(1)
The questionnaire was developed based on the findings of a pilot study conducted by Tussupova et al. [ 28 , 29 ] in the Kazakh and Russian language, since both Kazakh and Russian speakers reside in the region under study. An ethical approval was obtained from the Bioethics Committee (Karaganda State Medical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan, Protocol #110 of 17.10.2016) and the questionnaire was accepted during a session of the Scientific Evaluation Committee (Karaganda State Medical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan, Protocol #6 of 14.06.2017). This study was approved and verified by the local administrative authority of Bukhar-Zhyrau district. The respondents were aware that participation therein was voluntary and that they could renounce providing any information at any time without reasons. All the persons polled signed an informed data collection consent statement.
The aim of the questionnaire was to assess what sources were used by the rural population and their satisfaction with the quality and quantity of the drinking water supply. The questionnaire covered the following topics: type of source mostly used for drinking purposes, reasons for searching for other water sources despite having a tap at home, volume of water consumption, time spent on water collection, additional purchase of bottled water, household water treatment methods, perceived quality and reliability of water supply systems.
2.4.1. calculation of sample size.
The survey was carried out during July-December 2017. First, the official data provided by the local administrative authority for information about water supply systems available in the given region was studied. Then 1369 randomly selected households in four villages were interviewed. Finally, the obtained data was analysed aided with STATISTICA 13.3 (StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, USA) software. The sample size was calculated using the following formula [ 30 ]:
where n is the required sample size; p and q is a part and its inverse value in each class of the general totality ( p = 0.5; q = 0.5); Z α is a constant (set by convention according to the accepted α error and whether it is a one-sided or two-sided effect) as shown on Table 2 :
Critical values of Z for standardized normal distribution.
α Error | 0.005 | 0.01 | 0.012 | 0.02 | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.2 | 0.25 | 0.3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
one-sided | 2.567 | 2.326 | 2.257 | 2.054 | 1.96 | 1.645 | 1.282 | 1.036 | 0.842 | 0.674 | 0.524 |
two-sided | 2.807 | 2.576 | 2.513 | 2.326 | 2.242 | 1.960 | 1.645 | 1.440 | 1.282 | 1.150 | 1.036 |
N is general totality amount ( N 1 = 6252; N 2 = 4114; N 3 = 1035; N 4 = 294); ∆—the difference in effect of two interventions which is required (estimated effect size) (∆ = 5% ):
Provided inevitable loss amongst the participants in the course of the study (for various reasons), the calculated sample size was increased by 20%:
In the course of questionnaire survey 25 persons resigned from the investigation: four from Botakara; three from Dubovka; seven from Karazhar, and 11 from Asyl. Thus, the total number of the respondents was 1369 instead of 1394.
Those households that use the tap pay for each m3 of water according to the meter readings. The respondents indicated the volume of water consumption ( x ) according to the payment receipts for the last month. When analyzing, water consumption per person per day (L) was calculated by the following formula:
Households that use sources without any delivery services collect and store water in tanks. During the interview, the respondents indicated the volume of tanks ( x ) and how often they had to fetch water. According to the findings, water consumption per person per day (L) was calculated as follows:
The questionnaire included the answers of one family member over 18 years who was responsible for water use from each household. The overall burden of collecting and using water in population is usually much higher in women than in men [ 31 ]. Our results have also confirmed this fact, since 63% of respondents were women and the remaining 37% were men. The respondents were between 19–70 years old. On average, 80% of them had lived in the studied villages from birth and each household included one to nine persons. Since the selection of the households was randomized, the level of education within the communities surveyed was not specifically studied.
Comparing the official data from Table 1 and the collected data from Table 3 , it was found that the residents often used alternative water sources, even though they were provided with tap water supply. According to official data, 42.55% of the population of Botakara village had a water pipe in a house and 7% of them used standpipes outdoors, but only 25.35% of the respondents indicated taps as a source of drinking water and 51.44%—standpipes. In addition, 34.49% of the villagers had registered boreholes, and 15.96% had registered wells in their yards. Nevertheless, our data showed that only 16.51% and 6.74% used this kind of sources.
Percentage of respondents by the drinking water sources according to the collected data.
Types of Water Supply | Villages | Botakara (1) | Dubovka (2) | Karazhar (3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CENTRALIZED | tap | 25.35% | 28.5% | 15.5% |
standpipe | 51.44% | 15.2% | 6.38% | |
∑ | 76.79% | 43.7% | 21.88% | |
DECENTRALIZED | borehole | 16.51% | 23.52% | 28.57% |
well | 6.7% | 17.34% | 31.31% | |
∑ | 23.21% | 40.86% | 59.88% | |
Open source | ∑ | 0% | 15.44% | 18.24% |
The situation was different in Dubovka village. There, 100% of the population was provided with centralized water supply and 98.06% of them had water taps inside their houses ( Table 1 ). However, nearly half of the respondents indicated alternative water points as a source of drinking water due to the time limited water service ( Table 3 ). Private unregistered boreholes and wells were used by 23.52% and 17.34% of the respondents, respectively. Moreover, 15.44% of villagers preferred to use water from natural open sources.
A similar situation was observed in Karazhar village. According to the data in Table 1 , 100% of the population was provided with centralized water supply. Nevertheless, as many as about 78% of the respondents indicated other water sources: 28.57% had unregistered boreholes, 31.31% unregistered wells and 18.24% independently brought water from natural open sources ( Table 3 ). The central water supply in the village was served all year round on a scheduled basis, four hours in the morning and three in evening. According to the respondents’ description, tap water was muddy. Therefore, people had to let water run for a long time, as well as to settle and boil it before each use.
The amount of used water depended on a source of water supply used by households and the time required to transport water from a source to a house. The linear regression between the volume of water consumption, a water supply source and the time spent on water collection was moderately downhill (R = −0.633; p = 0.01) ( Figure 2 ). This relationship showed that in 99% of cases with increasing time of water transporting, its consumption decreased. A type of water source and the time of water transportation to a house explained 40% of the variation in water consumption among the respondents, the remaining 60% of the variation was caused by influence of other unaccounted factors.
Water consumption in terms of a water supply source used by households and the time spent on water collection.
As shown in Figure 3 , 27.21% of the respondents in Botakara, 27.55% in Dubovka and 17.63% in Karazhar bought bottled water. However, Karazhar village differed from the other two in the frequency and quantity of buying bottled water. In Botakara and Dubovka 50% of people who bought bottled water did this irregularly, while in Karazhar villagers had to purchase it two or three times a week. In the first two villages, residents bought average 4.18 and 4.71 litres at a time respectively. In Karazhar this number was 6.2 litres.
Additional purchase of bottled water.
Some households treated drinking water at household level ( Figure 4 ). In Karazhar 49.54% of the respondents used some methods of household treatment, while this number in Botakara and Dubovka was 26.28% and 25.42% respectively. For this treatment, 76.07% of the respondents who purified water in Karazhar said that they used a factory filter. More than half of them changed a filter once a month and spent an average of 885 tenge (US $2.48 as on August 31, 2018) on each piece.
Use of household water treatment methods in the villages.
Multiple p-level comparisons by the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that water from taps in houses, outdoor standpipes and boreholes was no different in satisfaction with the quality of drinking water and reliability of sources according to the respondents ( Table 4 ). Quality and reliability are not independent factors. System breakdown impacts both quantity and quality, as the water is frequently of poor quality after such an event. Thus, reliability was essentially a measure of how often there was a problem concerning the delivery of water of an acceptable quality. In Dubovka and Karazhar villages, there were statistically significant differences in the quality indicators of water taken from wells and open sources, in contrast to water from the sources mentioned above. The villagers in Dubovka who used wells and open sources were not satisfied with its quality and reliability, as they rated them as “poor” (81% and 71.73% respectively) and “unreliable” (94.06% and 86.7% respectively). Almost the same situation was observed in Karazhar: 66.87% of villagers were not satisfied with the quality of water from wells and 74.77% from open sources. Also, 76.6% and 85.11% of the respondents considered the use of wells and open sources respectively to be unreliable.
Level of satisfaction with the quality of used drinking water and reliability of sources according to the respondents’ assessment.
Villages | Botakara (1) | Dubovka (2) | Karazhar (3) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sources of Water Supply | Tap | Standpipe | Borehole | Well | Tap | Standpipe | Borehole | Well | Open Source | Tap | Standpipe | Borehole | Well | Open Source | |
SATISFACTION LEVEL = Turbidity + Odor + Taste | good | 65.35% | 70.7% | 86.74% | 46.28% | 81.24% | 60.1% | 51.07% | 0% | 1.66% | 33.74% | 46.47% | 19.45% | 2.13% | 0% |
average | 27.91% | 28.84% | 10.23% | 53.72% | 4.51% | 18.05% | 31.83% | 19% | 26.6% | 36.78% | 53.19% | 60.49% | 31% | 25.23% | |
poor | 6.74% | 0.47% | 3.02% | 0% | 14.25% | 21.85% | 17.1% | 81% | 71.73% | 29.48% | 3.34% | 20.06% | 66.87% | 74.77% | |
RELIABILITY | reliable | 42.33% | 43.49% | 76.51% | 42.79% | 78.62% | 39.9% | 52.26% | 0% | 0% | 17.63% | 28.57% | 13.07% | 0% | 0% |
not always | 50% | 54.65% | 17.67% | 57.21% | 0% | 26.6% | 21.62% | 5.94% | 13.3% | 35.26% | 14.29% | 64.13% | 23.4% | 14.89% | |
unreliable | 7.67% | 1.86% | 5.81% | 0% | 21.38% | 33.49% | 26.13% | 94.06% | 86.7% | 47.11% | 57.14% | 22.8% | 76.6% | 85.11% |
1 Significant at p < 0.05.
Figure 5 shows the subjective assessment of the price and quality of drinking water given by the respondents depending on a used water source on a scale from one to ten. They stated the quality of drinking water in points in accordance with their impression, where one point was low and ten points was good quality. The price was converted into points based on the impression of the cost of drinking water, where one point was acceptable and ten points was expensive. The ratio of quality and price was calculated as follows:
Subjective assessment of quality-price ratio on drinking water by the respondents.
The residents of Botakara gave a high estimate in comparison with the other two villages; the estimates in Karazhar were very low (not above 5.7 points for taps and standpipes). The assessment given by the villagers fell depending on a used water source in the following sequence: tap > standpipe > borehole > well > open source. In most cases, people believed that the costs of an agreement with a third party for drilling a well as well as independent water transportation from open sources did not conform to water quality. This number for water from wells in Botakara was estimated at 4.14 points, in Dubovka at 2 points and in Karazhar at 1.7 points. The residents of the last two villages also used open sources and rated them at 1.97 and 1.35 points respectively.
In Kazakhstan, a number of villages have an acute water shortage due to the lack of sources in their territory. It is estimated that the economic condition of the villages is poor. The population is provided with limited volumes of tankered water, the quality of which is doubtful. At the time of the study, in the Bukhar-Zhyrau district, there were four similar villages. One of them was Asyl, where 294 people lived. All people there used tankered water. The distance of water delivery was 17 km from a water source.
In Asyl village, the collected data coincided with the official ones, but the reason was the absence of alternative source of drinking water supply in the territory. There was only one tanker for the whole settlement, which brought water once a week according to the schedule (every Friday at midday local time). Therefore, when the transport broke down, the population had no drinking water for two–four weeks. Water tankers must be cleaned and disinfected before use at least once every three months [ 32 ]. According to the interview with the driver, this requirement was not always met.
The average water consumption in the village was 41.67 litres per person per day. Some residents stated that they spent an average of 103 minutes (for round trip) for self-delivery of water from alternative sources to a house. The data showed that 68.78% of the respondents bought bottled water as needed for drinking and cooking only. In case of water shortage or lack of delivery, most villagers used rainwater and thawed water for hygiene purposes.
In the village 44.44% of residents indicated that they regularly treated drinking water at home, 24.87% of them boiled water before consumption, and 67.72% used a factory filter. However, the issue was that the population did not know how to operate it properly. This was evident from the fact that 50.26% of those who used filters at home had not changed them it from the moment of purchase.
In Asyl village, the level of satisfaction with the quality of water and reliability of the source was very low ( Table 5 ). Since 77.78% of residents believed that, its quality was “poor”, and 98.94% estimated the reliability of tankered water supply as “unreliable”. Furthermore, villagers considered that the price of tankered water was not in line with its quality. They rated it at only 2 points.
Level of satisfaction with the quality and reliability of tankered water supply according to the respondents’ assessment.
Village | Asyl (4) | |
---|---|---|
Source of Water Supply | Tankered Water | |
SATISFACTION LEVEL = Turbidity + Odor + Taste | good | 6.88% |
average | 15.34% | |
poor | 77.78% | |
RELIABILITY | reliable | 0% |
not always | 1.06% | |
unreliable | 98.94% |
Tap water installed in villages by the government was not able to fully satisfy the populations’ drinking water demands. There had been some constant interruptions in the systems due to technical problems, which in turn worsened the quality of the supplied water. The quality was further reduced, because the population had underused the system’s capabilities [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Even though villagers were provided with tap water by the government, significant numbers used water from alternative sources of an unknown quality. When analyzing the reasons that led to this situation, it turned out that respondents most often indicated in the questionnaire the following: doubts regarding the quality of tap water; use of other sources by habit, as they were accustomed to it during water scarcity; and availability of cheaper or free water sources. The villagers also explained that scheduled water supply was the reason for searching for other water sources despite having a tap at home. This was especially the case during summer time, when water consumption increased due to garden irrigation.
Another problem concerned the quality of water supply for the residents from unregistered boreholes and wells in the villages. These boreholes and wells were not tested for compliance with the sanitary standards before and during the operation. Due to acute water supply shortage, the population also had to use water from open sources; brackish water from underground sources recommended only for domestic purposes as well as rain and thawed water. This situation was regarded as highly unsatisfactory.
A study of the water use characteristics was greatly significant for a sustainable development of rural regions, especially in countries with a deficiency of water resources. The more time people spent on water transportation from a source to a house, the less water they consumed to the detriment of their physiological and hygienic needs. Moreover, the amount of water used dropped sharply with decreased quality or inconvenience related to a source of water supply used by households.
Water consumption among taps, standpipes and boreholes users was found to be 50 to 200 litres per person per day, while this number among open sources and tankered water users did not reach 50 litres per day. Other factors affecting the amount of water consumption included religious obligations, water price, family income and climate condition, as well as relations and intentions in regard to preservation of water resources [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ].
The population considered additional purchase of bottled water and treating water at home to be desperate measures. Bottled water was needed in periods of acute water shortage, when percentage of purchase was especially high in the village with tankered water. Water was treated at home in villages where residents doubted the water quality and took responsibility for its additional treatment. People who were the most satisfied with the quality of used drinking water and reliability of sources lived in Botakara, because they did not use water from open sources, and it was in this area where the majority of boreholes and wells had been registered. The less satisfied people lived in Dubovka and Karazhar due to low quality of water from wells and open sources, and in Asyl because of tankered water. People gave a poor estimate to reliability of these sources, although they still consumed the water from them.
In spite of the fact that the government tries to provide rural regions with tap water supply, the study has revealed various challenges in this endeavour. It is necessary to find a balance between the quantity and quality of water. In villages where there is a need to prioritize access to sufficient water quantity, the water consumption can be increased by means of timely repair and maintenance of the system, which is in turn a guarantee of uninterrupted supply of drinking water. In villages where the water quality is the dominant factor, priorities should be directed to appropriate drinking water treatment methods and training to encourage the population to choose the right water source. To this end, there should be an emphasis on making the healthy benefits of tap water associated with its high microbiological quality widely known. Moreover, to reduce the stress on limited water resources, there is a need for a more effective management and implementation of water preservation measures as well as improvement of the technical conditions of water supply lines, and sewage facilities. There is also a need for efficient and hygienic water use training for the population.
The villagers thought that the costs of an agreement with a third party for drilling a well and independent water transportation from open sources as well as the price of tankered water were not in line with its quality. Even while there was one source of water for taps and standpipes in each village, satisfaction with its quality and reliability varied due to technical problems in water supply plants. Upon their assessment of the price and quality of drinking water subject to the water source used, the respondents gave more points to tap water than to standpipe in all villages under investigation. This was because in this case they estimated the quality of the water as well as the convenience service. Obviously, water from the centralized system cannot be considered to be safe as long as users occasionally prefer other, uncontolled sources.
Decentralization of water management, monitoring of both water supply and water use and a tailor-made approach to each village are necessary to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals objective of providing rural people with safely managed drinking water. Providing safe water supply to rural Kazakhstan will be a tremendous challenge that the government needs to tackle as soon as possible.
It is only in cooperation with the local community, government bodies can identify systemic sustainability problems, and develop and implement policies for water access in premises; water that is available as needed and free from contamination. This cooperation will also ensure sustainable public health and bring economic benefits to villages. Consequently, this analysis of consumer demand on the existing water supply systems in the villages and people’s preferences in choosing the source of drinking water can contribute to more effective water supply planning and, thereby, support a sustainable development of rural regions.
A.O. and K.T. planned the structure of the study. A.O. studied the official data, and performed the questionnaire survey. A.O. carried out the analysis of collected data with supervision from K.T. A.O. wrote the first version of the paper; K.T., P.H. and M.K. contributed in an equal manner to the paper by adding comments and writing parts of the final paper, R.D. assisted in replying to the reviewer comments and making the final corrections of the paper.
This research received no external funding.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Rural water supplies have traditionally been overshadowed by urban ones. That must now change, as the Sustainable Development Goals calls for water for all. The objective of the paper is to assess the current access to and the perceived water quality in villages with various types of water supply. The survey was carried out during July⁻December 2017 in four villages in central Kazakhstan. Overall, 1369 randomly selected households were interviewed. The results revealed that even though villagers were provided with tap water, significant numbers used alternative sources. There were three reasons for this situation: residents' doubts regarding the tap water quality; use of other sources out of habit; and availability of cheaper or free sources. Another problem concerned the volume of water consumption, which dropped sharply with decreased quality or inconvenience of sources used by households. Moreover, people gave a poor estimate to the quality and reliability of water from wells, open sources and tankered water. The paper suggests that as well decentralization of water management as monitoring of both water supply and water use are essential measures. There must be a tailor-made approach to each village for achieving the Sustainable Development Goal of providing rural Kazakhstan with safe water.
Keywords: access to water; drinking water sources; perceived water quality; reliability of water supply systems; rural area; volume of water consumption.
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Sources of drinking water.
Water consumption in terms of…
Water consumption in terms of a water supply source used by households and…
Additional purchase of bottled water.
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Use of household water treatment methods in the villages.
Subjective assessment of quality-price ratio…
Subjective assessment of quality-price ratio on drinking water by the respondents.
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Long-term sustainability in water supply systems is a major challenge due to water resources depletion, climate change and population growth. This paper presents a scenario-based approach for performance assessment of intervention strategies in water resources and supply systems (WRSS). A system dynamics approach is used for modelling the key WRSS components and their complex interactions with natural and human systems and is combined with a multi-criteria decision analysis for sustainability performance assessment of strategies in each scenario. The scenarios combine population growth rates with groundwater extraction limits against two types of intervention strategies. The methodology was demonstrated on a real-world case study in Iran. Results show scenario-based analysis can provide suitable strategies leading to long-term sustainability of water resources for each scenario externally imposed on the water systems. For scenarios with either no threshold or one threshold of groundwater extraction limit, the only effective strategies for sustainable groundwater preservation are those involving agricultural water demand decrease with an average recovery rate of 130% for groundwater resources while other strategies of agricultural groundwater abstraction (constant/increase rates) fail to sustainably recover groundwater resources. However, all analysed strategies can provide sustainability of water resources with an average recovery rate of 33% for groundwater resources only when scenarios with two threshold limits are in place. The impact of scenarios with population growth rates on groundwater conservation is quite minor with an average recovery rate of 11% compared to scenarios of groundwater extraction limits with an average recovery rate of 79% between no threshold and two threshold limits.
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Assessment of water resources carrying capacity for sustainable development based on a system dynamics model: a case study of tieling city, china, assessment of sustainability in water supply-demand considering uncertainties, data availability.
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Department of Renewable Energies and Environment, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Marzieh Momeni & Hossein Yousefi
Groundwater Research Institute, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Marzieh Momeni & Sina Zahedi
School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London, London, W5 5RF, UK
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Momeni, M., Behzadian, K., Yousefi, H. et al. A Scenario-Based Management of Water Resources and Supply Systems Using a Combined System Dynamics and Compromise Programming Approach. Water Resour Manage 35 , 4233–4250 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02942-z
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Received : 06 April 2021
Accepted : 16 August 2021
Published : 23 September 2021
Issue Date : September 2021
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02942-z
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Remote real-time pressure control via a variable speed pump in a specific water distribution system, digital control and management of water supply infrastructure using embedded systems and machine learning, comparison of flow-dependent controllers for remote real-time pressure control in a water distribution system with stochastic consumption, genetic algorithm based pressure management technique for leakage reduction in the water distribution system, application of rehabilitation and active pressure control strategies for leakage reduction in a case-study network, leakage control and energy consumption optimization in the water distribution network based on joint scheduling of pumps and valves, laboratory experiments and simulation analysis to evaluate the application potential of pressure remote rtc in water distribution networks., optimised control and pipe burst detection by water demand forecasting, optimal operational scheduling of pumps to improve the performance of water distribution networks, smart water technology for efficient water resource management: a review, 24 references, better water quality and higher energy efficiency by using model predictive flow control at water supply systems, flow control by prediction of water demand, pressure control for leakage minimisation in water distribution systems management.
Estimation of the benefits yielded by pressure management in water distribution systems, closing the loop in water supply optimisation, the energy-efficiency benefits of pump-scheduling optimization for potable water supplies, leakage reduction in water distribution systems: optimal valve control, open and closed loop pressure control for leakage reduction, implementation of pressure and leakage management strategies on the gold coast, australia: case study, related papers.
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International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology
Nitish Mohite
Design of water supply scheme in around Rural Areas. During classify toward fulfil the water command of the constantly rising population, it is necessary toward supply the plenty with consistent capacity of water through the designed system of pipe. intended for this use the particulars provide via the IPH (Irrigation and Public Health Department) department, the common features of the region similar to in order on the chief water basis, population of the region, insist of water, requirement of the pumps, distribution network and water tanks are essential for efficient design of water distribution system. Water distribution system deals with the supplying of potable water for a village which can be useful for both drinking and wholesome purpose. The main stages of distribution system are collection works, transmission works, purification works and distribution works. It includes estimation of future population (population forecasting) by using various methods, layout of pipes and design of valves and joints, finding out the head losses etc.
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
IJRASET Publication
Many of the existing reinforced concrete structures around the world are in urgent need of reinforcement, repair, or reconstruction due to structural damage that occurs for a variety of reasons. The main purpose of this project is the restoration of an existing ancient water tank (Panyacha Khajina) on Old Mahadwar Road in Kolhapur, Maharashtra. Therefore, it is necessary to store water for daily use, the water storage tank should be in good condition and should be repaired if damaged. To find defects in the aquarium, first perform a visual inspection such as photography, checking for the effects of cracks and corrosion, and then inspect the existing aquarium structure, including collecting information on repair work. In this plot, you can install the solar system on top of the existing water tank to increase the efficiency of the plot. Since we are not using a surface water tank, the project`s idea is to install solar panels on the roof of the tank to generate electricity so that it can be used for various purposes. Next, you can deploy 113 solar panels and find a total of about 146 units of energy per day. Due to the limitations and impacts of non-renewable energy sources, people around the world need to pay attention to renewable energy sources.
The beam-column joint is measured as the most important zone in a reinforced concrete moment resisting frame. It is subjected to large forces during earthquake and its behaviour has a major influence on the response of the entire structure. As a result, a great attention has to be paid for good detailing of such joint. The absence of transverse reinforcement in the joint, insufficient development length for the beam reinforcement and the inadequately spliced reinforcement for the column just above the joint can be considered as the most important causes for the failure of the beam-column joint under any unexpected transverse loading on the building. The recent earthquakes revealed the importance of the design of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with ductile behaviour. Ductility can be described as the ability of reinforced concrete cross sections, elements and structures to absorb the large energy released during earthquakes without losing their strength under large amplitude and reversible deformations.
In order to meet the water demand of the continuously growing population of Bisur village and failure of current water supply system it is essential to provide the sufficient and uniform quantity of water through the design of various units of water treatment plant, so for design work we have collected information of proposed area like Main water source, Population, Demand of water, quality of water, distribution network and water tanks etc. from MJP (Maharashtra Jeevan Prabhakaran) and local authorities. After analysed above data we calculated (i) Future population (ii) Water characteristics (iii)Design Period (iv)Water demand [101 LPCD]. After conducting and analysis of survey data we proposed an efficient new alignment for water distribution system and we designed various units of water treatment plant like Aeration, Alum Tank, Tube settler, Rapid Gravity filter, rising main, Jack Well, Sump etc. This proposed design of the water supply scheme for proper supply of water is sufficient to meet the daily requirement of water in selected area.
The purpose of this study is to compare VAR, ARIMA and SARIMA methods in an attempt to generate sales forecasting in Store xyz with high accuracy. This study will compare the results of sales forecasting with time series forecasting model of Vector Auto Regression (VAR), Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA). VAR or ARIMA model still accurate when the time series data is only in a short period, these models is accurate on short period forecasting but less accurate on long period forecasting. Meanwhile Seasonal Autoregressive Integrate Moving Average is more accurate on forecasting seasonal time series data, either it's pattern shows trend or not all three models are compared with forecasting data showing seasonal patterns. The data used is the data of super mart retail store, sales from 2017 to 2022. Accuracy level of each model is measured by comparing the percentage of forecasting value with the actual value. This value is called Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD). Based on the comparison result, the best model with the smallest MAD value is SARIMA model (0,1,0) (0,1,0)12 with MAD value 0.122. From the comparison results can be concluded that the SARIMA model is optimal to be used as a model for further forecasting
vaishnavi Dhole
Abstract: The conventional floor cleaning machines is most widely used in airport platforms, railway platforms, hospitals, bus stands, malls and in many other commercial places. These devices need an electrical energy for its operation and not user friendly. In India, especially in summer, there is power crisis and most of the floor cleaning machine is not used effectively due to this problem, particularly in bus stands. Hence it is a need to develop low cost, user friendly floor cleaning machine. In this project, an effort has been made to develop a solar powered mobile operated floor cleaning machine so that it can be an alternative for conventional floor cleaning machines. In this work, modelling and analysis of the floor cleaning machine was done using suitable commercially available software. The conventionally used materials were considered for the components of floor cleaning machine. From the finite element analysis, we observe that the stress level in the mobile operated fl...
India is a land of agriculture which comprises of small, marginal, medium and rich farmers. Small scale farmers are very interested in manually lever operated knapsack sprayer because of its versatility, cost and design. But this sprayer has certain limitations like it cannot maintain required pressure; it leads to problem of back pain. However, this equipment can also lead to misapplication of chemicals and ineffective control of target pest which leads to loss of pesticides due to dribbling or drift during application. This phenomenon not only adds to cos of production but also cause environmental pollution and imbalance in natural echo system. This paper suggests a model of manually operated multi nozzle pesticides sprayer pump which will perform spraying at maximum rate in minimum time. I.
Floods are the most frequent and damaging of all types of natural disasters and annually affect the lives of millions all over the globe. Against this background, enhanced climate variability and climate change are expected to increase the frequency and intensity of floods. There are growing demands for deep tunnels to mitigate severe rural flooding by providing a large tunnelling capacity for excess storm runoff. This study aims to assess the flooding mitigation effect of a deep tunnel system proposed in the old downtown of Kolhapur, India. By providing a sufficient tunnel of a particular type of size, we can reduce the flood force on the downstream side for minimizing the negative impacts of floods, often making the difference between life and
A composite material is a materials system made up of two or more micro or macro elements with different forms and chemical compositions that are largely insoluble in one another. It basically comprises of two phases: matrix and fiber. Polymers, ceramics, and metals such as nylon, glass, graphite, Aluminium oxide, boron, and aluminium are examples of fibres. In the present research work epoxy is used as matrix and Bamboo, Sugarcane Bagasse and Coconut fibre are used as fibres for preparing the composites. In the preparation of specimen, the fibre as taken as a continuous fibre. The fibre is treated with NaOH solution. Hybrid natural fibre reinforced composites of bamboo, sugarcane baggase and coconut coir has been prepared using hand lay-up process of composite manufacturing. These hybrid composites were tested for determining their tensile and impact strengths. Results of mechanical testing reveals that the tensile strength of Bamboo-Bagasse hybrid composite is more compared to other composites. Taking into consideration of enhanced tensile and impact strength of bamboo-bagasse hybrid natural fibre polymer composite, we recommend the use of hybrid bamboo-bagasse composite in manufacturing of automotive bodies. Because of their unique characteristics of recyclability, waste utilization, biodegradability, good strength, and a viable alternative to plastics, these composites can be used for a variety of applications.
Aditya Kumar Anshu
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Pooja Bhokare
ahwaan nayak
1DA18TE050 Yashas L , Sowmya M
Anirudha Lokhande
gouraw beohar
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Impact of climate change on agricultural production and food security: a case study in the mekong river delta of vietnam.
2. study area and methodology, 2.1. study area, 2.2. methodology, 2.2.1. vietnam’s method of building climate change scenarios, 2.2.2. empirical research method, 2.2.3. expert method, 3.1. current status of climate change in the mekong delta region, 3.2. climate change forecast in the mekong river delta region, 4. discussion, 4.1. impacts of climate change on agricultural production, 4.1.1. impact on water resources, 4.1.2. impact on land resources, 4.1.3. impact on crop yield, 4.2. impacts of climate change on food security, 4.3. response solutions of the vietnamese government, 5. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
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No | Province | RCP4.5 | RCP8.5 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2046–2065 | 2080–2099 | 2046–2065 | 2080–2099 | ||
1 | Long An | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) | 3.4 (2.6–4.6) |
2 | Tien Giang | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | 1.9 (1.4–2.7) | 3.4 (2.7–4.6) |
3 | Dong Thap | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 1.7 (1.1–2.5) | 1.9 (1.3–2.6) | 3.3 (2.6–4.5) |
4 | Vinh Long | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.7 (1.2–2.6) | 1.8 (1.3–2.6) | 3.4 (2.6–6.5) |
5 | Tra Vinh | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | 1.8 (1.3–2.6) | 3.3 (2.6–4.5) |
6 | Can Tho | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.7 (1.2–2.6) | 1.8 (1.3–2.6) | 3.4 (2.6–4.5) |
7 | Hau Giang | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | 3.2 (2.6–4.2) |
8 | Soc Trang | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.7 (1.1–2.5) | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | 3.3 (2.5–4.3) |
9 | Ben Tre | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.7 (1.1–2.4) | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | 3.2 (2.6–4.2) |
10 | An Giang | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 1.8 (1.1–2.6) | 1.9 (1.3–2.6) | 3.4 (2.5–4.6) |
11 | Kien Giang | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | 3.2 (2.6–4.2) |
12 | Bac Liêu | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.7 (1.1–2.4) | 1.7 (1.3–2.4) | 3.2 (2.5–4.2) |
13 | Ca Mau | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.7 (1.1–2.4) | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | 3.2 (2.5–4.3) |
14 | Mekong Delta | 1.3 (0.9–1.95) | 1.7 (1.15–2.5) | 1.8 (1.3–2.55) | 3.3 (2.5–6.5) |
No | Province | RCP4.5 | RCP8.5 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2046–2065 | 2080–2099 | 2046–2065 | 2080–2099 | ||
1 | Long An | 8.3 (0.7–32.0) | 14.7 (3.2–26.6) | 19.2 (7.8–30.2) | 26.3 (15.5–42.1) |
2 | Tien Giang | 16.8 (−1.8–37.1) | 14 (−0.9–28.6) | 18.9 (6.7–31.1) | 23.7 (8.9–40.7) |
3 | Dong Thap | 17.0 (−2.0–31.0) | 14.9 (2.3–26.9) | 18.3 (9.1–28.7) | 24.6 (15.7–39.4) |
4 | Vinh Long | 16.3 (0.8–28.5) | 12.5 (1.4–22.0) | 20.3 (12.4–31.2) | 21.2 (13.0–35.3) |
5 | Tra Vinh | 16.7 (−3.3–30.3) | 13.2 (4.4–20.2) | 20.6 (11.4–32.3) | 24.3 (14.4–37.5) |
6 | Can Tho | 16.3 (0.8–28.5) | 12.5 (1.4–22.0) | 20.3 (12.4–31.2) | 21.2 (13.0–35.5) |
7 | Hau Giang | 14.5 (4.2–25.5) | 19.2 (3.8–33.8) | 19.0 (7.8–30.1) | 24.9 (12.1–42.8) |
8 | Soc Trang | 15 (1.2–26.0) | 14.1(4.0–23.1) | 19.0 (11.4–26.9) | 23.4 (12.3–39.8) |
9 | Ben Tre | 17.9 (−2.8–33.3) | 19.2 (4.9–33.4) | 21.6 (10.4–33.8) | 29.2 (12.6–47.9) |
10 | An Giang | 16.9 (2.3–31.2) | 15.0 (2.1–27.9) | 18.3 (5.7–31.5) | 20.4 (8.2–37.4) |
11 | Kien Giang | 14.5 (4.2–25.5) | 19.2 (3.8–33.8) | 19.0 (7.8–30.1) | 24.9 (12.1–42.8) |
12 | Bac Liêu | 12.5 (1.3–21.8) | 13.1 (5.0–19.8) | 18.0 (11.3–24.7) | 20.1 (11.4–33.0) |
13 | Ca Mau | 13.9 (1.8–23.8) | 13.9 (6.0–20.8) | 15.4 (6.9–22.7) | 19.9 (11.4–30.3) |
14 | Mekong Delta | 8.3–17.9 (−3.3–37.1) | 12.5–19.2 (−0.9–33.8) | 18.3–21.6 (5.7–33.8) | 19.9–26.3 (8.2–47.9) |
Province | Areas (ha) | % Flooded Area Corresponding to Rising Sea Levels | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 cm | 20 cm | 30 cm | 40 cm | 50 cm | 60 cm | 70 cm | 80 cm | 90 cm | 100 cm | ||
Long An | 449,100 | 0 | 0 | 0.31 | 0.49 | 0.61 | 1.36 | 2.85 | 7.12 | 12.89 | 27.21 |
Tien Giang | 251,061 | 0.13 | 0.71 | 1.43 | 2.57 | 3.79 | 6.71 | 12.58 | 24.06 | 37.69 | 47.8 |
Dong Thap | 337,860 | 0 | 0 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.36 | 0.69 | 0.96 | 1.28 | 1.94 | 4.64 |
Vinh Long | 152,573 | 0 | 0.34 | 0.61 | 0.91 | 1.31 | 2.02 | 3.66 | 8.28 | 18.34 | 32.03 |
Tra Vinh | 235,826 | 0.5 | 0.61 | 0.89 | 1.28 | 2.29 | 4.95 | 11.51 | 22.22 | 32.79 | 43.88 |
Can Tho | 143,896 | 0 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.99 | 2.88 | 9.97 | 26.69 | 44.89 | 55.82 |
Hau Giang | 162,170 | 0 | 0.75 | 3.42 | 10.31 | 18.83 | 29.37 | 38.5 | 45.88 | 53.21 | 60.85 |
Soc Trang | 331,188 | 1.78 | 2.91 | 5.13 | 8.32 | 11.32 | 14.97 | 20.25 | 26.91 | 33.13 | 55.41 |
Ben Tre | 239,481 | 0.55 | 1.43 | 2.52 | 4.08 | 6.74 | 10.19 | 15.11 | 21.46 | 27.83 | 35.11 |
An Giang | 342,400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.29 | 0.49 | 0.9 | 1.82 |
Kien Giang | 634,878 | 0.66 | 3.38 | 12.63 | 23.67 | 36.82 | 48.85 | 58.47 | 66.16 | 71.69 | 75.68 |
Bac Liêu | 266,901 | 0.71 | 2.87 | 6.66 | 12.14 | 20.08 | 27.78 | 36.84 | 46.31 | 54.38 | 61.87 |
Ca Mau | 522,119 | 7.21 | 14.06 | 20.17 | 28.73 | 40.31 | 48.05 | 56.81 | 64.42 | 73.58 | 79.62 |
Mekong Delta | 4,069,453 | 1.29 | 2.97 | 5.92 | 9.86 | 14.86 | 19.69 | 27.94 | 31.94 | 38.8 | 47.29 |
No | Impact | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Area of agricultural land affected by salinity | Ha | 119,913 |
2 | Lack of fresh water for daily life | Household | 155,000 |
Person | 800,000 | ||
3 | Affected rice area by salinity (Not cultivated in the right season) | Ha | 400,000 |
4 | Area of rice lost by salinity | Ha | 160,000 |
Types of Soil Degradation | Vietnam (10 ha) | MRD | |
---|---|---|---|
Area (10 ha) | Compared to the Whole Country (%) | ||
Fertility loss | 13,417 | 833 | 6.21 |
Soil erosion | 13,358 | 0 | 0.00 |
Drought, desertification, and desertification | 16,823 | 29 | 0.17 |
Concretion, laterite | 1156 | 0 | 0.00 |
Salinization | 197 | 23 | 11.68 |
Acid sulfate soil | 125 | 67 | 53.60 |
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Phuong, T.T.; Vien, T.D.; Son, C.T.; Thuy, D.T.; Greiving, S. Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Production and Food Security: A Case Study in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam. Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7776. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177776
Phuong TT, Vien TD, Son CT, Thuy DT, Greiving S. Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Production and Food Security: A Case Study in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam. Sustainability . 2024; 16(17):7776. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177776
Phuong, Tran Trong, Tran Duc Vien, Cao Truong Son, Doan Thanh Thuy, and Stefan Greiving. 2024. "Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Production and Food Security: A Case Study in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7776. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177776
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