A Self-Aware Teen Soap

Culture and entertainment musts from Isabel Fattal

Seth Cohen sits alone on a beach chair while couples canoodle in the background

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Welcome back to The Daily’s Sunday culture edition, in which one Atlantic writer or editor reveals what’s keeping them entertained. Today’s very special guest is Isabel Fattal, the senior editor of the newsletters team. When she isn’t working with Tom Nichols and Lora Kelley on The Daily, she writes The Atlantic ’s Wonder Reader newsletter .

Isabel’s watch-list recommendations include the film noirs and screwball comedies of the 1940s and ’50s, and the teen-drama series The O.C ., which helped launch Seth Cohen as a new type of heartthrob. During her downtime, she enjoys listening to Van Morrison throwbacks, the singer-songwriter Miya Folick’s soulful melodies, and the lively commentary of the Every Single Album podcast.

First, here are three Sunday reads from The Atlantic :

  • The Biden-replacement operation
  • The real story of the crisis at The Washington Post
  • You might be a late bloomer.

The Culture Survey: Isabel Fattal

The upcoming arts event I’m most looking forward to: The final installment of Griff’s three-part album, Vertigo . The English singer-songwriter is making some of the smartest pop music out there right now, pairing confident vocals and clean production with a singular lyrical style. “19th Hour” and “Pillow in My Arms” are excellent tracks to dance to. For something slower, spend time with “Earl Grey Tea”—in the song’s bridge, Griff manages to sound assured yet broken at the same time.

A cultural product I loved as a teenager and still love: I recently stumbled upon a blank Word document titled “OC Narrative Theory,” which I’d started as a teenager when I wanted to write a dissertation on the cultural impact of the teen drama The O.C . (I was really cool in high school.) I’ll spare you the details, but I will recommend this self-aware, heartwarming show. Seth Cohen, played by Adam Brody, helped create a new archetype of the heartthrob: He was neurotic, curly-haired, nerdy, Jewish, and undeniably charming. And in a rare feat for teen shows, the parents had well-developed and realistic—well, most of the time—storylines. Add in the fantastic indie artists that the show catapulted to fame, and you get something much richer than your typical frothy teen show.

My favorite blockbuster and my favorite art film: I’m going to take this opportunity to argue that the popular film noirs and screwball comedies of the 1940s and ’50s are just as much fun as today’s splashy blockbusters. Many of my fellow Millennials think of black-and-white movies as inherently stuffy or dense, but lots of them are salacious, hilarious, and easy to watch. If you’re a skeptic, start with Double Indemnity , a crackling crime thriller in which an insurance salesman and a scheming wife plot a murder. Then, if you want to shift to Old Hollywood and theater drama, try Sunset Boulevard and All About Eve .

An art film that enraptured me is Terrence Malick’s Days of Heaven . I normally focus on dialogue in movies, but this one doesn’t have much to offer in that regard: It’s a quiet story, told mostly through the landscapes of the Texas panhandle. I watched it during the early pandemic and loved it; the panoramic shots seemed to fill some need for vastness and open space that I had at the time.

A quiet song that I love, and a loud song that I love: The slow and soulful “Thingamajig,” by the classically trained vocalist turned singer-songwriter Miya Folick, is—according to her—meant to be an apology. The song resonates with me most as a self-directed apology—and a plea to have faith in yourself. “Only you know what to do,” the song’s closing line goes. On a weeknight in 2019, I went to hear Folick play at Songbyrd, a small D.C. venue. I stood alone at the side door with my heavy work backpack in tow, jamming out to her dancier songs. When she started to play “Thingamajig,” the crowd went silent.

For a loud song, Van Morrison’s “Wavelength” is nearly six minutes of pure fun. I grew up listening to a lot of Morrison with my mother, and she played me “Wavelength” for the first time when we were driving from New York to D.C. a few years back. I fully lost track of my navigational duties as the song layered over itself again and again.

The last museum or gallery show that I loved: Last month, my mother and I went to Poland and Western Ukraine to see where my grandparents lived before the Holocaust, and where so many of our relatives were killed. While I was there, I thought a lot about the decision of memory: whom we choose to remember, whom we choose to forget, and how history is created as a result.

After Eastern Europe, we went to visit family and friends in Israel, and saw a remarkable exhibit at the Israel Museum called “The Dawn of Darkness: Elegy in Contemporary Art.” The show, which opened in March, uses art from the museum’s existing collections to comment on the trauma of the October 7 Hamas attacks, and on loss more broadly. One of the installments, by the Berlin-based Scottish artist Douglas Gordon, features black text on a white wall, in a style that evokes a memorial site. The text lays out different categories of loss: “Those I would like to know”; “Those I do not know”; “Those I will never know”; “Those I have forgotten but will remember.” The exhibit was another reminder that memory is messy, and that it’s active—it doesn’t just happen to people or societies, but must be fought for and cultivated.

The entertainment product my friends are talking about most right now: We’re talking about an entertainment product about entertainment products: The Ringer ’s Every Single Album podcast, in which Nora Princiotti and Nathan Hubbard chronicle “Pop Girl Spring” (now entering summer). The two discuss new albums from Taylor Swift, Billie Eilish, Charli XCX, and others, and put them in the context of current trends in music consumption, social media, and modern celebrity. Most important, their enthusiasm about the music they love is completely infectious. (Bonus points to Princiotti for sharing my obsession with Taylor Swift’s “The Black Dog.”) [ Related: The “Espresso” theory of gender relations ]

The last thing that made me snort with laughter: I was recently introduced to High Maintenance , the web series turned HBO comedy about a bike-riding weed dealer in Brooklyn. Each episode focuses on a different customer—there are wealthy older couples, yuppie activists, construction workers, even a fictional This American Life staffer (and also a cameo from the real Ira Glass). Through this structure, the show serves as both a tender love letter to New York City and a sharp skewering of every part of urban life. The last five minutes of the episode “Fagin” had me on the floor. [ Related: High Maintenance is TV’s most compassionate cult comedy. ]

Something I recently revisited: I reread Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse every few years. The prose is a revelation each time, and Lily’s sputtering growth as a painter has helped me through the ebbs and flows of trying to live a creative life. [ Related: Searching for Virginia Woolf on the Isle of Skye ]

A favorite story I’ve read in The Atlantic : Caitlin Flanagan’s 2017 feature “ Death at a Penn State Fraternity ” will never leave me. She tells a terrifying tale with masterful restraint and pacing that builds brick by brick until the reader is completely shaken.

Forgive me for cheating and recommending one more article: Sarah Zhang’s surprisingly hopeful story about the people who, through DNA testing, stumbled upon incest in their own families. Zhang delves into the pain of these discoveries, but she also finds that community can form out of the most horrible and unexpected events.

A poem, or line of poetry, that I return to: I go back to W. H. Auden’s “As I Walked Out One Evening” when I need a little jolt of perspective:

‘In headaches and in worry    Vaguely life leaks away, And Time will have his fancy    To-morrow or to-day.’

The Week Ahead

  • MaXXXine , the third installment in the X horror-movie series, starring Mia Goth as an adult-film star who gets her big break while a killer targets Hollywood celebrities (in theaters Friday)
  • The Great American Bar Scene , a new album from the country singer Zach Bryan (out Thursday)
  • Empire’s Son, Empire’s Orphan , a nonfiction book by Nile Green about Ikbal and Idries Shah, a father and a son who spread beguiling tales about a mystical Middle East (out Tuesday)

Ayo Edebiri and Jeremy Allen White next to each other holding coffee cups

It’s Easy to Get Lost in The Bear

By Shirley Li

This story contains light spoilers for Season 3 of The Bear . When The Bear ’s latest season begins, Carmen “Carmy” Berzatto (played by Jeremy Allen White) is considering how to move forward by thinking about his past. The FX dramedy’s protagonist had, at great risk, transformed his family’s beloved Italian-beef-sandwich shop into an upscale Chicago restaurant … This season, we meet Carmy on a rainy morning; he’s running a finger over a burn scar on his palm. Montages of his years spent training in award-winning establishments fill his mind … In one, he’s listening attentively to Daniel Boulud, the real-life renowned chef and restaurateur. “You want music,” Boulud advises the young Carmy as they work on a dish, urging him to observe the way it sizzles. “Do you hear the music here?” Carmy nods and smiles.

Read the full article.

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essay on daily soap

From Ancient Origins to Modern Formulas: A Comprehensive History of Soap

Ron Thomson

Ron Thomson

S oap, a household essential for centuries, plays an unassuming yet indispensable role in our daily lives. This essay takes a deep dive into the rich history of soap, tracing its origins from ancient civilizations to the modern soap-making industry, exploring its diverse uses, and highlighting its enduring significance.

The history of soap dates back over five millennia to ancient Babylon, where the first evidence of soap production was found on clay containers. Early soaps were made from a blend of fats and ashes from wood or plants.

The Egyptians refined soap-making techniques by using animal and vegetable oils combined with alkaline salts. Soap was integral to their bathing and religious rituals, as evidenced by their use of scented soaps.

The Romans embraced soap as a tool for hygiene and luxury. They enhanced soap recipes by adding aromatic oils, creating various types of soap for different purposes.

Soap production waned during the Middle Ages in Europe. In this period, the belief in the health benefits of water alone prevailed, and soap was reserved for more specialized applications.

With the Renaissance came a renewed interest in cleanliness. Soap-making regained popularity, and public bathhouses became centers for socializing and hygiene.

The 18th century witnessed advancements in soap-making techniques, including the invention of soap-making machines and the use of sodium hydroxide. This led to the mass production of soap.

The 19th century marked the emergence of commercial soap companies, such as Lever Brothers (now Unilever) and Procter & Gamble, which revolutionized soap marketing and production.

Soap played a crucial role during World War I in maintaining hygiene and preventing the spread of diseases. Soldiers were issued soap as part of their standard kit.

In the mid-20th century, soap production shifted towards using synthetic detergents. These detergents offered improved cleaning power and reduced the environmental impact of soap manufacturing.

Throughout the 20th century, various specialized soaps emerged, including antibacterial soaps, glycerin soaps, and liquid soaps, each designed for specific purposes and skin types.

Modern soap manufacturers have been addressing concerns related to the environmental impact of certain soap ingredients, including phosphates and microplastics, leading to the development of eco-friendly alternatives.

In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in handmade and artisanal soaps. Craftsmen and small-scale soap makers have created unique, natural, and organic soap products, appealing to consumers seeking personalized options.

From its humble beginnings in ancient Babylon to the extensive array of soap products available today, soap’s history is a tale of cultural, scientific, and industrial evolution. It continues to be a symbol of cleanliness and personal care, adapting to the changing needs and preferences of societies throughout the ages. This unassuming household item holds a significant place in our daily lives, contributing to our health, comfort, and well-being.

Ron Thomson

Written by Ron Thomson

Freelance Journalist based out of Denver, Colorado

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soap and detergent , substances that, when dissolved in water , possess the ability to remove dirt from surfaces such as the human skin, textiles, and other solids. When soap and water are not available for hand washing or when repeated hand washing compromises the natural skin barrier (e.g., causing scaling or fissures to develop in the skin),  hand sanitizers —coming in foam , gel , or liquid form—have been recommended.

How do alcohol-based hand sanitizers work?

The seemingly simple process of cleaning a soiled surface is, in fact, complex and consists of the following physical-chemical steps:

  • Wetting of the surface and, in the case of textiles, penetration of the fibre structure by wash liquor containing the detergent . Detergents (and other surface-active agents ) increase the spreading and wetting ability of water by reducing its surface tension—that is, the affinity its molecules have for each other in preference to the molecules of the material to be washed.
  • Absorption of a layer of the soap or detergent at the interfaces between the water and the surface to be washed and between the water and the soil. In the case of ionic surface-active agents (explained below), the layer formed is ionic (electrically polar) in nature.
  • Dispersion of soil from the fibre or other material into the wash water. This step is facilitated by mechanical agitation and high temperature; in the case of hand soap, soil is dispersed in the foam formed by mechanical action of the hands.
  • Preventing the soil from being deposited again onto the surface cleaned. The soap or detergent accomplishes this by suspending the dirt in a protective colloid, sometimes with the aid of special additives. In a great many soiled surfaces the dirt is bound to the surface by a thin film of oil or grease. The cleaning of such surfaces involves the displacement of this film by the detergent solution, which is in turn washed away by rinse waters. The oil film breaks up and separates into individual droplets under the influence of the detergent solution. Proteinic stains, such as egg, milk, and blood, are difficult to remove by detergent action alone. The proteinic stain is nonsoluble in water, adheres strongly to the fibre, and prevents the penetration of the detergent. By using proteolytic enzymes (enzymes able to break down proteins) together with detergents, the proteinic substance can be made water-soluble or at least water-permeable, permitting the detergent to act and the proteinic stain to be dispersed together with the oily dirt. The enzymes may present a toxic hazard to some persons habitually exposed.

If detached oil droplets and dirt particles did not become suspended in the detergent solution in a stable and highly dispersed condition, they would be inclined to flocculate , or coalesce into aggregates large enough to be redeposited on the cleansed surface. In the washing of fabrics and similar materials, small oil droplets or fine, deflocculated dirt particles are more easily carried through interstices in the material than are relatively large ones. The action of the detergent in maintaining the dirt in a highly dispersed condition is therefore important in preventing retention of detached dirt by the fabric.

How soap cleans away dirt

In order to perform as detergents (surface-active agents), soaps and detergents must have certain chemical structures: their molecules must contain a hydrophobic (water-insoluble) part, such as a fatty acid or a rather long chain carbon group, such as fatty alcohols or alkylbenzene. The molecule must also contain a hydrophilic (water-soluble) group, such as ―COONa, or a sulfo group, such as ―OSO 3 Na or ―SO 3 Na (such as in fatty alcohol sulfate or alkylbenzene sulfonate), or a long ethylene oxide chain in nonionic synthetic detergents. This hydrophilic part makes the molecule soluble in water. In general, the hydrophobic part of the molecule attaches itself to the solid or fibre and onto the soil, and the hydrophilic part attaches itself to the water.

Four groups of surface-active agents are distinguished:

  • Anionic detergents (including soap and the largest portion of modern synthetic detergents), which produce electrically negative colloidal ions in solution.
  • Cationic detergents , which produce electrically positive ions in solution.
  • Nonionic detergents , which produce electrically neutral colloidal particles in solution.
  • Ampholytic , or amphoteric, detergents, which are capable of acting either as anionic or cationic detergents in solution depending on the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of the solution.

The first detergent (or surface-active agent) was soap. In a strictly chemical sense, any compound formed by the reaction of a water-insoluble fatty acid with an organic base or an alkali metal may be called a soap. Practically, however, the soap industry is concerned mainly with those water-soluble soaps that result from the interaction between fatty acids and alkali metals. In certain cases, however, the salts of fatty acids with ammonia or with triethanolamine are also used, as in shaving preparations.

Soap has been known for at least 2,300 years. According to Pliny the Elder , the Phoenicians prepared it from goat’s tallow and wood ashes in 600 bce and sometimes used it as an article of barter with the Gauls. Soap was widely known in the Roman Empire ; whether the Romans learned its use and manufacture from ancient Mediterranean peoples or from the Celts , inhabitants of Britannia , is not known. The Celts, who produced their soap from animal fats and plant ashes , named the product saipo, from which the word soap is derived. The importance of soap for washing and cleaning was apparently not recognized until the 2nd century ce ; the Greek physician Galen mentions it as a medicament and as a means of cleansing the body. Previously soap had been used as medicine . The writings attributed to the 8th-century Arab savant Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber) repeatedly mention soap as a cleansing agent.

In Europe, soap production in the Middle Ages centred first at Marseille , later at Genoa , and then at Venice . Although some soap manufacture developed in Germany, the substance was so little used in central Europe that a box of soap presented to the Duchess of Juelich in 1549 caused a sensation. As late as 1672, when a German, A. Leo, sent Lady von Schleinitz a parcel containing soap from Italy, he accompanied it with a detailed description of how to use the mysterious product.

The first English soapmakers appeared at the end of the 12th century in Bristol . In the 13th and 14th centuries, a small community of them grew up in the neighbourhood of Cheapside in London . In those days soapmakers had to pay a duty on all the soap they produced. After the Napoleonic Wars this tax rose as high as three pence per pound; soap-boiling pans were fitted with lids that could be locked every night by the tax collector in order to prevent production under cover of darkness. Not until 1853 was this high tax finally abolished, at a sacrifice to the state of over £1,000,000. Soap came into such common use in the 19th century that Justus von Liebig , a German chemist, declared that the quantity of soap consumed by a nation was an accurate measure of its wealth and civilization.

Early soapmakers probably used ashes and animal fats. Simple wood or plant ashes containing potassium carbonate were dispersed in water, and fat was added to the solution. This mixture was then boiled; ashes were added again and again as the water evaporated. During this process a slow chemical splitting of the neutral fat took place; the fatty acids could then react with the alkali carbonates of the plant ash to form soap (this reaction is called saponification ).

essay on daily soap

Animal fats containing a percentage of free fatty acids were used by the Celts. The presence of free fatty acids certainly helped to get the process started. This method probably prevailed until the end of the Middle Ages , when slaked lime came to be used to causticize the alkali carbonate. Through this process, chemically neutral fats could be saponified easily with the caustic lye. The production of soap from a handicraft to an industry was helped by the introduction of the Leblanc process for the production of soda ash from brine (about 1790) and by the work of a French chemist, Michel Eugène Chevreul , who in 1823 showed that the process of saponification is the chemical process of splitting fat into the alkali salt of fatty acids (that is, soap) and glycerin .

The method of producing soap by boiling with open steam, introduced at the end of the 19th century, was another step toward industrialization.

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A Brief History of Soap, Essay Example

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Though soap is a daily fixture for most of us, it was not always so. Claims about how long ago soap was first created vary widely from source to source, ranging from several hundred to several thousand years B.C.E. (“The History of Soap,” 2011). What is agreed, though, is that for much of soap’s history, it was considered difficult, time consuming, and expensive to make (“The History of Soap,” 2011). Those attributes, coupled with prevailing social and cultural attitudes about personal hygiene, meant that soap was not widely used, but was rather a luxury reserved mostly for the wealthy (“The History of Soap,” 2011). It wasn’t until the relatively recent 18 th Century that methods for making soap improved to the point where it became the common household staple we know of today (“The History of Soap,” 2011).

Though almost surely apocryphal, one legend has it that soap was first used in ancient times by bathers on Mount Sappo, which lent soap its name (“Chemistry Explained: Soap,” 2011). The earliest soaps were typically made from a combination of tallow (animal fat) and ashes from various types of wood (“Chemistry Explained: Soap,” 2011) . Early Romans, for example, had several methods for cleaning themselves, including rubbing talc in their hair to trap and remove oils, and rubbing the aforementioned tallow blend on their skin and then scraping it of, followed by immersion in hot water (“Bubbles and Soap,” 2011).

Surprisingly, little changed in the manufacture of soap for centuries, until French chemist Nicholas Leblanc divined a method for using common table salt to create a chemical called caustic soda; this chemical afforded an easy and inexpensive reaction with fats and oils from plants and animals, leading to a revolution in the mass production of soap (“The History of Soap,” 2011). To this day, though, products like tallow and beeswax, as well as various plant extracts and oils, are still used in the manufacture of some soaps (“The History of Soap,” 2011) .

Bibliography

Calvert, J.B. (2004, March 20).  Bubbles and soap . Retrieved from http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/bubbles.htm

Chemistry explained: soap . (2011). Retrieved from http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ru-Sp/Soap.html

The history of soap . (2011). Retrieved from http://science.jrank.org/pages/6209/Soap-history-soap.html

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Why do we use soap?

Reference article: Facts about soap and the importance of washing your hands.

Soapy hands under a faucet.

Did you wash your hands? Did you use soap? 

Children everywhere are grossly familiar with those questions, but it's for a good reason: Washing with soap is essential for preventing the spread of germs that make us sick. 

Germs, or microbes, are everywhere. Literally, everywhere . In the air, soil, water and on every surface, including your body. Most microbes are harmless and some are important for human health, like the ones that live in our gut. But there are several germs that cause problems, and these are the ones we prefer not to have on or in our bodies. Our first line of defense against those harmful germs is soap.

What is soap?

Soap is a mixture of fat or oil, water, and an alkali, or basic salt. 

The ancient Babylonians are credited with being the first people to make soap. Their recipe for animal fats, wood ash and water has been found carved into clay containers dating back to 2800 B.C., according to soaphistory.net . They likely used the concoction for washing wool and cotton so the materials could be woven into cloth and not so much for cleaning their bodies.  

The ancient Egyptians developed a similar recipe for soap, which they used for treating sores, skin diseases and personal washing. The Romans also made soap, but it wasn't until the later centuries of the Roman era that soap was used for personal hygiene; prior to that, soap was a physician's tool for treating diseases. 

The basic recipe for soap hasn't changed for thousands of years. It's still a combination of fat or oils with an alkali — basic ionic salt — and water. When those ingredients combine in the proper proportions, they go through a chemical process called saponification, which results in soap. Today, there are two techniques that people use to make soap: the cold process and the hot process. 

In the cold process, a room-temperature lye solution (sodium hydroxide in water) is mixed with animal or vegetable oil. As the ingredients react with one another, the mixture thickens and heats up. Before it gets too thick, the mixture is poured into a mold where it solidifies, and the saponification process is complete. The last step is to let the soap sit, or cure for a few weeks, which allows excess water in the mixture to evaporate. This makes a harder soap, according to the Handcrafted Soap and Cosmetic Guild . 

The hot process is the more traditional and ancient way to make soap and requires an outside source of heat. The ingredients are heated as they're mixed, which increases the speed of the saponification process. The soap is in a liquid form when it's poured into molds and it's ready for use as soon as it's solidified. Hot-process soap can be cured in a way that's similar to the cold-process soap, but it's not usually needed, according to the Handcrafted Soap and Cosmetic Guild. 

How soap works

Soap doesn't kill germs on our hands, it removes them. 

Germs stick to the oils and grease on our hands (sounds yucky, but it's totally normal). Water alone won't remove much of the germs on our hands because water and oil don't like each other, so they won't mix. But soap likes both water and oil. That's because soap molecules are a type of surfactant, which means they have one end that's water loving, or hydrophilic, and one end that's oil loving, or hydrophobic. 

When you wash your hands with soap, the soap molecules act as a mediator between the water and oil molecules, and bind with both of them at the same time. Then when you rinse everything off, the soap carries away the germs with the water. 

For the most effective hand washing, you must use soap and you must be thorough. Work up a lather because the friction helps lift dirt and oils from your skin, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . How long you should scrub depends on how dirty your hands are, but most health authorities recommend at least 20 seconds, or as long as it takes to sing "Happy Birthday" twice. And don't forget to scrape underneath your fingernails. That area is prime real estate for germs. 

Once you've washed, be sure to air-dry or towel-dry. There's no agreed-upon best practice for drying, but wet hands are more likely to spread germs than dry ones, the CDC says. 

Is antibacterial soap even better? Nope. 

Antibacterial soaps have added ingredients like triclosan or triclocarban, which are hydrophobic molecules that can penetrate bacterial cell membranes and kill the bacteria. Sounds impressive, but studies have shown that antibacterial soaps are no more effective than regular soaps at removing bacteria .  

In 2016, the FDA issued a rule that antibacterial soaps were no longer allowed to be marketed to the public. 

"Consumers may think antibacterial washes are more effective at preventing the spread of germs, but we have no scientific evidence that they are any better than plain soap and water," Dr. Janet Woodcock, the director of the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), said in a statement . "In fact, some data suggests that antibacterial ingredients may do more harm than good over the long term."

What about hand sanitizer? 

The CDC recommends cleaning hands with soap and water, but if that's not an option, then hand sanitizer is a good backup. Studies have found that hand sanitizers with alcohol concentrations of 60-95% are more effective at killing germs than nonalcohol or low-alcohol sanitizers. 

Related: Hand sanitizer sold out? Here's how to make your own.  

The alcohol kills some bacteria and viruses by breaking down their protective membranes, which basically makes them fall apart. But it doesn't work for all germs, such as norovirus, Clostridium difficile , which can cause life-threatening diarrhea, or Cryptosporidium , a parasite that causes a diarrheal disease called cryptosporidiosis, the CDC says . Hand sanitizers also likely don't remove harmful chemicals like pesticides or heavy metals, nor does hand sanitizer work well on super dirty or greasy hands. 

Hand washing with soap is, by far, the most effective way to keep harmful germs at bay. 

Additional resources: 

  • Hand washing do's and don'ts, according to the Mayo Clinic .
  • Learn more about the importance of hand washing from the CDC .
  • Here's a video showing how to hand wash, from the World Health Organization .   

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Kimberly has a bachelor's degree in marine biology from Texas A&M University, a master's degree in biology from Southeastern Louisiana University and a graduate certificate in science communication from the University of California, Santa Cruz. She is a former reference editor for Live Science and Space.com. Her work has appeared in Inside Science, News from Science, the San Jose Mercury and others. Her favorite stories include those about animals and obscurities. A Texas native, Kim now lives in a California redwood forest. 

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essay on daily soap

Home — Essay Samples — Life — Soap — The Life Cycle Of Soap – How It Is Made

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The Life Cycle of Soap - How It is Made

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Published: Jun 9, 2021

Words: 875 | Pages: 2 | 5 min read

Table of contents

The stages of soap making, extraction of raw materials, production through saponification, distribution channels, consumption and its benefits, responsible disposal.

  • Ross, P. S. (2016). The Chemistry of Soaps and Detergents. Chemical Reviews, 116(4), 2190-2209. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00289
  • Boykin, M. (n.d.). The Basics of Distribution Channels for Soap & Other Products. Small Business - Chron.com. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/basics-distribution-channels-soap-other-products-68376.html
  • Hayes, A. (2019). Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, and Being (12th ed.). Pearson.
  • Ali, A., & Ahmed, S. (2018). Review on Surfactants: Types and its Applications. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(11), 4539-4548. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(11).4539-48
  • Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., & Law, K. L. (2017). Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Science Advances, 3(7), e1700782. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782

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Feminism and the portrayal of women in Indian soap operas – it’s time to have that conversation

Ojaswani dixit.

BA LLB , Batch: 2020-2025

In an era where the world is seeing various sects of the society finally acknowledging the true potential of women as possessing equal intellect and leadership qualities as men, the Indian daily soaps seemed to have failed to find the necessity to have a progressive storyline with a strong and vigilant female protagonist. 

Often it is observed the term feminism is roped into conversations either in a positive or negative aspect, where people are supporting it or against it use information which in some parts is either incomplete or wrong in its entirety. The question here lies, what exactly does “Feminism” entail? What is its importance, and why is there many such supporters as well as opponents of it/ dictionaries define feminism as “The advocacy of women’s rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes”; “The theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes”; “The belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities”; “The doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men.”  [i]  One way to ensure that people understand what being a feminist or supporting feminism entails is by advocating that, at its very core, feminism is not about being the same as men [ii]  as “same” does not entail the meaning of equality. Women were oppressed in ancient times when physical strength doubled with intellect were required to be the leader but it is also to be noted that it is not the physical strength that helps choose a leader in the present times. Still, it’s the creative strength, the intelligence and the innovative power which make a leader, all of those which are not affected by any biological factor. Hence, through feminism, women want to have their share of rights they deserve without taking away the preexisting rights possessed by men. Feminism, as a social movement for the upliftment of women, creates a platform where people from various sects of the society come together to create awareness amongst people around the world and give women every opportunity in every sector to prove themselves worthy of their position as an equal to men. Hence, it is a matter of utmost importance that the portrayal of women in every aspect such as media, fictional characters, etc. should be in a way that it aligns with the core meaning of feminism, especially in countries like India where feminism is majorly treated as a “western fashion”. 

The content of the Indian daily soaps is created, keeping the housewives and elderly women as the target audience. Such daily soaps are seen as a way to escape reality to a fantasy world but what is often neglected is the real impact it has on the mindset of the viewers, along with the influence on the social and cultural values of the society [iii] . The root of such problems lies in the misrepresentation of female characters. The protagonist is often portrayed as a woman who wears ethnic clothes, is soft-spoken with a” homely” vibe and listens to her elders without question, even when it means that her individual choice has to be sidelined altogether. Though wearing ethnic clothes is not wrong, it becomes so when clothes are portrayed as a medium to determine character and personality, which Indian society has long struggled with. A character wearing short, western-style dresses with outspoken nature is often thrown into the vamp character whose main role is always to oppose the female protagonist or seduce the male lead. Even though the” vamp” is shown to be modern and outspoken, her entire character is built in a way that revolves around the protagonists [iv] . The message that the makers of daily soaps need to spread through their shows and characters is that being a woman of the “modern world” does not necessarily mean being manipulative, wearing revealing clothing, etc. Still, it simply means being a person who knows their rights and duties and possessing the capability to stand up for themselves while maintaining the traditional righteous values.

Another misrepresentation is seen through the apparent dichotomy followed while portraying female characters: the woman is docile, domestic, honourable, noble, and ideal, or the other extreme – wayward, reckless and irresponsible [v] . Why are women not portrayed as ones who take the middle path? One who takes action, whether good or bad, as per the requirement of the situation faced by them? Women are often depicted as submissive, constantly jumping off the cliff off sacrifice to attain domestic bliss. The man walks freely and enjoys his life while women fight each other over him. In a world where every opportunity is a golden chance for women to uplift and support each other, the repeating plot of pitting women against each other in daily soaps continues. Marriage, an important issue and seen as a necessity in the traditional Indian household, is usually the focal point of most of these shows [vi] . A woman who gets educated and sometimes has earned a well-paid job suddenly finds herself being bargained for in the marriage market. In a society where the thoughts of leadership lead it to a man and women being treated as liabilities, it is the duty of such impactful mediums to influence mindsets through their platform. Though witty and intelligent, female characters are overshadowed by their need to achieve idealism and therefore lack substance. They reflect and influence the viewers to idolize women as physically and intellectually inferior to men. Apart from women, young children also watch these shows daily. With their regressive portrayal of women, these serials propagate the normalization of Indian women being naive and unrealistically selfless. Each episode airing with the sole objective of garnering TRP numbers sells perpetually flawed notions around womanhood to the viewers. This becomes highly problematic when women living in remote and rural regions watch these shows. They further tend to relate with the characters and embrace the patriarchal values that are inherently pre-rooted in their surroundings. [vii]  

In conclusion, the makers of the daily soaps need to understand that there is a greater need than ever before to include reality in their world of fiction by portraying women as a person whose life lies beyond the doorstep of her in-laws’ expectations from their daughter-in-law; beyond the room of her husband’s and beyond the duties of being a perfect mother. The daily soaps should be seen as a medium to empower women, a step towards making the Indian women break shackles of societal norms holding them back. Though many daily soaps have taken steps to ensure the portrayal of a strong and vigilant woman, their number and message still sit under the shadow of shows with a docile homely woman as their protagonists. The latter are portrayed as free but not beyond the imagination of society. It is time to bring about a change in this unbreakable chain and portray women as they should be independent and equal.

  [i]   What Is Feminism, And Why Do So Many Women And Men Hate It? by Kathy Caprino

[ii]   Feminism by Laura Brunell

[iii]   Portrayal of Women in Television (TV) Serials by Shashi Kaul

[iv]   PORTRAYAL OF INDIAN WOMEN THROUGH TELEVISION SERIALS

[v]   Stereotyping Women In India by Vatika Sibal

[vi]   PORTRAYAL OF INDIAN WOMEN THROUGH TELEVISION SERIALS

[vii]   DEAR INDIAN TV SOAPS, WHERE’S THE WOMAN? by Tahzeeb Vashisth

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Impact of serial/daily soaps on Indian people both good and bad effects

In this article, you will know about different effects of serial and daily soap on Indian minds. Here you will know that which type of shows manipulate your mind in which way. How Different channels can help you to develop your mind in positive and how other channels like reality shows and other similar shows can create a bad impact on your mind. Impact/effect of television on youth and other generation all Such questions are going to be answered here.

Effect of daily soap and serials There are lots and lots of serials or daily soaps which are entertaining a huge mass and not only entertaining them but also affecting their minds in different ways. Serials/Daily soaps are divided on different sections and can be categorize in two ways. One way is based on the age group such as kids, teenagers, adults, old age, family, etc and another way is the type of the show such as comedy, reality , emotional, educational, etc. Now what will be the effect of such shows on viewers mind will definitely going to depend upon that which type of show you generally watching. If you are watching channels like Discovery, National Geographic, etc then you will get good information and you will be informative. Here one more thing is their that if you watch such channels then you will be more curious to know different things and hence your mind will think more on that and it is some where possible that you will become intelligent. So this is a good effect on human mind. If you watch news channels then you will be update to the latest news and that's important to remain in touch with the latest news. But what about those daily soaps or serials. Here we divide the serial and hence will get more clarification over the effect. If a person is in a habit to watch comedy serials then the effect is positive but other shows like reality shows, fictions shows somewhere develop a negative thoughts on viewers mind and now a days there is a trend of abusive shows which are becoming very much popular but such shows are making the people aggressive and developing a negative attitude among them. Some serials are such that they develop both good and bad effective on human mind as those shows include a character who plays role like villan and another character who play a role of hero. In such a case many people like character of hero and sometimes it develops a good thinking on human mind but sometimes such characters when perform different stunts and people also tries to attempt it then the effect on mind becomes totally opposite. In such condition their is a risk to human life. But some people also love villan character and think in similar way as a villan thinks and this is the initial step of developing bad thoughts on mind. Such kind of shows have both aspects and depends on an individual that in which way he/she grasp it. How to make such daily soaps/serials useful? In daily soaps every thing is not negative as there are some positive aspects also which can even help you in some way. If you are watching a program and let it be your favorite one then you can inspire from good characters and motivate yourself to do such works but doing the stunts without any supervision then it can be a big trouble for you. You can analyse yourself this thing that such actions can't be performed at homes and there is always a big notice displayed that you should not try to attempt such actions/stunts at home so you should follow it strictly. As there are some motivational shows and informative shows also which will help you a lot on understanding the reality of the life and such shows sometimes encourage the people a lot so you should graps such things not that abusive and bad things. Conclusion It simply depends over an individual that how he/she react or think over such shows. Some people take it in a good way where as some people love to watch such reality shows which mostly shows the negative impacts . I can point out any single show it is understandable that which shows are good or which are bad for you. Still its your life and you are free to do or watch every thing but don't let it make a sharp or deep effect on your mind otherwise it can prove harmful for you in future. If you take such shows in good way then defiantly you are going to get some benefit and you can even develop your thinking skills.

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Television is a medium which gives us the choice of watching the program we like at our convenience. I have always felt that we choose a program depending on our interest. Some like to watch soaps, some would go for movies while some others would prefer to watch news channels. With so many channels and programs on the air it has actually become difficult to make a choice. Things were different during the Doordarshan days when the choice was limited. I have always entertained a feeling that the programs on television does not leave a lasting impression on us. We still remember 'Rajani' or 'Karamchand' or 'Yeh Jo Hain Zindagi' because they were the only programs available on Doordarshan those days. But what about the serials and other shows that are being aired on different channels from time to time. We forget about them as soon as a new serial starts being aired. So, I am doubtful about a long time impact. Yes, their general content may influence our thoughts and behavior. I absolutely agree with you that care should be taken to keep a watch on what our children view on the TV because they are fresh in their minds and are therefore likely to be influenced by what they see quite often and start thinking that what they see on television is what life is actually about.

These Soaps not only show unnecessary drama and psychological traps that it makes a person bound with the Soap characters emotionally and sentimentally. By this Out of half hour episode they show 15 minutes advertisements just after every five minutes.They make lot of Business and don't care about its effects that how others are wasting their time and Health.

Gosh! Daily soaps are really a worst place to waste our time. I am sure due to this many families broken apart. All unbelievable things happening in these serials. TV serials are crap now a days. Most of the soap characters are playing negative roles and they are the only winners of the serial. We all are missing all those meaningful serials like Hamlog, surabhi, vyomkesh bakshi, parvarish and so on. The cartoon channels are also showing more than teen items. Mentally disturbed people makes all these serials and no one is ready to stop all these nonsense stories. It's time to go away from all these poorly directed soap serials.

Among all serials, ads, reality shows my hatred is on reality shows and how it make people mad. Celebrities on reality shows is another waste of time and shows like music, dance competitions make people crazy and every one wanted to be a Mukesh, Latha Mangeshkar, Usha Udup, Janaki, Chitra, Yesudoss within a short span of time and people really do not know the values of our culture and how they have learnt in the past with dedication. There will be one among lakh will be good and in that line I can say Arvind Swamy participated in the reality show in Tamil conducted by Vijay TV programme called 'Neengalum Vellalaam Oru kodi' that is you can also win one crore and which is amazing one and every one should see atleast from their official website or youtube.

It is good for us to know that shows are there for commercial gains through advertisements and also to sensitize the general public about certain social issues which should be taken seriously.

This is a good article. While there is no opposition for the house holds to watch the sitcoms and serials daily, they must do so after finishing all the daily work. I have seen many women sit in front of the tv during prime time morning hours and leave the work to its destiny. Even if the husband comes home for the lunch the wife has no time to serve him the food and instead keep herself busy on the serial and its progress. Such is the addiction of serials on Indian television. This attitude must be avoided and care must be taken for the husband.

If we make a survey I am sure that most mother in law and daughter in law will behave like the unhealthy relations shown in serial.

Television was introduced for the purpose of news and entertainment, but today people need more than that.They need information which the television provides is not enough. So, people have now switched to internet where there is interactive learning through social networking and many discussion forums like ISC. Moreover there is no lack of entertainment on the internet. But it totally depends on the person which source to choose from.Many will stick with TV because of lack of internet availability.Some will love to watch reality show on TV while others love to watch the same show afterwards on the net on there own time.

Youngsters shouldn't watch TV if they want to be successful. The daily soaps are surely created to get commercial gain and they are making people mentally ill in a way. Thought pattern of many people who see these has impaired. They only think about negative things. They always try to connect real life with serials.

When the Doordarshan came, we had serial once a week; nice serials that were close to the reality of life. Time changed and so many new channels have come up from nowhere. Then the serial changed its face. It has become family oriented and the Saas-Bahu stories started off. Slowly, it started coming everyday and now what we see as serials is something to make fool of the audience. In which serial will you not have double marriage or extra-marital relationships? Today's serial only brings in the unhealthy topics and useless doubts in family. Some serials are showing one month of marriage ritual and some showing the enmity in family. I don't understand what the "good" affect we have from such serials? The stories are just idiotic and goes as long as never ending process. Thanks to such audience who bear all the nonsense.

Daily soap program are very famous nowadays. I have seen that mostly women are daily soap watchers and are always keen to watch them on regular basis. They don't want to miss them anyway. People are wasting their valuable time on these mega time consuming serials which, except a few, have no moral story or values. So basically they are ruining our valuable time.

There are various programs in the TV network and one can choose as per ones liking. Now there are some programs which are violent in nature. They will definitely affect the minds of youngsters. TV has affected our life in a big way. We are copying fashion, we are copying way of talking, we are imagining ourselves in the position of the main character and thinking what we would have done and things like that. The long soaps are filled with sentimental material and twists and turns and once you see it for a long time you will be mesmerized and will remained glued to the idiot box. Anyway we learn good things also from the knowledge channels and as far as possible we must avoid the violent and fighting spree containing channels.

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Emmerdale favourite told he’s going to be killed in showdown

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Matty confronted by Les in Emmerdale

Matty Barton ’s ( Ash Palmisciano ) worst fears have been realised in Emmerdale after coming head to head with his new cellmate.

Even step-dad Cain Dingle ’s ( Jeff Hordley ) advice couldn’t help.

Cain and wife Moira Dingle ( Natalie J Robb ) have been tirelessly working to secure Matty’s release in recent weeks, even potentially jeopardising their own marriage .

As viewers of the ITV soap know, odds are stacked against Matty , with Samson Dingle ( Sam Hall ) adamantly maintaining that he intentionally stabbed him, though in reality, his transphobic friend Josh had pushed him onto the knife .

Before being wrongly imprisoned, Matty made a desperate and misguided attempt to convince Samson to tell the truth, but this only led to his arrest for violating bail conditions.

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Matty speaks to Cain in the prison visiting room in Emmerdale

We’ve also seen him attempt to hide his transgender identity, avoiding showering alongside fellow inmates and refusing his hormone medication. His situation is dire, and unfortunately, will continue to worsen.

Earlier this week, we saw Matty confronted by his new cellmate, Les, who quickly established himself as top-dog with intimidating remarks, leaving him fearful for his safety.

In tonight’s (28th June) episode, Cain visited him in prison and noticed his distress around Les.

Matty speaks to Cain in the prison visiting room in Emmerdale

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Cain gave him some true Dingle advice – whether or not he should follow it is another matter – toughen up and fight back, and hurt those who hurt him.

Matty knew that it’s not in his nature to do that, and later, in his cell, Les lashed out after being unable to find his tobacco.

Les grabbed him by his jumper, threatening to kill him if he’d took it. Matty looked horrified as his loud-mouthed room mate laughed off his fear and walked away.

Will he be okay?

If you’ve got a soap or TV story, video or pictures get in touch by emailing us  [email protected]  – we’d love to hear from you.

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MORE : Emmerdale’s Matty risks it all as he tells fellow prisoner that he is transgender

MORE : Emmerdale tragedy as Matty says goodbye in new video

MORE : Petrified Matty targeted by brutish cellmate in Emmerdale – and things get scarily worse

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New York Times Editorial Board: Biden should drop out after debate with Donald Trump

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The New York Times Editorial Board is calling for President Joe Biden to drop out of the 2024 presidential race after his disastrous debate performance Thursday night with former President Donald Trump.

"The United States needs a stronger opponent to the presumptive Republican nominee," said the Times editorial board, which operates separately from its newsroom. Editorial writers cited the "stakes for the country and the uneven abilities of Mr. Biden."

Biden's debate performance against Trump Thursday night has sparked panic amongst Democrats and numerous calls for him to step down from the presidential ticket. His voice sounded unsteady and feeble and he noticeably froze while attempting to answer a question about the economy.

The Times argues in its op-ed piece that "the president is engaged in a reckless gamble," adding that "it's too big a bet to simply hope Americans will overlook or discount Mr. Biden's age and infirmity that they see with their own eyes."

Biden attempted to reframe the debate at a boisterous campaign rally in Raleigh, N.C. on Friday, where he addressed the sparring match with Trump. "I know I'm not a young man − to state the obvious," Biden said. "Folks, I don't walk as easy as I used to. I don't speak as smoothly as I used to. I don't debate as well as I used to. But I know what I do know: I know how to tell the truth."

Biden vowed not to drop out of the campaign and said he was confident he could do the job if reelected. If he were to serve a full second term, he would be 86 by the time he left office. Trump, 78, and Biden are the oldest presumptive nominees for president in American history.

English Essay on “Daily Soap Sagas” English Essay-Paragraph-Speech for Class 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 CBSE Students and competitive Examination.

Daily Soap Sagas

Storytelling and listening to stories which served as favourite pass time are part of every culture. The liking towards it is because of basic sense of curiosity, as to what happens in it or when it happens and soon. Before printing came into existence story telling was popular. This story telling in a different, visual format and appeal, today has become very popular on television in most of the countries.

Long winding stories which are of different kinds family dramas, love stories, comedies, suspense stories and stories which project social issues are shown on television daily in parts or episodes are called daily soap sagas. These stories through television, because of its visual impact, quickly caught the attention of people. The ideas emerged as a form of popular entertainment in west and started in India with ‘Doordarshan’. These stories are called ‘soaps’ since they become interesting as they proceed with twist and turns and do take a long —long tint to finish.

Soap sagas or serials as we know are popular source of entertainment in every house since these are made in most of the regional languages too. With the arrival of new channels, there are more serials to choose from. In India, it started with stories depicting certain social problems, historical epics and mythology, Quality work, in terms of acting, scripting, direction and presentation awed the audience. People looked forward to watching television every day, and slowly today it has become part of our routine. The daily dose of serials has become part of our lives, especially for those people sitting at home, like house wives and old people who have more time to spare.

The serial format-in parts or episodes for a stipulated time are shown daily. Stories when shown this way generates interest and maintains the curiosity level of the audience. People are eager to know about the new situations everyday. A competition between channels though has affected the quality of stories today. Some of the stories are predictable- family dramas with problems depicting marital discord, extramarital affairs, rivalry in business, gossips and so on. The stories are not fit to be viewed by all members of the family. The story and scripts are fiddled with-changed according to the response of the people or popularity (by assessing the viewer ship ratings).

The best thing about serials on T.V. is they reach a wider audience and has made some of the characters a household name. Today, some of the T.V. actors are celebrities because of their work in serials and the image it has created. Every home has at least two-three people who watch daily soap sagas and one comes across ladies discussing stories and situations during social gatherings. Some people are so glued to the soaps that they finish all other work earlier or forget about it.

The daily sagas on TV have changed the ways of home entertainment. Some have raised some important issues and others have entertained us and some are continuing with stories crossing generations.

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A woman pulls a religious statue out from among debris. A splintered home and scattered clothing are around her.

2024’s violent tornado season has been one of the most active on record − a meteorologist explains the weather behind the outbreaks

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Professor of Atmospheric Science, Iowa State University

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Spring 2024 was unnerving for people across large parts of the U.S. as tornado warnings and sirens sent them scrambling for safety.

More than 1,100 tornadoes were reported through May − a preliminary number but nearly twice the 30-year average at that point and behind only 2011 , when deadly tornado outbreaks tore across the southeastern U.S.

The U.S. experienced several multistate outbreaks in 2024. Tornadoes damaged homes from Texas to Minnesota and east to West Virginia and Georgia . They caused widespread destruction in several towns, including Greenfield, Iowa ; Westmoreland, Kansas ; and Bartlesville, Oklahoma . Barnsdall, Oklahoma, was hit twice in two months .

In May, at least one tornado occurred somewhere in the country almost every day .

What causes some years to have so many tornadoes? I’m a meteorologist who studies tornadoes and thunderstorms . Here’s what created the perfect conditions for these violent storms.

2 key tornado ingredients, on steroids

The hyperactive season has been due to an abundance of two key ingredients for tornadoes: wind shear and instability.

The jet stream − a band of strong upper-level winds that mostly blows west to east, flowing between warm air to its south and cool air to its north − plays an important role in how and where weather systems evolve, and in wind shear.

During April and May 2024 , the jet stream often dipped southward in the western U.S. before turning back to the northeast across the Plains. That’s a pattern favorable for producing tornadoes in the central U.S.

A US map shows warm moist air rising from the Gulf of Mexico, the jet stream bending northward into the Great Plains, Tornado Alley from Texas to South Dakota and into Iowa, and cold air to the north and warm air to the south.

In the area east of the jet stream’s southern dip, air rises. That creates a strong low-pressure system, which causes winds near the ground to blow from a different direction than winds higher up, contributing to wind shear.

Making this year even more active, persistent record heat waves were common over Mexico and Texas, while the Rockies and far northern United States stayed cool. The sharp temperature difference created a stronger jet stream than normal, leading to strong changes in wind speed with elevation. As a result, wind shear has been on steroids.

The change in wind speed with elevation can cause air to have a rolling motion . The rapidly rising air in a thunderstorm can then tilt the rolling motion to create a spinning thunderstorm that can concentrate the spin into a tornado.

The Gulf of Mexico was also much warmer than normal , producing abundant heat and moisture that could be transported northward to fuel thunderstorms. That creates atmospheric instability , the other key ingredient for tornadoes.

Chart shows 2024 tornado reports well above the 15-year mean and only below 2011. It's just above 2019 numbers.

El Niño’s weakening was a warning

This perfect combination of ingredients for tornadoes wasn’t a complete surprise.

El Niño and La Niña – opposing climate patterns centered in the Pacific Ocean – can affect winds and weather around the world. A 2016 study found that when El Niño is shifting to La Niña , the number of tornadoes in the central Plains and Upper Midwest is often larger than normal.

That’s exactly what was happening in spring 2024 . The tornadoes mostly occurred in the traditional Tornado Alley, from northern Texas to South Dakota, with an extension across the Corn Belt through Iowa and as far east as Ohio, matching the findings of that study.

How is tornado activity changing?

The active spring in the Great Plains was a bit unusual, however. Studies show a long-term trend of decreasing tornado numbers in this region and an increase in tornadoes farther east , near or just east of the Mississippi River.

That shift is consistent with what climate models suggest is likely to happen throughout the remainder of the century as global temperatures rise.

A U.S. map shows the greatest activity over the Southeast, particularly Louisiana and Alabama.

The expected decline in the number of tornadoes in the Plains is likely related to increasing heat over the high ground of the desert Southwest and Mexico. That heat flows over the Great Plains a few thousand feet above ground, creating a cap, or lid. The cap lets heat and moisture build up until it punches through to form a thunderstorm. This hot, moist air is why the central U.S. is home to the most violent tornadoes on Earth.

One theory is that, with climate change, the cap will likely be harder to break through, reducing the number of tornadoes in the Plains. At the same time, increasing heat and moisture elsewhere will fuel more tornadoes in the East.

Long-term trends and climate model predictions also suggest that more tornadoes are occurring during the cooler months , particularly in the Southeast . Tornadoes are also occurring on fewer days each year, but on the days when they do form, there is more likely to be an outbreak with several tornadoes

  • Climate change
  • Extreme weather
  • Atmospheric science
  • Thunderstorms
  • El Niño Southern Oscillation
  • Extreme storms

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‘The Bold and the Beautiful’ Weekly Spoilers For Monday, July 1-Friday, July 5: Poppy Demands Tom Leave her and Luna Alone; Paris Overhears Hope Profess her Love for Thomas; Eric Readies the Family to Celebrate Another Wedding

CP Bialois

There’s a lot coming our way this week, and ‘The Bold and the Beautiful’ (B&B) spoilers are set to get things rolling.

We have plenty of fun spoilery goodies to share for the week of Monday, July 1 to Friday, July 5.

Penelope Nozawa (Romy Park) will demand that Tom Starr (Clint Howard) leave her and Luna Nozawa (Lisa Yamada) along.

Of course, since him being Luna’s father can derail her plans to live the high life we can’t blame her.

Hope Logan (Annika Noelle) will try one more time to win Thomas Forrester (Mathew Atkinson) back.

The twist this time? His fiancé Paris Buckingham (Diamond White) will be listening.

Let’s get ready for a fun week of celebrating!

‘The Bold and the Beautiful’ Weekly Spoilers For Monday, July 1-Friday, July 5: On the defensive

Poppy is going to have her dream of a cash and power filled existence threatened thanks to Tom, and she’s not going to like it.

So, ‘The Bold and the Beautiful’ Spoilers think she’ll try to convince him to leave her and Luna alone.

When that doesn’t work, she’ll threaten and do what she can to destroy the new life he’s trying to build.

It won’t surprise us if she tries to get Bill Spencer (Don Diamont) involved, but that could backfire in a huge way.

‘The Bold and the Beautiful’ Weekly Spoilers For Monday, July 1-Friday, July 5: Hope’s out of luck

If Thomas is trying to manipulate Hope into wanting to marry him it’s working. She’ll throw herself at him and profess her love for him and her hope he still loves her.

Of course, in true soap opera style, Paris will happen to hear this from outside the room.

It’ll be fun to see if she waits for Thomas to respond or if she’ll burst in to interrupt them.

If it’s the former, then it’ll show she’s confidant in Thomas’ love. If it’s the latter, she knows trouble is brewing.

“The Bold and the Beautiful’ Spoilers for Friday, June 21 Sheila Makes an Example of Tom; Steffy Better Watch Out!

‘The Bold and the Beautiful’ Weekly Spoilers For Monday, July 1-Friday, July 5: Ready for a celebration

The show’s going to help us celebrate the Fourth of July week and holiday by getting ready for Thomas and Paris’ wedding.

We doubt it’ll happen so fast as Eric Forrester (John McCook) will want to throw a huge event. But it’ll still be a fun week to celebrate.

While Thomas will be looking forward to moving on with his life and having a family, Hope will be beside herself.

She’ll be uncomfortable to say the least, and it gives her an idea on how long she has to stop the wedding.

Will Hope win Thomas back before it’s too late? Let us know in the comments below.

Be sure to check back with ‘The Bold and the Beautiful’ Spoilers for the latest updates, spoilers, and speculation around.

For any other soap opera and entertainment news, please visit again  Daily Soap Dish.

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A Journey Along the Camino de Santiago, Spain’s Most Famous Pilgrimage Route

By Michaela Trimble

Image may contain Person Walking Path Clothing Footwear Shoe Backpack Bag Outdoors and Nature

“ Tu mochila es tan pesada como tus miedos ,” says Leonardo San Sebastián, as he lifts the bottom of my backpack to check its weight. We’re standing before the Santuario de Santa María a Real do Cebreiro, an oval-shaped, thatched-roof church located in a mountaintop town that feels more likely to be in Ireland than in Galicia, an autonomous region in northwestern Spain. I enter the building and make an offering before lighting a candle within a red votive holder. I place it at the front of the church, near the altar, then take a seat in one of the old wooden pews to contemplate the last several days spent hiking the Camino de Santiago. I’ve walked over 100 miles, which has left my feet and legs tired and sore, but has given me hundreds of hours to be with myself and my thoughts amid rolling fields of poppy and wheat.

Image may contain Land Nature Outdoors Plant Tree Vegetation Woodland Countryside Aerial View Scenery and Sky

Guided by the experts of Mountain Travel Sobek , I’m walking the Camino Frances route of the Camino de Santiago, a network of paths that weaves through the South of France and nearly every stretch of Spain and leads to Santiago de Compostela. Though it’s a Catholic pilgrimage, I’m not participating in the walk for religious reasons. I’m here in the spiritual sense, a calling of curiosity to learn more about the world’s great pilgrimages and why people do them. I’ve had the opportunity to experience cultural rites of passages around the world, from walking parts of the Kumano Kodo in Japan with a practicing monk to participating in the Qoyllur Rit’i walk in Peru to celebrate the reappearance of the Pleiades constellation in the sky. I’m fascinated by the transformative power of a singular destination shared among many: when hundreds, even thousands, of people all have the same goal in mind, it creates a certain type of momentum—like magic. A desire to feel what that meant for people walking the Camino de Santiago drew me to this pilgrimage, as did my love for Spain.

Image may contain Architecture Building Monastery Arch Gothic Arch Outdoors Nature Sky Castle and Fortress

Originally from the Basque Country, Leonardo is one of the three guides leading me along my two-week journey along the Camino Frances, one of the most popular routes of the Camino de Santiago. Given that my bags were already transported to the next hotel, he’s wondering what I have in my backpack that could weigh so much. I tell him a film camera, journal, and extra water are causing the weight, though I know what he really means. His question is deeper than my answer, and nods to the greater meaning of a journey like walking the Camino de Santiago: The more fear we have, the greater our load, whether alluding to the gear in a backpack or the fears and anxieties we hold as we move through life.

No matter which route travelers choose to take, they all end in Santiago de Compostela, where the trails come together at the town’s eponymous Romanesque cathedral, a structure completed in the early 1200s and believed to hold the tomb of the apostle St. James. When the tomb was purportedly discovered in the 9th century, the town and its cathedral became one of the most important Christian pilgrimage sites in Europe, leading to the creation of the Camino de Santiago. While each route has its unique history and heritage, the Camino Frances has been the most popular trail since the Middle Ages and is about 500 miles. It takes about five weeks to complete. Given that I only have a few weeks to spare, I’m hiking it in parts, totaling about a 125-mile journey on foot.

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Beginning in St. Jean Pied de Port Camino Frances, a village on the French side of the Basque Pyrenees, I’ve already crossed from France into Spain and walked along the historical Pass of Roncesvalles, where the hero of the Charlemagne Army, Roland, battled against the Basques. I’ve crossed through the oak and beech forests of the Erro Valley, arriving in Pamplona before setting off for the 9th-century city of Burgos on the Rio Arlanzon. I’ve walked through central Spain, beyond seemingly endless fields of billowing wheat and poppies, to the city of Leon, home to one of the most famous Gothic-style cathedrals in Spain. I’ve walked down country roads lined with vineyards until crossing into Galicia for the final stretch of the journey.

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Just a day away from reaching Santiago de Compostela, the lead guide of my trip, Erik Perez, tells me why he chose to dedicate his life to leading travelers along the Camino de Santiago. When he was 25, he was an avid mountain climber, until he had a fall that nearly left him paralyzed. During his three-month stay in the hospital, he began to form a unique view of the Virgin Mary, who was framed on the wall before his bed. He promised her he would dedicate his life to doing what he does today if she let him walk again. The walk he’s leading me on marks his 127 th journey.

“The Camino de Santiago is special that way. Many people do it at significant turning points in their lives: graduation, resignation, retirement,” says Erik. “Many pilgrims walk because their path forward is unclear. Through days of silence and time alone in nature, they eventually find their next step.”

Image may contain Art Person Architecture Building and Crypt

Though the trail is a Catholic rite of passage, most people I meet aren’t walking for that reason alone, as Erik suggests. They, like me, are stepping out of one phase of life and entering another. One woman I met told me she talked to her late husband during her entire walk, feeling his spirit near her throughout her journey. Another pilgrim said he walked because, at 73, he didn’t know how much longer he would be able to do such an athletic feat. For me, I felt like I had a chance to process my last relationships. I hadn’t given myself much time between them, and I thought about my contribution to where things had gone wrong. At one point, during a water break at a mountaintop, I opened my journal to write. All that came out was, “I want something different.”

Image may contain Person Walking Road Horizon Nature Outdoors Sky Path Tarmac Weather Grass and Plant

Walking the Camino de Santiago taught me many lessons. Each day is different. Sometimes it’s a pleasure to trip past undulating fields of wildflowers, and other times it’s a slog of rainy days where the path ahead is barely visible. But on the Camino as in life, I choose to keep walking. Even if the forecast calls for rain, it likely means there’s unknown beauty ahead—usually in the form of a rainbow smeared across the sky above a distant valley I’ve yet had the joy to know.

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Soap Essay Examples

Creation of soaps and detergents for the cleanup of an oil spill without usage of animal components.

The goal of this project was to help the environmental group find a way to make a soap or detergent that was useful enough for the cleanup of an oil spill. However, the only way we could make it was the use of lard. Most...

Positive and Negative Impact of Hindi Daily Soaps

Hindi daily soaps which are also called soap operas are written,directed,produced and filmed with characters played by Indians and episodes are broadcasted on Indian television. Negative impact -To gain TRP,Hindi soap operas show controversial unethical story lines which are not accepted in our society and...

Eco Soap: a Pointer to an Era of Convenience

The usage of beauty products and manicure treatment is daily gaining global publicity. Though its usage can be dated long back, there has been an exponential growth in the global usage of skin treatment and beauty product starting from the year 2015. This could be...

The History, Impact of Using and Producing Process of Solid Soap

The product made from natural resources that I chose is soap. Soap is used for a lot of ways. People use as soap by washing and cleaning. Usually, people clean their stuff and body to make it better. So there are various types of soap....

Overview of the Process of Making Soap

Soap is a substance that can be used to clean human beings or other objects with the help of water, and often has a perfume or coloring added to enhance the smell it gives off. Soap was invented in 2800 B. C. by the ancient...

A Brief Introduction into the History of Soap Production

The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BC in ancient Babylon. A formula for soap consisting of water, alkali, and cassia oil was written on a Babylonian clay tablet around 2200 BC. The Ebbers papyrus indicates the...

Business Benefits of Introducing Soap Boxes Packaging

Soap products are a regular part of our daily lives. These are used in our houses, offices and all kinds of public places. A lot of companies have already jumped into this industry, and the competition is getting high on a regular basis. Due to...

Personal Review of the Pears Body Soap Company

Pears Body Soap is one of the most popular soaps used in Indian households. I have been using Pears Body Soap for a decade now. It is also my family’s favourite soap. Pears is made up of glycerine and natural oils which makes the skin...

The Hidden Part of Making Soap and Its Ingredients

In this essay I want to rise up a topic of making soap and introduce how much oils can be used for it. As it is part of beauty industry every consumer need to know what is hidden behind products that he or she uses...

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