thesis statement of leadership

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Writing a Paper: Thesis Statements

Basics of thesis statements.

The thesis statement is the brief articulation of your paper's central argument and purpose. You might hear it referred to as simply a "thesis." Every scholarly paper should have a thesis statement, and strong thesis statements are concise, specific, and arguable. Concise means the thesis is short: perhaps one or two sentences for a shorter paper. Specific means the thesis deals with a narrow and focused topic, appropriate to the paper's length. Arguable means that a scholar in your field could disagree (or perhaps already has!).

Strong thesis statements address specific intellectual questions, have clear positions, and use a structure that reflects the overall structure of the paper. Read on to learn more about constructing a strong thesis statement.

Being Specific

This thesis statement has no specific argument:

Needs Improvement: In this essay, I will examine two scholarly articles to find similarities and differences.

This statement is concise, but it is neither specific nor arguable—a reader might wonder, "Which scholarly articles? What is the topic of this paper? What field is the author writing in?" Additionally, the purpose of the paper—to "examine…to find similarities and differences" is not of a scholarly level. Identifying similarities and differences is a good first step, but strong academic argument goes further, analyzing what those similarities and differences might mean or imply.

Better: In this essay, I will argue that Bowler's (2003) autocratic management style, when coupled with Smith's (2007) theory of social cognition, can reduce the expenses associated with employee turnover.

The new revision here is still concise, as well as specific and arguable.  We can see that it is specific because the writer is mentioning (a) concrete ideas and (b) exact authors.  We can also gather the field (business) and the topic (management and employee turnover). The statement is arguable because the student goes beyond merely comparing; he or she draws conclusions from that comparison ("can reduce the expenses associated with employee turnover").

Making a Unique Argument

This thesis draft repeats the language of the writing prompt without making a unique argument:

Needs Improvement: The purpose of this essay is to monitor, assess, and evaluate an educational program for its strengths and weaknesses. Then, I will provide suggestions for improvement.

You can see here that the student has simply stated the paper's assignment, without articulating specifically how he or she will address it. The student can correct this error simply by phrasing the thesis statement as a specific answer to the assignment prompt.

Better: Through a series of student interviews, I found that Kennedy High School's antibullying program was ineffective. In order to address issues of conflict between students, I argue that Kennedy High School should embrace policies outlined by the California Department of Education (2010).

Words like "ineffective" and "argue" show here that the student has clearly thought through the assignment and analyzed the material; he or she is putting forth a specific and debatable position. The concrete information ("student interviews," "antibullying") further prepares the reader for the body of the paper and demonstrates how the student has addressed the assignment prompt without just restating that language.

Creating a Debate

This thesis statement includes only obvious fact or plot summary instead of argument:

Needs Improvement: Leadership is an important quality in nurse educators.

A good strategy to determine if your thesis statement is too broad (and therefore, not arguable) is to ask yourself, "Would a scholar in my field disagree with this point?" Here, we can see easily that no scholar is likely to argue that leadership is an unimportant quality in nurse educators.  The student needs to come up with a more arguable claim, and probably a narrower one; remember that a short paper needs a more focused topic than a dissertation.

Better: Roderick's (2009) theory of participatory leadership  is particularly appropriate to nurse educators working within the emergency medicine field, where students benefit most from collegial and kinesthetic learning.

Here, the student has identified a particular type of leadership ("participatory leadership"), narrowing the topic, and has made an arguable claim (this type of leadership is "appropriate" to a specific type of nurse educator). Conceivably, a scholar in the nursing field might disagree with this approach. The student's paper can now proceed, providing specific pieces of evidence to support the arguable central claim.

Choosing the Right Words

This thesis statement uses large or scholarly-sounding words that have no real substance:

Needs Improvement: Scholars should work to seize metacognitive outcomes by harnessing discipline-based networks to empower collaborative infrastructures.

There are many words in this sentence that may be buzzwords in the student's field or key terms taken from other texts, but together they do not communicate a clear, specific meaning. Sometimes students think scholarly writing means constructing complex sentences using special language, but actually it's usually a stronger choice to write clear, simple sentences. When in doubt, remember that your ideas should be complex, not your sentence structure.

Better: Ecologists should work to educate the U.S. public on conservation methods by making use of local and national green organizations to create a widespread communication plan.

Notice in the revision that the field is now clear (ecology), and the language has been made much more field-specific ("conservation methods," "green organizations"), so the reader is able to see concretely the ideas the student is communicating.

Leaving Room for Discussion

This thesis statement is not capable of development or advancement in the paper:

Needs Improvement: There are always alternatives to illegal drug use.

This sample thesis statement makes a claim, but it is not a claim that will sustain extended discussion. This claim is the type of claim that might be appropriate for the conclusion of a paper, but in the beginning of the paper, the student is left with nowhere to go. What further points can be made? If there are "always alternatives" to the problem the student is identifying, then why bother developing a paper around that claim? Ideally, a thesis statement should be complex enough to explore over the length of the entire paper.

Better: The most effective treatment plan for methamphetamine addiction may be a combination of pharmacological and cognitive therapy, as argued by Baker (2008), Smith (2009), and Xavier (2011).

In the revised thesis, you can see the student make a specific, debatable claim that has the potential to generate several pages' worth of discussion. When drafting a thesis statement, think about the questions your thesis statement will generate: What follow-up inquiries might a reader have? In the first example, there are almost no additional questions implied, but the revised example allows for a good deal more exploration.

Thesis Mad Libs

If you are having trouble getting started, try using the models below to generate a rough model of a thesis statement! These models are intended for drafting purposes only and should not appear in your final work.

• In this essay, I argue ____, using ______ to assert _____.
• While scholars have often argued ______, I argue______, because_______.
• Through an analysis of ______, I argue ______, which is important because_______.

Words to Avoid and to Embrace

When drafting your thesis statement, avoid words like explore, investigate, learn, compile, summarize , and explain to describe the main purpose of your paper. These words imply a paper that summarizes or "reports," rather than synthesizing and analyzing.

Instead of the terms above, try words like argue, critique, question , and interrogate . These more analytical words may help you begin strongly, by articulating a specific, critical, scholarly position.

Read Kayla's blog post for tips on taking a stand in a well-crafted thesis statement.

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Thesis Statements

What this handout is about.

This handout describes what a thesis statement is, how thesis statements work in your writing, and how you can craft or refine one for your draft.

Introduction

Writing in college often takes the form of persuasion—convincing others that you have an interesting, logical point of view on the subject you are studying. Persuasion is a skill you practice regularly in your daily life. You persuade your roommate to clean up, your parents to let you borrow the car, your friend to vote for your favorite candidate or policy. In college, course assignments often ask you to make a persuasive case in writing. You are asked to convince your reader of your point of view. This form of persuasion, often called academic argument, follows a predictable pattern in writing. After a brief introduction of your topic, you state your point of view on the topic directly and often in one sentence. This sentence is the thesis statement, and it serves as a summary of the argument you’ll make in the rest of your paper.

What is a thesis statement?

A thesis statement:

• tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion.
• is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper.
• directly answers the question asked of you. A thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself. The subject, or topic, of an essay might be World War II or Moby Dick; a thesis must then offer a way to understand the war or the novel.
• makes a claim that others might dispute.
• is usually a single sentence near the beginning of your paper (most often, at the end of the first paragraph) that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your interpretation.

If your assignment asks you to take a position or develop a claim about a subject, you may need to convey that position or claim in a thesis statement near the beginning of your draft. The assignment may not explicitly state that you need a thesis statement because your instructor may assume you will include one. When in doubt, ask your instructor if the assignment requires a thesis statement. When an assignment asks you to analyze, to interpret, to compare and contrast, to demonstrate cause and effect, or to take a stand on an issue, it is likely that you are being asked to develop a thesis and to support it persuasively. (Check out our handout on understanding assignments for more information.)

How do I create a thesis?

A thesis is the result of a lengthy thinking process. Formulating a thesis is not the first thing you do after reading an essay assignment. Before you develop an argument on any topic, you have to collect and organize evidence, look for possible relationships between known facts (such as surprising contrasts or similarities), and think about the significance of these relationships. Once you do this thinking, you will probably have a “working thesis” that presents a basic or main idea and an argument that you think you can support with evidence. Both the argument and your thesis are likely to need adjustment along the way.

Writers use all kinds of techniques to stimulate their thinking and to help them clarify relationships or comprehend the broader significance of a topic and arrive at a thesis statement. For more ideas on how to get started, see our handout on brainstorming .

How do I know if my thesis is strong?

If there’s time, run it by your instructor or make an appointment at the Writing Center to get some feedback. Even if you do not have time to get advice elsewhere, you can do some thesis evaluation of your own. When reviewing your first draft and its working thesis, ask yourself the following :

• Do I answer the question? Re-reading the question prompt after constructing a working thesis can help you fix an argument that misses the focus of the question. If the prompt isn’t phrased as a question, try to rephrase it. For example, “Discuss the effect of X on Y” can be rephrased as “What is the effect of X on Y?”
• Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? If your thesis simply states facts that no one would, or even could, disagree with, it’s possible that you are simply providing a summary, rather than making an argument.
• Is my thesis statement specific enough? Thesis statements that are too vague often do not have a strong argument. If your thesis contains words like “good” or “successful,” see if you could be more specific: why is something “good”; what specifically makes something “successful”?
• Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? If a reader’s first response is likely to  be “So what?” then you need to clarify, to forge a relationship, or to connect to a larger issue.
• Does my essay support my thesis specifically and without wandering? If your thesis and the body of your essay do not seem to go together, one of them has to change. It’s okay to change your working thesis to reflect things you have figured out in the course of writing your paper. Remember, always reassess and revise your writing as necessary.
• Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? If a reader’s first response is “how?” or “why?” your thesis may be too open-ended and lack guidance for the reader. See what you can add to give the reader a better take on your position right from the beginning.

Suppose you are taking a course on contemporary communication, and the instructor hands out the following essay assignment: “Discuss the impact of social media on public awareness.” Looking back at your notes, you might start with this working thesis:

Social media impacts public awareness in both positive and negative ways.

You can use the questions above to help you revise this general statement into a stronger thesis.

• Do I answer the question? You can analyze this if you rephrase “discuss the impact” as “what is the impact?” This way, you can see that you’ve answered the question only very generally with the vague “positive and negative ways.”
• Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? Not likely. Only people who maintain that social media has a solely positive or solely negative impact could disagree.
• Is my thesis statement specific enough? No. What are the positive effects? What are the negative effects?
• Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? No. Why are they positive? How are they positive? What are their causes? Why are they negative? How are they negative? What are their causes?
• Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? No. Why should anyone care about the positive and/or negative impact of social media?

After thinking about your answers to these questions, you decide to focus on the one impact you feel strongly about and have strong evidence for:

Because not every voice on social media is reliable, people have become much more critical consumers of information, and thus, more informed voters.

This version is a much stronger thesis! It answers the question, takes a specific position that others can challenge, and it gives a sense of why it matters.

Let’s try another. Suppose your literature professor hands out the following assignment in a class on the American novel: Write an analysis of some aspect of Mark Twain’s novel Huckleberry Finn. “This will be easy,” you think. “I loved Huckleberry Finn!” You grab a pad of paper and write:

Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn is a great American novel.

You begin to analyze your thesis:

• Do I answer the question? No. The prompt asks you to analyze some aspect of the novel. Your working thesis is a statement of general appreciation for the entire novel.

Think about aspects of the novel that are important to its structure or meaning—for example, the role of storytelling, the contrasting scenes between the shore and the river, or the relationships between adults and children. Now you write:

In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain develops a contrast between life on the river and life on the shore.

• Do I answer the question? Yes!
• Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? Not really. This contrast is well-known and accepted.
• Is my thesis statement specific enough? It’s getting there–you have highlighted an important aspect of the novel for investigation. However, it’s still not clear what your analysis will reveal.
• Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? Not yet. Compare scenes from the book and see what you discover. Free write, make lists, jot down Huck’s actions and reactions and anything else that seems interesting.
• Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? What’s the point of this contrast? What does it signify?”

After examining the evidence and considering your own insights, you write:

Through its contrasting river and shore scenes, Twain’s Huckleberry Finn suggests that to find the true expression of American democratic ideals, one must leave “civilized” society and go back to nature.

This final thesis statement presents an interpretation of a literary work based on an analysis of its content. Of course, for the essay itself to be successful, you must now present evidence from the novel that will convince the reader of your interpretation.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Anson, Chris M., and Robert A. Schwegler. 2010. The Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers , 6th ed. New York: Longman.

Lunsford, Andrea A. 2015. The St. Martin’s Handbook , 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St Martin’s.

Ramage, John D., John C. Bean, and June Johnson. 2018. The Allyn & Bacon Guide to Writing , 8th ed. New York: Pearson.

Ruszkiewicz, John J., Christy Friend, Daniel Seward, and Maxine Hairston. 2010. The Scott, Foresman Handbook for Writers , 9th ed. Boston: Pearson Education.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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• How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

Published on January 11, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on August 15, 2023 by Eoghan Ryan.

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . It usually comes near the end of your introduction .

Your thesis will look a bit different depending on the type of essay you’re writing. But the thesis statement should always clearly state the main idea you want to get across. Everything else in your essay should relate back to this idea.

You can write your thesis statement by following four simple steps:

• Start with a question
• Write your initial answer
• Develop your answer
• Refine your thesis statement

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Table of contents

What is a thesis statement, placement of the thesis statement, step 1: start with a question, step 2: write your initial answer, step 3: develop your answer, step 4: refine your thesis statement, types of thesis statements, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about thesis statements.

A thesis statement summarizes the central points of your essay. It is a signpost telling the reader what the essay will argue and why.

The best thesis statements are:

• Concise: A good thesis statement is short and sweet—don’t use more words than necessary. State your point clearly and directly in one or two sentences.
• Contentious: Your thesis shouldn’t be a simple statement of fact that everyone already knows. A good thesis statement is a claim that requires further evidence or analysis to back it up.
• Coherent: Everything mentioned in your thesis statement must be supported and explained in the rest of your paper.

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The thesis statement generally appears at the end of your essay introduction or research paper introduction .

The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts and among young people more generally is hotly debated. For many who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education: the internet facilitates easier access to information, exposure to different perspectives, and a flexible learning environment for both students and teachers.

You should come up with an initial thesis, sometimes called a working thesis , early in the writing process . As soon as you’ve decided on your essay topic , you need to work out what you want to say about it—a clear thesis will give your essay direction and structure.

You might already have a question in your assignment, but if not, try to come up with your own. What would you like to find out or decide about your topic?

For example, you might ask:

After some initial research, you can formulate a tentative answer to this question. At this stage it can be simple, and it should guide the research process and writing process .

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Now you need to consider why this is your answer and how you will convince your reader to agree with you. As you read more about your topic and begin writing, your answer should get more detailed.

In your essay about the internet and education, the thesis states your position and sketches out the key arguments you’ll use to support it.

The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education because it facilitates easier access to information.

In your essay about braille, the thesis statement summarizes the key historical development that you’ll explain.

The invention of braille in the 19th century transformed the lives of blind people, allowing them to participate more actively in public life.

A strong thesis statement should tell the reader:

• Why you hold this position
• What they’ll learn from your essay
• The key points of your argument or narrative

The final thesis statement doesn’t just state your position, but summarizes your overall argument or the entire topic you’re going to explain. To strengthen a weak thesis statement, it can help to consider the broader context of your topic.

These examples are more specific and show that you’ll explore your topic in depth.

Your thesis statement should match the goals of your essay, which vary depending on the type of essay you’re writing:

• In an argumentative essay , your thesis statement should take a strong position. Your aim in the essay is to convince your reader of this thesis based on evidence and logical reasoning.
• In an expository essay , you’ll aim to explain the facts of a topic or process. Your thesis statement doesn’t have to include a strong opinion in this case, but it should clearly state the central point you want to make, and mention the key elements you’ll explain.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

• It gives your writing direction and focus.
• It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

Follow these four steps to come up with a thesis statement :

• Ask a question about your topic .
• Write your initial answer.
• Develop your answer by including reasons.
• Refine your answer, adding more detail and nuance.

The thesis statement should be placed at the end of your essay introduction .

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McCombes, S. (2023, August 15). How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved April 11, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/academic-essay/thesis-statement/

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277 Top Leadership Research Topics for Your Thesis

For most students, working on leadership research topics is a fascinating task. That’s because this subject spans different disciplines, including education, management, sociology, politics, and psychology. For this reason, many learners choose these topics when writing college and university papers.

In most cases, educators do not specify the topic for learners. That means every learner must choose or develop a topic for their academic paper. Consequently, learners look for leadership areas that interest them and then pick their leadership paper topics.

Here are pointers for selecting a topic for your leadership essay or paper:

Start by choosing a subject area Narrow down your subject area Focus on leadership, not management Bear the educator’s instructions in mind Aim to answer a question in your subject area

If interested in this subject, here is a list of leadership topics you consider for your papers.

Interesting Dissertation Topics in Educational Leadership

When pursuing a course in educational leadership, educators require learners to complete a dissertation by employing their new learning and professional knowledge. When writing this paper, a learner should demonstrate organization, transformative leadership, and the ability to initiate community change. Here are sample topics in this category.

• Interrelation between poor school results and poor leadership
• How social media affects educational leadership
• Impacts of technology on educational leadership
• How leadership in mediocre schools can simulate top performing learning institutions
• Effects of the leadership culture on running educational institutions
• How to blend strategic teaching methods with efficient organization
• How educational leadership affects society
• How educational leadership influence researchers and literature
• Educational leadership and success path
• Educational leadership and social transformation
• Educational leadership’s role in society
• Can education leadership bring about change?
• How to include the community in education leadership
• Effectiveness of interdisciplinary teams in the running of the middle schools
• Women role in education leadership
• How cultural organization affects educational institutions
• Diluting racist habits in accredited universities
• How to seamlessly pass teachers’ excellence to students
• How educational institutions can offer exceptional leadership by thinking outside the box
• How to evaluate negative traits of instructors teaching similar subjects
• How fighting for leadership positions affect schools and students
• How to compassionately develop students with dyslexia
• How to strategically blend teaching methods with efficient organization
• How culture influences educational institutions’ leadership
• How effective educational leadership helps learners achieve academic goals
• How educational leadership affect how learners think about their future and intellectual abilities
• How teachers can encourage learners to take exams and testing more seriously
• Do teachers have adequate training on how to be influential leaders?
• Should learning institutions evaluate teachers depending on their leadership abilities?
• What changes in training opportunities can encourage teachers to exercise leadership strategies?

Pick any of these educational leadership research topics and investigate them extensively to develop a brilliant dissertation.

Hot Leadership Training Topics

Leadership training is crucial for future and current leaders. Anybody that wants to become a supervisor, manager, or leader at any capacity should undergo some training to cultivate and nurture their skills. Here are some of the best leadership topics to write about in this category.

• How organizational leaders can enhance productivity
• How company leaders can retain the best employees
• How to improve decision making in an organization
• How to implement effective leadership styles
• How leaders can support succession in their organizations
• How to delegate and empower employees
• Role of organizational leaders in conflict resolution
• How to change management and executive leadership
• How leaders can command respect without issuing commands
• How leaders can motivate and engage employees
• How corporate leaders can enhance interpersonal relationships
• How decision skills can streamline organizations and nurture confidence
• How leaders can train employees on energy and time management
• How leaders can train employees about self-awareness
• Practical communication skills for organizational leaders
• How leaders can encourage peer-to-peer training
• The role of leadership in organizational development
• How to design helpful leadership training modules
• How to automate corporate learning paths
• How to measure results in leadership training
• Importance of leadership training
• How leaders can deal with organizational change
• How leaders can use coaching to enhance employee performance
• Qualities of practical leadership training and mentorship programs
• How leaders can create a learning culture in an organization
• How a company employee can benefit from a leadership course
• Which leadership strategies can enhance a team’s performance?
• Describe different leadership styles with examples
• What leadership training means for a business
• Can leadership training affect organizational success?

Any of these topics can be the basis of an excellent paper. However, take your time to research your preferred idea to come up with a high-quality paper.

Trendy Leadership Development Topics for Research

Leadership development entails expanding individuals’ capacity to perform their leadership roles in organizations. Here are topic ideas to consider in this category.

• When is leadership coaching necessary?
• Who should provide leadership coaching?
• Which are the best leadership development opportunities?
• How emotional intelligence can enhance leadership development
• Describe executive development
• How innovation can enhance leadership development
• Mentorship for leadership development- How does it work?
• Can leaders act as teachers?
• Why strategic planning matters when it comes to leadership development
• Role of leadership development in team building
• How coaching can enhance leadership development
• Can leadership development enhance accountability?
• Why change management coaching should be part of a leadership development program
• How leadership development can turn leaders into negotiators and influencers
• How communication skills can enhance leadership development
• How organizational leaders can develop creativity
• Essential skills to acquire from a leadership development program

Pick any of these topic ideas and then develop them via research to develop a winning paper. Use different information sources to gather relevant information before writing your essay.

Organizational Leadership Dissertation Topics

Organizational leadership is an exciting research field. What’s more, you can use a topic in this category to impact a difference in an organization. And this can enhance your employability when seeking a job. Depending on your dissertation requirements, you can pick and work with any of these topics.

• How blended-learning techniques can enhance the critical thinking of organizational leaders
• Essential administrative services that hospitality industry leaders should provide
• Qualities of charismatic and prevention-oriented leaders for the success of medium-sized enterprises
• How leadership behaviors affect the corporate culture
• How leadership practices influence the success of an organization
• How organizational leadership and culture affect the success of a small enterprise
• Why executive leadership is essential in developing countries
• Organizational leadership’s role in a multicultural environment
• Investigating variations in conventional organizational leadership and charismatic leadership
• How leadership quality and training can improve organizational performance
• How corporate culture can influence the leadership decisions to try a new business strategy
• How a country can produce the organizational leaders it requires
• How managers can provide leadership aspirations to subordinates
• How global company leaders can influence their overall cultures
• How corporate culture impacts a company’s leadership
• How assumption-based planning can save money for an organization
• How organizational leadership differs from management
• How differentiating leadership from management can enhance the achievement of organizational goals
• How to evaluate the effects of administration on the organizational performance
• How to examine leadership effects and vision clarity on business organizations
• How leadership affects organizational performance
• How a corporate leader can devise work teams in a company
• Impacts of leadership skills on employees performance

Any of these organizational leadership topics can be the basis of a brilliant paper. However, you must research the idea extensively to include relevant information in your writing. That way, your educator and organizational leaders will find your essay worth reading.

Fantastic Women’s Leadership Topics

It’s no secret that studies about women in leadership topics have increased over the years. Perhaps, that’s because women’s status in workplaces has improved recently. Here are brilliant ideas to explore if interested in writing a research paper in this category.

• The role of women personality in leadership
• What are the primary barriers to women’s leadership?
• Society stereotypes that threaten women leadership
• How the responsibilities of women differ from those of their counterpart males
• How the personality of women leaders differ from that of men
• How women’s leadership style differs from that of men
• How family responsibilities affect female leaders
• Do current male leaders resist female leaders?
• Must women leaders outperform their male counterparts to be considered adequate?
• How lack of sufficient household support affects women leaders
• How women leaders can help in unlocking the full economic potential of a country
• How influential women leaders juggle between family and work
• How powerful women leaders define work and success
• How gender stereotypes affect female leaders
• How modern female leaders balance careers and family
• How stereotypes shape women leaders’ performance and intellectual identity
• Family business success- What is the role of women?
• Gender, sex, and leadership
• How women can change organizational leadership
• How great women leaders can inspire people to take action

Take any of these topics and develop them into an excellent paper through research. The internet is awash with resources that cover women and leadership issues. That means you won’t have a hard time finding relevant information for your topic.

Interesting Leadership Topics

Perhaps, you’re looking for an exciting topic for your research paper or essay. In that case, here are some of the best ideas to explore.

• A case study of Bill Gates’ leadership
• Motivation and leadership- What’s the difference?
• What are the key characteristics of transformational leadership?
• Investigating leadership and management across culture
• Characteristics and distinctions of management and leadership
• Explain radical leadership with examples
• Discuss different leadership and management styles
• Ethical leadership theories and models
• Othello and Machiavelli’s leadership skills
• Leadership concepts, according to Kentucky Fried Chicke
• Moral and cultural contingencies of leadership
• An investigation into team leadership
• Discuss the hospitality industry’s leadership and management
• How diversity affects the leadership effectiveness
• Which are the best leadership practices
• Socrates and organizational leadership
• Aspects of leadership and team behavior
• Leadership and management in business- How they relate
• What is ethical leadership?
• Leadership as a strategy in human resource and company policies
• Leadership and organizational behavior- How they relate
• Why is strategic leadership essential in the business environment?
• How gender difference affects leadership styles
• What is systematic leadership?
• Why is civic leadership important?
• How negative leadership affects an organization
• Leadership role in an organization’s transformational
• Classifications of different leadership theories
• Theoretical perspectives of organizational leadership
• Human resource planning and leadership development
• Leadership contingency theories
• Military leadership style and coaching combination
• Benefits, roles, and limitations of leadership
• Supervising and leadership influence on human services
• Leadership theories and effective organization change
• Discuss various leadership style concepts
• Governance and leadership- What’s the difference?
• Troubled companies and their leadership
• Participative and situational leadership theories
• Analyzing the authoritative leadership style
• Effective management and leadership strategies
• Why strong leadership is crucial in a business organization
• Integrating different leadership styles
• Leadership and education role modeling
• How effective leadership can enhance employees productivity
• How managers can motivate employees by serving as their leaders
• How political leadership can affect an organization
• Leadership role in solving organizational challenges
• A critical perspective on leadership and management
• Evaluation of John Kennedy and Bill Clinton’s political leadership
• An analysis of the most influential leader in the world
• Effective leadership learning processes in an organization
• Servant and followership leadership
• Leadership principles of effective teachers
• Analyzing Ciulla Joanne’s The Ethics of Leadership
• Is servant leadership effective in school administration?
• Creativity and leadership revision
• Leadership and motivation theories
• The role of leadership in a multinational company
• Participative approach versus autocratic leadership
• How ethical leadership can influence decision-making
• How a company’s leadership can manage change effectively
• Innovation and leadership in a business
• How transformational leadership can benefit women
• Describe the role of leadership in a medical facility
• Variations in ethical leadership
• Scientific methods for studying leadership
• Strategy as leadership and practice
• Leadership and service quality
• How school governance affects school leadership
• How leadership and power relate
• Investigating leadership through a behavioral approach
• Effective styles for strategic leadership
• Strategic leadership- A critical examination
• Describe how contingency leadership works
• Discuss theorists and theories on leadership
• How to develop a leadership strategy in an organization
• Why leadership models are valuable
• Leadership strategies as success factors
• Qualities of effective leadership strategies

These are exciting leadership topics for discussion in an academic paper or essay. Pick an issue in this category and then research it extensively to develop a brilliant piece.

Nursing Leadership Paper Topics

Do you want to write a research paper or essay about nursing leadership? If yes, pick any of these brilliant nursing leadership paper topics.

• Strategies for developing nurse leaders
• How concept-based learning techniques affect nurse leaders
• What are the qualities of the best nurse leaders?
• How a nurse leader can manage stress
• Criteria for being considered a nurse leader’s mentor
• Essential nursing leadership areas to study
• Qualities of a practical nursing leadership program
• Why nursing leadership is vital in healthcare management
• A review of ethical nursing leadership and practice
• What are the values of ethical nursing leadership and training?
• How to balance nursing leadership and service quality
• Nursing leadership fundamentals
• The global status of nurse leaders
• Practice experience that every nurse leader should exhibit
• Nursing leadership from a patient’s perspective
• How to apply nursing leadership in a nursing home
• A comparison of nursing leadership in an adult ward and a pediatric ward
• Vital skills for a nurse leader during an emergency
• Challenges facing nursing leaders
• What leadership means to nurses
• Leadership from a nurse perspective- What does it mean?
• Disadvantages of being a nurse leader
• What are the inherent nurse leaders’ values?
• The role of nurse leaders in public hospitals
• Nursing leadership status in private hospitals
• How nursing leadership differs in private and public hospitals
• Trends in nursing leadership
• Assessing nursing leadership in third-world countries
• Long and short-term goals for nurse leaders
• Activities for enhancing nursing leadership.

Any of these nursing leadership topics can be a great idea for research. However, prepare to investigate your preferred issue to develop an excellent paper. Nevertheless, you can even seek professional assistance if you love the topic but lack adequate time to write about it.

Leadership Speech Topics

Perhaps, you want to write a speech to present to your class or during a business meeting. In that case, this category comprises some of the best leadership presentation topics.

• How to be a transformative leader
• What makes a strategic leader?
• Why organizations need moral leaders
• How to lead with inclusion and integrity
• Leadership and dissent- Doing the right versus doing something right
• Practicing leadership in an inter-agency context
• How to make a difference using leadership
• Transactional or transformational leadership- What works?
• How effective leadership looks like
• How to practice effective leadership
• How to become a leader
• How to lead with compassion
• Qualities that every great leader should exhibit
• The power of effective leadership
• How a leadership vision can propel an organization forward
• How to understand and work with followers as a leader
• How a leader can adapt and listen to changes in an organization
• How consistent efforts make great leaders
• Qualities that made great leaders in history
• The golden rule of outstanding leadership

These are brilliant leadership discussion topics. However, prepare to research your preferred idea before you write a speech about it. That way, you will come up with a presentation that will move your audience.

Leadership Topics for Managers

Perhaps, you want to write about a leadership issue that managers will find interesting to read. In that case, these leadership research paper topics will interest you.

• How managers can develop performance standards and goals
• How managers can promote effective discipline
• How a manager can improve work habits
• How company managements can manage complaints
• How a manager can provide performance feedback
• Effective conflict resolution techniques for company managers
• How a manager can support change in a company
• Effective ways for managers to delegate tasks
• How to effectively communicate with the upper management
• How a manager can train or coach others
• Essential leadership skills for managers
• How managers can create trust and transparency in their organizations
• How managers can encourage individual employees to find personal motivation
• How managers can encourage innovation and initiative
• How a manager can build self-confidence
• Practical time management skills that every manager should have
• Body language and public speaking for managers
• How company managers can minimize employee complaints
• How managers can lower stress among employees
• Why training is essential for new managers
• Why every manager should know industry-specific regulations
• How managers can create an inclusive workforce
• How managers can nurture talents and ensure employee retention
• What training methods can managers use to empower employees?
• Firing and hiring- What should know managers know about these responsibilities?
• Which skills should managers cultivate to support company employees?

These are brilliant leadership essay topics for managers. However, you need time to research any of these topics to write a winning paper.

Having an Issue Completing Your Leadership Dissertation?

Whether you need leadership dissertation topics or essay ideas, you have many options to consider. Nevertheless, pick an interesting topic that you’ll enjoy working with, from research to proofreading your paper. But if you have difficulties writing your essay, seek an expert’s writing help online. With cheap, high quality assistance from reliable academic writers, you can have a competent specialist handle this assignment for you from the beginning to the end. And you can impress your educators to accord you the grade you desire. So, if stuck with this assignment, contact the best expert writers for hire to write your paper or essay without breaking a sweat.

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25 Thesis Statement Examples

A thesis statement is needed in an essay or dissertation . There are multiple types of thesis statements – but generally we can divide them into expository and argumentative. An expository statement is a statement of fact (common in expository essays and process essays) while an argumentative statement is a statement of opinion (common in argumentative essays and dissertations). Below are examples of each.

Strong Thesis Statement Examples

1. School Uniforms

“Mandatory school uniforms should be implemented in educational institutions as they promote a sense of equality, reduce distractions, and foster a focused and professional learning environment.”

Best For: Argumentative Essay or Debate

Read More: School Uniforms Pros and Cons

2. Nature vs Nurture

“This essay will explore how both genetic inheritance and environmental factors equally contribute to shaping human behavior and personality.”

Best For: Compare and Contrast Essay

Read More: Nature vs Nurture Debate

3. American Dream

“The American Dream, a symbol of opportunity and success, is increasingly elusive in today’s socio-economic landscape, revealing deeper inequalities in society.”

Best For: Persuasive Essay

Read More: What is the American Dream?

4. Social Media

“Social media has revolutionized communication and societal interactions, but it also presents significant challenges related to privacy, mental health, and misinformation.”

Best For: Expository Essay

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Social Media

5. Globalization

“Globalization has created a world more interconnected than ever before, yet it also amplifies economic disparities and cultural homogenization.”

Read More: Globalization Pros and Cons

6. Urbanization

“Urbanization drives economic growth and social development, but it also poses unique challenges in sustainability and quality of life.”

Read More: Learn about Urbanization

7. Immigration

“Immigration enriches receiving countries culturally and economically, outweighing any perceived social or economic burdens.”

Read More: Immigration Pros and Cons

8. Cultural Identity

“In a globalized world, maintaining distinct cultural identities is crucial for preserving cultural diversity and fostering global understanding, despite the challenges of assimilation and homogenization.”

Best For: Argumentative Essay

Read More: Learn about Cultural Identity

9. Technology

“Medical technologies in care institutions in Toronto has increased subjcetive outcomes for patients with chronic pain.”

Best For: Research Paper

10. Capitalism vs Socialism

“The debate between capitalism and socialism centers on balancing economic freedom and inequality, each presenting distinct approaches to resource distribution and social welfare.”

11. Cultural Heritage

“The preservation of cultural heritage is essential, not only for cultural identity but also for educating future generations, outweighing the arguments for modernization and commercialization.”

12. Pseudoscience

“Pseudoscience, characterized by a lack of empirical support, continues to influence public perception and decision-making, often at the expense of scientific credibility.”

Read More: Examples of Pseudoscience

13. Free Will

“The concept of free will is largely an illusion, with human behavior and decisions predominantly determined by biological and environmental factors.”

Read More: Do we have Free Will?

14. Gender Roles

“Traditional gender roles are outdated and harmful, restricting individual freedoms and perpetuating gender inequalities in modern society.”

Read More: What are Traditional Gender Roles?

15. Work-Life Ballance

“The trend to online and distance work in the 2020s led to improved subjective feelings of work-life balance but simultaneously increased self-reported loneliness.”

Read More: Work-Life Balance Examples

16. Universal Healthcare

“Universal healthcare is a fundamental human right and the most effective system for ensuring health equity and societal well-being, outweighing concerns about government involvement and costs.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Universal Healthcare

17. Minimum Wage

“The implementation of a fair minimum wage is vital for reducing economic inequality, yet it is often contentious due to its potential impact on businesses and employment rates.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Raising the Minimum Wage

18. Homework

“The homework provided throughout this semester has enabled me to achieve greater self-reflection, identify gaps in my knowledge, and reinforce those gaps through spaced repetition.”

Best For: Reflective Essay

Read More: Reasons Homework Should be Banned

19. Charter Schools

“Charter schools offer alternatives to traditional public education, promising innovation and choice but also raising questions about accountability and educational equity.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Charter Schools

20. Effects of the Internet

“The Internet has drastically reshaped human communication, access to information, and societal dynamics, generally with a net positive effect on society.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of the Internet

21. Affirmative Action

“Affirmative action is essential for rectifying historical injustices and achieving true meritocracy in education and employment, contrary to claims of reverse discrimination.”

Best For: Essay

Read More: Affirmative Action Pros and Cons

22. Soft Skills

“Soft skills, such as communication and empathy, are increasingly recognized as essential for success in the modern workforce, and therefore should be a strong focus at school and university level.”

Read More: Soft Skills Examples

23. Moral Panic

“Moral panic, often fueled by media and cultural anxieties, can lead to exaggerated societal responses that sometimes overlook rational analysis and evidence.”

Read More: Moral Panic Examples

24. Freedom of the Press

“Freedom of the press is critical for democracy and informed citizenship, yet it faces challenges from censorship, media bias, and the proliferation of misinformation.”

Read More: Freedom of the Press Examples

25. Mass Media

“Mass media shapes public opinion and cultural norms, but its concentration of ownership and commercial interests raise concerns about bias and the quality of information.”

Best For: Critical Analysis

Read More: Mass Media Examples

Checklist: How to use your Thesis Statement

✅ Position: If your statement is for an argumentative or persuasive essay, or a dissertation, ensure it takes a clear stance on the topic. ✅ Specificity: It addresses a specific aspect of the topic, providing focus for the essay. ✅ Conciseness: Typically, a thesis statement is one to two sentences long. It should be concise, clear, and easily identifiable. ✅ Direction: The thesis statement guides the direction of the essay, providing a roadmap for the argument, narrative, or explanation. ✅ Evidence-based: While the thesis statement itself doesn’t include evidence, it sets up an argument that can be supported with evidence in the body of the essay. ✅ Placement: Generally, the thesis statement is placed at the end of the introduction of an essay.

Try These AI Prompts – Thesis Statement Generator!

One way to brainstorm thesis statements is to get AI to brainstorm some for you! Try this AI prompt:

💡 AI PROMPT FOR EXPOSITORY THESIS STATEMENT I am writing an essay on [TOPIC] and these are the instructions my teacher gave me: [INSTUCTIONS]. I want you to create an expository thesis statement that doesn’t argue a position, but demonstrates depth of knowledge about the topic.

💡 AI PROMPT FOR ARGUMENTATIVE THESIS STATEMENT I am writing an essay on [TOPIC] and these are the instructions my teacher gave me: [INSTRUCTIONS]. I want you to create an argumentative thesis statement that clearly takes a position on this issue.

💡 AI PROMPT FOR COMPARE AND CONTRAST THESIS STATEMENT I am writing a compare and contrast essay that compares [Concept 1] and [Concept2]. Give me 5 potential single-sentence thesis statements that remain objective.

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 5 Top Tips for Succeeding at University
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 50 Durable Goods Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 100 Consumer Goods Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 30 Globalization Pros and Cons

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Developing Strong Thesis Statements

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These OWL resources will help you develop and refine the arguments in your writing.

The thesis statement or main claim must be debatable

An argumentative or persuasive piece of writing must begin with a debatable thesis or claim. In other words, the thesis must be something that people could reasonably have differing opinions on. If your thesis is something that is generally agreed upon or accepted as fact then there is no reason to try to persuade people.

Example of a non-debatable thesis statement:

This thesis statement is not debatable. First, the word pollution implies that something is bad or negative in some way. Furthermore, all studies agree that pollution is a problem; they simply disagree on the impact it will have or the scope of the problem. No one could reasonably argue that pollution is unambiguously good.

Example of a debatable thesis statement:

This is an example of a debatable thesis because reasonable people could disagree with it. Some people might think that this is how we should spend the nation's money. Others might feel that we should be spending more money on education. Still others could argue that corporations, not the government, should be paying to limit pollution.

Another example of a debatable thesis statement:

In this example there is also room for disagreement between rational individuals. Some citizens might think focusing on recycling programs rather than private automobiles is the most effective strategy.

The thesis needs to be narrow

Although the scope of your paper might seem overwhelming at the start, generally the narrower the thesis the more effective your argument will be. Your thesis or claim must be supported by evidence. The broader your claim is, the more evidence you will need to convince readers that your position is right.

Example of a thesis that is too broad:

There are several reasons this statement is too broad to argue. First, what is included in the category "drugs"? Is the author talking about illegal drug use, recreational drug use (which might include alcohol and cigarettes), or all uses of medication in general? Second, in what ways are drugs detrimental? Is drug use causing deaths (and is the author equating deaths from overdoses and deaths from drug related violence)? Is drug use changing the moral climate or causing the economy to decline? Finally, what does the author mean by "society"? Is the author referring only to America or to the global population? Does the author make any distinction between the effects on children and adults? There are just too many questions that the claim leaves open. The author could not cover all of the topics listed above, yet the generality of the claim leaves all of these possibilities open to debate.

Example of a narrow or focused thesis:

In this example the topic of drugs has been narrowed down to illegal drugs and the detriment has been narrowed down to gang violence. This is a much more manageable topic.

We could narrow each debatable thesis from the previous examples in the following way:

Narrowed debatable thesis 1:

This thesis narrows the scope of the argument by specifying not just the amount of money used but also how the money could actually help to control pollution.

Narrowed debatable thesis 2:

This thesis narrows the scope of the argument by specifying not just what the focus of a national anti-pollution campaign should be but also why this is the appropriate focus.

Qualifiers such as " typically ," " generally ," " usually ," or " on average " also help to limit the scope of your claim by allowing for the almost inevitable exception to the rule.

Types of claims

Claims typically fall into one of four categories. Thinking about how you want to approach your topic, or, in other words, what type of claim you want to make, is one way to focus your thesis on one particular aspect of your broader topic.

Claims of fact or definition: These claims argue about what the definition of something is or whether something is a settled fact. Example:

Claims of cause and effect: These claims argue that one person, thing, or event caused another thing or event to occur. Example:

Claims about value: These are claims made of what something is worth, whether we value it or not, how we would rate or categorize something. Example:

Claims about solutions or policies: These are claims that argue for or against a certain solution or policy approach to a problem. Example:

Which type of claim is right for your argument? Which type of thesis or claim you use for your argument will depend on your position and knowledge of the topic, your audience, and the context of your paper. You might want to think about where you imagine your audience to be on this topic and pinpoint where you think the biggest difference in viewpoints might be. Even if you start with one type of claim you probably will be using several within the paper. Regardless of the type of claim you choose to utilize it is key to identify the controversy or debate you are addressing and to define your position early on in the paper.

Thesis Statement On Leadership Qualities

Nowadays, leadership thesis statement skills are a great point in favor in many selection processes and can lead you to get that position you want so much. However, you should not confuse leadership with the ability to “command”. Being a leader is much more than that; having thesis statement about leadership skills has to do with your ability to inspire confidence and commitment, as well as to motivate team members to improve day by day.

The goal of a good leader is to get the team to work effectively both individually and as a group. Your figure is key one for the department to work. On many occasions this task becomes a real challenge: the team is made up of heterogeneous people, with their own interests and differentiated knowledge. Therefore, the leader must defend the employee’s independence, supporting them in the use of all their potential and creativity and stimulating their sense of belonging to create a true team.

These are some of the most valued thesis statement on leadership qualities:

Setting goals and expectations is essential for teams to work together with a common goal

A person who moves towards a clear and fixed goal will apply himself with greater determination because he knows what is expected from him. Therefore, it becomes essential for a leader to transmit to his teams what the mission, vision and strategy are. You can start by setting an ambitious goal in the long term and, little by little, segmenting smaller tasks with more immediate results that will motivate your team and prevent them from turning their eyes away from the objective.

Invest in people

Human talent is the most important and valuable variable of any organization. Therefore, if you want prepared people, you must invest in their training. First, you must select those profiles that you think have potential in those areas and divisions that will help you to reach the goal and, once they are part of your team, invest in them to continue evolving, to grow professionally and make the organization grow towards the marked objective. People with thesis statement for leadership qualities are able to recognize special skills and know how to use them for the benefit of the company.

Enhance talent

It is important to create career plans for each of the people who work with you. Do with them performance evaluations and give a sincere feedback on what are their strengths and areas for improvement. On the other hand, talented people tend to be ambitious at the same time, so it is not always easy to retain them. For that reason it is essential to take care and motivate the talented employee. Another key ingredient is commitment, and this is only achieved with good communication between management and workers. This will make them feel motivated and satisfied.

Communication, key to lead effectively

It is essential to work on communication as an essential element to transmit the values to your team. The key is to communicate transparently, clearly and concisely. However, this flow of communication and information cannot be unilateral. Good leaders with thesis statement about leadership qualities always have an open ear towards the concerns of their employees. Communication and leadership go hand in hand when we talk about today’s leaders … and tomorrow’s leaders.

Be innovative and visionary, detect opportunities for improvement, and create an environment that stimulates.

Active listening

Active listening involves observing and asking, flexibility and trust, openness and firmness. It does no longer just about to know what the teams need, but also about actively listening to them, that is, gathering all their ideas and contributions and putting them into practice. When there is active listening in the team, the members understand and understand better the reason for their work. They expand their vision and direction according to their strategies and goals.

Enthusiasm and the spirit of overcoming

They are essential values in any leadership thesis that seeks to be a reference person within their teams. For this it is necessary that you create a healthy, optimistic, fun and at the same time ambitious and challenging working group. Motivating and inspiring your employees and encouraging their enthusiasm for projects are one of the most important skills and the key to success. Motivated employees are good employees. The more aware you are of your own abilities and the more open you are to them, the more successful you will be as a leader.

Lead by example

Albert Einstein said that “the example is not the best way to teach, it is the only one” and, this phrase, it makes special sense when talking about the relationship between a leader and his team in line with thesis about leadership. You must be the first to work hard, to take the responsibilities that protect your position and, in turn, to do so with honesty, ethics and authenticity. Do not pretend to be what you are not. Leadership ability can also be seen as the ability to deliver responsibility and delegate tasks. Those who transfer responsibility to their employees motivate them and guarantee their loyalty.

An influential leader does not need to use his authority to act on his team. The good leader influences through inspiration, his charisma, his values and his innate qualities, making his followers want to follow him, instead of feeling that they “should” do it.

Emotional intelligence

Emotional intelligence is a key factor, according to the thesis on leadership, and is related to perceive the needs of the team, understand the emotions of its members (as well as their strengths, limitations and potential) and channel them in favor of the project and the organization.

Strategic thinking

Speaking about thesis statement for qualities of a good leader, good leader has his sights set on the future, which allows him to anticipate and anticipate future challenges that arise in the organization. Its task is to satisfy current demands by ensuring a good future position, establishing goals and achievable objectives.

Knowledge and experience

Knowledge and experience is one of the most obvious qualities for leaders in line with thesis paper on leadership. A leader must know more than anyone. You must know how to advance obstacles, provide solutions when necessary and guide your team to obtain them.

The leader who inspires confidence is one who demonstrates consistency in his actions, acting with ethics, respect and integrity. Trust in each member of your team, as well as in yourself, is key and necessary to create a productive environment in the workplace.

Commitment and passion

An effective leader, as we can see from good leadership thesis, must know how to transmit the commitment with the organization and the project, being an example for all team members. A committed leader is one who inspires and spreads his enthusiasm and passion by making his subordinates feels as his owns each and every one of the achievements.

School of Visual Arts MFA Thesis Exhibitions Feature Work by 61 Artists

Emily Taylor Rice (CFA’21,’24) (foreground) and Delaney Burns (CFA’24), both grad students in the College of Fine Arts Print Media & Photography program, working on their respective thesis projects ahead of the School of Visual Arts graduate thesis exhibitions.

Five shows by graduating students in painting, graphic design, sculpture, print media and photography, and visual narrative on view on and off campus through April 20

Sophie yarin, cydney scott.

As the academic year draws to a close and commencement season approaches, there’s no shortage of reasons to celebrate at the College of Fine Arts. Not only does 2024 mark the school’s 70th birthday— CFA was founded as the School of Fine and Applied Arts in 1954 —but it’s also a year of exciting firsts for the School of Visual Arts and its five Master of Fine Arts programs: painting, sculpture, print media and photography, visual narrative, and graphic design. 

This year marks the first that the print media and photography and the visual narrative MFA programs, both launched in 2022, will graduate a class. The 2024 exhibitions also mark the largest cohort to date—61 graduating MFA students—in the school’s history. And for the first time, this year’s shows include an off-campus venue: the sculpture exhibition is being shown at 1270 Commonwealth Ave., where what was once a CVS pharmacy has been transformed into a pop-up art gallery. 

All of the exhibitions, on view through April 20, are free and open to the public. Collectively, they offer a sense of the breadth and depth of work being done by MFA students across a range of mediums. For those who cannot make it to all five of this year’s shows, we’ve pulled together some works from each program for your viewing pleasure. But remember: there’s plenty more to see in person.

The visual arts are often compared to a written language, notes Josephine Halvorson , a CFA professor of art, painting, and chair of graduate studies in painting, in the 2024 painting thesis exhibition catalog. “Reading, literacy, and lexicons are terms we frequently cite in critique,” she writes. “Students [have turned] to language, either materially or analogically, to help them navigate meaning in their work.”

James Gold, Mosaic Excavation with Carpets . Egg tempera, India ink, acrylic gouache, and pigmented gesso on panel.

Abbi Kenny, Atlantic Cranberry Sauce (courtesy of Weight Watchers) . Acrylic, molding paste, acrylic gouache, black pepper, glitter, glass beads, muscovite mica, glass flakes, and yupo collage on canvas.

Some works in this year’s exhibition speak plainly, relying on a strong instinct toward realism and representation. James Gold (CFA’24) imbues his canvases with a photographer’s sense of discovery: his subjects—ancient tapestries, mosaics, and scrolls—are rendered so as to capture every detail and texture.

Paintings by Abigail Kenny (CFA’24) share Gold’s photorealistic sensibility, but her concerns are more outlandish, less rarefied. Vivid-hued reproductions of illustrated recipe cards, from Kenny’s own family collection, comment on Andy Warhol’s iconic soup cans from the early 1960s.

Ellen Weitkamp, Remembering 75 East Cove Lane . Oil on panel.

Cody Bluett, Where Are the Sleeping Fish . Oil and spray paint on canvas, wood carving on frame.

Yingxue Daisy Li, Tunnel. Oil and charcoal on canvas.

Ellen Weitkamp (CFA’24) and Cody Bluett (CFA’24) suffuse their paintings with a more surreal and symbolic language, more poetry than prose. Weitkamp’s works suggest the haziness of recalled memories, depicting domestic scenes through the glass of a storefront or the gauze of a curtain. Bluett is also concerned with memory; drawing from his background in working-class Pennsylvania, his scenes are nostalgic for the bucolic landscapes enjoyed by what he describes as “the proletariat during moments of respite, repetition, and reminiscence.”

Visual language dissolves into whispers and murmurs in paintings by Yinxue Daisy Li (CFA’24). Her abstract landscape works hover on the outer edges of representation, the result of a process of erasing and redrawing that transforms an idyllic outdoor scene into gesture, space, light, and shadow.

The MFA Painting Thesis Exhibition is at the Faye G., Jo, and James Stone Gallery, 855 Commonwealth Ave., through Saturday, April 20. Hours: Tuesday to Saturday, 11 am to 5 pm.

Graphic Design

The theme for this year’s graphic design thesis show, Side B , refers to the flip side of a record, and “a willingness to defy expectations, explore uncommon tools, and present a multifaceted expression of craft,” write thesis advisors Christopher Sleboda , a CFA associate professor of graphic design, and Kristen Coogan , a CFA associate professor of graphic design and chair of the MFA graphic design program, in the catalog for the show. 

For her thesis project, Between Waves , Bella Tuo (CFA’24) literally crowdsourced a new font. Over the course of a day, she encouraged strangers to contribute a hand-drawn line, curve, or serif until each letter of the alphabet was complete .

Bella Tuo, Between Waves project feat. Rainbow Hui. Digital media.

Arjun Lakshmanan, The Grand Tour-50 Iterations. Digital media.

Arjun Lakshmanan (CFA’24) was inspired by a NASA mock travel poster that imagined interplanetary tourism. With the same retro futuristic style, he produced a series of 50 similar postcards that emphasized three-dimensionality and warped perception. 

Lindsay Towle (CFA’24), whose design sensibility is informed by the graphic imprint of basketball and other facets of urban street culture, devised new aesthetic associations that make room for visual subcultures within the dominant narrative. A poster of her thesis concept, Backcourt , mixes graffiti lettering, a hallmark of elements of street culture, with classic typography and handwritten elements.

Lindsay Towle, The Backcourt . Digital media.

Carolina Izsak, Masking Tape Proportionality . Belgian linen.

Dhwani Garg, Firki typeface. Digital media.

“The relationships between structure and emotion, constraints and freedom, and a set of parts and pieces to create a whole have always been part of my practice as a designer,” Carolina Izsak (CFA’24) writes. Bursting with color and built to foster interaction and joy, Izsak’s thesis project—which includes prints she has laid onto fabric and wooden blocks—emphasizes playfulness and versatility.

Firki , a typeface created by Dhwani Garg (CFA’24), considers the scalability of typography in a new way. The font uses negative space to construct each figure, an inversion of the simple and expected formula used since the dawn of typesetting. 

The MFA Graphic Design Thesis Exhibition is at the 808 Gallery, 808 Commonwealth Ave., through Saturday, April 20. Hours: Tuesday to Saturday, 11 am to 5 pm.

Visual Narrative

The first graduating class of the MFA visual narrative program has created a collection of work that runs the storytelling gamut, crafting work that’s “humorous, poignant, and thought-provoking,” writes Joel Christian Gill , a CFA associate professor of art and chair of the visual narrative program. 

Sadie Saunders (CFA’24) and Ella Scheuerell (CFA’24) both opted to create graphic memoirs, and although their methodologies differ (Saunders uses digital drawing while Scheuerell relies on collage and mixed media), their stories are grounded in their experiences as young artists coming of age in the pandemic era. Scheuerell introduces readers to her uncle, whose art she discovered among his effects after his death by suicide. As she comes to terms with his loss, the drawings and his invisible presence keep her company. Saunders’ work reads more like a memoir-slash-sitcom, a self-deprecating tour of her barista job and the cast of characters who challenge her to find her voice. 

Sadie Saunders, pages from Spilled Milk and Other Reasons to Cry at Work . Digital drawing.

Ella Scheurell, Heavy Shoes , Colored pencil, watercolor sharpie on paper.

Avanji Vaze, page from Vrindavan House . Digital drawing.

Works by Avanji Vaze (CFA’24), Sandeep Badal (CFA’24), and Ariel Cheng Kohane (COM’22, CFA’24) have created stories that revel in invented universes and complex plotlines. Vaze’s graphic novel combines a Utopian fairytale (where Earth is run by a species of benevolent mushrooms) and MTV’s The Real World , centering a lovable-but-dysfunctional crew of artist roommates as her main cast. Badal’s thesis work is a comic within a comic; his protagonist, a graphic novelist, shares the stage with his own invented character, a trans-femme superhero who begins to feel like the world is treating her like a villain. And Cheng Kohane’s world is a reimagination of classic Western flicks, but populated by a cast of Asian and Jewish characters to match her own blended heritage.

Ariel Kohane, page from Hai Noon . Digital drawing.

Sandeep Badal, two-page spread from Phantom in a Jar . Digital drawing.

Lafleche Giasson, two-page spread from New Leaves on the Tree: How Intergenerational Trauma Affects Inheritable Gene Expression . Digital drawing.

For her thesis, Lafleche Giasson (CFA’24) chose an unconventional narrative, opting to blend her research on complex post-traumatic stress disorder with digital illustrations to create a comprehensive visual guide to the diagnosis.

The MFA Visual Narrative Thesis Exhibition is at the Commonwealth Gallery, 855 Commonwealth Ave., through Saturday, April 20. Hours: Tuesday to Saturday, 11 am to 5 pm. Students will present their thesis work on Wednesday, April 10, and Friday, April 12, from 3 to 5 pm at the Howard Thurman Center, 808 Commonwealth Ave.

Print Media & Photography

This year’s graduates of the print media and photography MFA program have created work that “disrupt[s] the viewer’s sense of the familiar and, in turn, prompt[s] more questions than answers,” write thesis advisors Lynne Allen , a CFA professor of art, printmaking, Toni Pepe , a CFA assistant professor of art and chair of photography, and Deborah Cornell , a CFA professor of art and chair of printmaking, in the show’s catalog. The four graduates whose work is in the thesis show have subverted the expected with their thesis work, in the process highlighting a core principle of printmaking: that it’s a medium of endless possibilities.

The photographs of Sofia Barroso (CFA’24) have been processed to the point of distortion, incorporating fabric, paper, thread, paint, and processes like cyanotype and silkscreen printing.

Sofia Barroso, Exploration of Possibilities . Cyanotype on fabric.

Julianne Dao, Walking Shadows . Collagraph, Chiné-colle archival inkjet print.

Julianne Dao (CFA’24) creates prints that play with negative space; each of her prints began with an object from nature, which she then processed through woodcut, embossing, and other techniques to create a bold design full of light and shadow.

Emily Taylor Rice (CFA’21,’24) and Delaney Burns (CFA’24) injected messages of social activism into their works: Rice creates prints that reflect the emotional turmoil of substance use disorders, using found textiles and colored pigments to reflect the chaos of alcohol dependence and utilizing embossing techniques to replicate emotional scars and ripped-and-torn sections to represent a process of deconstruction and rebirth. 

Emily Taylor Rice, Standing Smack in the Middle of the Truth About Myself . Silkscreen on found fabric.

Delaney Burns, One In Four. Screenprint on tea bags with peacock flower seeds and birth control pamphlets.

Burns incorporates items from all aspects of her life—plants from her mother’s garden; diary entries, notes, and cards written by women in her family; birth control pamphlets; and used teabags—to draw attention to what she says are the unseen, misunderstood, and taken-for-granted experiences of women. Techniques such as bookbinding and wood carving mirror domestic tasks, imbuing her process with a metaphysical interaction with traditional gender roles.

The MFA Print Media & Photography Thesis Exhibition is at the 808 Gallery, 808 Comm Ave., through Saturday, April 20. Hours: Tuesday to Saturday, 11 am to 5 pm.

The pieces in the MFA sculpture exhibition may have little in common visually, writes David Snyder , a CFA assistant professor of sculpture and chair of graduate studies in sculpture, “but what they have built together is…a conversation, a culture, a language, a heart.”

The works by the five students included in this year’s show respond to one another, playing on unconventional uses of space.

Yolanda He Yang, section of Sand Floor and Two Holes to the Basement and Happenings on the Wall. Piano strings, sand, LED spotlight and motor, glass, projector, wood, plastic sheet, mylar, telephone wires, marble.

Helena Abdelnasser, I think it’s dying. Wood, hinges, screws, white paint, soil, grass seeds, plastic bag, water, unfired clay, baby monitor.

In one area, a section of a piece by Yolanda He Yang (MET’21, CFA’24) shares room with a pillar constructed by Helena Abdelnasser (CFA’24). Yang’s sprawling narrative installations include materials that evoke personal significance, and the artist has painstakingly cataloged the origins of each object. The result: an annotated roadmap of a memory. Looming nearby is one of Abdelnasser’s sculptures: an obelisk made of whitewashed picket fences planted in a patch of earth—an untouchable idealization. In one corner of the work, blurred by decay and dirt, is a reproduction of a dead bird—a gruesome reality.

Alyssa Grey (CFA’24) is fascinated by the relationship between art and its modes of display—walk past one of her entries and a motion-sensing camera will project you onto a small television mounted on a plywood pedestal. Mae-Chu Lin O’Connell (CFA’24) injects a self-deprecating, almost paranoiac sensibility in each of her works, making liberal use of claustrophobia, clutter, sensory discomfort, and haphazardness in her installations and videos. Boxmaker , a scattered assemblage of objects in the shadow of an assembled piece of box furniture, brims with frustration, while her videos create an eerie sound collage out of the banal act of eating.

Alyssa Grey, HomeVideos . Wood, roof sealant, plywood, TV, electrical cords, camouflage duct tape, DC motor, camera.

Mae-Chu Lin O’Connell , Boxmaker (How to build a 36-drawer Wunderkabinett in a week) . Plywood, brass knobs, casters, wood screws, wood glue, epoxy, screws, nails, wood putty, and various objects.

Liam Coughlin, r/decks . OSB, dimensional lumber, towels, salvaged floor boards, adhesives and fasteners, plastic bags, garbage bags, Gatorade bottle full of spit, PEZ dispenser, sawhorses, sawdust.

Meanwhile, Liam Coughlin’s work addresses the sociopolitical landscape of the suburbs. Coughlin (CFA’24) encases trash—plastic bags and bottles, Halloween pumpkins, fast food cups—in plywood prisons to replicate “growing up in a homogenized, hermetically sealed, village-like culture of a small New England town.” 

The MFA Sculpture Thesis Exhibition is at 1270 Commonwealth Ave., through Saturday, April 20. Hours: Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Fridays, and Saturdays, 11 am to 5 pm, and Mondays and Thursdays by appointment.

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Associate Editor, BU Today; Managing Editor Bostonia

Sophie Yarin is a BU Today associate editor and Bostonia managing editor. She graduated from Emerson College's journalism program and has experience in digital and print publications as a hybrid writer/editor. A lifelong fan of local art and music, she's constantly on the hunt for stories that shine light on Boston's unique creative communities. She lives in Jamaica Plain with her partner and their cats, Ringo and Xerxes, but she’s usually out getting iced coffee. Profile

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Cydney Scott has been a professional photographer since graduating from the Ohio University VisCom program in 1998. She spent 10 years shooting for newspapers, first in upstate New York, then Palm Beach County, Fla., before moving back to her home city of Boston and joining BU Photography. Profile

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Christopher Buccafusco receives 2024 Distinguished Teaching Award and Derrick Jeffries is named Distinguished Staff Member

Student-voted D.O.N.E. awards also went to George Naser Khoury ’24, Margaret Kruzner ’24, Casey Witte ’24, and three student groups

Christopher Buccafusco received the Distinguished Teaching Award and Derrick Jeffries was honored as Distinguished Staff Member at the 2024 D.O.N.E. Awards on April 10.

Buccafusco, the Edward & Ellen Schwarzman Distinguished Professor of Law, who teaches classes including Torts, Copyright Law, and Design Law, has had “an indelible academic impact” on his students and made them think about the law in a much deeper and sophisticated way, said one student who nominated him. 

Accepting the honor, Buccafusco said he was “incredibly impressed” with the students at Duke Law and grateful for his colleagues. 

“Getting to be a law professor anywhere is a kind of loophole in the universe. We are incredibly lucky to get to do this, but we are especially lucky to get to do this here at a place like Duke,” he said.

The D.O.N.E. Awards – D.O.N.E. stands for Duke Law Outstanding and Noteworthy Endeavors – are sponsored by the Duke Bar Association to honor students, student organizations, faculty members, and staff who have made significant contributions to the Duke Law community through their leadership, innovation, service and dedication. 

Nominations are submitted by students and winners are determined by a committee of students from all three JD class years and the LLM class.

DBA Academics Chair Jody Messick ’26 hosted the ceremony.

The first award, for Distinguished Staff Member, was presented by Emma Cline ’26 to Derrick Jeffries, a member of the Facilities staff and a positive and steadying presence in the halls of Duke Law. Jeffries, she said, consistently goes above and beyond for students — getting to know them, returning lost items, and, importantly, remembering what they share about themselves.

As his family and friends looked on, Jeffries took the podium amid loud applause from students, and spoke movingly about the power of a smile and a kind word.

“I don't do this for me. I do this for y’all. I take my job seriously,” Jeffries said with a catch in his voice. “All the students and staff, everybody I meet, I'll say ‘Good morning’ because you never know what kind of day a person had before. Greeting them with a smile or a good morning can change their mood, can change their day.

“I just try to be encouraging and show support to all the students. I see how hard it is. I see how there are late nights, there are early mornings, how they come in tired sometimes, and I just try to encourage them,” Jeffries said.

“Peace and your mental health are very important. So when you feel crammed and just overwhelmed, take a break but don't quit. Do something you enjoy doing. If it is going to get something to eat, getting something to drink, just sitting outside, just getting some sun, take a break but don't quit — and come back.”

Buccafusco, the Distinguished Teaching honoree, was described by a student as ‘simply the most amazing, iconic and incredible professor’ they have had at Duke, presenter Hamza Chaudhry ’25 said.

“Whether he is teaching 1L Torts or Copyright, this professor brings a unique analytical rigor to his classroom,” Chaudhry said. “[He] is also noteworthy for the energy and commitment he brings to Duke Law. … This year's award winner consistently goes the extra mile to show his love for our community.” 

As a student in Buccafusco’s Torts class, Chaudhry said, “my assumptions about the law were pushed to their limits in an environment that was both relaxing yet deeply enriching. [His] lecture on the intersection between disability rights, tort law, and measures of happiness is something that fundamentally shaped how I see the world.”

Buccafusco said he was deeply honored to receive the student-voted award and called being a law professor “a great job.”

“The kinds of people I get to work with here, my colleagues on the faculty who inspire me to write and think about new ideas in new ways, the staff that we have, are just the best possible people,” he told students. 

“All of these people make our lives infinitely better every single day that we come in, and we are incredibly lucky to get to work with them, but I feel especially lucky to get to work with you. I am just so incredibly impressed with your dedication, your thoughtfulness, and the ways in which you relate to one another.

“The law is enormously serious. The sorts of discussions that we have every day in class and outside of class determine the course of people's lives, affect how massive amounts of humanity co-exist with one another, and the extent to which you are all capable of taking those sorts of questions incredibly seriously, but also — and this is key for me, and I think for you — not necessarily taking yourselves all that seriously, this is a hugely valuable thing to do. Your ability to make sure that you are understanding that the stuff we do matters, but that we can all nonetheless engage with one another in a friendly, compassionate, thoughtful way has been hugely inspiring to me.”

Three student leaders were also recognized for their service and community-building efforts:

• Margaret Kruzner ’24 received the Outstanding Student Organization Leader Award for her “tireless” leadership of the Moot Court Board. “It is often a thankless job to be the leader of an organization like Moot Court because everyone wants to compete or have the honor on their resume, but she took on the mantle and oversaw several competitions and handled it all with grace,” Cline said. “I have gotten to know [Margaret] over the past semester and she has been an incredible role model for me.”
• Casey Witte ’24 received the Outstanding Contribution to the Duke Law Community award for consistently going above and beyond to cultivate a supportive and inclusive community for his peers. “Whether through organizing events, spearheading initiatives, or simply lending a listening ear, he has demonstrated a profound commitment to the wellbeing and success of his fellow students,” Messick said. “His impact extends far beyond the confines of our classroom and lecture halls. He has been a beacon of encouragement and support, inspiring others to strive for excellence and to embrace the values of collaboration.” 
• George Naser Khoury ’24 won the Richard Lin Service Above Self Award, which honors Lin, a member of the Class of 2016, and is given to a student who embodies Lin’s qualities of optimism, integrity, humility, and generosity of time and energy. “As Richard shared during his [Convocation] address in 2016 , this year's award winner is one of those ‘solid people who do the right thing on a daily basis and makes a world of a difference,’” Chaudhry said. “When one student had to defend her master's thesis on a random weekday afternoon and could not find childcare, he volunteered to watch her son for the afternoon in the office. And he did not just watch him, he fed him snacks, played iPad videos, and even blew his nose when his asthma kicked in.” George Khoury is “one of the most compassionate, kind and selfless individuals in our community.” 

Student organization awards were given to:

• First Class, honored for Greatest Role in Building Relationships. In a relatively short time, First Class has built strong relationships through activities such as bringing in guest speakers on topics like personal finance — and making sure each student had the relevant book — and inviting experienced lawyers and alumni for informal knowledge sharing with students over coffee. “This organization facilitates belonging in our community by bringing attention to critical life skills essential that are essential for every pre-professional student,” Messick said. “As first generation lawyers, these interactions have not only provided invaluable mentorship opportunities, but have also forged long lasting connections that extend beyond the confines of our campus.”
• The Duke Law Federalist Society was recognized for Outstanding Contribution to Civil Discourse. “The importance of creating spaces for informed discussion is more challenging than ever. The sheer number of events that this organization has hosted is impressive in its own right, but what's more, this organization has not shied away from tackling contentious issues like censorship, gender and sports and abortion on the constitution,” Messick said. “It has also delved into the complexities of judicial review and practicing law with integrity. … This organization's dedication to fostering open dialogue and intellectual engagement has left a mark on the Duke law community.”
• Broad Street Law, which leads interactive pre-law lessons twice a week for children in detention at the Durham Youth Home, received the award for Greatest Service to the Outside Community for “igniting an enthusiasm for learning in kids and teenagers. They strive to make legal concepts comprehensive, yet digestible, engaging, yet approachable on topics such as criminal law, copyright law, and more,” Messick said. “As one student said in their nomination, ’There were countless meaningful moments that underscored the impact of this program. The students at the Durham Youth Home consistently surprised and inspired us with their candor, curiosity, and eagerness to engage … These young minds grappled with complex legal and societal issues with maturity and insight.’”

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The farcical saga of an impeachment trial no one wants to convene

Why fail on a Thursday when you can instead drag out that failure four or five days later, for no apparent gain?

Senate Republicans were apoplectic in early January 2020. House Democrats had impeached Donald Trump and declared him a threat to democracy — but then refused to actually send the matter to the Senate.

Democrats naively thought they could withhold the articles of impeachment to leverage more favorable rules for the Senate trial, which Republicans had no intention of implementing.

“This delay is an abuse of power & denies POTUS his day in court,” Sen. Shelley Moore Capito (R-W. Va.), one of the more pragmatic GOP lawmakers, wrote on social media . “Send it or end it!”

The next day the House speaker at the time, Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.), realized the error of this strategy and announced she’d send her impeachment managers across the Capitol the following week, beginning a trial almost four weeks after the House’s votes.

So much for any form of consistency more than four years later.

On Wednesday, House Republicans failed to march their articles of impeachment against Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas to the Senate, as Speaker Mike Johnson (R-La.) had previously announced for his plan.

Instead, we live in a political world in which the most fervent opponents of Mayorkas — who believe he should be convicted in a Senate trial and removed from office — are the ones actually delaying the start of the trial.

Now, sometime next week, maybe Tuesday or Wednesday, the trial will finally begin, more than two full months after the House took the unusual step and voted to impeach a cabinet member for the first time since 1876.

In impeaching Mayorkas, Republicans have turned the most powerful constitutional duty that Congress has — removing executive branch officials for “high crimes and misdemeanors” — into a farcical journey of blunder and mismanagement.

Sen. Joe Manchin III (D-W.Va.), who spent the first three years of President Biden’s tenure as a key swing vote who frustrated liberal activists, summed up the GOP mishandling of the entire saga in a floor speech Wednesday. Manchin pledged his full support to the Democratic plan to short circuit the trial quickly once Johnson finally sends the articles over and senators are sworn in as jurors.

“It is basically something that I can’t wait to vote against and get it out as soon as it comes here,” he said.

That vote was originally going to come Thursday afternoon, if the managers had delivered the articles Wednesday. Senate Majority Leader Charles E. Schumer (D-N.Y.) has laid out a plan to follow the more than century-old mandate for starting impeachment trials at 1 p.m. each day.

But Senate conservatives realized just how quickly defeat would come if they held a trial this week, and they used back channels to the House speaker to plead with him to delay the trial until next week.

In a stunning admission of how little traction their effort to oust Mayorkas had gained, these hard-line GOP senators explained that the Senate has become so duty-bound by their Thursday afternoon departure schedule that some Republicans might just leave town or agree to quickly dismiss the trial.

“We don’t want this to come over on the eve of the moment when members might be operating under the influence of jet fuel intoxication,” Sen. Mike Lee (R-Utah) said at a Tuesday news conference.

This bungled impeachment effort is only compounded by the fact that the underlying dispute — the crisis at the border of migrants flowing into the country — comes on the single best policy issue on the Republican side. Every poll shows critical independent voters, who will decide the November elections, giving Biden, Mayorkas and Democrats terrible grades for handling the border.

The House Republican effort to impeach Biden over financial impropriety by family members has crumbled amid witnesses getting indicted on a charge of trading secrets to Russia or going on the global lam to avoid charges here.

Instead, the Mayorkas impeachment took hold as the major oversight trophy the House GOP hoped to show for its incredibly weak hold on the majority the past 15 months.

Congressional Democrats, as well as quite a few Senate Republicans, have never agreed with the House GOP’s thesis that Mayorkas violated the Immigration and Nationality Act, which mandates the detention of any deportable migrant. These critics and skeptics essentially see this as a policy dispute, given a cabinet secretary’s broad discretion to enforce laws, and that the way to handle policy disputes is through elections.

Sen. Mitt Romney (R-Utah), who voted to impeach Donald Trump twice, told reporters Tuesday that the “standard has not been met for a conviction,” and he could join Democrats in dismissing the case at the outset of the trial.

That argument rang true to three House Republicans, which is why the Mayorkas impeachment began in such farcical fashion.

On Feb. 6, Johnson and his leadership team rolled the dice to hold the vote to impeach anyway believing there were only 211 Democrats present to vote — and that they would win 215-214, despite three defections from their side of the aisle.

House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries (D-N.Y.) had been in touch with a hospitalized Democrat, Rep. Al Green (Texas), and got him to the floor in time to cast a vote that left the House deadlocked 215-215 .

Rather than accept defeat, Johnson used a parliamentary tactic to hold a do-over the following week, calling House Majority Leader Steve Scalise (R-La.) back to Washington after he’d been at home recovering from a bone-marrow transplant.

One extra vote was all Republicans needed — so long as they held the vote early on the evening of Feb. 13.

They feared that, about two hours after their narrowest-possible-margin impeachment of Mayorkas, Democrats would win a special election on Long Island and their margin would disappear. Indeed, Democrats won that race, and if the House had to hold another vote now on Mayorkas, and all members showed up and voted as they had before, the impeachment articles would fail on another tie vote.

Johnson immediately took the Pelosi approach to handling impeachment articles, but far outdoing the slow-moving Democrats from four years ago. House Republicans adjourned for a two-legislative break, then spent almost a month fighting over government funding.

When they finally approved the remaining funding bills, on March 22, the House again adjourned for another two-week break.

Finally, a timeline appeared for the Senate to consider the impeachment trial, mapped out between the offices of Johnson and Schumer.

Senate Republicans, who have been bitterly divided the past six months over issues related to the border and funding Ukraine’s defense against Russia, came around on the idea that almost all of them would endorse the plan to force a full impeachment trial of the cabinet secretary.

Upon returning to the Capitol Monday, Sen. Thom Tillis (R-N.C.) told reporters he did not quite fully understand the House case against Mayorkas, doubting its validity, but would vote to hold a full trial.

Aside from Lee and a handful of his far-right allies, Senate Republicans give off the vibe that they want to get come credit for voting for a full trial from conservative activists.

At the same time, their statements give off a halfhearted nature that demonstrates, deep down, little desire to turn over the Senate floor to prominent MAGA lawmakers like Reps. Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-Ga.) and Andy Biggs (R-Ariz.), two of the House managers who would try the case if it went to a full trial.

Each day so far this week, Republicans have lined up to give long speeches about impeachment and the border crisis.

Capito delivered one of them Wednesday afternoon, noting that never before had an impeachment trial been dismissed at the outset. She made no mention of her own vote in January 2021 to dismiss charges against Trump for the Capitol riot, nor did she mention her January 2020 statements demanding a speedy trial or no trial at all for the first Trump impeachment.

“This time,” she said, “it should be no different.”