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Case Study: Management Information System at Dell

Management information system involves the information system and the organization. MIS begins where computer science ends. Computer scientists deserve accolades for developing and delivering even more advanced forms of information technology: hardware technology; software technology; and network technology. Yet because no technology implements itself, there is more to MIS than just information technology. MIS has dimensions. The four interrelated dimensions of MIS are as follows: First, MIS involves not just information technology, but also its instantiation; second, MIS involves, as reactive and inextricable elements, both an information system and its organizational context; third, MIS involves information technology as a form of intellectual technology; and fourth, MIS involves the activities of a profession or corporate function which are integral to the essence of what MIS is (Currie & Galliers, 1999).

Dell Computer Corporation: Company Background

Dell Computer Corporation is a major manufacturer of personal computers, computer peripherals, and software. Among the leading producers of computers in the world, Dell sells its products directly to customers through the Internet and mail-order catalogs rather than through retail outlets. The company is based in Round Rock, Texas. At Dell Computers, customers are brought into the product planning and manufacturing processes, with all employees encouraged having contact with customers. Through effective collaboration across boundaries, ideas can be shared about product designs and value propositions. The result is faster and more customer-focused product and service innovation. To produce the capacity for this, considerable attention must be placed on organizational structures, processes, skills and culture. Such elements may need a radical overhaul in established companies (Dennis & Harris, 2002). Dell was founded in 1984 by Michael Dell. In 1983, during his freshman year at the University of Texas, he bought excess inventory of RAM chips and disk drives for IBM personal computers from local dealers. He resold the components through newspaper advertisements at prices far below retail cost. By 1984, his sales totaled about $80,000 a month. In April 1984, Dell dropped out of school to launch his company (Ford, Honeycutt, & Simintiras, 2003).

The new company soon began manufacturing its own IBM-compatible computers under the name PCs Limited. Because Dell sold computers directly to users through advertisements in magazines and catalogs, the company could price its machines lower than those sold through retail stores. Sales reached nearly $6 million during the company’s first year, climbing to $34 million the following year. By 1987, Dell was the leading mail-order computer company in the United States. In that year, it created a sales force to target large corporations and began adding international offices to capture the direct-mail market outside the United States (Ford, Honeycutt, & Simintiras, 2003). While the company continued to grow rapidly; Dell experienced a series of setbacks that hurt profits. In 1990, the company began selling computers through retail stores, an effort it abandoned in 1994. In 1991, Dell launched a line of notebook computers, but quality problems and inadequate production planning forced the company to stop selling for a year. In 1994, Dell launched a new line of notebook computers and expanded efforts to increase overseas sales. Dell also began focusing on the market for servers, which used the computers to run local area networks. By the late 1990s, Dell was firmly in place as the world’s number one direct seller of computers. More than 50 percent of the company’s computer sales transactions took place via its website, which generated worldwide sales in excess of $40 million a day (Ford, Honeycutt, & Simintiras, 2003).

Information Processing Tools

Information processing or Data processing is the analysis and organization of data. It is used extensively in business, engineering, and science and an increasing extent in nearly all areas in which computers are used. Businesses use data processing for such tasks as payroll preparation, accounting, record keeping, inventory control, sales analysis, and the processing of bank and credit card account statements. Engineers and scientists use data processing for a wide variety of applications, including the processing of seismic data for oil and mineral exploration, the analysis of new product designs, the processing of satellite imagery, and the analysis of data from scientific experiments (Thierauf, 1978).

Data processing is used extensively in business, engineering, and science and to an increasing extent in nearly all areas in which computers are used. Data processing is divided into two kinds of processing: database processing and transaction processing. A database is a collection of common records that can be searched, accessed, and modified, such as bank account records, school transcripts, and income tax data. In database processing, a computerized database is used as the central source of reference data for the computations. Transaction processing refers to interaction between two computers in which one computer initiates a transaction and another computer provides the first with the data or computation required for that function. Most modern data processing uses one or more databases at one or more central sites (Thierauf, 1978).

Transaction processing is used to access and update the databases when users need to immediately view or add information; other data processing programs are used at regular intervals to provide summary reports of activity and database status. Examples of systems that involve all of these functions are automated teller machines, credit sales terminals, and airline reservation systems (Thierauf, 1978).

The information processing tools that Dell uses include computers, the internet, maps, spreadsheets, models, and databases. For the operational level of Dell, the most appropriate tool for information processing is maps. Through the said information processing tool, decisions on how to operate the organization can be initialized and made. Maps can be used to determine which country/place information will be acquired from, it can also assist in determining the demographic level of people and information will be gathered . Maps can be in the form of charts that can also provide necessary information. The information gathered in turn can assist in helping to decide how an organization will be operated. For the tactical level of Dell, the most appropriate tool for information processing is databases. Through the said information processing tool, the records that can assist in finding out the strength and weakness of the company can be used to determine the tactic that will be used by the organization. For the strategic level of Dell, the most appropriate information processing tool is the internet or World Wide Web. Through the internet, trends and strategies by other companies can be known. After analyzing the trends and strategies used by other companies, an appropriate strategy can be formulated to use by the organization.

Inventory control systems

Individual businesses need, first and foremost, an efficient inventory control system. This implies the minimum amount of inventory that will provide the consumers with what they need whenever and wherever they need it. Effectiveness of the inventory system means basically having an inventory mix that is most likely successful in satisfying consumer needs (Samli & Sirgy, 1995). The inventory control systems used by Dell is up to date and reliable to prevent problems to arise. The inventory system of Dell makes sure that anything the consumer need will be available to them at any given time. It is also what the company uses to know if certain products are still available or misuse of the inventory system may cost problems to the company.

Management information system involves the information system and the organization. Dell benefits a lot from the management information system. The system helps the company create strategies that will help the company conquer any problems and threats from competitors. The system also assists the company in processing the needed information. Management Information Systems also helps a company to create or update its inventory control system.

Recommendations

Since the MIS of a company is a vital part of its operations and its survival in the modern world, it must be well updated and it must compete well with MIS’s competitors. The MIS of a company should be created from high standards so that it can be of stiff competition against its counterparts. The MIS system should help the company to achieve its goals and assist the company in reaching its potential.

1. Comment on the MIS in Dell and suggest the positives and negatives of MIS in Dell?

2. The dell directly sells its computers to the customer whether it will give them good and reliable information or they are lacking in information system due to this move?

3. Develop the information flow diagram for dell and suggest some improvement in the same.

4. MIS is a combination of Management, Information and System otr of the three parts of the information system in which area does the Dell lacking?

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• Case Study: Dell’s Competitive Advantage
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3 thoughts on “ Case Study: Management Information System at Dell ”

please publish the answers for the questions also… so that we can use for reference

Please post answers to the questions also so that we can also use it for our reference. Thanks.

Is it possible to have the answers to be used for reference please ?

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Management Information System Notes PDF, Syllabus | MBA 2024

• Post last modified: 5 April 2022
• Reading time: 25 mins read
• Post category: MBA Study Material

Download  Management Information System Notes  for MBA 2024. We provide complete management information system notes for mba pdf .  MBA management information systems study material includes  management information system notes , book , courses, case study, MCQ, syllabus , question paper , questions and answers and available in  management information system pdf  form.

Table of Content

• 1 Management Information System Syllabus
• 2 Management Information System PDF
• 3.1 What is management information systems?
• 4 Management Information System Question and Answer
• 5 MBA Management Information System Question Paper
• 6 Management Information System Books
• 7 Go On, Share & Help your Friend

The  MBA Management Information System Notes  can be downloaded in management information system pdf from the below article.

Management Information System Syllabus

A detailed management information system syllabus as prescribed by various Universities and colleges in India are as under. You can download the syllabus in management information system pdf form.

Introduction : MIS-Definition of MIS, Pyramid structure of MIS, MIS and other disciplines, Subsystem of MIS-Organizational function subsystem, activity subsystem.

MIS structure – Management activity : Introduction, Information requirement by level of management activity, Types of decision by management activity, Information Systems for Operation Control, Information Systems for Management Operation Control, Information systems for Strategic Planning

MIS structure – Organizational function Sales and Marketing Subsystems, Production Subsystem, Logistics Subsystem, Personnel Subsystem, Financial and Accounting Subsystem, Information Processing Subsystem, Top Management Subsystem, Some issue of MIS.

Developing MIS : System concept, Overview of MIS development, Management Information System Design- Defining the problem, System objective, System constraints, Information need, Information source, Documentation.

System Analysis and Design : Software development Life Cycle: Initiation/ Planning, System Analysis, Design, Coding and Testing, Implementation and Training, Prototyping, Rapid Application Development (RAD).

Management Information System PDF

Management Information System Notes

What is management information systems.

Management Information System is an old management tool, which has been long used by people for better management and scientific decision-making.

The management information system is a system consisting of people, machines, procedures, databases and data models, as its elements. The system gathers data from the internal and external sources of an organisation.

The management information systems course in core and concentration areas prepares students for challenging careers involving the design, analysis, implementation and operation of computer-based information systems.

Management Information System Question and Answer

Some of the management information system question and answer are mentioned below. You can download the QnA in management information system pdf form.

• Write a short note about management information system (MIS).
• What are the various functions of information systems?
• Why are information systems essential in business today? Identify at least two trends in the global business environment that have made information systems so important.
• What is the value chain model? Explain the concept of leveraging technology in the Value Chain.
• Discuss cost-benefit analysis.
• Discuss the marketing information system (MKIS).
• . List and explain in detailed about the transaction processing system?
• Discuss human resources information system.
• Discuss components of DSS?

MBA Management Information System Question Paper

If you have already studied the management information system notes , then its time to move ahead and go through previous year management information system question paper

It will help you to understand question paper pattern and type of management information system question and answer asked in bba, bcom, mcom, mba management information system exam. You can download the syllabus in management information system pdf form.

Management Information System Books

Below is the list of management information system book recommended by the top university in India.

• Management Information Systems, 2nd Edition, David & Olsen, TMH
• Management Information Systems, 2nd Edition, D.P Goyal, Mcmillan India Ltd.
• Management Information System, 10th Edition, Loudon & Lo udon, EEE
• Management Information Systems by Jaiswal and Mittal, Oxford University Press
• Management Information Systems by C.S.V.Murthy

Below is the top management information system book that can be bought from Amazon.

Management Information System

• Author : Kenneth Laudon & Jane Laudon
• Publisher:  Pearson Edu. India, 14 ed.
• Amazon Bestsellers Rank : #115 in Computer Science Textbooks #120 in Management
• Customer Rating : 4.3 out of 5

Management Information System: Conceptual Foundations

• Author : Davis & Olson
• Publisher:  McGraw Hill; 2 ed.
• Amazon Bestsellers Rank : #1000 in Computer Science Textbooks
• Customer Rating : 3.1 out of 5

Management Information Systems

• Author : D.P. Goyal
• Publisher:  Vikas Publishing, 9 ed.
• Customer Rating : 3.9 out of 5

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In the above article, a student can download MBA Management Information System Notes 2024. Management information systems study material includes management information system notes , management information systems books , management information systems syllabus , management information systems question paper , management information systems question and answer , management information systems courses in management information system pdf form.

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The MIS case study page

These case studies are provided for students who are studying the MIS course at the University of York.  You can gain access to the case studies from the links below.  If you are not a student on the MIS course, you are welcome to use them for teaching and non-profit use.  If you wish use these case studies, please contact me first - [email protected] .

The interviews used in these case studies are edited and anonymous versions of the interviews used in C. KIMBLE and K. McLOUGHLIN. - Computer Based Information Systems and Managers Work . New Technology, Work and Employment, 10(1), March, 1995, pp 56 - 67. ISSN 0268-1072.  Further details of this work can be found here .

If you wish to research the issues raised in these case studies further, you may find the links on the MIS links page or some text books from the MIS books section of some use to you.

All of the case studies have the same form. Each contains:

• Some background material on the organization and systems that form the basis of the case study
• Transcribed interviews with managers and/or users of the system.

The case studies are intended to be group exercises.  You should:

• Form teams of the appropriate size.
• Each individual team member should read the background material and one case study interview.
• The whole team should meet together and answer the questions.

Case Study One (teams of five)

Case Study One is the smallest of the case studies (25 pages) and looks at the problems that a chemical company (Company Y) experienced when it attempted to implement a particular type of information system (MRP II) in its plants. The case study is based on five interviews with directors and senior managers in the company.  You should note that each interview only contains part of the whole picture and are spread over a period of 18 months.

Case Study Two (teams of six)

Case study two is larger (67 pages) and is split into two documents: the background (22 pages) and the interviews (45 pages).  The case study is about (a) the effects that the introduction of the Customer Service System (CSS) had on the way that BT were able to manage their business and (b) the way in which CSS affected the way in which those managers worked.  The background material consists of general background material on BT and some press cuttings on BT.  The interviews are edited transcripts from interviews with six managers at BT.  Again, each interview only contains part of the whole picture although in this case all of the interviews were conducted at the same time.

Case Study Three (teams of eight)

The final case study is larger again (72 pages) and is also split into two documents: the background (18 pages) and the interviews (53 pages).  The case study is about the effects of the introduction of a network (LAN) and messaging system  (e-mail) into the Central Post Office in Newcastle upon Tyne.  The background material consists of general background material on Royal Mail and some press cuttings.  There are eight interviews all of which were conducted at the same time. As before, each interview contains only part of the whole picture.

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Answers to Study Questions

1. What are the five components that make up an information system?

a. h ardware, software, data, people, process

2. What are three examples of information system hardware?

a. There are a number of possible answers: a PC, a printer, a mouse, tablets, mobile phones , etc .

3. Microsoft Windows is an example of which component of information systems?

a. It is an operating system, which is a part of the software component.

4. What is application software?

a. Software that does something useful.

5. What roles do people play in information systems?

a. The text includes examples such as helpdesk support, systems analyst, programmer, and CIO.

6. What is the definition of a process?

a. A process is a series of steps undertaken to achieve a desired outcome or goal.

7. What was invented first, the personal computer or the Internet (ARPANET)?

a. The Internet was activated in 1969; the personal computer was introduced in 1975.

8. In what year were restrictions on commercial use of the Internet first lifted? When were eBay and Amazon founded?

a. Restrictions were lifted in 1991, Amazon was founded in 1994, and eBay was founded in 1995 .

9. What does it mean to say we are in a “post-PC world”?

a. The personal computer will no longer be the primary way that people interact and do business.

10. What is Carr’s main argument about information technology?

a. That information technology is just a commodity and cannot be used to gain a competitive advantage.

1. Write your own description of what the term information systems hardware means.

a. Answers will vary , but should say something about information systems hardware consisting of the physical parts of computing devices that can actually be touched.

2. What is the impact of Moore’s Law on the various hardware components described in this chapter?

a. The student should pick one of the components and discuss the impact of the fact that computing doubles in speed every two years. Most devices are getting smaller, faster, cheaper, and this should be indicated in the answer.

3. Write a summary of one of the items linked to in the “Integrated Computing” section.

a. The student should write a summary of one of the linked articles.

4. Explain why the personal computer is now considered a commodity.

a. The PC has become a commodity in the sense that there is very little differentiation between computers, and the primary factor that controls their sale is their price.

5. The CPU can also be thought of as the _____________ of the computer.

6. List the following in increasing order (slowest to fastest): megahertz, kilohertz, gigahertz.

a. kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz

7. What is the bus of a computer?

a. The bus is the electrical connection between different computer components.

8. Name two differences between RAM and a hard disk.

a. RAM is volatile; the hard disk is non-volatile. Data access in RAM is faster than on the hard disk.

9. What are the advantages of solid-state drives over hard disks?

a. The main advantage is spe ed: an SSD has much faster data- access speeds than a traditional hard disk.

10. How heavy was the first commercially successful portable computer?

a. The Compaq PC was 28 pounds.

1. Come up with your own definition of software. Explain the key terms in your definition.

a. A variety of answers are possible, but should be similar to the definition in the text: Software is the set of instructions that tell the hardware what to do. Software is created through the process of programming.

2. What are the functions of the operating system?

a. The operating system manages the hardware resources of the computer, provides the user-interface components, and provides a platform for software developers to write applications.

3. Which of the following are operating systems and which are applications: Microsoft Excel, Google Chrome, iTunes, Windows, Android, Angry Birds.

a. Microsoft Excel (application), Google Chrome (application), iTunes (application), WIndows (operating system), Android (operating sys tem), Angry Birds (application)

4. What is your favorite software application? What tasks does it help you accomplish?

a. Students will have various answers to this question. They should pick an application, not an operating system. They should be able to list at least one thing that it helps them accomplish.

5. What is a “killer” app? What was the killer app for the PC?

a. A killer app is application software that is so useful that people will purchase the hardware just so they can run it. The killer app for the PC was the spreadsheet ( Visicalc ).

6. How would you categorize the software that runs on mobile devices? Break down these apps into at least three basic categories and give an example of each.

a. There are various ways to answer this question. Students should identify that there are mobile operating systems and mobile apps. Most likely, students will break down mobile apps into multiple categories: games, GPS, reading, communication, etc.

7. Explain what an ERP system does.

a. An ERP (enterprise resource p lanning) system is a software application with a centralized database that is implemented across the entire organization.

8. What is open-source software? How does it differ from closed-source software? Give an example of each.

a. Open-source software is software that makes the source code available for anyone to copy and use. It is free to download, copy, and distribute. Closed-source software does not make the source code available and generally is not free to download, copy, and distribute. There are many examples of both, such as: Firefox (open source), Linux (open source), iTunes (closed source), Microsoft Office (closed source).

9. What does a software license grant?

a. Software licenses are not all the same, but generally the y grant the user the right to use the software on a limited basis. The terms of the license dictate users’ rights in detail .

10. How did the Y2K (year 2000) problem affect the sales of ERP systems?

a. Organizations purchased ERP software to replace their older systems in order to avoid any problems with the year 2000 in their software.

1. What is the difference between data, information, and knowledge?

a. Data are the raw bits and pieces of facts and statistics with no context. Data can be quantitative or qualitative. Information is data that has been given context. Knowledge is information that has been aggregated and analyzed and can be used for making decisions.

2. Explain in your own words how the data component relates to the hardware and software components of information systems.

a. There are numerous answers to this question, but all should be variations on the following : Data is processed by the hardware via software. A database is software that runs on the hardware. Hardware stores the data, software processes the data.

3. What is the difference between quantitative data and qualitative data? In what situations could the number 42 be considered qualitative data?

a. Quantitative data is numeric, the result of a measurement, count, or some other mathematical calculation. Qualitative data is descriptive. The number 42 could be qualitative if it is a designation instead of a measurement, count, or calculation. For example: that player ’ s jersey has number 42 on it.

4. What are the characteristics of a relational database?

a. A relational database is one in which data is organized into one or more tables. Each table has a set of fields, which define the nature of the data stored in the table. A record is one instance of a set of fields in a table. All the tables are related by one or more fields in common.

5. When would using a personal DBMS make sense?

a. When working on a smaller database for personal use, or when disconnected from the network.

6. What is the difference between a spreadsheet and a database? List three differences between them.

a. A database is generally more powerful and complex than a spreadsheet, with the ability to handle multiple types of data and link them together. Some differences: A database has defined field types, a spreadsheet does not. A database uses a standardized query language (such as SQL), a spreadsheet does not. A database can hold much larger amounts of data than a spreadsheet.

7. Describe what the term normalization means.

a. To normalize a database means to design it in a way that: 1) reduces duplication of data between tables and 2) gives the table as much flexibility as possible.

8. Why is it important to define the data type of a field when designing a relational database?

a. A data type tells the database what functions can be performed with the data. The second important reason to define the data type is so that the proper amount of storage space is allocated for the data.

9. Name a database you interact with frequently. What would some of the field names be?

a. The student can choose any sort of system that they interact with, such as Amazon or their school ’ s online systems. The fields would be the names of data being collected, such as “ first name ” , or “ address ” .

10. What is metadata?

a. Metadata is data about data . It refers to the data used to describe other data, such as the length of a song in iTunes, which describes the music file.

11. Name three advantages of using a data warehouse.

a. The text lists the following ( the student should pick at least three of these ) :

i. The process of developing a data warehouse forces an organization to better understand the data that it is currently collecting and, equally important, what data is not being collected.

ii. A data warehouse provides a centralized view of all data being collected across the enterprise and provides a means of determining data that is inconsistent.

iii. Once all data is identified as consistent, an organization can generate one version of the truth. This is important when the company wants to report consistent statistics about itself, such as revenue or number of employees.

iv. By having a data warehouse, snapshots of data can be taken over time. This creates a historical record of data, which allows for an analysis of trends.

v. A data warehouse provides tools to combine data, which can provide new information and analysis.

12. What is data mining?

a. Data mining is the process of analyzing data to find previously unknown trends, patterns, and associations in order to make decisions.

1. What were the first four locations hooked up to the Internet (ARPANET)?

a. UCLA, Stanford, MIT, and the University of Utah

2. What does the term packet mean?

a. The fundamental unit of data transmitted over the Internet. Each packet has the sender ’ s address, the destination address, a sequence number, and a piece of the overall message to be sent.

3. Which came first, the Internet or the World Wide Web?

a. t he Internet

4. What was revolutionary about Web 2.0?

a. Anyone could post content to the web, without the need for understanding HTML or web-server technology.

5. What was the so-called killer app for the Internet?

a. e lectronic mail (e- mail)

6. What makes a connection a broadband connection?

a. A broadband connection is defined as one that has speeds of at least 256,000 bps.

7. What does the term VoIP mean?

a. Voice over Internet protocol – a way to have voice conversations over the Internet.

8. What is an LAN?

a. A n LAN is a local network, usually operating in the same building or on the same campus.

9. What is the difference between an intranet and an extranet?

a. An intranet consists of t he set of web pages and resources availab le on a company’s internal network. These items are not available to those outside of the company. An extranet is  a part of the company’s network that is made available securely to those outside of the company. Extranets can be used to allow customers to log in and check the status of their orders, or for suppliers to check their customers’ inventory levels.

10. What is Metcalfe’s Law?

a. Metcalfe’s Law states that the value of a telecommunications network is proportional to the square of the number of connected users of the system.

1. Briefly define each of the three members of the information security triad.

a. T he three members are as follows:

i. Confidentiality: we want to be able to restrict access to those who are allowed to see given information.

ii. Integrity: the assurance that the information being accessed has not been altered and tr uly represents what is intended.

iii. Availability: information can be accessed and modified by anyone authorized to do so in an appropriate timeframe.

2. What does the term authentication  mean?

a. The process of ensuring that a person is who he or she claim s to be.

3. What is multi-factor authentication?

a. The use of more than one method of authentication. The methods are: something you know, something you have, and something you are.

4. What is role-based access control?

a. With role-based access control (RBAC), instead of giving specific users access rights to an information resource, users are assigned to roles and then those roles are assigned the access.

5. What is the purpose of encryption?

a. To keep transmitted data secret so that only those with the proper key can read it.

6. What are two good examples of a complex password?

a. There are many examples of this. Students need to provide examples of passwords that are a minimum of eight characters, with at least one upper-case letter, one special character, and one number.

7. What is pretexting?

a. Pretexting occurs when an attacker calls a helpdesk or security administrator and pretends to be a particular authorized user having trouble logging in . Then, by providing some personal information about the authorized user , the attacker convince s the security person to reset the password and tell him what it is .

8. What are the components of a good backup plan?

a. Knowing what needs to be backed up, regular backups of all data , offsite storage of all backed- up data, and a test of the restoration process.

9. What is a firewall?

a. A firewall can be either a hardware firewall or a software firewall. A hardware firewall is a device that is connected to the network and filters the packets based on a set of rules. A software firewall runs on the operating system and intercepts packets as they arrive to a computer.

10. What does the term physical security mean?

a. Physical security is the protection of the actual hardware and networking components that store and transmit information resources.

1. What is the productivity paradox?

a. The productivity paradox is based on Erik Brynjolfsson’s finding , based on research he conducted in the early 1990s, that the addition of information technology to business had not improved productivity at all.

2. Summarize Carr’s argument in “Does IT Matter.”

a. Information technology is now a commodity and cannot be used to provide an organization with competitive advantage.

3. How is the 2008 study by Brynjolfsson and McAfee different from previous studies? How is it the same?

a. It is different because it shows that IT can bring a competitive advantage, given the right conditions. It is the same in the sense that it shows that IT, by itself, does not bring competitive advantage.

4. What does it mean for a business to have a competitive advantage?

a. A company is said to have a competitive advantage over its rivals when it is able to sustain profits that exceed average for the industry.

5. What are the primary activities and support activities of the value chain?

a. The primary activities are those that directly impact the creation of a product or service. The support activities are those that support the primary activities. Primary: inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, sales/marketing, and service. Support: firm infrastructure, human resources, technology development, and procurement .

6. What has been the overall impact of the Internet on industry profitability? Who has been the true winner?

a. The overall impact has been a reduction in average industry profitability. The consumer has been the true winner.

7. How does EDI work?

a. EDI is the computer-to-computer exchange of business documents in a standard electronic format between business partners.

8. Give an example of a semi-structured decision and explain what inputs would be necessary to provide assistance in making the decision.

a. A semi-structured decision is one in which most of the factors needed for making the decision are known but human experience and other outside factors may still play a role. The student should provide an example of a decision that uses an information system to provide information but is not made by the system. Examples would include: budgeting decisions, diagnosing a medical condition, and investment decisions.

9. What does a collaborative information system do?

a. A collaborative system is software that allows multiple users to interact on a document or topic in order to complete a task or make a decision.

10. How can IT play a role in competitive advantage, according to the 2008 article by Brynjolfsson and McAfee?

a. The article suggests that IT can influence competitive advantage when good management develops and delivers IT-supported process innovation .

1. What does the term business process mean?

a. A process is a series of tasks that are completed in order to accomplish a goal. A business process, therefore, is a process that is focused on achieving a goal for a business.

2. What are three examples of business process from a job you have had or an organization you have observed?

a. Students can answer this in almost any way. The examples should consist of more than a single step.

3. What is the value in documenting a business process?

a. There are many answers to this. From the text: it allows for better control of the process , and for standardization.

4. What is an ERP system? How does an ERP system enforce best practices for an organization?

a. An ERP (enterprise resource p lanning) system is a software application with a centralized database that is implemented across the entire organization. It enforces best practices through the business processes embedded in the software.

5. What is one of the criticisms of ERP systems?

a. ERP system s can lead to the commoditization of business processes, meaning that every company that uses an ERP system will perform business processes the same way.

6. What is business process reengineering? How is it different from incrementally improving a process?

a. Business process r eengineering (BPR) occurs when a business process is redesigned from the ground up. It is different from incrementally improving a process in that it does not simply take the existing process and modify it.

7. Why did BPR get a bad name?

a. BPR became an excuse to lay off employees and try to complete the same amount of work using fewer employees.

8. List the guidelines for redesigning a business process.

a. The guidelin es are as follows:

i. Organize around outcomes, not tasks.

ii. Have those who use the outcomes of the process perform the process.

iii. Subsume information-processing work into the real work that produces the information. Treat geographically dispersed resources as though they were centralized.

iv. Link parallel activities instead of integrating their results.

v. Put the decision points where the work is performed, and build controls into the process.

vi. Capture information once, at the source.

9. What is business process management? What role does it play in allowing a company to differentiate itself?

a. Business process management (BPM) can be thought of as an intentional effort to plan, document, implement, and distribute an organization ’ s business processes with the support of information technology. It can play a role in differentiation through built-in reporting, and by empowering employees, enforcing best practices, and enforcing consistency.

10. What does ISO certification signify?

a. ISO certification shows that you know what you do, do what you say, and have documented your processes.

1. Describe the role of a systems analyst.

a. To understand business requirements and translate them into the requirements of an information system.

2. What are some of the different roles for a computer engineer?

a. hardware engineer, software engineer, net work engineer, systems engineer

3. What are the duties of a computer operator?

a. D uties include keeping the operating systems up to date, ensuring available memory and disk storage, and overseeing the physical environment of the computer.

4. What does the CIO do?

a. The CI O aligns the plans and operations of the information systems with the strategic goals of the organization. This includes tasks such as budgeting, strategic planning, and personnel decisions relevant to the information-systems function.

5. Describe the job of a project manager.

a. A project manager is responsible for keeping projects on time and on budget. This person works with the stakeholders of the project to keep the team organized and communicates the status of the project to management.

6. Explain the point of having two different career paths in information systems.

a. To allow for career growth for those who do not want to manage other employees but instead want to focus on technical skills.

7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of centralizing the IT function?

a. There are several possible answers here. Advantages of centralizing include more control over the company’s systems and data. Disadvantages include a more limited availability of IT resources.

8. What impact has information technology had on the way companies are organized?

a. The organizational structure has been flattened, with fewer layers of management.

9. What are the five types of information-systems users?

a. i nnovators, early adopters, early majo rity, late majority, laggards

10. Why would an organization outsource?

a. Because it needs a specific ski ll for a limited amount of time, and/ or because it can cut costs by outsourcing.

1. What are the steps in the SDLC methodology?

a. The steps are Preliminary Analysis, System Analysis, System Design, Programming, Testing, Implementation, and Maintenance.

2. What is RAD software development?

a. Rapid application development (RAD) is a software-development (or systems-development) methodology that focuses on quickly building a working model of the software, getting feedback from users, and then using that feedback to update the working model.

3. What makes the lean methodology unique?

a. The biggest difference between the lean methodology and the other methodologies is that the full set of requirements for the system is not known when the project is launched.

4. What are three differences between second-generation and third-generation languages?

a. Three k ey differences are as follows:

i. The words used in the language: third generation languages use more English -like words than second-generation languages.

ii. Hardware specificity: third generation languages are not specific to hardware, second-generation languages are.

iii. Learning curve: third generation languages are easier to learn and use.

5. Why would an organization consider building its own software application if it is cheaper to buy one?

a. They may wish to build their own in order t o have something that is unique ( d ifferent from their competitors), and/or something that more closely matches their business processes. They also may choose to do this if they have more time and/ or more money available to do it.

6. What is responsive design?

a. Responsive design is a method of developing websites that allows them to be viewed on many different types of devices without losing capability or effectiveness. With a responsive website, images resize themselves based on the size of the device ’ s screen, and text flows and sizes itself properly for optimal viewing.

7. What is the relationship between HTML and CSS in website design?

a. While HTML is used to define the components of a web page, cascading style sheets (CSS) are used to define the styles of the components on a page.

8. What is the difference between the pilot implementation methodology and the parallel implementation methodology?

a. The pilot methodology implement s new software for just one group of people while the rest of the users use the previous version of the software. The parallel implementation methodology use s both the old and the new applications at the same time.

9. What is change management?

a. The oversight of the changes brought about in an organization.

10. What are the four different implementation methodologies?

a. d irect c utover, pilot, parallel, phased

1. What does the term globalization mean?

a. Globalization refer s to the integration of goods, services, and culture s among the nations of the world.

2. How does Friedman define the three eras of globalization?

a. The three eras are as follows:

i. “ Globalization 1.0 ” occurred from 1492 until about 1800. In this era, globalization was centered around countries. It was about how much horsepower, wind power, and steam power a country had and how creatively it was deployed. The world shrank from size “ large ” to size “ medium. ”

ii. “ Globalization 2.0 ” occurred from about 1800 until 2000, interrupted only by the two World Wars. In this era, the dynamic force driving change was comprised of multinational companies. The world shrank from size “ medium ” to size “ small. ”

iii. “ Globalization 3.0 ” is our current era, beginning in the year 2000. The convergence of the personal computer, fiber-optic Internet connections, and software has created a “ flat-world platform ” that allows small groups and even individuals to go global. The world has shrunk from size “ small ” to size “ tiny. ”

3. Which technologies have had the biggest effect on globalization?

a. There are several answers to this. Probably the most obvious are the Internet, the graphical interface of Windows and the World Wide Web, and workflow software.

4. What are some of the advantages brought about by globalization?

a. Advantages include the ability to locate expertise and labor around the world, the ability to operate 24 hours a day, and a larger market for products.

5. What are the challenges of globalization?

a. Challenges include infrastructure differences, labor laws and regulations, legal restrictions, and differe nt languages, customs, and preferences.

6. What does the term digital divide mean?

a. The separation betwe en those who have access to the global network and those who do not. The digital divide can occur between countries, regions, or even neighborhoods.

7. What are Jakob Nielsen’s three stages of the digital divide?

a. e cono mic, usability, and empowerment

8. What was one of the key points of The Rise of the Network Society ?

a. There are two key points to choose from. One is that economic activity was, when the book was published in 1996, being organized around the networks that the new tel ecommunication technologies had provided. The other is that this new, global economic activity was different from the past, because “ it is an economy with the capacity to work as a unit in real time on a planetary scale. ”

9. Which country has the highest average Internet speed? How does your country compare?

a. According to the chart in the chapter, South Korea has the highest Internet speeds. S tudent s will need to look up their own to compare.

10. What is the OLPC project? Has it been successful?

a. One Laptop Per Child. By most measures, it has not been a successful program.

1. What does the term information systems ethics mean?

a. There are various ways of answering this question , but the answer should include s omething about the application of ethics to the new capabilities and cultural norms brought about by information technology.

2. What is a code of ethics? What is one advantage and one disadvantage of a code of ethics?

a. A code of ethics is a document that outlines a set of acceptable behaviors for a professional or social group. A nswers may differ for the second part, but from the text: o ne advantage of a code of ethics is that it clarifies the acceptable standards of behavior for a professional group. One disadvantage is that it does not necessarily have legal authority.

3. What does the term intellectual property mean? Give an example.

a. Intellectual property is defined as “ property (as an idea, invention, or process) that derives from the work of the mind or intellect. ”

4. What protections are provided by a copyright? How do you obtain one?

a. Copyright protections address the following : who can make copies of the work, who can make derivative works from the original work, who can perform the work publicly, who can display the work publicly, and who can distribute the work. You obtain a copyright as soon as the work is put into tangible form.

5. What is fair use?

a. Fair use is a limitation on copyright law that allows for the use of protected works without prior authorization in specific cases.

6. What protections are provided by a patent? How do you obtain one?

a. Once a patent is granted, it provides the inventor with protection from others infringing on the patent. In the US, a patent holder has the right to “ exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling the invention throughout the United States or importing the invention into the United States for a limited time in exchange for public disclosure of the invention when the patent is granted. ” You obtain a patent by filing an application with the patent office. A patent will be granted if the work is deemed to be original, useful, and non-obvious.

7. What does a trademark protect? How do you obtain one?

a. A trademark protects a word, phrase, logo, shape , or sound that identifies a source of goods or services. You can obtain one by registering with the Patent and Trademark Office (US). There is also a common- law trademark.

8. What does the term per sonally identifiable information mean?

a. Information about a person that can be used to uniquely establish that person ’ s identit y is called personally identifiable information, or PII.

9. What protections are provided by HIPAA, COPPA, and FERPA?

a. The a nswers are as follows :

i. HIPAA: protects records related to health care as a special class of personally identifiable information.

ii. COPPA: protects information collected from children under the age of thirteen.

iii. FERPA: protects student educational records.

10. How would you explain the concept of NORA?

a. There are various ways to answer this. The basic answer is that NORA (non-obvious relationship a wareness) is the process of collecting large quantities of a variety of information and then combining it to create profiles of individuals.

1. Which countries are the biggest users of the Internet? Social media? Mobile?

a. S tudents will need to look outside the text for this, as it changes all the time. There are also different ways of measurement: number of users, % of population , most active users, etc. Some good sites to use are Internet World Stats , Kissmetrics , and the World Bank .

2. Which country had the largest Internet growth (in %) between 2008 and 2012?

a. Iran, at 205%

3. How will most people connect to the Internet in the future?

a. via mobile devices

4. What are two different applications of wearable technologies?

a. There are many answers to this question; two examples are Google Glass and Jawbone UP.

5. What are two different applications of collaborative technologies?

a. There are many answers to this; two examples are software that routes us to our destination in the shortest amount of time and websites that review different companies.

6. What capabilities do printable technologies have?

a. Using 3-D printers, designers can quickly test prototypes or build something as a proof of concept. Printable technologies also make it possible to bring manufacturing to the desktop computer.

7. How will advances in wireless technologies and sensors make objects “findable”?

a. Advances in wireless technologies and sensors will allow physical objects to send and receive data about themselves.

8. What is enhanced situational awareness?

a. Data from large numbers of sensors can give decision makers a heightened awareness of real-time events, particularly when the sensors are used with advanced display or visualization technologies.

9. What is a nanobot?

a. A nanobot is a robot whose components are on the scale of about a nanometer.

10. What is a UAV?

a. An unmanned aerial vehicle – a small airplane or helicopter that can fly without a pilot. UAVs are run by computer or remote control .

Information Systems for Business and Beyond Copyright © 2014 by CC BY: David T. Bourgeois, Ph.D. is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Management Information Systems (MIS) Assignment Question and Answer Help

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Answer any 10 of the following questions: Each question carries 10 marks.

• Define ‘data’, ‘information’ and ‘knowledge’. What are the major challenges in managing information systems?
• Define the term ‘systems’. Give an example of a business system and identify its boundary, environment, components and objective.
• Provide definitions for ‘connectivity and ‘Cardinality’, as they pertain to entity-relationship diagrams (ERD).
• Explain how an SIS can be used to change the scope of competition for an organization.
• Explain how IT supports communication and collaboration.
• In what phases of the IS – planning process is the business managers most likely to be involved? What are their responsibilities likely to be during each of the stages?
• How does IT architecture differ from an information vision?
• Why do organizations often have several databases? Describe what would happen if there were no data dictionary for a given database.
• For each of the types of knowledge generation, suggest one business model that might profit from it.
• Give your view on the importance of guidelines and governance in the disposal of hazardous materials, such as those found in electronics equipment.
• Why passwords and PINs are considered an ineffective authentication technique?
• What is the relationship between the components of a business continuity plan?
• Distinguish between stockholder theory, stakeholder theory and social- contract theory.
• What does ‘PAPA’ stand for? What are the ethical issues involved in censorship?
• Summarize the main drivers of technological change.             

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