why marijuanas should not be legal persuasive essay

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• v.110(6); Nov-Dec 2013

More Reasons States Should Not Legalize Marijuana: Medical and Recreational Marijuana: Commentary and Review of the Literature

Recent years have seen substantial shifts in cultural attitudes towards marijuana for medical and recreational use. Potential problems with the approval, production, dispensation, route of administration, and negative health effects of medical and recreational marijuana are reviewed. Medical marijuana should be subject to the same rigorous approval process as other medications prescribed by physicians. Legalizing recreational marijuana may have negative public health effects.

Introduction

Recent years have seen a cultural shift in attitudes towards marijuana. At the time of this writing, medical marijuana is legal in 20 states and the District of Columbia; recreational marijuana is now legal in Washington and Colorado. A substantial and growing literature documents legalized marijuana may have adverse effects on individual and public health.

Medical Use of Marijuana

The term ‘medical marijuana’ implies that marijuana is like any other medication prescribed by a physician. Yet the ways in which medical marijuana has been approved, prescribed, and made available to the public are very different from other commercially available prescription drugs. These differences pose problems unrecognized by the public and by many physicians.

Lack of Evidence for Therapeutic Benefit

In the United States, commercially available drugs are subject to rigorous clinical trials to evaluate safety and efficacy. Data appraising the effectiveness of marijuana in conditions such as HIV/AIDS, epilepsy, and chemotherapy-associated vomiting is limited and often only anecdotal. 1 , 2 To date, there has been only one randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of smoked marijuana for any of its potential indications, which showed that marijuana was superior to placebo but inferior to Ondansetron in treating nausea. 3 Recent reviews by the Cochrane Collaboration find insufficient evidence to support the use of smoked marijuana for a number of potential indications, including pain related to rheumatoid arthritis, 4 dementia, 5 ataxia or tremor in multiple sclerosis, 6 and cachexia and other symptoms in HIV/AIDS. 2 This does not mean, of course, that components of marijuana do not have potential therapeutic effects to alleviate onerous symptoms of these diseases; but, given the unfavorable side effect profile of marijuana, the evidence to justify use in these conditions is still lacking.

Contamination, Concentration & Route of Administration

Unlike any other prescription drug used for medical purposes, marijuana is not subject to central regulatory oversight. It is grown in dispensaries, which, depending on the state, have regulatory standards ranging from strict to almost non-existent. The crude marijuana plant and its products may be contaminated with fungus or mold. 7 This is especially problematic for immunocompromised patients, 8 including those with HIV/AIDS or cancer. 9 Furthermore, crude marijuana contains over 60 active cannabinoids, 10 few of which are well studied. Marijuana growers often breed their plants to alter the concentrations of different chemicals compounds. For instance, the concentration of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive ingredient, is more than 20-fold more than in marijuana products used several decades ago. Without rigorous clinical trials, we have no way of knowing which combinations of cannabinoids may be therapeutic and which may be deleterious. As marijuana dispensaries experiment by breeding out different cannabinoids in order to increase the potency of THC, there may be unanticipated negative and lasting effects for individuals who smoke these strains.

Marijuana is the only ‘medication’ that is smoked, and, while still incompletely understood, there are legitimate concerns about long-term effects of marijuana smoke on the lungs. 11 , 12 Compared with cigarette smoke, marijuana smoke can result in three times the amount of inhaled tar and four times the amount of inhaled carbon-monoxide. 13 Further, smoking marijuana has been shown to be a risk factor for lung cancer in many 14 , 15 but not all 16 studies.

High Potential for Diversion

In some states, patients are permitted to grow their own marijuana. In addition to contributing to problems such as contamination and concentration as discussed above, this practice also invites drug diversion. Patients seeking to benefit financially may bypass local regulations of production and sell home-grown marijuana at prices lower than dispensaries. We do not allow patient to grow their own opium for treatment of chronic pain; the derivatives of opium, like marijuana, are highly addictive and thus stringently regulated.

Widespread “Off-label” Use

FDA-approved forms of THC (Dronabinol) and a THC-analog (Nabilone), both available orally, already exist. Indications for these drugs are HIV/AIDS cachexia and chemotherapy-associated nausea and vomiting. Unlike smoked, crude marijuana, these medications have been subject to randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trials. Yet despite these limited indications where marijuana compounds have a proven but modest effect in high-quality clinical trials, medical marijuana is used overwhelmingly for non-specific pain or muscle spasms. Recent data from Colorado show that 94% of patients with medical marijuana cards received them for treatment of “severe pain.” 17 Similar trends are evident in California. 18 Evidence for the benefit of marijuana in neuropathic pain is seen in many 19 - 21 but not all 22 clinical trials. There is no high-quality evidence, however, that the drug reduces non-neuropathic pain; this remains an indication for which data sufficient to justify the risks of medical marijuana is lacking. 4 , 23 – 25

If marijuana is to be ‘prescribed’ by physicians and used as a medication, it should be subject to the same rigorous approval process that other commercially available drugs undergo. Potentially therapeutic components of marijuana should be investigated, but they should only be made available to the public after adequately powered, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials have demonstrated efficacy and acceptable safety profiles. Furthermore, these compounds should be administered in a way that poses less risk than smoking and dispensed via standardized and FDA-regulated pharmacies to ensure purity and concentration. Bypassing the FDA and approving ‘medicine’ at the ballot box sets a dangerous precedent. Physicians should be discouraged from recommending medical marijuana. Alternatively, consideration can be given to prescribing FDA-approved medicines (Dronabinol or Cesamet) as the purity and concentration of these drugs are assured and their efficacy and side effect profiles have been well documented in rigorous clinical trials.

Recreational Marijuana

The question of recreational marijuana is a broader social policy consideration involving implications of the effects of legalization on international drug cartels, domestic criminal justice policy, and federal and state tax revenue in addition to public health. Yet physicians, with a responsibility for public health, are experts with a vested interest in this issue. Recent legislation, reflecting changes in the public’s attitudes towards marijuana, has permitted the recreational use of marijuana in Colorado and Washington. Unfortunately, the negative health consequences of the drug are not prominent in the debate over legalizing marijuana for recreational use. In many cases, these negative effects are more pronounced in adolescents. A compelling argument, based on these negative health effects in both adolescents and adults, can be made to abort the direction society is moving with regards to the legalization of recreational marijuana.

Myth: Marijuana is Not Addictive

A growing myth among the public is that marijuana is not an addictive substance. Data clearly show that about 10% of those who use cannabis become addicted; this number is higher among adolescents. 26 Users who seek treatment for marijuana addiction average 10 years of daily use. 27 A withdrawal syndrome has been described, consisting of anxiety, restlessness, insomnia, depression, and changes in appetite 28 and affects as many as 44% of frequent users, 29 contributing to the addictive potential of the drug. This addictive potential may be less than that of opiates; but the belief, especially among adolescents, that the drug is not addictive is misguided.

Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Marijuana has been consistently shown to be a risk factor for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. 30 – 32 The association between marijuana and schizophrenia fulfills many, but not all, of the standard criteria for the epidemiological establishment of causation, including experimental evidence, 33 , 34 temporal relationship, 35 – 38 biological gradient, 30 , 31 , 39 and biological plausibility. 40 Genetic variation may explain why marijuana use does not strongly fulfill remaining criteria, such as strength of association and specificity. 41 , 42 As these genetic variants are explored and further characterized, marijuana use may be shown to cause or precipitate schizophrenia in a genetically vulnerable population. The risk of psychotic disorder is more pronounced when marijuana is used at an earlier age. 32 , 43

There is some evidence that compounds naturally found in marijuana have therapeutic benefit for symptoms of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, and cancer. If these compounds are to be used under the auspices of ‘medical marijuana,’ they should undergo the same rigorous approval process that other medications prescribed by physicians, including randomized, placebo- and active-controlled trials to evaluate safety and efficacy, not by popular vote or state legislature.

Effects on Cognition

Early studies suggested cognitive declines associated with marijuana (especially early and heavy use); these declines persisted long after the period of acute cannabis intoxication. 44 – 46 Recently, Meier and colleagues analyzed data from a prospective study which followed subjects from birth to age 38; their findings yielded supportive evidence that cannabis use, when begun during adolescence, was associated with cognitive impairment in multiple areas, including executive functioning, processing speed, memory, perceptual reasoning, and verbal comprehension. 47 Rogeberg 48 criticized the study’s methodology, claiming that the results were confounded by differences in socioeconomic status; this claim, however, was based on sub-analyses that used very small numbers. Additional sub-analyses 49 of the original study cohort showed that marijuana was just as prevalent in populations of higher socioeconomic status, suggesting that socioeconomic status was not a confounding variable. Any epidemiological study is subject to confounding biases and future research will be needed to clarify and quantify the relationship between cognitive decline and adolescent marijuana use. However, the findings of the original study by Meier et al show there is indeed an independent relationship between loss of intelligence and adolescent marijuana use. This finding, moreover, is consistent with prior studies. 44

Other Negative Health Effects

Substantial evidence exists suggesting that marijuana is harmful to the respiratory system. It is associated with symptoms of obstructive and inflammatory lung disease, 11 , 50 an increased risk of lung cancer, 14 , 15 and it is suspected to be associated with reduced pulmonary function in heavy users. 51 Further, its use has been associated with harmful effects to other organ systems, including the reproductive, 52 gastrointestinal, 53 and immunologic 10 , 54 systems.

Social Safety Implications: Effects on Driving

Marijuana impairs the ability to judge time, distance, and speed; it slows reaction time and reduces ability to track moving objects. 55 , 56 In many studies of drug-related motor vehicle fatalities, marijuana is the most common drug detected except for alcohol. 57 , 58 Based on post-mortem studies, Couch et al determined that marijuana was likely an impairing factor in as many fatal accidents as alcohol. 59 One study showed that in motor vehicle accidents where the driver was killed, recent marijuana use was detected in 12% of cases. 57 Other research confirms a significantly increased risk of motor vehicle fatalities in association with acute cannabis intoxication. 60

Risk Perception and Use in Adolescents

Marijuana use among adolescents has been increasing. Data that has tracked risk perception and use of marijuana among adolescents over decades clearly shows an inverse relationship; as adolescent risk perception wanes, marijuana use increases. 61 As more states legalize medical and recreational marijuana, risk perception is expected to decrease, causing the prevalence of use among adolescent to continue to rise. This is among the most concerning of issues about the drug’s legalization because so many of the negative effects of marijuana—including cognitive impairment and risk for short- and long-term psychosis— are heightened when used during adolescence.

There is some evidence that compounds naturally found in marijuana have therapeutic benefit for symptoms of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, and cancer. If these compounds are to be used under the auspices of ‘medical marijuana,’ they should undergo the same rigorous approval process that other medications prescribed by physicians, including randomized, placebo- and active-controlled trials to evaluate safety and efficacy, not by popular vote or state legislature. Furthermore, these therapeutic compounds should be administered via a route that minimizes long-term health risk (i.e., via oral pill) and should be dispensed by centrally regulated pharmacies to ensure the purity and concentration of the drug and allow for the recall of contaminated batches.

Marijuana for recreational use will have many adverse health effects. The drug is addictive, with mounting evidence for the existence of a withdrawal syndrome. Furthermore, it has been shown to have adverse effects on mental health, intelligence (including irreversible declines in cognition), and the respiratory system. Driving while acutely intoxicated with marijuana greatly increases the risk of fatal motor vehicle collision. Legalization for recreational use may have theoretical (but still unproven) beneficial social effects regarding issues such as domestic criminal justice policy, but these effects will not come without substantial public health and social costs. Currently there is a lack of resources devoted to educating physicians about this most commonly used illicit substance. The potential benefits and significant risks associated with marijuana use should be taught in medical schools and residency programs throughout the country.

Samuel T. Wilkinson, MD, is in the Department of Psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Ct.

Contact: [email protected]

None reported.

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The Evidence—and Lack Thereof—About Cannabis

Research is still needed on cannabis’s risks and benefits. 

Lindsay Smith Rogers

Although the use and possession of cannabis is illegal under federal law, medicinal and recreational cannabis use has become increasingly widespread.

Thirty-eight states and Washington, D.C., have legalized medical cannabis, while 23 states and D.C. have legalized recreational use. Cannabis legalization has benefits, such as removing the product from the illegal market so it can be taxed and regulated, but science is still trying to catch up as social norms evolve and different products become available. 

In this Q&A, adapted from the August 25 episode of Public Health On Call , Lindsay Smith Rogers talks with Johannes Thrul, PhD, MS , associate professor of Mental Health , about cannabis as medicine, potential risks involved with its use, and what research is showing about its safety and efficacy. 

Do you think medicinal cannabis paved the way for legalization of recreational use?

The momentum has been clear for a few years now. California was the first to legalize it for medical reasons [in 1996]. Washington and Colorado were the first states to legalize recreational use back in 2012. You see one state after another changing their laws, and over time, you see a change in social norms. It's clear from the national surveys that people are becoming more and more in favor of cannabis legalization. That started with medical use, and has now continued into recreational use.

But there is a murky differentiation between medical and recreational cannabis. I think a lot of people are using cannabis to self-medicate. It's not like a medication you get prescribed for a very narrow symptom or a specific disease. Anyone with a medical cannabis prescription, or who meets the age limit for recreational cannabis, can purchase it. Then what they use it for is really all over the place—maybe because it makes them feel good, or because it helps them deal with certain symptoms, diseases, and disorders.

Does cannabis have viable medicinal uses?

The evidence is mixed at this point. There hasn’t been a lot of funding going into testing cannabis in a rigorous way. There is more evidence for certain indications than for others, like CBD for seizures—one of the first indications that cannabis was approved for. And THC has been used effectively for things like nausea and appetite for people with cancer.

There are other indications where the evidence is a lot more mixed. For example, pain—one of the main reasons that people report for using cannabis. When we talk to patients, they say cannabis improved their quality of life. In the big studies that have been done so far, there are some indications from animal models that cannabis might help [with pain]. When we look at human studies, it's very much a mixed bag. 

And, when we say cannabis, in a way it's a misnomer because cannabis is so many things. We have different cannabinoids and different concentrations of different cannabinoids. The main cannabinoids that are being studied are THC and CBD, but there are dozens of other minor cannabinoids and terpenes in cannabis products, all of varying concentrations. And then you also have a lot of different routes of administration available. You can smoke, vape, take edibles, use tinctures and topicals. When you think about the explosion of all of the different combinations of different products and different routes of administration, it tells you how complicated it gets to study this in a rigorous way. You almost need a randomized trial for every single one of those and then for every single indication.

What do we know about the risks of marijuana use?  

Cannabis use disorder is a legitimate disorder in the DSM. There are, unfortunately, a lot of people who develop a problematic use of cannabis. We know there are risks for mental health consequences. The evidence is probably the strongest that if you have a family history of psychosis or schizophrenia, using cannabis early in adolescence is not the best idea. We know cannabis can trigger psychotic symptoms and potentially longer lasting problems with psychosis and schizophrenia. 

It is hard to study, because you also don't know if people are medicating early negative symptoms of schizophrenia. They wouldn't necessarily have a diagnosis yet, but maybe cannabis helps them to deal with negative symptoms, and then they develop psychosis. There is also some evidence that there could be something going on with the impact of cannabis on the developing brain that could prime you to be at greater risk of using other substances later down the road, or finding the use of other substances more reinforcing. 

What benefits do you see to legalization?

When we look at the public health landscape and the effect of legislation, in this case legalization, one of the big benefits is taking cannabis out of the underground illegal market. Taking cannabis out of that particular space is a great idea. You're taking it out of the illegal market and giving it to legitimate businesses where there is going to be oversight and testing of products, so you know what you're getting. And these products undergo quality control and are labeled. Those labels so far are a bit variable, but at least we're getting there. If you're picking up cannabis at the street corner, you have no idea what's in it. 

And we know that drug laws in general have been used to criminalize communities of color and minorities. Legalizing cannabis [can help] reduce the overpolicing of these populations.

What big questions about cannabis would you most like to see answered?

We know there are certain, most-often-mentioned conditions that people are already using medical cannabis for: pain, insomnia, anxiety, and PTSD. We really need to improve the evidence base for those. I think clinical trials for different cannabis products for those conditions are warranted.

Another question is, now that the states are getting more tax revenue from cannabis sales, what are they doing with that money? If you look at tobacco legislation, for example, certain states have required that those funds get used for research on those particular issues. To me, that would be a very good use of the tax revenue that is now coming in. We know, for example, that there’s a lot more tax revenue now that Maryland has legalized recreational use. Maryland could really step up here and help provide some of that evidence.

Are there studies looking into the risks you mentioned?

Large national studies are done every year or every other year to collect data, so we already have a pretty good sense of the prevalence of cannabis use disorder. Obviously, we'll keep tracking that to see if those numbers increase, for example, in states that are legalizing. But, you wouldn't necessarily expect to see an uptick in cannabis use disorder a month after legalization. The evidence from states that have legalized it has not demonstrated that we might all of a sudden see an increase in psychosis or in cannabis use disorder. This happens slowly over time with a change in social norms and availability, and potentially also with a change in marketing. And, with increasing use of an addictive substance, you will see over time a potential increase in problematic use and then also an increase in use disorder.

If you're interested in seeing if cannabis is right for you, is this something you can talk to your doctor about?

I think your mileage may vary there with how much your doctor is comfortable and knows about it. It's still relatively fringe. That will very much depend on who you talk to. But I think as providers and professionals, everybody needs to learn more about this, because patients are going to ask no matter what.

Lindsay Smith Rogers, MA, is the producer of the Public Health On Call podcast , an editor for Expert Insights , and the director of content strategy for the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

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Should Marijuana Be Legal?

And the author alex berenson makes a case against pot..

With Ross Douthat, Michelle Goldberg and David Leonhardt

Listen and subscribe to our podcast from your mobile device:

Apple Podcasts | RadioPublic | Stitcher | Spotify | Google Play

This week on “The Argument” podcast, the columnists talk pot. First, Michelle Goldberg presses former New York Times reporter Alex Berenson on his forthcoming book about the dangers of marijuana, “ Tell Your Children: The Truth About Marijuana, Mental Illness, and Violence .”

Then, the columnists debate which marijuana policy the country should pursue. Michelle argues the harms of criminalizing weed outweigh the harms of legalizing it. Ross Douthat worries about the broader social impacts of legalization and the growth of the cannabis industry. And David Leonhardt favors a middle path, one that forgoes harsh penalties for marijuana use without incentivizing more Americans to try it.

And finally, merry … Advent? Ross taps into his liturgical side to recommend a solution to the seasonal “Merry Christmas” versus “Happy Holidays” dilemma.

Background Reading:

Ross on marijuana and social libertarianism

David on marijuana’s health effects

Meet the Hosts

Ross douthat.

I’ve been an Op-Ed columnist since 2009, and I write about politics, religion, pop culture, sociology and the places where they all intersect. I’m a Catholic and a conservative, in that order, which means that I’m against abortion and critical of the sexual revolution, but I tend to agree with liberals that the Republican Party is too friendly to the rich. I was against Donald Trump in 2016 for reasons specific to Donald Trump, but in general I think the populist movements in Europe and America have legitimate grievances and I often prefer the populists to the “reasonable” elites. I’ve written books about Harvard, the G.O.P., American Christianity and Pope Francis; I’m working on one about decadence. Benedict XVI was my favorite pope. I review movies for National Review and have strong opinions about many prestige television shows. I have three small children, two girls and a boy, and I live in New Haven with my wife.

Michelle Goldberg

I’ve been an Op-Ed columnist at The New York Times since 2017, writing mainly about politics, ideology and gender. These days people on the right and the left both use “liberal” as an epithet, but that’s basically what I am, though the nightmare of Donald Trump’s presidency has radicalized me and pushed me leftward. I’ve written three books, including one, in 2006, about the danger of right-wing populism in its religious fundamentalist guise. (My other two were about the global battle over reproductive rights and, in a brief detour from politics, about an adventurous Russian émigré who helped bring yoga to the West.) I love to travel; a long time ago, after my husband and I eloped, we spent a year backpacking through Asia. Now we live in Brooklyn with our son and daughter.

David Leonhardt

I’ve worked at The Times since 1999 and have been an Op-Ed columnist since 2016. I caught the journalism bug a very long time ago — first as a little kid in the late 1970s who loved reading the Boston Globe sports section and later as a teenager working on my high school and college newspapers. I discovered that when my classmates and I put a complaint in print, for everyone to see, school administrators actually paid attention. I’ve since worked as a metro reporter at The Washington Post and a writer at BusinessWeek magazine. At The Times, I started as a reporter in the business section and have also been a Times Magazine staff writer, the Washington bureau chief and the founding editor of The Upshot.

My politics are left of center. But I’m also to the right of many Times readers. I think education reform has accomplished a lot. I think two-parent families are good for society. I think progressives should be realistic about the cultural conservatism that dominates much of this country. Most of all, however, I worry deeply about today’s Republican Party, which has become dangerously extreme. This country faces some huge challenges — inequality, climate change, the rise of China — and they’ll be very hard to solve without having both parties committed to the basic functioning of American democracy.

How do I listen?

Tune in on iTunes , Google Play , Spotify , Stitcher or wherever you listen to podcasts. Tell us what you think at [email protected]. Follow Michelle Goldberg ( @michelleinbklyn ), Ross Douthat ( @DouthatNYT ) and David Leonhardt ( @DLeonhardt ) on Twitter.

This week’s show is produced by Alex Laughlin for Transmitter Media, with help from Caitlin Pierce. Our executive producer is Gretta Cohn. We had help from Tyson Evans, Phoebe Lett and Ian Prasad Philbrick. Our theme is composed by Allison Leyton-Brown. Thank you to Kaiser Health News. Check out its podcast “What the Health.”

2018 Theses Doctoral

Essays on Cannabis Legalization

Thomas, Danna Kang

Though the drug remains illegal at the federal level, in recent years states and localities have increasingly liberalized their marijuana laws in order to generate tax revenue and save resources on marijuana law enforcement. Many states have adopted some form of medical marijuana and/or marijuana decriminalization laws, and as of 2017, Washington, Colorado, Maine, California, Oregon, Massachusetts, Nevada, Alaska, and the District of Columbia have all legalized marijuana for recreational use. In 2016 recreational marijuana generated over $1.8 billion in sales. Hence, studying marijuana reforms and the policies and outcomes of early recreational marijuana adopters is an important area of research. However, perhaps due to the fact that legalized recreational cannabis is a recent phenomenon, a scarcity of research exists on the impacts of recreational cannabis legalization and the efficacy and efficiency of cannabis regulation. This dissertation aims to fill this gap, using the Washington recreational marijuana market as the primary setting to study cannabis legalization in the United States. Of first order importance in the regulation of sin goods such as cannabis is quantifying the value of the marginal damages of negative externalities. Hence, Chapter 1 (co-authored with Lin Tian) explores the impact of marijuana dispensary location on neighborhood property values, exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in marijuana retailer location. Policymakers and advocates have long expressed concerns that the positive effects of the legalization--e.g., increases in tax revenue--are well spread spatially, but the negative effects are highly localized through channels such as crime. Hence, we use changes in property values to measure individuals' willingness to pay to avoid localized externalities caused by the arrival of marijuana dispensaries. Our key identification strategy is to compare changes in housing sales around winners and losers in a lottery for recreational marijuana retail licenses. (Due to location restrictions, license applicants were required to provide an address of where they would like to locate.) Hence, we have the locations of both actual entrants and potential entrants, which provides a natural difference-in-differences set-up. Using data from King County, Washington, we find an almost 2.4% decrease in the value of properties within a 0.5 mile radius of an entrant, a $9,400 decline in median property values. The aforementioned retail license lottery was used to distribute licenses due to a license quota. Retail license quotas are often used by states to regulate entry into sin goods markets as quotas can restrict consumption by decreasing access and by reducing competition (and, therefore, increasing markups). However, license quotas also create allocative inefficiency. For example, license quotas are often based on the population of a city or county. Hence, licenses are not necessarily allocated to the areas where they offer the highest marginal benefit. Moreover, as seen in the case of the Washington recreational marijuana market, licenses are often distributed via lottery, meaning that in the absence of an efficiency secondary market for licenses, the license recipients are not necessarily the most efficient potential entrants. This allocative inefficiency is generated by heterogeneity in firms and consumers. Therefore, in Chapter 2, I develop a model of demand and firm pricing in order to investigate firm-level heterogeneity and inefficiency. Demand is differentiated by geography and incorporates consumer demographics. I estimate this demand model using data on firm sales from Washington. Utilizing the estimates and firm pricing model, I back out a non-parametric distribution of firm variable costs. These variable costs differ by product and firm and provide a measure of firm inefficiency. I find that variable costs have lower inventory turnover; hence, randomly choosing entrants in a lottery could be a large contributor to allocative inefficiency. Chapter 3 explores the sources of allocative inefficiency in license distribution in the Washington recreational marijuana market. A difficulty in studying the welfare effects of license quotas is finding credible counterfactuals of unrestricted entry. Therefore, I take a structural approach: I first develop a three stage model that endogenizes firm entry and incorporates the spatial demand and pricing model discussed in Chapter 2. Using the estimates of the demand and pricing model, I estimate firms' fixed costs and use data on locations of those potential entrants that did not win Washington's retail license lottery to simulate counterfactual entry patterns. I find that allowing firms to enter freely at Washington's current marijuana tax rate increases total surplus by 21.5% relative to a baseline simulation of Washington's license quota regime. Geographic misallocation and random allocation of licenses account for 6.6\% and 65.9\% of this difference, respectively. Moreover, as the primary objective of these quotas is to mitigate the negative externalities of marijuana consumption, I study alternative state tax policies that directly control for the marginal damages of marijuana consumption. Free entry with tax rates that keep the quantity of marijuana or THC consumed equal to baseline consumption increases welfare by 6.9% and 11.7%, respectively. I also explore the possibility of heterogeneous marginal damages of consumption across geography, backing out the non-uniform sales tax across geography that is consistent with Washington's license quota policy. Free entry with a non-uniform sales tax increases efficiency by over 7% relative to the baseline simulation of license quotas due to improvements in license allocation.

• Cannabis--Law and legislation
• Marijuana industry
• Drug legalization
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Why Marijuana Should Not Be Legal: Potential Risks and Drawbacks

Marijuana legalization has been a topic of debate for many years, with strong arguments both for and against its legality. If you are someone who is deeply concerned about the potential impact of drug use on individuals and society, and you need an argumentative essay, an online custom essay writing service with the command of the best writing experts create for you an amazing essay.

Why Cannabis Shouldn’t Be Legalised

I have always been interested in the topic of marijuana legalization and have spent a considerable amount of time researching the potential risks and benefits associated with cannabis use. While some argue that marijuana should be legalized for medical and recreational use, I strongly believe that it should remain illegal. In this essay, I will explore why I believe that why shouldn’t marijuanas be legalized. Specifically, I will examine the potential negative consequences of marijuana use, including its impact on cognitive function, mental health, and societal well-being. By sharing my perspective and research, I hope to provide a comprehensive understanding of this complex issue and shed light on the potential risks of legalizing marijuana.

So, here reasons why shouldn’t marijuanas be legalized:

The Cognitive Effects of Marijuana Use: Short-Term Memory Loss, Reduced Concentration, and Impaired Judgment

Firstly, marijuana is considered a psychoactive drug that can affect the brain and impair cognitive function. The use of marijuana can cause short-term memory loss, reduced concentration, and impaired judgment, which can increase the risk of accidents and injuries. This is especially concerning when individuals who are under the influence of marijuana operate heavy machinery or drive a car.

Mental Health Risks Associated with Marijuana Use: Depression, Anxiety, and Psychosis

Secondly, marijuana use has been linked to an increased risk of mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis. Studies have shown that individuals who use marijuana regularly are more likely to develop these conditions than those who do not use the drug. Additionally, long-term marijuana use can cause changes in the brain’s structure and function, which may increase the risk of addiction and other negative outcomes.

The Risks of Marijuana Use for Adolescents: Long-Term Cognitive Problems and Brain Development

Thirdly, the legalization of marijuana could lead to increased availability and accessibility, which could result in more people using the drug, including young people. Research has shown that the use of marijuana during adolescence can have a negative impact on brain development and may lead to long-term problems with cognitive function.

Societal Concerns: Drug-Related Crime, Accidents, and Healthcare Costs

Lastly, legalizing marijuana would create a number of societal problems, including increased drug-related crime, a rise in drug-related accidents and injuries, and an increase in healthcare costs associated with marijuana use.

The legal status of marijuana has been widely debated, with opinions ranging from its potential benefits such as increased tax revenue and reduced incarceration rates to its potential risks such as negative impacts on individuals and society. As we grapple with this issue, it is important to consider the health and safety of all involved and to gain a full understanding of the evidence before making any decisions. The choice on whether or not to legalize marijuana should be based on an analysis of both the data and the values and concerns of those affected by this issue.

Why Marijuana Should Not Be Legal: Tips Tips On Writing Essay

Writing a well-crafted why marijuanas should not be legal essay requires careful planning and attention to detail. When tackling a topic as controversial as the legalization of marijuana, it is important to approach the subject with a clear and well-informed perspective. In order to write a persuasive and effective essay, it is essential to conduct thorough research, use credible sources, structure your essay carefully, consider counterarguments, use clear and concise language, and edit and revise your work. By following these guidelines, you can create a well-argued and compelling marijuana should not be legalized article that persuades readers to see your perspective on the issue.

Do your Research

Before you begin writing why we shouldn’t legalize weed, make sure you have a solid understanding of the potential risks and drawbacks associated with marijuana use. This may involve reviewing scientific research, examining statistics and data, and considering the perspectives of experts in the field.

Use Credible Sources

When citing evidence to support your argument, be sure to use credible sources such as peer-reviewed journals, government reports, and reputable news outlets. Avoid relying on biased or unreliable sources.

Structure your Essay Carefully

A well-organized informative essay should have a clear introduction that sets out your argument, several well-supported body paragraphs that present evidence and analysis, and a concise conclusion that summarizes your main points and restates your thesis.

Consider Counterarguments

When presenting your argument, be sure to consider and respond to potential counterarguments. This will help strengthen your essay and demonstrate that you have considered multiple perspectives on the issue.

Use Clear and Concise Language

Be sure to use clear, concise language throughout your essay. Avoid using overly complex or technical terminology, and make sure your arguments are easy to follow and understand.

Edit and Revise

Once you have completed a first draft, take the time to edit and revise your essay. Look for spelling and grammar errors, as well as any areas where your argument could be strengthened or clarified. Consider seeking feedback from a teacher or peer to help you improve your essay. With these tips in mind, you can create a compelling argument against the legalization of marijuana.

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Most Americans Favor Legalizing Marijuana for Medical, Recreational Use

Legalizing recreational marijuana viewed as good for local economies; mixed views of impact on drug use, community safety, table of contents.

• The impact of legalizing marijuana for recreational use
• Partisan differences on impact of recreational use of marijuana
• Demographic, partisan differences in views of marijuana legalization
• Views of marijuana legalization vary by age within both parties
• Views of the effects of legalizing recreational marijuana among racial and ethnic groups
• Wide age gap on views of impact of legalizing recreational marijuana
• Acknowledgments
• The American Trends Panel survey methodology

Pew Research Center conducted this study to understand the public’s views about the legalization of marijuana in the United States. For this analysis, we surveyed 5,140 adults from Jan. 16 to Jan. 21, 2024. Everyone who took part in this survey is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP’s methodology .

Here are the questions used for the report and its methodology .

As more states pass laws legalizing marijuana for recreational use , Americans continue to favor legalization of both medical and recreational use of the drug.

An overwhelming share of U.S. adults (88%) say marijuana should be legal for medical or recreational use.

Nearly six-in-ten Americans (57%) say that marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational purposes, while roughly a third (32%) say that marijuana should be legal for medical use only.

Just 11% of Americans say that the drug should not be legal at all.

Opinions about marijuana legalization have changed little over the past five years, according to the Pew Research Center survey, conducted Jan. 16-21, 2024, among 5,14o adults.

While a majority of Americans continue to say marijuana should be legal , there are varying views about the impacts of recreational legalization.

About half of Americans (52%) say that legalizing the recreational use of marijuana is good for local economies; just 17% think it is bad and 29% say it has no impact.

More adults also say legalizing marijuana for recreational use makes the criminal justice system more fair (42%) than less fair (18%); 38% say it has no impact.

However, Americans have mixed views on the impact of legalizing marijuana for recreational use on:

• Use of other drugs: About as many say it increases (29%) as say it decreases (27%) the use of other drugs, like heroin, fentanyl and cocaine (42% say it has no impact).
• Community safety: More Americans say legalizing recreational marijuana makes communities less safe (34%) than say it makes them safer (21%); 44% say it has no impact.

There are deep partisan divisions regarding the impact of marijuana legalization for recreational use.

Majorities of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents say legalizing recreational marijuana is good for local economies (64% say this) and makes the criminal justice system fairer (58%).

Fewer Republicans and Republican leaners say legalization for recreational use has a positive effect on local economies (41%) and the criminal justice system (27%).

Republicans are more likely than Democrats to cite downsides from legalizing recreational marijuana:

• 42% of Republicans say it increases the use of other drugs, like heroin, fentanyl and cocaine, compared with just 17% of Democrats.
• 48% of Republicans say it makes communities less safe, more than double the share of Democrats (21%) who say this.

Sizable age and partisan differences persist on the issue of marijuana legalization though small shares of adults across demographic groups are completely opposed to it.

Older adults are far less likely than younger adults to favor marijuana legalization.

This is particularly the case among adults ages 75 and older: 31% say marijuana should be legal for both medical and recreational use.

By comparison, half of adults between the ages of 65 and 74 say marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational use, and larger shares in younger age groups say the same.

Republicans continue to be less supportive than Democrats of legalizing marijuana for both legal and recreational use: 42% of Republicans favor legalizing marijuana for both purposes, compared with 72% of Democrats.

There continue to be ideological differences within each party:

• 34% of conservative Republicans say marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational use, compared with a 57% majority of moderate and liberal Republicans.
• 62% of conservative and moderate Democrats say marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational use, while an overwhelming majority of liberal Democrats (84%) say this.

Along with differences by party and age, there are also age differences within each party on the issue.

A 57% majority of Republicans ages 18 to 29 favor making marijuana legal for medical and recreational use, compared with 52% among those ages 30 to 49 and much smaller shares of older Republicans.

Still, wide majorities of Republicans in all age groups favor legalizing marijuana at least for medical use. Among those ages 65 and older, just 20% say marijuana should not be legal even for medical purposes.

While majorities of Democrats across all age groups support legalizing marijuana for medical and recreational use, older Democrats are less likely to say this.

About half of Democrats ages 75 and older (53%) say marijuana should be legal for both purposes, but much larger shares of younger Democrats say the same (including 81% of Democrats ages 18 to 29). Still, only 7% of Democrats ages 65 and older think marijuana should not be legalized even for medical use, similar to the share of all other Democrats who say this.

Substantial shares of Americans across racial and ethnic groups say when marijuana is legal for recreational use, it has a more positive than negative impact on the economy and criminal justice system.

About half of White (52%), Black (53%) and Hispanic (51%) adults say legalizing recreational marijuana is good for local economies. A slightly smaller share of Asian adults (46%) say the same.

Criminal justice

Across racial and ethnic groups, about four-in-ten say that recreational marijuana being legal makes the criminal justice system fairer, with smaller shares saying it would make it less fair.

However, there are wider racial differences on questions regarding the impact of recreational marijuana on the use of other drugs and the safety of communities.

Use of other drugs

Nearly half of Black adults (48%) say recreational marijuana legalization doesn’t have an effect on the use of drugs like heroin, fentanyl and cocaine. Another 32% in this group say it decreases the use of these drugs and 18% say it increases their use.

In contrast, Hispanic adults are slightly more likely to say legal marijuana increases the use of these other drugs (39%) than to say it decreases this use (30%); 29% say it has no impact.

Among White adults, the balance of opinion is mixed: 28% say marijuana legalization increases the use of other drugs and 25% say it decreases their use (45% say it has no impact). Views among Asian adults are also mixed, though a smaller share (31%) say legalization has no impact on the use of other drugs.

Community safety

Hispanic and Asian adults also are more likely to say marijuana’s legalization makes communities less safe: 41% of Hispanic adults and 46% of Asian adults say this, compared with 34% of White adults and 24% of Black adults.

Young Americans view the legalization of marijuana for recreational use in more positive terms compared with their older counterparts.

Clear majorities of adults under 30 say it is good for local economies (71%) and that it makes the criminal justice system fairer (59%).

By comparison, a third of Americans ages 65 and older say legalizing the recreational use of marijuana is good for local economies; about as many (32%) say it makes the criminal justice system more fair.

There also are sizable differences in opinion by age about how legalizing recreational marijuana affects the use of other drugs and the safety of communities.

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9 facts about Americans and marijuana

Most americans now live in a legal marijuana state – and most have at least one dispensary in their county, americans overwhelmingly say marijuana should be legal for medical or recreational use, clear majorities of black americans favor marijuana legalization, easing of criminal penalties, concern about drug addiction has declined in u.s., even in areas where fatal overdoses have risen the most, most popular, report materials.

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The Reasons Why Marijuana Should be Made Legal Research Paper

Introduction, arguments against marijuana, arguments for marijuana, works cited.

Drugs that cause addiction and have negative effects health has been illegalized in most constitutions. These drugs are seen to have minimal benefits and enormous side effects. Among drugs that have been illegalized include: heroin, cocaine and marijuana among others. On the other hand those that are legalized include tobacco and alcohol. This research paper main interest is in the legalization of marijuana.

Marijuana has been illegalized because it is considered to be risk factors in people’s health and is believed to temper with the brain. It is also associated with criminal acts such as gang behavior and is discouraged. The purpose of this research paper is to address the reasons why marijuana should be made legal.

Among the reasons that support the legalization of marijuana include: the medical basis that marijuana has some benefits and that the state could gain revenue from the trade of marijuana as opposed to the costs incurred in the implementation of the laws against use the controlled drug. Furthermore, the legalization would enable the state to monitor and introduce legal outlets that would enforce the correct use of the drug (Barnes: 11).

Medical reasons against use of marijuana as medically unfit to use

In the argument against marijuana to be made illegal, Barnes (9) ascertains that marijuana should not be made legal in the medical field. There are certain cases that marijuana has negatively affected the immune system of the person taking the drug. In other cases, side effects like the damage of the brain and poisonous forms have occurred.

Testing must be done

Before marijuana is fully accepted as a medication, extensive testing of the drug must be done to establish the adverse effects as well as the benefits. This is because the state has the responsibility of ensuring that the drug is harmless before legalizing it. The state can consider thorough investigations before it is legalized. They may also consider what other institutions have assessed and made conclusions about the use of the drug (Barnes 11).

Measurements of elements contained in marijuana

Another reason against the use of marijuana in the medical field is the inability to have power over the purity of the drug. Marijuana is not a synthetic drug and hence it may be difficult to establish control over the natural growing marijuana. It may also develop other challenges concerned with the way productions and distribution of the drug.

However, this argument is challenged with the tobacco industry where it has been established and seems to be doing well. This is because the manufacturers of tobacco have been able to follow directives as by the government and controlled it. So, if the same measures are employed with marijuana the control may be successful.

Marijuana should not be prescribed

In his argument against marijuana to be prescribed in medical institutions Barnes (12) disputes that the state will be able to uphold its uprightness in the testing of the drug. This is because it may not be able to follow keenly the patients under testing of marijuana for medical purposes and therefore may fail to accurately get the right assessment. This is because monitoring the marijuana consumers may be difficult, thus paralyzing the testing of the drug.

Marijuana is replaceable

Barnes (11) states that the medical field does consider the use of marijuana as unnecessary as there are other drugs that could replace it and have fewer side effects. Therefore, marijuana can be avoided and the alternative drugs be used in its place. Despite some medical practitioners ignoring the use of marijuana for cancer cases like vomiting, patients have proffered marijuana to the synthetic drugs. In other cases marijuana has been argued to be of benefit to cancer patients as well as other diseases (Cervantes: 6).

Marijuana may be misinterpreted to be safe on human health

Barnes (15) mentions that if marijuana is legalized for medical reasons it may be misinterpreted by the public. This is because they may consider use of marijuana safe for their health following the states approval for medical use. As a result, marijuana would be used for leisure hence create more health problem among the public especially if excessively smoked.

Illegal businesses will be encouraged

If legalized, businesses will be set up to sell marijuana. The traders will sell it assuming that it helps cancer patients whereas just a few may benefit. This is because the people selling may be unauthorized to sell. This implies that those taking the drug may lack monitoring from a professional in the medical field hence the treatment may be inadequate or in excess or even wrong. Consequently, the state may welcome more harm instead of good.

Marijuana is different from alcohol

Smith (8) argues against marijuana saying that marijuana is harmful to health just like cigarettes. When smoked after a long time the person may develop lung problems. For expecting mothers smoking may lead to death of the fetus or cause births with deformities.

Marijuana be used only when necessary

Despite the fact that legalized marijuana may bring more evil than good, the state can consider the use of marijuana for medical situations that require the specific intervention of the drug. The use of the drug will purely be made possible by a qualified professional who by careful consideration of all options recommends the use of marijuana. Therefore, the government should not abolish the use marijuana even for medical reasons.

Marijuana does not cause health problems

Marijuana rarely causes biological problem. The persons using marijuana cannot be affected in the mind destroy the immune system or transfer effects to through inheritance. However, persistence use of marijuana can make one suffer from bronchitis if they smoke it.

This is a preventable cause because marijuana can be consumed in food for instance baked products. Additional marijuana is not known to cause serious illnesses like those caused by other drugs like cocaine. Marijuana cannot cause death if simply taken in large quantities (Legalization of marijuana.com Para 8).

On the contrary Stimson says that “the scientific knowledge is clear that marijuana is addictive and that its use significantly impairs bodily and mental functions. Marijuana use is associated with memory loss, cancer, immune system deficiencies, heart disease and birth defects, among other conditions. Even where decriminalized, marijuana trafficking remain a source of violence, crime and social integration” (p. 1)

Marijuana is a source of revenue

Another reason why marijuana should be legalized is that it is a source of revenue for the government and a source of income for the individual. Those trading marijuana gain profits that can support the family besides paying all the taxes. When the breadwinner is arrested for being in possession of the illegal drug, the family suffers. Children are transferred to children’s home separating them from their parent (Legalization of marijuana.com Para 5).

The other concern that is raised as a source of income is the spread of drug network in the name of legalized trade. Stimson (2) notes that legalization of marijuana may lead to expansion of the drug associations that sell drugs under ground. This may be an opportunity for them to sell other drugs that have much worse adverse effect. In addition, the groups selling drugs may end up selling it to underage children who should be protected from taking the drug.

Marijuana has medical benefits

As Barnes (8) point out, marijuana can be used for medical treatment of some illnesses and therefore should be legalized. Marijuana may have fewer side effects when compared to other drugs in the medical field when used to treat a certain illness. As a matter of fact, marijuana as a medical drug would work effectively and be the best drug for particular patients. For instance, marijuana is very effective in managing nausea in patients and the side effects can be tolerated to treat this symptom.

Marijuana get equal treatment as alcohol and tobacco

Gieringe (2) supports the legalization marijuana just like other drugs that have been legalized like the prominent tobacco and the consumption of alcohol. Like other drugs it has benefits and short comings which in most cases may be equal to those of the legalized drugs.

Furthermore, the use of marijuana hardly encourages the use of much superior drugs and therefore should be considered safe for the users. Another consideration is that the consumers of marijuana are not involved in unlawful behaviors and thus it is unfair to consider those consuming it to be criminals.

Stimson (3) argues against the treatment of marijuana as being similar to alcohol. In his article, he makes it clear that although both marijuana and alcohol have similar side effects, alcohol have adverse effects that are less acute as those of marijuana. On further considerations, alcohol is more widely accepted in many cultures of the world and accepted by many. Legalizing the drug would therefore go against many cultures and societies.

Report findings from the COMPAS (2) reveal that most people believe that crime will increase if marijuana is legalized. Others strongly believe that it will increase consumption behavior and some people will develop dependency. The results of being dependent will be an increase in people with deteriorating health.

Crime is believed to increase because the people who have developed dependency must keep taking the drug. Since the drug is costly, they look for more money after they have used whatever they had. Consequently, the persons may neglect their obligations perhaps in the family or at work to acquire the drug. This is undesired in the society because it affects the economy of an individual negatively.

Retractions lead to increased consumption

The individuals who are use marijuana controllably remain capable of driving as well as remain not addicted. Driver’s judgment on the road is not affected and therefore those under the influence of the drug can drive safely. For this reason, Gieringe (2) argues that restricting the marijuana will lead to increased consumption. This is because it is impossible to eradicate societal vices as they tend to increase when prohibited. Therefore, it is appropriate to legalize marijuana.

Illegal measures have failed

Punishments given for being in possession or using marijuana are futile. Regardless of whatever measures the state puts to control the use of prohibited drugs like marijuana, the public continues the consumption. Gieringe (4) indicates that strict punitive measures do not deter the users from using it.

In most cases they have secretive ways of producing and selling the same as well as consume it without being noticed. It is necessary to consider that consumption of the drug is an individual choice hence limiting or availing the drug may not be the factors to consider but rather it is an individual choice.

An example of the case of California

According to Gieringe (5) the law against the use of marijuana turned to be ineffective. The law was introduced with an aim to stop the broadening of the consumption as was introduced by a group of people. Following prohibition, the drug gained prominence as many learned to use. Apart from the consequences illegal marijuana on the people, the government used a lot of funds to curb the problem of illegal drugs.

When the public is introduced to prominent drug use Stimson (6) insists that a majority become addicted. Accordingly, the brain is affected making them unable to perform like other members of society, who do not use the drug. As a result, the affected at times have little ability to learn as before and so students who take drugs discontinue education for failure or inability to concentrate. The people who work and have jobs most often fail to perform well and are relieved from work.

Legalizing marijuana would contradict the law. Most governments have prohibited the production, distribution and consumption of illegal drugs. A law that would legalize one of the controlled drugs would send a message that with time even other drugs can be made legal. The argument is that the law would contradict itself since some of the other illegal drugs posses same adverse effects as those of marijuana (Stimson: 8). Instead the law should remain constant so that such laws do not fail as Rosenthal & Kubby (174) notes.

The budget after legalization of marijuana

Legalizing marijuana not only has advantages in the decrease in unlawful activities but also bring economic benefits in the budget of the state. Miron (2) indicates that the budget drastically incur large expenditure in the implementation of laws against marijuana.

This is opposed to the fact that, if legalized, marijuana such costs would not be realized and the state would therefore gain revenue for transactions involved in marijuana. Caputo and Brian (480) also point out that the sales made in the illegal sale of marijuana are not taxed. If the government would implement taxation, then the state would have increased revenue.

Some of the costs are as follows: The police are funded by the state budget to conduct arrests of those found with marijuana. Other cost is spent in the justice system. After the sent the criminal to prison another cost is incurred. This cost can be scraped off and the government would gain instead (Miron: 2).

Control Measures by the state

Upon legalization there should be restrictions that the state can enforce to monitor the production distribution and consumption of marijuana. First, it can consider making the any individuals who is concerned with marijuana trade to obtain a license given the state. Additionally, the concerned people must surrender the marijuana before selling for inspection of its contents and grading.

This will make it possible for the state to standardize the product assess whether there are harmful contents and allow only the safe product to be sold. Upon the assessment for the elements, the trader will then be taxed. Selling will also be done by authorized persons through specific channels. As with the use of other tobacco, it can be sold to adults in specific areas at a particular time.

Obtaining of a licenses should not be made difficult by the state or remain within the reach of a few. Those who wish for a medium scale business can be allowed to have such licenses. It may also be relevant to consider allowing individuals to plant some marijuana for own consumption although in small quantities as allowed by the state. This is similar to the home made wine made for own use and is also in line with individual liberties.

The challenged face with implementing the home grown marijuana is the control of the plant in terms of production. Another challenge is to be able to discourage children from accessing and using the drug before they are of the legal age Stimson (2). Punitive measures can also be made similar to those of the tobacco trade where the trader forfeits the license and risks being fined if they fail to adhere to rules.

Benefits of legalizing marijuana

The state will have reduced expenditure concerned with the unlawful trade of marijuana. This implies that, there will be fewer criminals the laws against will have been withdrawn. Therefore, the responsibility of taking the drug will be left upon individual judgment and for medical interventions.

More individuals will conform to the regulations about the consumption and encourage legal trade as opposed to illegal trade. The monitored distributers will make it impossible for people bellow the recommended age to obtain the drug. In addition, the quality and elements in the plant will be assessed and thus individuals will obtain safe marijuana. Lastly, the distributors will pay levy just like other businesses (Gieringer: 10).

Gieringe (7) notes that marijuana can be made legal and most problems associated with the consumption would be eliminated. If licensed individuals would be allowed to produce the crop and sell it through controlled channels of adults then the problems of misuse would decline.

There would be revenue generated and some individuals would support their families without fear of separation due to arrests. The drug can be categorized in the same group as alcohol and tobacco and receive equal treatment. With time, the sale will decline and be similar to that of tobacco. The production will also decline with the increase in production and lowering of prices. Consequently, the government will gain taxes from the sale as it loses in the illegal trade of marijuana.

The use of marijuana has adverse effects that are undesirable. The negative effects they have on human health when used for a long time are to be avoided by moderate use of the substance. Criminals are known to be drug users of among others marijuana hence it bring social evils. Since it damages the brain, students suffer and drop from school while those working fail to keep up to the task.

Although, those who are associated with marijuana are thought to be criminals the society can view them differently and legalize the use of the drug while monitoring its use. Marijuana has medical benefits and should be considered. The state also benefit from the taxes collected from the legal sale of marijuana.

Barnes, Eric. Reefer madness: Legal and moral issues surrounding the medical Prescription of marijuana , 2000. Web.

Caputo, Michael and Brian, Ostrom. “Potential Tax Revenue from a Regulated Marijuana Market: A Meaningful Revenue Source.” American Journal of Economics and Sociology , 1994, 53, 475-490.

Cervantes, Jorge. Marijuana horticulture: the Indoor/Outdoor Medical grower’s bible. North America: Van Patten Publishing, 2006.

COMPAS. Legalization of marijuana: A Compass Report for the National Post, 2004. Web.

Gieringer, Dale. Testimony of the legalization of Marijuana , 2009. Web.

Legalization of marijuana.com. Legalizing marijuana , 2010. Web.

Miron, Jeffrey. The budgetary implications of marijuana legalization in Massachusetts, 2003. Web.

Rosenthal, Ed & Kubby, Steve. Why marijuana should be legal. New York: Thunder Mouth press, 2003.

Smith, Sandra . Lee Marijuana . New York: The rasen publishing group, 1995. Web.

Stimson, Charles. Legalizing marijuana: why citizens should just say no , 2010. Web.

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Home — Essay Samples — Law, Crime & Punishment — Marijuana Legalization — Why Weed Should Be Legal: a Case for Legalizing in America

Why Weed Should Be Legal: a Case for Legalizing in America

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Updated: 29 March, 2024

Words: 563 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

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Five Reasons Why We Should Legalize Cannabis

Cannabis use in the United States has had a long and complicated history. For decades, people who used cannabis were subject to social ostracization and criminal prosecution. However, attitudes toward cannabis have been evolving in recent years. An increasing number of states have started to legalize cannabis for medical or recreational use. This shift in policy has been driven by a variety of factors including changing public attitudes and the potential economic benefits of legalization. In this article, we will explore the potential benefits of legalizing cannabis in our country.

1. Legalization for the Environment

Legalizing cannabis can have significant benefits for the environment. When cannabis is grown illegally, it is often done in environmentally damaging ways, such as using chemical pesticides or clearing primary forests to make room for crops. Legalization could allow customers to support more environmental growers. This will incentivize more responsible growing practices, such as the use of organic farming methods or the use of renewable energy sources to power indoor grow operations. In addition, the culture of growing cannabis can help to discover and preserve precious marijuana seeds , increasing biodiversity and facilitating a deeper understanding of cannabis plants and their cultivation.

2. Legalization for Justice

Where cannabis is illegal, people are being arrested and charged for possession or sale, which leads to costly court cases and a burden on the criminal justice system. Legalization would free up law enforcement resources to focus on more serious crimes and simultaneously reduce the number of people incarcerated for non-violent drug offenses. This could help to reduce the overall prison population and save taxpayers money.

In addition, legalization can have significant benefits for justice and equity, particularly for marginalized communities that have been disproportionately affected by the criminalization of cannabis. Communities of color have been particularly affected by the war on drugs, with Black Americans being nearly four times more likely to be arrested for cannabis possession than white Americans, despite similar rates of use.

By regulating cannabis cultivation and sales, legalization can help to eliminate the black market and reduce the involvement of criminal organizations in the cannabis industry. This can lead to safer communities and reduced drug-related violence in communities that have been most affected by the criminalization of cannabis.

3. Legalization for Public Health

Cannabis has been shown to have many beneficial and therapeutic effects on both physical and mental health. However, people may be hesitant to seek medical marijuana treatment due to fear of legal repercussions if cannabis is illegal. Legalization can allow more people to enjoy better health outcomes. It can also promote the safer use of cannabis by educating the public on appropriate cannabis use and providing quality control measures for cannabis products. Legalization can also lead to increased research into potential medical applications of cannabis and could lead to the development of innovative treatments.

Another potential perk of cannabis legalization is that it could reduce the use of more harmful drugs. In the absence of cannabis, people may turn to more dangerous drugs like heroin or fentanyl to manage chronic pain or other conditions. By legalizing cannabis, we can provide a safer alternative for these individuals and could reduce the overall demand for these more dangerous drugs. States that have legalized cannabis found a decrease in opioid overdose deaths and hospitalizations, suggesting that cannabis are an effective alternative to prescription painkillers.

4. Legalization for the Economy

The legalization of cannabis can generate significant tax revenue for governments and create new economic opportunities. When cannabis is illegal, it is sold on the black market, and no taxes are collected on these sales. However, when it is legal, sales can be regulated, and taxes can be imposed on those sales. In states that have legalized cannabis, tax revenue from cannabis sales has been in the millions of dollars , with California registering a whopping $1.2 billion in cannabis tax revenue in 2021. This impressive income can be used to reduce budget deficits, fund various public services such as education and healthcare, and create new opportunities for investment in projects that revitalize the economy.

Aside from tax revenue, legalizing cannabis can create new jobs. The cannabis industry is a rapidly growing industry, and legalization could lead to the creation of new jobs in areas such as cultivation, processing, and retail sales. This can help to reduce unemployment and create new gainful opportunities for people who may have struggled to find employment in other industries. Legalization can also lead to increased investment in related industries, such as the development of new products or technologies to improve cannabis cultivation or the creation of new retail businesses. There are now several venture capital funds and investment groups that focus solely on cannabis-related enterprises.

5. Legalization for Acceptance

Finally, legalization could help reduce the stigma surrounding cannabis use. Before cannabis legalization, people who use the plant were often viewed as criminals or deviants. Legalization can help change this perception and lead to more open and honest conversations about cannabis use. Ultimately, legalization could lead to a more accepting and inclusive society where individuals are not judged or discriminated against for their personal and healthcare choices. By legalizing cannabis, we can harness the power of a therapeutic plant. Legalization can heal not just physical and mental ailments of individuals but also the social wounds that have resulted from its criminalization.

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