Ills

6. Impacts of Flawed Higher Education System

7. Recommendations for the removal of Ills of the Higher Education Sector

8. Conclusion

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2. Higher Education in Pakistan: Ills and Remedies

Higher Education in Pakistan: Ills and Remedies

I. Ills in Higher Education:

II. Remedies for Higher Education:

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Major Education Problems in Pakistan and Solutions (CSS Essay)

What is Education?

Importance of Education

Education in Pakistan

Problems in Education of Pakistan

Problems in Education

1. Education System is based on Unequal Lines

2. Regional Disparity

3. Ratio of Gender Discrimination

4. Lack of Technical Education

6. Untrained Teachers

Solutions for Educational System

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