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Citing Sources: CSE Style

What is cse style.

CSE (Council of Science Editors) Style is widely used in scientific disciplines, particularly in the natural and physical sciences. The CSE manual describes three systems of documentation. All three systems use a reference list at the end of the paper with complete source information. The Name-Year system uses parenthetical citations consisting of the author's last name and year of publication; the Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name systems both use numbered references in the text to refer to the reference list at the end. In Citation-Sequence, the reference list is presented and numbered in the order the sources appear in the text, while in Citation-Name, the reference list is numbered alphabetically by author's last name.

Official Guidance from the CSE

• Quick Guide to Scientific Style and Format From University of Chicago Press, the publishers of the CSE Manual.

Online CSE Name-Year Style Guides

• Citation Guide: CSE Name-Year System Guide to using parenthetical references in CSE Style, from the Writing Across the Curriculum Clearinghouse
• Cite Your Sources: CSE Name-Year From the University of Guelph -- see also their several videos on the guide
• The Writer's Handbook: CSE Documention Style Quick guide to both Name-Year and Citation-Sequence/Citation-Name systems, from the Writing Center at University of Wisconsin

Online CSE Citation-Name/Citation-Sequence Style Guides

• Citation Guide: CSE Citation-Sequence System Guide to using numbered references in CSE Style, from the Writing Across the Curriculum Clearinghouse
• Cite Your Sources: CSE CItation-Name From the University of Guelph; see also their several videos on the guide.
• The Writer's Handbook: CSE Documentation Style Quick guide to both Name-Year and Citation-Sequence/Citation-Name systems, from the Writing Center at University of Wisconsin

Books on CSE Style

• << Previous: Chicago Author-Date Style
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• Last Updated: May 1, 2024 12:48 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.uw.edu/research/citations

• Free Tools for Students
• CSE Citation Generator

Free CSE Citation Generator

Generate accurate CSE citations for books, websites, journals and more, with MyBib!

🤔 What is a CSE Citation Generator?

A CSE citation generator is an online tool that creates citations in the Council of Science Editors (CSE) citation style. It does this automatically by taking in an identifier for a document, such as a website URL, book ISBN, or journal DOI, and then formatting the citation correctly using the remaining details.

🤓 What is the CSE citation style?

The CSE citation style is a citation style created by the Council of Science Editors, a non-profit organization. They publish the CSE style guidelines in the CSE Scientific Style and Format Manual , now on the 8th edition.

There are three ways to correctly cite sources in the CSE style. They should not be mixed together (format all citations the same way).

• Name-Year (N-Y): Also known as author-date, the author name and publication year are surrounded with parenthesis and placed next to the cited text as an in-text citation. The reference list at the end of the article is ordered alphabetically by the author's last name.
• Citation-Name (C-N): Superscripted numbers (example: ¹) are placed next to cited text as an in-text citation. The reference list is still sorted alphabetically by the author's last name, but the corresponding in-text citation number is prepended to each reference to connect both of them together.
• Citation-Sequence (C-S): Similar to Citation-Name, superscripted numbers are used next to cited text and are also prepended to the author's name in the reference list, but the reference list is sorted by the citation number in ascending order instead of the author's last name.

👩‍🎓 Who uses a CSE Citation Generator?

The CSE style is used broadly across the sciences--especially biology, where it originated. If you are studying the sciences, or you are writing to be published in an CSE publication (such as Science Editor ), then you will likely need to cite your sources using the CSE style.

🙌 Why should I use a CSE Citation Generator?

Every academic field, not just the sciences, will recommend using a tool to record references to others' work in your writing. A citation generator like MyBib can record this data, and can also automatically create an accurate bibliography from it, with the necessary in-text citations too.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's CSE Citation Generator?

MyBib's CSE citation generator was designed to be accurate and easy to use (also it's FREE!). Follow these steps:

• Search for the article, website, or document you want to cite using the search box at the top of the page.
• Look through the list of results found and choose the one that you referenced in your work.
• Make sure the details are all correct, and correct any that aren't. Then click Generate!

The generator will produce a formatted CSE citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall reference list (which can be downloaded fully later!).

MyBib supports the following for CSE style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Citation Guide: Council of Science Editors (Citation-Sequence System)

CSE stands for the Council of Science Editors. CSE style is based on the eighth edition of Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers .

CSE style, used primarily in the physical sciences, life sciences, and mathematics, recommends two systems.

• a Citation-Sequence system, which lists sources in the references list according to the order in which they appear in the document
• a Name-Year system, which is similar to the Author-Date system used by APA

This guide is based on Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (8th ed.) , a publication of the Council of Science Editors. For more detailed formatting information, guides and examples, visit the Council of Science Editors website. Formatting examples also based on the National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation Supplement: Internet Formats . 2 nd Ed. 2007. [Updated Aug 2015].

[Guide Updated Jul 2017]

Citing Sources within Your Paper (Using In-Text Numbering)

The CSE - Citation/Sequence in-text citation system is simple: It relies on numbers. Unlike the Name/Year system, no parenthetical information is required. All that's needed is a superscripted number: a raised numeral located at the end of a clause or sentence identifying the content as outside source material.

The superscripted number flags the reader's attention to a correspondingly numbered entry on a References list located at the end of a book or document.

In-Text Numbering Rules

CSE In-Text Numbering Rules are as follows:

• In-text superscripted numbers appear after the punctuation and quotation marks at the end of a cited clause or sentence. There is no space between the punctuation and the numeral.
• Source material located in the first part of a sentence separated by an em dash (two hyphens) is cited with the number placed before the dash begins.
• Beginning with 1, each number follows in sequential order from page to page.
• When citing a previously mentioned source, use the first number assigned to the source.
• When referring to more than one source, separate the numbers using commas.
• When referring to a source cited in another source, use the phrase "cited in":

The data 12(cited in 8) collected in the third month of study...

• Superscripted numbers can be created in Microsoft® Word.

How to Superscript Numbers with Microsoft® Word 2007 or later

• Select the number you want to superscript
• Click on the superscript icon located in the font box ( x 2 )
• Click on the superscript icon again to return to normal font

How to Superscript Numbers with Microsoft® Word 2003 or earlier

• Select Font on the tool bar Format drop-down menu and open the Font tab.
• Select the same font and style used in the rest of your document.
• Select a font-size one or two points smaller than the body text.
• Select automatic (for black) or another color choice from the Font color menu.
• Check the Superscript option in the Effects section.
• Click OK, return to your document and insert your superscript number.
• Once inserted, you must return to the Font dialogue box and uncheck the Superscript selection before entering any more text.

Citing Sources at the End of Your Paper

The end documentation in the CSE Citation/Sequence system is called the References list. It is located at the end of a document or book and contains all the bibliographic information needed to find out more about each cited source within the text.

This page is a selective bibliography and does not include a full accounting of sources related to or consulted before you began writing your document, but only those actually cited. You may want to include sources that directly informed your thinking but aren't explicitly cited in the text on a separate page entitled Additional References . Further reading suggestions or a fuller bibliography should be placed on yet another page entitled Additional Reading or Bibliography .

Proper CSE documentation depends on the References page. Without it the in-text numbers would make little sense as they would no longer be pointing at any corresponding entries in the end documentation.

References Formatting Rules

CSE references list formatting rules call for the end documentation to begin on the last page of your document, not on a separate one. If your document is 6½ pages long, the References list should begin on page 7, directly below the concluding text of your document.

The references list formatting rules are as follows:

• References is the most common title, however Cited References or Literature Cited are acceptable titles as well.
• The title should be placed flush-left on the page and may appear Bold , Underlined , or capped in UPPERCASE letters.
• Double space between title and first entry; single-space all other entries.
• Set font-size one or two point (type) sizes smaller than the document text.
• Page numbers are included when specific passages rather than entire sources are being cited and in the case of quotations.
• Arrange entries numerically, following their initial in-text order of appearance. Each number should be followed by a period and one space.

Individual entries may be formatted in the following three ways:

• No indentation. All lines in each entry flush-left.
• Numbers flush-left. All lines in each entry indented one or two spaces.
• Indent the first line of each entry five spaces from the left margin (the normal tab-button default space). Subsequent lines are flush-left.

Bibliography Formatting Rules

CSE bibliography formatting rules differ significantly from the References rules:

• The title-- Bibliography --replaces the word References at the top of a separate page.
• Numbers are omitted altogether and entries are arranged alphabetically, last name first, instead of numerically.
• Optional elements such as author affiliations, original language, notes, etc., may be included here. More information on their placement is available online in National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation (pdf file).

Examples of CSE Citation-Sequence References Formatting

Books and book parts.

Note: For consistency, book entries should be formatted with the initials of authors and editors first names when the References list includes journal article entries [for which the rule calls for using initials rather than the first names of authors and editors] as well.

1. Book with One Author

Format: Give the author’s last name and first initial with no comma. Next, include the title, capitalizing only the first word and proper nouns, followed by publication information. Include the state abbreviation in parentheses after the city.

1. Leonard, C. The meat racket: the secret takeover of America’s food business. New York (NY): Simon Schuster; 2014.

2. Book with Two or More Authors

Format: List the authors in the order in which they appear on the title page, each of them last name first. (If there are more than 10 authors, list the first ten followed by a comma and “et al.”) Note that periods are not used after initials. Separate authors with commas. When using CSE style, abbreviate “United Kingdom” as “GB.”

2. Willis KJ, McElwain JC. The evolution of plants. 2 nd ed. Oxford (GB): Oxford University Press; 2014.

3. Edited Books or a Work in an Anthology

Format : List the author and title of the section; then include the word “In” followed by a colon, the editor’s name (last name followed by initials) and the word “editor.” Include the book title, place, and publisher, and note the inclusive pages of the section. Note that page range numbers are given in full.

3. Rothenberg M, Clarke MF. Cancer stem cells, In: Carlson BM, editor. Stem cell anthology. London (GB): Academic Press; 2010. p. 221-236.

4. Books with Author, Editor, Translator and Note

Format : Identify the editor(s) before the publication. Identify the translator after the title, giving the last name first.

4a. Einstein, A. The cosmic view of Albert Einstein: writings on art, science, and peace. Martin W, Ott M, editors. New York (NY): Sterling Publishing; 2013.

4b. Schoeps KH. Literature and film in the Third Reich. Dell’Orto KM, translator. Columbia (SC): Camden House; 2010.

5. Microform Books

Format : Entry number. Last name and initial(s) of author, [followed by last names and initial(s) of other authors, if any]. Title of book [type of microtext]. Place of publication: microform publisher; year of publication. Number of reels. Type of film.

5. Fortney, S. Bedrest in healthy women [microfiche]. Springfield (VA): National Technical Information Service; 1986. 2 microfiches: negative.

6. Multivolume Work

Format : Include the total number of volumes if you are making a reference to all volumes in the work, or “Vol.” followed by the specific volume number followed by the title of that volume (if that volume is separately titles).

6. Serway RA, Jewett JW. Physics for scientists and engineers. Vol. 5. 8 th ed. Pacific Grove (CA): Brooks-Cole; 2010.

7. Titled Book Chapter

Format : If you wish to refer to a chapter of a book, identify the chapter of the book after the publication information. End with the inclusive pages of the chapter.

7. Pendergrast M. Inside the outbreaks: the elite medical detectives of the Epidemic Intelligence Service. Boston (MA): Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2010. Chapter 7, Fighting pox, pandemics, and special pathogens; pg. 72-90.

8. Titled Book Chapter not Written by Book Author

Format : Entry number. Last name and initial(s) of author of chapter or part, [followed by last names and initial(s) of other authors, if any]. Title of chapter or part. In: last name and initial(s) of author or editor of book [followed by last names and initial(s) of other authors or editors, if any]. Title of book. Edition information. Place of publication: publisher; year of publication. Inclusive page numbers.

8. Hansen B. New York City epidemics and history for the public. In: Harden VA, Risse GB, editors. Aids and the historian. Bethesda: National Institute of Health; 1991. p 21-8.

Format: Identify the organization as the author.

9. National Geographic. EarthPulse. 2 nd ed. New York (NY): Wiley; 2010.

Format: Begin with the title.

10. The first 100,000 prime numbers. Lenox (MA): Hard Press; 2007. 215 p.

Format: Note the edition (for instance “2 nd ed.” or “New rev. ed.”) after the title and with a separating period.

11. Roberts N. The holocene: an environmental history. 3 rd ed. Oxford (GB): Wiley Blackwell; 2014.

Format: To cite an anthology of essays or a collection of articles, treat the editor’s name as you would an author’s name but identify with the word “editor.”

12. Carlson BM, editor. Stem cell anthology. London (GB): Academic Press; 2010.

Format: If the part is written by someone other than the author of the book, treat it as you would a chapter in an edited book, identifying the author or editor of the book before the book title.

13. Groopman J. Introduction. In: Cohen J, editor. The best of the best American science writing: ten years of the series. New York (NY): Ecco; 2010; p. ix-xv.

Format: List the editors of the proceedings as authors or, if there are no editors, begin with the name and year of the conference. Then give the title of the publication; the date of the conference; the place of the conference; and the place of publication, publisher, and date.

14. Platts H, Barron C, Lundock J, Pearce J, Yoo J, editors. TRAC 2013. Proceedings of the 23 rd Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference; 2013; London. Oxford (GB): Oxbow Books; c2014; 160 p.

Format: Use the general format for a book, adding the word “dissertation” or “thesis” in square brackets after the title. Treat the institution granting the degree as the publisher. If the place is not listed on the dissertation but can be inferred, use brackets around the place as shown here.

15. Prescott JW. Computer-assisted discovery and characterization of imaging biomarkers for disease diagnosis and treatment planning [dissertation]. [Columbus (OH)]: Ohio State University; 2010; 191 p.

Format: Use the general format for a book, adding the word “dissertation” or “thesis” in square brackets as a final element of the title. Treat the institution granting the degree as the publisher.

16. Wagner KP. A generalized acceptance urn model [dissertation]. Tampa (FL): University of South Florida; 2010.

Scholarly and Professional Journals

Note: When there are between two and ten authors, list all authors in the entry. When there are more than ten, list only the first ten.

1. General Format for Journal Articles

Format : Abbreviate and capitalize all of the major words in a journal’s title; omit articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. The CSE manual includes specific guidelines for citing journal titles. A semicolon separates the year of publication followed by a semicolon and the volume number. If there is an issue number, include it in parentheses, followed by a colon and the page numbers. There are no spaces between the year, volume number, and page numbers.

1. Gauthier S, Leuzy A, Racine E, Rosa-Neto P. Diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease; past present and future ethical issues. Prog Neurobiol. 2013;110:102-113.

Format : List the entry number, the last name and initial(s) of author, followed by last names and initial(s) of other authors, if any]. List the article title and include the type of article in square brackets along with the title of the journal, the year of publication followed by a semicolon, the volume (issue number) followed by a colon and inclusive page numbers.

2. Besho F, Kobayashi N. A historical sketch of pediatric hematology and oncology in Japan [editorial]. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1993; 10(2): v-viii.

Format : List the entry number, last name and itiatial(s) of the author, followed by the last names and initial(s) of other others (if any). List the article title, the title of the journal, the year of publication followed by a semi colon, the volume (issue number) followed by a colon and inclusive page numbers.

3. Besho F, Kobayashi N. A historical sketch of pediatric hematology and oncology in Japan. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1993; 10(2): v-viii.

Format : List the entry number, the last name and initials of the author, followed by the last names and initials of other authors (if any). List the title of the article, the title of the journal, the year of publication, volume number followed by a colon and the the first set of inclusive page numbers, second set, and so on.

4. Weisse AB. A plague in Philadelphia. The story of Legionnaires' disease. Hosp Pract. (Off Ed). 1992; 27(6):151-4,157,161-8.

Format : List the entry number, the last name and initial(s) of the author, followed by the last names and initial(s) of other authors (if any). List the title of the article, the title of the journal, the year of publication followed by a semicolon, the volume (issue number and supplement) followed by a colon and inclusive page numbers.

5. Feindel W. Development of surgical therapy of epilepsy at the Montreal Neurological Institute. Can J Neurol Sci. 1991;18(4 Suppl): 549-53.

Format : List the entry number, the last name and initial(s) of the author, followed by the last names and initial(s) of other authors (if any). List the title of the article, the title of the journal, the year of publication followed by a semicolon, the volume and supplement number followed by a colon and inclusive page numbers.

6. Rahe RH. Psychosocial stressors and adjustment disorder: Van Gogh's life chart illustrates stress and disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990; 51 Suppl: 13-9.

Newspaper and Magazine Articles

1. A Signed Article in a Newspaper

Format : Treat newspaper articles as you would magazine articles, identifying their pages by section, page, and column on which they begin (in parentheses).

1. Jalonick MC. Suit says toys in Happy Meals break the law. Boston Globe. 2010 June 23;Sect. B:11 (col. 1).

Format : Begin the entry with the title of the article. “Anonymous” is not permitted in CSE style.

2. A mouse to save your wrist and hand. Boston Globe. 2010 Nov 29;Sect. B:8 (col. 3).

Format : Magazines are not identified by volume. Give only the date (year, month, day for weekly magazines; year and month for monthly magazines). Abbreviate all months to their first three letters.

3. Milius S. In field or backyard, frogs face threats. Sci News. 2010 Sep 11:28-29.

Conference Proceedings, Papers and Abstracts

1. Published Proceedings of a Conference

Format : List the editors of the proceedings as authors or, if there are no editors, begin with the name and year of the conference. Then give the title of the publication; the date of the conference; the place of the conference; and the place of publication, publisher, and date.

1. Platts H, Barron C, Lundock J, Pearce J, Yoo J, editors. TRAC 2013. Proceedings of the 23 rd Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference; 2013; London. Oxford (GB): Oxbow books; c2014; 160;.

Format : Format the citation as you would a chapter in an edited book.

2. Paten B, Diekhans M, Ear D, St. John J, Ma J, Suh BB, Haussler D. Cactus graphs for genome comparisons. In: Berger B, editor. RECOMB 2010. Research in computational molecular biology, 14 th annual international conference proceedings; 2010 Apri 25-28; Lisbon, Portugal. Berlin (DE): Springer-Verlag; c2010; p. 410-425.

Format : List the entry Number, the last name and initial(s) of the author, followed by the last names and initial(s) of other authors (if any). List the title of the abstract followed by “abstract” in square brackets. List “In:” followed by the title of the proceedings or conference; the year month and number of days of the conference; and the location of the conference. List the place of publication: the publisher (capitalized); and the year of publication. List the page numbers and include the abstract number [if available].

21. Willoughby E. A neglected treatise on headache [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the International Conference of the Auckland Medical Historical Society; 1994 Aug; Auckland, New Zealand. Auckland: Pyramid Press; 1995. p 419.

Scientific and Technical Reports

Formats for scientific and technical reports vary according to the organization responsible for the report. Follow the examples in formatting listed below.

1. U.S. Government Report Authored by a Government Agency or Dept.

Format : Entry Number. Name of Agency or Department (US) [Abbreviation of Agency or Department]. Title and description of report. Place of Publication: Publisher; Year and Month of Publication. Number of Pages or Volumes. Availability Statement.

1. Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety and Health (US) [DOE]. Office of Occupational Medicine. Annual report. Washington, DC: DOE; 1993 Aug. 14 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DE-93018387.

Format : Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initial(s) of other authors, if any] (Name of Responsible Organization). Title and description of report. Place of Publication: Publisher or Sponsoring Organization; Year Month and Day of Publication. Report Number. Contract Number. Number of Pages. Availability Information.

2. Lenz TG, Vaughan JD, Cooper LN. (Colorado State University). Study of improved methods for predicting chemical equilibria. Final Report 1 Jan 90-31 Mar 93. Washington: Department of Energy; 1993 Sep. Report nr DOE/ER/13582-T3. Contract nr FG02-86ER13582. 33 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfied, VA; DE-94001647.

Format : Entry Number. Name of Responsible Organization [abbreviation of performing organization]. Title and description of report. Place of Publication: Publisher; Year and Month of Publication. Report Number. Number of Pages.

3. Gas Research Inst. [GRI], Institute of Gas Technology. Computerized operations management. Final report Feb 1992. Chicago (IL): Transport and Storage Research Dept; 1992 Feb. Report nr PB94-12203, PB94-122041. 1009 p. in 2 v.

Dissertations, Theses and Patents

1. Published Dissertation or Thesis

Format : Use the general format for a book, adding the word “dissertation” or “thesis” in square brackets after the title. Treat the institution granting the degree as the publisher. If the place is not listed on the dissertation but can be inferred, use brackets around the place as shown below.

1. Prescott JW. Computer-assisted discovery and characterization of imaging biomarkers for disease diagnosis and treatment planning [dissertation]. [Columbus (OH)]: Ohio State University; 2010; 191 p.

2. Upublished Dissertation or Thesis

Format : Use the general format for a book, adding the word “dissertation” or “thesis” in square brackets as a final element of the title. Treat the institution granting the degree as the publisher.

2. Wagner KP. A generalized acceptance urn model [dissertation]. Tampa (FL): University of South Florida; 2010.

Format : Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Inventor, [followed by last names and initials of other inventors, if any], inventor(s). Assignee. Title of Patented device or process. Patent descriptor. Year Month Day the Patent Was Issued.

3. Umezawa H, Suzuki S, Ohkuma T, inventors; Zaidan Hojin Biseibutsu Kagaka, assignee. Medical composition for injection containing a spergualin as active ingredient and process for preparing the same notag [stabilizers of dextrans, cyclodextrins, and chodroitin sulfate; anticarcinogenic agents, immunomodulators]. US patent 4,876,244. 1989 Oct 24.

Legal Materials

Note: The NLM ( National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation ) does not offer its own guidelines for documenting legal references. The CSE instead defers to A Uniform System of Citation (HLRA 1992) and offers the formats below, based on their recommendations.

1. Court Cases

Format : Entry Number. Title of Case, Volume Source Page Numbers (Court and Date).

1. Meyer v. State of Nebraska., 262 U.S. 390 (S.Ct. 625 1923).

Format : Entry Number. Title of Statute, Volume Number Source Section Number § (Year of Publication)

2. Farm Credit Act. 42 U.S.C.A. § 410 (1959)

Note: This example was taken from CSE's Scientific Style and Format (p 663).

Format : Entry Number. Senate Bill Number, Number of Congress, Number of Session Section Number § (Year).

3. S. 2830, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. § 8 (1980).

Format : Entry Number. Resolution Number, Legislature Number, Session Number, Year Collection of Laws

4. H.R.J. Res 1, 40th Leg., 2d Spec. Sess., 1974 Utah Laws 7

Format : Entry Number. Title of Hearing , Number of Congress, Session Number. (Year)

5. U.S. Policy in the Persian Gulf: Hearing Before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations , 101st Cong., 2nd Sess. (1990)

Media Sources

1. Sound Recording

Format : Cite as you would a film or video recording (listed below)

1. Howler monkeys: singing into the night [sound recording]. Carroll B, sound recordist. Keene (NH): Belize Bruce; 2013.

Format : Give the title, then the type of medium identified in square brackets, followed by individuals listed as authors, editors, performers, conductors, and so on. Identify the producer if different from the publisher. Provide publication information, including a physical description of the medium.

2. Great migrations [DVD]. Hamlin D, Serwa C, producers. Washington (DC): National Geographic; 2010. 3 DVDs: 200 min.

Format : CSE style does not provide guidance on citing television programs. Cite the title of the program, with the medium designator in brackets, followed by information about the series (if any), including individuals such as the producer, writer, director, and the place and date of broadcast at the end.

3. Mt. St. Helens: back from the dead [television program]. Barret M, executive producer. Nova. New York (NY): Thirteen/WNET; 2010 May 4.

Format : CSE style does not provde guidance on citing radio programs. Cite the title of the program, with the medium designator in brackets, followed by information about the series (if any), including individuals such as the producer, writer, director, and the place and date of broadcast at the end.

4. Mental exercise and dementia [radio program]. Flatow I, host. Talk of the Nation Science Friday. New York (NY): National Public Radio; 2010 Sep 3.

Digital Sources

Note: The following CSE style formats demonstrate citations for various digital sources.

1. Online Journal Article

1. Pitaval A, Tseng Q, Bornens M, Thery M. Cell shape and contractility regulate ciliogenesis in cell cycle – arrested cells. J Cell Biol. 2010 [accessed 2013 Aug 23]; 191(2):303-312. http//jcb.rupress.org/content/191/2/303.full?sid=d87c638dc-4082-99a8-ca19a37d72fe. doi:10.1083/jcb.201004003.

2. Gliklich RE, Dreyer NA, editors. Registries for evaluating patient outcomes: a user’s guide. 2 nd ed. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2010 [cited 2010 Nov 1]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK49444.

3. Chen M, Schlief M, Willows RD, Cai Z-L, Neilan BA, Scheer H. A red-shifted chlorophyll. Science. 2010 Sep 10 [accessed 2014 Feb 1]:1318-1319. Expanded Academic ASAP. Farmington Hills (MI): Thomson Gale; c2010. http://web4.infotrac.galegroup.com. doi:10.1126/science.1191127.

4. Kolata G. Stem cell biology and its complications. New York Times. 2010 Aug 24 [accessed 2010 Dec 15]. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/health/research/25cell.html.

5. US Geological Survey. Washington (DC): US Department of the Interior; [updated 2010 Sep 28; accessed 2010 Dec 16]. http://www.usgs.gov.

6. Lavelle M. National Geographic Daily News. Washington (DC): National Geographic Society. Forcing gas out of rock with water. 2010 Oct 17 [accessed 2010 Dec 16]. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news-old/2010/10/101022-energy-marcellus-shale-gas-science-technology-water.

Note : Email messages are considered personal communication. Cite them in the text only; do not cite them in the reference list.

8. Williams JB. Re: Tomato seed question. In: BIONET. [London (GB); Medical Research Council]; 2010 Nov 1, 7:57 am [accessed 2010 Nov 15]. http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/plantbio/2010-November/027780.html.

9. Epidemic and pandemic spread. In: Influenza [updated 2014 Mar 1; accessed 2014 Mar 25]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza#Epidemic_and_pandemic_spread.

10. Orth JF. Invasive species weblog. c2002-2010 [updated 2011 Jan 22; accessed 2010 Jan 25]. http://invasivespecies.blogspot.com.

11. Reynolds G. Phys Ed: Brains and Brawn. In: Well. 2011 Jan 19 [accessed 2011 Jan 22.]. http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/19/phys-ed-brains-and-brawn.

12. Yang, H. Topics in gravitational-wave science: macroscopic quantum mechanics and black hole physics [dissertation]. Pasadena (CA): California Institute of Technology; 2013; 339 p. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. Ann Arbor (MI): ProQuest; c2013. http://search.proquest.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/docview/1496774506?accountid=11311.

Unpublished Work

Format : Entry number. Last name and initial(s) of letter author(s). [Description and date of letter]. Located at: repository and location of repository.

1. Bacon F. [Letters to various Tudor notables, ca. 1630]. Located at: The James Marshall and Marie-Louise Osborn Collection, Yale University Beineke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New Haven, Connecticut.

Format : Entry number. Title of document. [Description and date of document]. Located at: repository and location of repository.

2. Box account book. [Accounts of wholesale druggist Henry Box, 1629-42]. Located at: The James Marshall and Marie-Louise Osborn Collection, Yale University Beineke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New Haven, Connecticut.

Format : Entry number. Last name and initial(s) of author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Title of forthcoming document. Abbreviated title of journal and year of forthcoming publication (if known). Forthcoming.

3. Pohl PS, Winstein C. Practice effects on the less-affected upper extremity after stroke. J Am Cong Rehab Med. Forthcoming.

Additional CSE Resources

Printed Resources:

Council of Science Editors. Scientific style and format: The CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers. 6th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press; 1994. 825 p.

National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation/Pb 91182030. United States Government Printing Office; 1991.

Electronic Resources:

The official Council of Science Editors web site, updated regularly, is the comprehensive guide to all things CSE: the organization, its journals, products and services.

The University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center, CSE Documentation

Citation Information

Will Allen, Ellen Palmquist, Peter Connor, Heidi Scott, and Laurel Nesbitt. (1994-2024). Citation Guide: Council of Science Editors (Citation-Sequence System). The WAC Clearinghouse. Colorado State University. Available at https://wac.colostate.edu/repository/writing/guides/.

Copyright Information

Copyright © 1994-2024 Colorado State University and/or this site's authors, developers, and contributors . Some material displayed on this site is used with permission.

CSE Citation Style

• In-Text Citations
• Bibliography
• Web Sources
• Theses and Dissertations
• Images, Photos, & Artworks
• Sound Recordings
• Chicago Notes & Bibliography

Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations

• Citing Complete Thesis or Dissertation
• Citing Part of a Thesis or Dissertation

Citing Theses and Dissertations 

(CSE 8th; 29.3.7.5)

Bibliography citations for master's theses and doctoral dissertations are formatted using basic elements very similar to those found in citations to other print documents (e.g author, title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and extent).

Required citation elements include the author(s), , publication date,  document title, place of publication, publisher.

Optional elements include   extent (i.e. pagination) and notes.   The notes field can be used to provide granting/sponsorship information or to indicate alternative sources for the document (e.g. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global).

Author. P ublication date. Document title [content designator].  Publisher location: publisher. Extent. Notes.

Neems D. 2016. The formation and function of lineage specific nuclear topologies during cellular differentiation [dissertation]. Ann Arbor: Northwestern University. 145 p. Accessed from:  ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global;  Last updated 2016 Apr 6.

Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name:

Citation Number. Author(s). Document title [content designator].  Publisher location: publisher; publication date. Extent. Notes. 

1. Neems D. The formation and function of lineage specific nuclear topologies during cellular differentiation [dissertation]. Ann Arbor: Northwestern University; 2016. 145 p. Accessed from:  ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global;  Last updated 2016 Apr 6.

(CSE 8th; 29.3.7.5.6 and 29.3.7.2.10)

To create a bibliographic citation for a part of a master's thesis or doctoral dissertation  follow the rules for citing a complete thesis or dissertation and include specific section information immediately after required citation elements and before optional citation elements .

Required citation elements include the author(s), publication date,  document title, place of publication, publisher.

Section-specific citation elements include the name of the section/part with any enumeration (e.g. Book 2, Chapter 5, Section 2) and the title of the section/part .

Author. P ublication date. Document title [content designator].  Publisher location: publisher. Part name, Part title; Extent. Notes.

Neems D. 2016. The formation and function of lineage specific nuclear topologies during cellular differentiation [dissertation]. Ann Arbor: Northwestern University. Chapter 4.3, Interpreting nuclear organization; p. 89-91. Accessed from:  ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global;  Last updated 2016 Apr 6.

1. Neems D. The formation and function of lineage specific nuclear topologies during cellular differentiation [dissertation]. Ann Arbor: Northwestern University; 2016. Chapter 4.3, Interpreting  nuclear   organization; p. 89-91 . Accessed from:  ProQuest Dissertations & Theses  Global;  Last updated 2016 Apr 6.

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Scientific Style and Format for Authors, Editors, and Publishers

The Scientific Companion to The Chicago Manual of Style

"Essential." Choice

"Should be the major reference for anyone writing a scientific article or book." Booklist

"The best resource for issues related to scientific editing." Copyediting

"No English-language author, editor, or publisher in the field can do without it." STM Newsletter

The CSE-Style Citation Quick Guide

The CSE Manual presents 3 systems for referring to references (also known as citations) within the text of a journal article, book, or other scientific publication: (1) citation–sequence, (2) name–year, and (3) citation–name. These abbreviated references are called in-text references. They refer to a list of references at the end of the document.

The system of in-text references that you use will determine the order of references at the end of your document. These end references have essentially the same format in all 3 systems, except for the placement of the date of publication in the name–year system.

Though The CSE Manual uses citation–sequence for its own references, each system is widely used in scientific publishing. Consult your publisher to determine which system you will need to follow.

The citation–sequence and citation–name systems, which rely on numbered references in the text, are summarized under the first tab below; the second tab summarizes the name–year system, which uses parenthetical references in the text. Both tabs include examples of how to cite journal articles and other common source types. For more information and many more examples, see Chapter 29 of the ninth edition of The CSE Manual .

Citation–Sequence and Citation–Name

The following examples illustrate the citation–sequence and citation–name systems. These 2 systems are identical except for the order in which the end references are listed. In both systems, numbers within the text refer to the end references.

In the citation–sequence system, the end references are listed in the sequence in which they first appear within the text. For example, if a reference by Smith is the first one mentioned in the text, then the complete reference to the Smith work will be number 1 in the end references. The same number is used for subsequent in-text references to the same document.

In the citation–name system, the end references are listed alphabetically by the first author’s surname. Multiple works by the same author are listed alphabetically by title. The references are numbered in that sequence, such that a work authored by Acosta is number 1, Brown is number 2, and so on. Numbers assigned to the end references are used for the in-text references regardless of the sequence in which they appear in the text of the work. For example, if a work by Zielinski is number 56 in the reference list, each in-text reference to Zielinski will also be number 56.

List authors in the order in which they appear in the original text, followed by a period. Periods also follow article and journal titles and volume or issue information. Separate the date from volume and issue by a semicolon. The location (usually the page range for the article or, for journals that follow a continuous publication model, the article number) is preceded by a colon. For journal articles consulted online, add a URL to the end of the reference; no punctuation follows the URL. A DOI-based URL (which starts with https://doi.org/), when available, should be preferred to any other form of URL.

Author(s). Article title. Journal title. Date;volume(issue):location. URL

Journal titles are generally abbreviated according to the List of Title Word Abbreviations maintained by the ISSN International Centre. See Appendix 29.1 in The CSE Manual for more information.

For articles with more than 1 author, names are separated by a comma.

Haasnoot M, Lawrence J, Magnan AK. Pathways to coastal retreat. Science. 2021;372(6548):1287–1290. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi6594

For articles with more than 5 authors, list the first author followed by “et al.”

Ashraf M et al. Interaction between the distribution of diabetic retinopathy lesions and the association of optical coherence tomography angiography scans with diabetic retinopathy severity. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138(12):1291–1297. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.4516

Volume with no issue or other subdivision

Kim KY, Kim BS. The effect of regional warming on the East Asian summer monsoon. Clim Dyn. 2020;54:3259–3277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05169-7

Volume with issue and supplement

Yohannes AM, Kaplan A, Hanania NA. Anxiety and depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: recognition and management. Cleve Clin J Med. 2018;85(2 Suppl 1):S11–S18. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.85.s1.03

Volume with supplement but no issue

Bhaskar ST, Dholaria BR, Sengsayadeth SM, Savani BN, Oluwole OO. Role of bridging therapy during chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. eJHaem. 2022;3(Suppl 1):39–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/jha2.335

Multiple volume numbers

Bibi S, Alam K, Chishtie F, Bibi H, Rahman S. Temporal variation of black carbon concentration using Aethalometer observations and its relationships with meteorological variables in Karachi, Pakistan. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys. 2017;157–158:67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.03.017

Article number but no volume or issue

Liu L, Bai P, Liu C, Tian W, Liang K. Changes in extreme precipitation in the Mekong Basin. Adv Meteorol. 2020:8874869. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8874869

Separate information about author(s), title, edition, and publisher by periods. The basic format is as follows:

Author(s). Title. Edition. Publisher; year of publication.

For books with more than 1 author, names are separated by a comma.

De Doncker RW, Duco WJP, Veltman A. Advanced electrical drives: analysis, modeling, control. Springer; 2020.

For books with more than 5 authors, list the first author followed by “et al.” For an example, see the Agarwal title at the end of this section (under “Online book”).

Organization as author

Advanced Life Support Group. Acute psychiatric emergencies: a practical approach. Wiley-Blackwell; 2020.

Editor in place of author

Gupta HK, editor. Encyclopedia of solid earth geophysics. 2nd ed. Springer; 2021.

Author(s) plus editor(s) or translator(s)

Klarsfeld A, Revah F. The biology of death: origins of mortality. Brady L, translator. Cornell University Press; 2003.

Luzikov VN. Mitochondrial biogenesis and breakdown. Galkin AV, translator; Roodyn DB, editor. Consultants Bureau; 1985.

Chapter or other part of a book, same author(s)

Everard M. Ecosystem services: key issues. Routledge; 2017. Chapter 8, Regenerative landscapes: reversing the cycle; p 141–169.

Chapter or other part of a book, different author(s)

Geisslitz S, Scherf K. The holy grail of ancient cereals. In: Boukid F, editor. Cereal-based foodstuffs: the backbone of Mediterranean cuisine. Springer; 2021. p 269–301.

Volume in a multivolume set

Rabinovich AB, Fritz HM, Tanioka Y, Geist EL, editors. Global tsunami science: past and future. Vol 3. Birkhäuser; 2019.

Online book

Agarwal A et al, editors. Oxford handbook of clinical surgery. 5th ed. Oxford University Press; 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198799481.001.0001

Dissertations and Theses

Liang S. Transport properties of topological semimetals and non-symmorphic topological insulator [dissertation]. Princeton University; 2020. https://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01vm40xv52n

Engelhardt TP et al, inventors; Roche Diabetes Care, Inc, assignee. Diabetes manager for glucose testing and continuous glucose monitoring. United States patent US10568511B2. 2020 Feb 25.

Zimmer C. To speed vaccination, some call for delaying second shots. The New York Times. 2021 Apr 9 [updated 2021 Apr 27]. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/09/health/covid-vaccine-second-dose-delay.html

References to websites and other online formats follow the same general principles as for other references, with the addition of a date of update/revision (if available) along with a URL.

Author. Title of article. Publisher; date of publication [date updated]. URL

If no author is listed, cite under the title of the article or other component.

Health equity considerations and racial and ethnic minority groups. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases; 2020 Apr 30 [updated 2022 Jan 25]. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/race-ethnicity.html

If no date of publication or update is available, include an access date.

Montrose Point Bird Sanctuary, Chicago, Illinois. Google Maps; [accessed 2022 Jan 3]. https://goo.gl/maps/GJALYGBXFZ8TSGK5A

Forthcoming or Unpublished Material

Not all forthcoming or unpublished sources are suitable for inclusion in reference lists. Check with your publisher if in doubt.

Forthcoming book

Kasper D et al. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 22nd ed. McGraw Hill Professional. Forthcoming 2026.

Journal preprint

Lopez Bernal J et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant [preprint]. medRxiv 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.22.21257658

Journal article published ahead of print

Corrigan TJ Jr, Businger S. The anatomy of a series of cloud bursts that eclipsed the US rainfall record. Mon Wea Rev. [published online ahead of print 2021 Dec 30]. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-21-0028.1

Paper or poster presented at meeting

Charles L, Gordner R. Analysis of MedlinePlus en Español customer service requests. Poster session presented at: ¡Futuro magnifico! Celebrating our diversity. MLA ’05: Medical Library Association Annual Meeting; 2005 May 14–19; San Antonio, TX.

References to published presentations are cited much like contributions to books, with the addition of information about the date and place of the conference. See Chapter 29 for more information.

Personal communication

References to personal communication are placed in running text rather than as formal end references. Permission is usually required and should be acknowledged in an “Acknowledgments” or “Notes” section at the end of the document.

. . . local and systemic reactions were expected to be stronger after the second dose (2022 letter from TD Perez to author; unreferenced, see “Notes”) . . .

Name–Year

The following examples illustrate the name–year system. In this system, in-text references consist of the surname of the author or authors and the year of publication of the document. End references are unnumbered and appear in alphabetical order by author and year of publication, with multiple works by the same author listed in chronological order.

Each example of an end reference is accompanied here by an example of a corresponding in-text reference. For more details and many more examples, see Chapter 29 of The CSE Manual .

For the end reference, list authors in the order in which they appear in the original text. The year of publication follows the author list. Use periods to separate each element, including author(s), date of publication, article and journal titles, and volume or issue information. The location (usually the page range for the article or, for journals that follow a continuous publication model, the article number) is preceded by a colon. For journal articles consulted online, add a URL to the end of the reference; no punctuation follows the URL. A DOI-based URL (which starts with https://doi.org/), when available, should be preferred to any other form of URL.

Author(s). Date. Article title. Journal title. Volume(issue):location. URL

For the in-text reference, use parentheses and list author(s) by surname followed by year of publication.

(Author(s) Year)

For articles with 2 authors, names are separated by a comma in the end reference but by “and” in the in-text reference.

Fauci AS, Lane HC. 2020. Four decades of HIV/AIDS—much accomplished, much to do. N Engl J Med. 383(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1916753

(Fauci and Lane 2020)

For articles with 3 to 5 authors, list all authors in the end reference; for articles with more than 5 authors, list the first author followed by “et al.” In either case, list only the first author followed by “et al” in the in-text reference.

Haasnoot M, Lawrence J, Magnan AK. 2021. Pathways to coastal retreat. Science. 372(6548):1287–1290. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi6594

(Haasnoot et al 2021)

For 2 or more works published by the same author(s) in the same year, add “a,” “b,” and so on to the year and order the titles either from oldest to newest (if exact date of publication is known) or alphabetically by title. See Chapter 29 in The CSE Manual for more details.

Lee SMC et al. 2020a. Arterial structure and function during and after long-duration spaceflight. J Appl Physiol. 129(1):108–123. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00550.2019

Lee SMC et al. 2020b. Efficacy of gradient compression garments in the hours after long-duration spaceflight. Front Physiol. 11:784. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00784

(Lee et al 2020a, 2020b)

Kim KY, Kim BS. 2020. The effect of regional warming on the East Asian summer monsoon. Clim Dyn. 54:3259–3277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05169-7

(Kim and Kim 2020)

Yohannes AM, Kaplan A, Hanania NA. 2018. Anxiety and depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: recognition and management. Cleve Clin J Med. 85(2 Suppl 1):S11–S18. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.85.s1.03

(Yohannes et al 2018)

Bhaskar ST, Dholaria BR, Sengsayadeth SM, Savani BN, Oluwole OO. 2022. Role of bridging therapy during chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. eJHaem. 3(Suppl 1):39–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/jha2.335

(Bhaskar et al 2022)

Bibi S, Alam K, Chishtie F, Bibi H, Rahman S. 2017. Temporal variation of black carbon concentration using Aethalometer observations and its relationships with meteorological variables in Karachi, Pakistan. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys. 157–158:67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.03.017

(Bibi et al 2017)

Liu L, Bai P, Liu C, Tian W, Liang K. 2020. Changes in extreme precipitation in the Mekong Basin. Adv Meteorol. 8874869. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8874869

(Liu et al 2020)

In the end reference, separate information about author(s), date, title, edition, and publisher by periods. The basic format is as follows:

Author(s). Date. Title. Edition. Publisher.

For books with 2 authors, names are separated by a comma in the end reference but by “and” in the in-text reference.

Reiss MJ, Ruse M. 2023. The new biology: a battle between mechanism and organicism. Harvard University Press.

(Reiss and Ruse 2023)

For books with 3 to 5 authors, list all authors in the end reference; for books with more than 5 authors, list the first author followed by “et al.” In either case, list only the first author followed by “et al” in the in-text reference.

De Doncker RW, Duco WJP, Veltman A. 2020. Advanced electrical drives: analysis, modeling, control. Springer.

(De Doncker et al 2020)

[ALSG] Advanced Life Support Group. 2020. Acute psychiatric emergencies: a practical approach. Wiley-Blackwell.

(ALSG 2020)

Gupta HK, editor. 2021. Encyclopedia of solid earth geophysics. 2nd ed. Springer.

(Gupta 2021)

Klarsfeld A, Revah F. 2003. The biology of death: origins of mortality. Brady L, translator. Cornell University Press.

Luzikov VN. 1985. Mitochondrial biogenesis and breakdown. Galkin AV, translator; Roodyn DB, editor. Consultants Bureau.

(Klarsfeld and Revah 2003)

(Luzikov 1985)

Everard M. 2017. Ecosystem services: key issues. Routledge. Chapter 8, Regenerative landscapes: reversing the cycle; p 141–169.

(Everard 2017)

Chapter or other part of a book, different authors

Geisslitz S, Scherf K. 2021. The holy grail of ancient cereals. In: Boukid F, editor. Cereal-based foodstuffs: the backbone of Mediterranean cuisine. Springer. p 269–301.

(Geisslitz and Scherf 2021)

Rabinovich AB, Fritz HM, Tanioka Y, Geist EL, editors. 2019. Global tsunami science: past and future. Vol 3. Birkhäuser.

(Rabinovich et al 2019)

Agarwal A et al, editors. 2022. Oxford handbook of clinical surgery. 5th ed. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198799481.001.0001

(Agarwal et al 2022)

Liang S. 2020. Transport properties of topological semimetals and non-symmorphic topological insulator [dissertation]. Princeton University. https://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01vm40xv52n

(Liang 2020)

Engelhardt TP et al, inventors; Roche Diabetes Care, Inc, assignee. 2020 Feb 25. Diabetes manager for glucose testing and continuous glucose monitoring. United States patent US10568511B2.

(Engelhardt et al 2020)

Zimmer C. 2021 Apr 9. To speed vaccination, some call for delaying second shots. The New York Times. [updated 2021 Apr 27]. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/09/health/covid-vaccine-second-dose-delay.html

(Zimmer 2021)

Format for end reference:

Author. Date. Title of article. Publisher; [date updated]. URL

If no author is listed, cite under the title of the article or other component. For the in-text reference, include only the first word or two of the title (enough to distinguish it from other titles in the reference list), followed by an ellipsis.

Health equity considerations and racial and ethnic minority groups. 2020 Apr 30. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases; [updated 2022 Jan 25]. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/race-ethnicity.html

(Health equity . . . 2020)

If no date of publication is available, use “date unknown” and include an access date.

Montrose Point Bird Sanctuary, Chicago, Illinois. [date unknown]. Google Maps; [accessed 2022 Jan 3]. https://goo.gl/maps/GJALYGBXFZ8TSGK5A

(Montrose Point . . . [date unknown])

Kasper D et al. Forthcoming 2026. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 22nd ed. McGraw Hill Professional.

(Kasper, forthcoming 2026)

Lopez Bernal J et al. 2021. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant [preprint]. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.22.21257658

(Lopez Bernal et al. 2021)

Corrigan TJ Jr, Businger S. 2021 Dec 30. The anatomy of a series of cloud bursts that eclipsed the US rainfall record. Mon Wea Rev. [published online ahead of print]. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-21-0028.1

(Corrigan and Businger 2021)

Charles L, Gordner R. 2005 May 14–19. Analysis of MedlinePlus en Español customer service requests. Poster session presented at: ¡Futuro magnifico! Celebrating our diversity. MLA ’05: Medical Library Association Annual Meeting; San Antonio, TX.

(Charles and Gordner 2005)

References to personal communications are placed in running text rather than as formal end references. Permission is usually required and should be acknowledged in an “Acknowledgments” or “Notes” section at the end of the document.

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The CSE Manual: Scientific Style and Format for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 9th Edition text © 2024 by the Council of Science Editors. Scientific Style and Format , 8th Edition text © 2014 by the Council of Science Editors. The CSE Manual: Scientific Style and Format Online © 2014, 2024 by the Council of Science Editors.

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Research Help

Cse style guide.

CSE style is the citation style recommended by the Council of Science Editors for use in biology and other sciences.

The current 8th edition of Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers is available:

• In print at the Biddeford Campus Library

There are three different methods of CSE Style:

• citation-sequence
• citation-name

In-text citations and the order of end references are formatted differently with each method.

General Formatting 

• Capitalize the titles of journals as they appear in the publication. Books, chapters and articles, use sentence case.
• Do not list the author’s full first name, only their initial(s). No commas separate the author’s last name and first initial(s) 
• The references page can be titled “References”, “Cited References”, “Literature Cited”, or “Bibliography” 
• When creating a citation for a source with 1-10 authors, list all authors. For a source with 11+ authors, list the first 10 followed by “et al.”  

In-Text Citations

In the name-year system, parenthetical in-text citations will consist of the author’s last name and year of publication. In the case of two authors, place both names in the parenthesis separated by and. If a source has three or more authors, list only the first author’s name followed by et al.

Based on the literature, when designing an effective kinase hinge binder, “one to three H-bonds are required to gain sufficient potency at a given kinase” (Sharma and Gupta 2022).

Appears in references section as:

Sharma, V, Gupta, M. 2022. Designing of kinase hinge binders: A medicinal chemistry perspective. Chem Biol Drug Des. 100(6):968-980.

Citation-Sequence

In the Citation-Sequence system, use superscript numbers within the text. In your references cited page number your citations in order that they appear in your paper.

Data suggests that female patients being treated following in-hospital cardiac arrest show slightly higher rates of survival than men 1 .

1. DiLibero, J, Misto, K. Outcomes of in-hospital cardiac arrest: A review of the evidence. Crit. Care Nurs Clin. North Am. 2021 Sep;33(3): 343-356.

Citation-Name

In the Citation-Name system, complete the list of end references for your paper before adding the superscript numbers in your text. For instance: if the first source cited in your paper is a work by Zimmerman and there are 43 sources cited in your paper, Zimmerman will be number 43.

Hypoxia tumor cells are highly resistant to cancer therapies 67 , however research has found success with a multimodal therapy approach12.

Appears in References section as:

12. Graham, K, Unger, E. Overcoming tumor hypoxia as a barrier to radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy in cancer treatment. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2918 Oct;13:6049-6058.

67. Wang, J-J, Lei, K-F, Han, F. Tumor microenvironment: recent advances in various cancer treatments. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018 Jun;22(12):3855-3864

Cited References

List the references to sources that you have cited within the text alphabetically by author under the heading “References”, “Cited References”, “Literature Cited”, or “Bibliography”. You can list references that you consulted but did not cite for additional reading or other purposes under a separate heading such as “Additional References” or “Supplemental References”.

Print Journal Article

See section 29.3.7.1 of the CSE Manual.

Meise CJ, Johnson DL, Stehlik LL, Manderson J, Shaheen P. 2003. Growth rates of juvenile Winter Flounder under varying environmental conditions. Trans Am Fish Soc. 132(2):225-345.

Online Journal Article

See section 29.3.7.13 of the CSE Manual.

Setälä H, Sun ZJ, Zheng JQ, Lu C, Cui MM, Han SJ. 2023. Loss of soil carbon and nitrogen indicates climate change-induced alterations in a temperate forest ecosystem. Ecological Indicators. [accessed 2023 July 20]:148. https://www-sciencedirect-com.une.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S1470160X23001978?via%3Dihub. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110055

Online Encyclopedia Article

Wagner S, Johanna T. 2016. Pregnancy. In: Gale encyclopedia of medicine [database on the Internet]. 5th ed. Vol. 2. Farmington Hills (MI): Gale. [accessed 2023 Jul 13]. (Gale Virtual Reference Library). p. 260-792. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL.

See section 29.3.7.2 of the CSE Manual.

McCormac JS, Kennedy G. 2004. Birds of Ohio. 2nd ed. Auburn (WA): Lone Pine.

Rollin, BE. 1998. The unheeded cry: animal consciousness, animal pain, and science [Internet]. 3rd ed. Ames (IA): The Iowa State University Press. [accessed 2021 August 27]. http://www.netlibrary.com.

Book Chapter

See section 29.3.7.2.10 of the CSE Manual.

McDaniel TK, Valdivia RH. 2005. Cellular microbiology. 2nd ed. Washington (DC): ASM Press. Chapter 2, New tools for virulence gene discovery; p. 473-488.

It can often be difficult to locate all the required elements of a citation on a webpage. Work with the information provided; if an author or other element is not listed, leave that element out and do not create placeholders.

Include citation elements in this order:

Title of Homepage. Date of publication. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; [date updated; date accessed]. Notes.

Whale Shark. 2023. Washington (DC): Oceana; [accessed 2023 July 27]. https://oceana.org/marine-life/whale-shark/.

Conference Paper

See section 29.3.7.3 of the CSE Manual.

Lee DJ, Bates D, Dromey C, Xu X, Antani S. c2003. An imaging system correlating lip shapes with tongue contact patterns for speech pathology research. In: Krol M, Mitra S, Lee DJ, editors. CBMS 2003. Proceedings of the 16th IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems; New York. Los Alamitos (CA): IEEE Computer Society. p. 307–313.

Dissertation or Thesis

See section 29.3.7.5 of the CSE Manual.

Brann, C. 2018. Drosophila glypicans Dally and dally-Like control injury induced allodynia [thesis]. [Biddeford (ME)]: University of New England. [Accessed 2023 July 20]. https://dune.une.edu/theses/164/

Technical Report

See section 29.3.7.4 of the CSE Manual.

Gimble JM. 2009. Circadian biology and sleep: Missing links in obesity and metabolism. Baton Rogue (LA): Louisiana State University System. Report No.: W81XWH-09-1-0289. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA.

Figures & Images

See section 30.2 of the CSE Manual

Talbot P . 2011. Mesocricetus auratus, blood cell, oocyte, cumulus cell [recorded image]. La Jolla (CA): Cell Image Library. http://www.cellimagelibrary.org/images/18042.  

Citation-Sequence & Citation-Name

See Section 29.3.7.1 of the CSE Manual.

Justen H, Delmore KE. The genetics of bird migration. Current Biology. 22 Oct;32(20): R1144-R1149.

See Section 29.3.7.13 of the CSE Manual.

Xiaojie W, Jinling X, Yixin Y. Response of fish to ocean warming and acidification. Acta Ecologica Sinica. 2022 Jan [accessed 2023 July 24];42(2):433-441. https://www.ecologica.cn/stxb/article/abstract/stxb202006081486. doi: 10.5846/stxb202006081486

Angell B. Behavioral therapy. In: Franklin C, editor. Oxford research encyclopedia of social work. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2013 [accessed 2023 July 24]. https://doi-org.une.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.30

See Section 29.3.7.2 of the CSE Manual.

Lemons DS. A student’s guide to entropy. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press; 2013.

Chambers JA. Field guide to global health & disaster medicine. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier; 2022 [accessed 2023 July 24]. https://www-clinicalkey-com.une.idm.oclc.org/#!/browse/book/3-s2.0-C20200000599.

See Section 29.3.7.2.10 of the CSE Manual.

Voight ML, Tippett SR. Plyometric exercise in rehabilitation. In: Prentice WE, editor. Rehabilitation techniques for sports medicine and athletic training. Thorofare (NJ): SLACK Incorporated; 2015. 285-310.

Title of Homepage. Edition. Place of Publication: publisher; date of publication; date updated]. Notes.

Example: ECOS letter on U.S. DOJ SEP policy. 2022. Washington (DC): Enviormental Council of the States; [accessed 2023 July 24]. https://www.ecos.org/documents/ecos-letter-on-u-s-doj-sep-policy/.

See Section 29.3.7.3 of the CSE Manual.

Mahdavi K, Culshaw R, Boucher J, editors. Current developments in mathematical biology. Conference on Mathematical Biology and Dynamical Systems; Tyler, TX. University of Texas at Tyler.

See Section 29.3.7.5 of the CSE Manual.

Sullivan SM. Identifying complex adaptive systems using quantitative approaches at a midsized biotechnology firm [dissertation]. Biddeford (ME): University of New England; 2022.

See Section 29.3.7.4 of the CSE Manual.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder. Atlanta (GA): Center for Disease Control and Prevention; 2019. Report No.2019-133.

Winslow T. Spine anatomy [illustration]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute. [Accessed 2023 Aug 4]. https://visualsonline.cancer.go v/details.cfm?imageid=12201 .    

Questions & Help

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BibGuru CSE Citation Generator

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In-text citations in CSE

Cse reference list - name-year system, citation examples - name-year system, cse reference list - citation-sequence and citation-name system, citation examples - citation-sequence and citation-name system.

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The ultimate guide to citing in CSE

CSE style was developed by the Council of Science Editors (CSE), a US-based nonprofit organization that supports editorial practice among scientific writers. The CSE publishes a style guide for scientific papers: The CSE Manual . CSE style originated in the 1960s and is currently used in many fields of study in both the life sciences and physical sciences.

If you are not sure which citation style to use in your paper, ask your instructor. There are many different citation styles and using the style your instructor or institution has established correctly can have a positive impact on your grade.

The CSE Manual, 8th edition, is the basis of this guide. This guide focuses on crediting sources and aims at answering all of your questions about citing in CSE. But you don’t have to worry about getting your citations right with the BibGuru citation generator. We have created BibGuru to help you focus on the content of your work instead of worrying about how to get your reference list done correctly.

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The CSE style has three systems to cite sources in-text:

• Name-Year (N-Y) system: The author’s surname and year of the publication are placed in parentheses in the text e.g. (Rode 2012). The reference list is ordered alphabetically by author name.
• Citation-Name (C-N) system: Superscript numbers are used to identify in-text citations. In the alphabetized reference list, each numeral corresponds with a unique reference.
• Citation-Sequence (C-S) system: Superscript numbers are used to identify in-text citations. In the reference list, sources are numbered sequentially by the order in which they appear in the text (this differs from the C-N system because they might not be in alphabetical order by author).

These abbreviated references are called in-text references. They refer to a list of full references at the end of the document.

Which of the three citation systems above you use will determine the order of references at the end of your document. These end references essentially have the same format in all three systems. One exception is the placement of the date of publication in the name-year system. Ask your instructor which of the three systems to use in case you are unsure.

See below the format and examples for the most popular reference types in the name-year system:

• Dissertations and Theses

For the end reference, list authors in the order in which they appear in the original text, followed by the year of publication. Journal titles are generally abbreviated. Each element is separated by a period, and the location (usually the page range for the article) is preceded by a colon.

FORMAT Reference list entry format

Author(s). Date. Article title. Journal title. Volume(issue):location.

FORMAT Reference list entry format for an online journal article

Author(s) of article. Date of publication. Title of article. Title of journal (edition). [date updated; date accessed];Volume(issue):location. Notes.

EXAMPLE Journal article with a DOI

(Christopher 2022)

Reference list:

Christopher MM. 2022. Comprehensive analysis of retracted journal articles in the field of veterinary medicine and animal health. BMC Vet Res. 18(1):73. doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03167-x.

For articles with 2 authors, names are separated by a comma in the end reference but by “and” in the in-text reference.

EXAMPLE Journal article with two authors

(McCauley and Christiansen 2019)

McCauley SM, Christiansen MH. 2019. Language learning as language use: A cross-linguistic model of child language development. Psychol Rev. 126(1):1–51. doi:10.1037/rev0000126.

For articles with 3 to 10 authors, list all authors in the end reference; in the in-text reference, list only the first, followed by “et al.” When there are more than 10 authors, list the first 10 in the end reference, followed by “et al.”

EXAMPLE Journal article with four authors

(Warren et al. 2018)

Warren R, Price J, Graham E, Forstenhaeusler N, VanDerWal J. 2018. The projected effect on insects, vertebrates, and plants of limiting global warming to 1.5°C rather than 2°C. Science. 360(6390):791–795. doi:10.1126/science.aar3646.

The basic format for books is as follows:

FORMAT Book

Author(s). Date. Title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher. Extent. Notes.

Extent can include information about pagination or number of volumes and is considered optional. Notes can include information of interest to the reader, such as the language of publications other than English, and is also considered optional.

For books with 2 authors, names are separated by a comma in the end reference and by “and” in the in-text reference.

EXAMPLE Book with two authors

(Auerbach and Kotlikoff 1998)

Auerbach AJ, Kotlikoff LJ. 1998. Macroeconomics: An integrated approach. 2nd ed. London, England: MIT Press.

For books with 3 to 10 authors, list all authors in the end reference. In the in-text reference, list only the first, followed by “et al.” For books with more than 10 authors, list the first 10 in the end reference, followed by “et al.”

EXAMPLE Book with 6 authors

(Clayton et al. 2021)

Clayton D, Jackson TD, Stone N, Thomas A, Woodfolk A, Yoon N. 2021. Blackout. UK: HarperCollins.

EXAMPLE Book with an editor and multiple authors

(Raab et al. 2015)

Raab M, Lobinger B, Hoffmann SO, Pizzera A, Laborde S, editors. 2015. Performance psychology: Perception, action, cognition, and emotion. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

EXAMPLE Doctoral thesis

(Pradhan 2021)

Pradhan S. 2021. Impacts of road construction on landsliding in Nepal [doctoral thesis]. Durham University. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/14069/.

Website references follow the same general principles as printed references. In addition, a date of update/revision (if available), access date, and URL need to be provided. The format for a website reference looks like this:

FORMAT Website

Title of Homepage. Date of publication. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; [date updated; date accessed]. Notes.

For the in-text reference, include only the first word or two of the title (enough to distinguish it from other titles in the reference list), followed by an ellipsis.

EXAMPLE Website

WWF - endangered species conservation. 2022. World Wildlife Fund. [accessed 2022 May 27]. https://www.worldwildlife.org/.

The format for a blog article is as follows:

FORMAT Blog post

Author’s name. Date of publication. Title of post [descriptive word]. Title of blog. [accessed date]. URL.

EXAMPLE Blog post

(Liegl 2021)

Liegl J. 2021. Communicating with humanity. Several people are typing. [accessed 2022 Feb 22]. https://slack.com/blog/collaboration/communicating-with-humanity.

An example of an CSE Name-Year reference page made with BibGuru's CSE citation generator:

How to use Bibguru for CSE citations

The citation-sequence and citation-name systems are identical except for the order of references. In both systems, numbers in the text refer to references in the reference list.

In the citation-sequence system , the end references are listed in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a reference is numbered, the same number is used for all following in-text citations in the same document, e.g. if Meyer is the first mentioned in-text, their work will be number 1 in the end references and also in all following in-text references.

In the citation-name system , references in the reference list are listed alphabetically by author. Multiple works by one author are listed alphabetically by title. The end references are numbered in alphabetical order and the number assigned to an author in the reference list is then used for the in-text citations, regardless of the order in which they appear in the text. So, if a work by Meyer is number 43 in the reference list, each in-text reference to Meyer will also be number 43.

See below for the format and examples of the most popular reference types in the citation-sequence and citation-name systems:

Authors are listed in the order in which they appear in the original text, followed by a period. Journal titles are generally abbreviated.

Author(s). Article title. Journal title. Date;volume(issue):location.

Author(s) of article. Title of article. Title of journal (edition). Date of publication [date updated; date accessed];volume(issue):location. Notes.

2. Christopher MM. Comprehensive analysis of retracted journal articles in the field of veterinary medicine and animal health. BMC veterinary research. 2022;18(1):73. doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03167-x

For articles with more than 1 author, names are separated by a comma.

3. McCauley SM, Christiansen MH. Language learning as language use: A cross-linguistic model of child language development. Psychological review. 2019;126(1):1–51. doi:10.1037/rev0000126

For articles with more than 10 authors, the first 10 are listed, followed by “et al.”

4. Warren R, Price J, Graham E, Forstenhaeusler N, VanDerWal J. The projected effect on insects, vertebrates, and plants of limiting global warming to 1.5°C rather than 2°C. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2018;360(6390):791–795. doi:10.1126/science.aar3646

This is the standard format for a book citation:

Author(s). Title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; date. Extent. Notes.

For books with more than 1 author, names are separated by a comma.

5. Auerbach AJ, Kotlikoff LJ. Macroeconomics: An integrated approach. 2nd ed. London, England: MIT Press; 1998.

When there are more than 10 authors, list the first 10 followed by “et al.”

6. Raab M, Lobinger B, Hoffmann SO, Pizzera A, Laborde S, editors. Performance psychology: Perception, action, cognition, and emotion. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2015.

7. Pradhan S. Impacts of road construction on landsliding in Nepal [doctoral thesis]. Durham University; 2021. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/14069/.

Website references follow the same general principles as for printed references. In addition, a date of update/revision (if available), access date, and URL need to be provided. The format for a website reference looks like this:

Title of Homepage. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; date of publication [date updated; date accessed]. Notes.

8. WWF - endangered species conservation. World Wildlife Fund. 2022 [accessed 2022 May 27]. https://www.worldwildlife.org/

Author’s name. Title of post [descriptive word]. Title of blog. Date of publication. [accessed date]. URL.

8. Liegl J. Communicating with humanity. Several people are typing. 2021 Jul 2. [accessed 2022 Feb 22]. https://slack.com/blog/collaboration/communicating-with-humanity.

An example of an CSE Citation-Name reference page made with BibGuru's CSE citation generator:

While all the specific rules and variations of CSE citation style might sound very complicated, you don't need to worry about getting them wrong with BibGuru. Use our CSE citation maker to create the fastest and most accurate CSE citations possible.

Ditch the frustrations for stress-free citations

Helpful resources, from our blog.

CSE stands for Council of Science Editors, formerly known as Council of Biology Editors, CBE. It is a US-based non-profit organization supporting editorial practice among scientific writers. The CSE was established in 1957 by the National Science Foundation and the American Institute of Biological Sciences. The CSE publishes a style guide for scientific papers, the CSE Manual.

The Council of Science Editors (CSE), a US-based non-profit organization supporting editorial practice among scientific writers publishes a style guide for scientific papers: The CSE Manual. The style is used in many fields of study including the life sciences and physical sciences.

The CSE style has three systems to cite sources. The Name-Year system uses in-text citations. In the Citation-Name system and the Citation-Sequence system, superscript numbers are used in-text to identify citations, corresponding with references in the reference list. Those are similar to footnotes but different in that they are not listed separately but integrated into the text.

Interviews and other forms of unpublished personal communications (for example emails) are not included in the reference list in the CSE style. Instead, they should be cited in parentheses within the text of your paper.

The reference list (or bibliography) at the end of your CSE paper can be titled "References" or "Cited References". The arrangement of those references depends on which of the three style systems you picked for the citations of your paper.

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Citation Styles: APA, MLA: CSE 8th Edition

• Getting Started
• APA 7th Edition
• MLA 9th Edition
• CSE 8th Edition

CSE Citations

• In-text Citations
• End References
• Journal Articles
• Dissertations & Theses
• Part of Edited Book
• Technical Report
• Conference Proceedings

Basic Format:

CSE has three different in-text citation systems:

• Superscripted numbers that increase based on order citations are added to text.
• First reference will be numbered "1", new reference will be "2", etc.
• Uses parentheses that include author's last name followed by the year of publication (Smith 2021).
• 2 authors  (Smith and Johnson 2021), 3 or More Authors  (Smith et al. 2021).
• ​​​​​​​Least used of CSE in-text citation options.
• Alphabetize the end references list by author's last name and number sequentially.
• In-text citations indicated through superscripted numbers corresponding to alphabetized list.

Complete citations/references are provided in your End References, Cited References, or References page (depending on your professor's preference).

• Alphabetical by last name (name-year), numbered sequentially based on appearance in text  (citation-sequence), or  alphabetical by last name and then numbered sequentially (citation-name).
• Name-year reference page:

• Citation-sequence reference page:

Basic Elements of Name-Year:

• Author(s).  Provided in order which appear in publication. List  name and initials with no punctuation as Author AA, Author BB, Author CC, separated by a comma.
• Year.  Year which article was published.
• Article title.  Capitalize first word of title, all other words lower-case.
• Journal name.  Abbreviate significant words in title; omit articles, conjunctions, and prepositions; period placed at end of entire title, not after each abbreviation.
• Volume(Issue Number):  Separate multiple volume and issue numbers by hyphen (ex: 13-15(1A-2C))

Articles in PDF format, based on a print source, can be cited like a print journal.

From Washington State University

Basic Elements of Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name:

• Author(s).  Provided in order which appear in publication. List  name and initials with no punctuation as Author AA, Author BB, Author CC, separated by a comma.
• Article title.  Capitalize first word of title, all other words lower-case.
• Journal title.  Abbreviate significant words in title; omit articles, conjunctions, and prepositions; period placed at end of entire title, not after each abbreviation.
• Publication date;  For multiple years, put first year and last year separated by hyphen; include month and day if not issue number.
• Volume(Issue number):  Separate multiple volume and issue numbers by hyphen (ex: 13-15(1A-2C))

If found online or in a database add:

• [medium designator]  after the title of the journal (ex: [internet]).
• [date updated; date cited] after the date of publication.
• Available from: URL;doi  at the end of the citation.

From National Library of Medicine

• Author(s).  Last name and initials as Author AA, Author BB, Author CC with no punctuation, comma separating multiple authors. 
• Date.  Year of publication.
• Title of dissertation/thesis  First word capitalized, all other words lower-case.
• [content designator].
• Place of publication;
• Notes.  Can be used to provide grant information or indicate where to find document.
• [content designator].  Can be maser's thesis, PhD dissertation, etc.
• Place of publication:  City (State initials) where university located.
• publisher;  Usually the university the dissertation/thesis was conducted at.
• Extent.  Includes page length.

Basic Elements of Name-Year:

• Year.  Year of publication.
• Book title.  First word capitalized, all other words lower-case.
• Edition.  Use numerical edition, do not spell out number (ex. 2nd ed.).
• Place of Publication: City(State Initials) ;if place of publication is universally known like New York City, London, etc., no need to put state initials; put [place unknown] if no place of publication.

Optional Elements at the very end of the citation:

• Extent.  Usually includes page number (ex. 550 p.).
• Notes.  Can include ISB or other identifying numbers.

Basic Elements of Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name:

• Title.  First word capitalized, all other words lower-case.
• Place of Publication:  City(State Initials) ;if place of publication is universally known like New York City, London, etc., no need to put state initials; put [place unknown] if no place of publication.
• Notes.  Can include ISBN or other identifying numbers.

From Washington State Library

• Contributing author(s).  Last name and initials as Author AA, Author BB, etc. of authors who wrote contributing work.
• Chapter title.  Title of chapter contributed to edited work; only first word capitalized.
• In: Book editor(s), editors.  Last name and initials as Author AA, Author BB. etc of authors who edited work with the word editors after the names.
• Date.  Year when book published.
• Book title.  Title of complete work chapter is included in; only first word capitalized.
• Edition . Numerical edition (ex. 2nd ed.), do not spell out the edition number.
• Place of publication: City(State Initials); if place of publication is well know, no need to add the state initials after.
• Publisher. 
• Page Range.  Pages spanning chapter length.

From Northwest Missouri State University

• Contributing author(s).  Last name and initials as Author AA, Author BB, etc. of authors who wrote contributing work.
• Book Title.  Title of complete work chapter is included in; only first word capitalized.
• Edition.  Numerical edition (ex. 2nd ed.), do not spell out the edition number.
• Place of Publication:  City(State Initials); if place of publication is well know, no need to add the state initials after.
• Author(s).   Last name and initials as Author AA, Author BB, Author CC with no punctuation, comma separating multiple authors. If organization appears as author, list organization as author.
• Date of Publication.  Year of publication.
• Title of webpage.    First word capitalized, all other words lower-case.
• Place of Publication:  City and state which website was created or organization resides.
• Title of website;  First word capitalized, all other words lower-case.
• [Most recent revision date;
• Access date].
• URL or DOI.

If no authors are available, continue on with the citation starting with the next element.

From Helena College, University of Montana

• Author(s).  Last name and initials as Author AA, Author BB, Author CC with no punctuation, comma separating multiple authors. If organization appears as author, list organization as author.
• Title of webpage.  First word capitalized, all other words lower-case.
• Place of Publication:    City and state which website was created or organization resides.
• Date of publication  Year of publication.
• [date updated;
• date accessed].
• Title of report.  First word capitalized, all other words lower-case.
• Place of publication:
• Report number:
• date.  Year of publication.
• Editor(s).  Last name and initials as Editor AA, Editor BB with no punctuation, comma separating multiple authors, word "Editors" after last name.
• Title of Proceedings.  First word capitalized, all other words lower-case.
• Number and name of conference;
• date of conference; 
• place of conference.

Basic Elements of Citation-Sequence and Citation-Year:

• Title of proceedings.  First word capitalized, all other words lower-case.
• date of conference;

Helpful Resources

• CSE 8th Edition Handout Madonna Writing Center handout on formatting CSE papers.
• CSE Name-Year Reference Examples Madonna Writing Center handout with examples for citing references in CSE 8th edition Name-Year format.
• Scientific Style and Format Quick Citation Guide CSE guide to formatting different types of references.
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