paraphrasing multiple sources

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Paraphrasing

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Running text (Author, Date). Author (Date) running text.

Parenthetical Format . The citation can appear within or at the end of a sentence and includes the author and date separated by a comma. If at the end of a sentence a full stop is placed after the citation.  Growth occurs at every stage of life (Newman & Newman, 2017). Case study research does not employ the scientific method (Barlow et al., 2017) although it is an important tool for qualitative researchers (Travers, 2001). Narrative Format . The author is used as part of the text, the date appears directly after the author in parentheses. If the date is used as a part of the text, just separate the author and date with a comma.  As discussed by Newman and Newman (2017), growth occurs at every stage of life. In 2019, Hiscock et al. pointed out that half of Australian children and adolescents who experienced mental health issues did not receive professional treatment.

Common Examples

Long Paraphrases & Paragraphs

When paraphrasing or summarising using one source over several sentences or even a whole paragraph, cite the source in the first sentence. There is no need to cite the work again in this paragraph provided it is clear that this is the only source being paraphrased. The  APA Style and Grammar Guidelines provide this example:

          Velez et al. (2018) found that for women of color, sexism and racism in the workplace were associated with poor work and mental health outcomes, including job-related burnout, turnover intentions, and psychological distress. However, self-esteem, person–organization fit, and perceived organizational support mediated these effects. These findings underscore the importance of considering multiple forms of workplace discrimination in clinical practice and research with women of color, along with efforts to challenge and reduce such discrimination.

You must reintroduce the citation if the paraphrase continues across multiple paragraphs.  If the paragraph or sentence contains information from multiple sources, then cite as often as required to make sure the source is clearly acknowledged. The  APA Style and Grammar Guidelines provide this example:

           Play therapists can experience many symptoms of impaired wellness, including emotional exhaustion or reduced ability to empathize with others (Elwood et al., 2011; Figley, 2002), disruption in personal relationships (Elwood et al., 2011; Robinson-Keilig, 2014), decreased satisfaction with work (Elwood et al., 2011), avoidance of particular situations (Figley, 2002; O’Halloran & Linton, 2000), and feelings or thoughts of helplessness (Elwood et al., 2011; Figley, 2002; O’Halloran & Linton, 2000).

Academic Writer Tutorial: Paraphrasing & Quoting

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Citing Guide for Business (APA 7th ed.)

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• Citation Basics

Paraphrasing

• Reference List Citations

You can choose between using a narrative or a parenthetical in-text citation style when you paraphrase a source in your paper.

Narrative citation of a paraphrased source : 

Parenthetical citation of a paraphrased source :

Note:  It is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the citation when you are paraphrasing.

Long Paraphrases

If you have a long paraphrase, cite the work being paraphrased on first mention. Once the work has been cited, it is not necessary to repeat the citation if the same work continues to be paraphrased:

Note : If the paraphrase continues into a new paragraph, reintroduce the citation.

Paraphrasing Multiple Sources in One Sentence

When paraphrasing multiple sources in one sentence,  include in-text citations for each source . The citations should be placed in parentheses, separated by a semicolon, and ordered alphabetically by the authors' last names:

• (Author A, Publication year A; Author B, Publication year B)

Suppose you want to include  paraphrased information from two sources , one by John Smith published in 2021 and another by Jane Brown published in 2020. The in-text citation would be formatted as follows:

In this example, the ideas from both sources are combined into a single sentence, and the in-text citations for each source are included in parentheses, separated by a semicolon. Note that the sources are listed alphabetically by the authors' last names.

Here is a  more complex  example of paraphrasing multiple sources in one sentence:

In this example, the in-text citation includes multiple sources to support distinct aspects of the statement. The parenthetical citations are placed next to the specific aspect of the sentence they support, separated by semicolons.

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Encyclopedia

Writing with artificial intelligence, paraphrasing – how to paraphrase with clarity & concision.

• © 2024 by Joseph M. Moxley - Professor of English - USF

Master the Art of Paraphrasing: Explore the role of paraphrasing in academic and professional writing, its significance, the ethical imperatives behind it, and the skills required to paraphrase authentically. This guide demystifies the process of paraphrasing sources, emphasizing the importance of originality and the transformative power of effective paraphrasing.

What Is a Paraphrase?

Paraphrase refers to the act of rephrasing a specific part of someone’s spoken or written words, especially in a way that might be shorter or simpler, while ensuring the original meaning remains intact.

Paraphrase involves more than just changing individual words with synonyms, altering sentence structure, or reordering sentences . It requires the writer to grasp, interpret, and then present the information or narrative in their own words , writing style , and voice .

• Unlike quoting , which involves reproducing the exact words from a source within quotation marks to retain the original phrasing and context, paraphrasing transforms the original text into a new rendition, capturing its essence without copying its form.
• Unlike summarizing , which involves distilling the essence of an entire text into a condensed version, paraphrasing focuses on restating a particular segment in detail.

In essence, paraphrasing is a skill that goes beyond mere rewording. It demands comprehension, judgment, and the ability to recast information in a manner that adds value to the narrative while preserving the integrity of the original source.

In academic and professional writing , writers are expected to indicate when they are paraphrasing, typically achieved by providing citations . Depending on the audience or context , there are various citation styles to choose from, including:

• APA – Publication Manual of the APA: 7th Edition
• MLA – MLA Handbook, 9th Edition

Related Concepts: Authority & Credibility in Writing & Speech) ; Concision ; Evidence ; Scholarship as a Conversation

Examples of a Paraphrased Passages

Sample quote.

Gregory and Milner (2017) found that, “Women with dependent children are most likely to take up measures such as part-time working and other reduced working-hour arrangements, and school term-time working (where it is available, mostly in the public sector) is almost exclusively female. A number of barriers appear to limit men’s take-up of such measures: the organization of the workplace (including perceptions of their entitlement, that is, perceptions that men’s claims to family responsibilities are valid), the business environment and the domestic organization of labor in employees’ homes (including the centrality of career for the father and mother and their degree of commitment to gendered parenting, both closely class-related)” (p. 4).

Sample Paraphrase

Research conducted by Gregory and Milner (2017) reveals that women, particularly those with dependent children, are more inclined than men to adopt part-time roles and work schedules. Gregory and Milner attribute this disparity to workplace perceptions where men’s roles as primary providers influence their work choices. Moreover, at home, ingrained perspectives on gender-specific parenting and socio-economic factors further mold expectations concerning the division of household tasks between mothers and fathers (Gregory & Milner, 2023).

In his book, Nuclear Weapons and International Law in the Post Cold War World , Moxley (2000) argues, “Nuclear weapons are covered by international law.   Such law contains many rules. It contains a rule of distinction. Also a rule of proportionality.  Rules of international law also include the rule of necessity. Any use of nuclear weapons must comply with such rules.  Under these rules, such as the rule of necessity, international law prohibits and renders unlawful the use of weapons whose effects cannot be controlled.  Nuclear weapons have many effects. Nuclear weapons effects of radioactive fallout cannot be controlled, nor can nuclear winter effects. Lack of controllability also extends to actual responses by a target of an initial attack, including targets’ possible escalation. Effects associated or connected or related with escalation cannot be controlled” (Moxley 2000).

In his book, Nuclear Weapons and International Law in the Post Cold War World , Moxley (2000) argues that nuclear weapons are covered by international law’s rules of distinction, proportionality, and necessity.  Such rules preclude the use of weapons whose effects are uncontrollable. Radioactive fallout, nuclear winter, and potential escalation effects of nuclear weapons are uncontrollable.  Nuclear weapons therefore cannot lawfully be used under international law.

Why Does Paraphrasing Matter?

Paraphrasing enables writers to introduce the ideas of others into their writing without taking all of the space that quoting entails. By paraphrasing authorities on a topic, writers advance their authority . By articulating their ideas in juxtaposition to others, writers can distinguish their ideas, observations, and insights from the works of others.

What is an Effective Paraphrase?

An effective paraphrase rephrases the essence of a source’s idea using original wording while retaining the source’s intended meaning, and it is always accompanied by a proper citation to avoid plagiarism .

Why do Writers Paraphrase?

• One primary reason for paraphrasing is to prevent plagiarism. By rephrasing content in their own words, writers can showcase their understanding of the material while still giving due credit to the original source through proper citation. This practice upholds both ethical and academic standards.
• Some original texts contain complex or dense information. Paraphrasing can distill these intricate concepts into clearer, more accessible language. This not only ensures that the writer has grasped the essence of the source but also makes the information more digestible for the audience.
• Direct quotes might have supplementary or non-essential details. By paraphrasing, writers can zoom in on the most pertinent aspects of a source, ensuring their narrative stays concise and relevant to their main argumentn .
• Different audiences have varied levels of familiarity with a topic. Writers may paraphrase to tailor the content to their target audience , ensuring the information is neither too elementary nor too advanced.
• Sometimes, a single point or argument may be supported by various sources. Paraphrasing allows writers to cohesively combine insights from multiple texts, creating a synthesized perspective.
• Direct quotations can disrupt the natural flow of a piece . Paraphrasing, on the other hand, allows writers to integrate source material seamlessly into their work, ensuring a smooth and coherent narrative.
• The act of paraphrasing requires a deep engagement with the source text. As writers rephrase, they’re also reflecting on the material, potentially leading to new insights or interpretations that can enrich their work.

What is the Difference between Paraphrasing and Summarizing ?

• Paraphrase involves rephrasing a specific passage from the original text, maintaining its meaning but altering its wording. In contrast, a summary is a concise representation of a text’s main ideas, capturing its essence without detailing every aspect.
• Summaries offer a shortened overview of broader content while paraphrases provide an alternate expression of specific parts of that content.

Does APA, MLA, or Chicago Require a Page Reference Number for Paraphrases or Summaries?

In citation styles like APA , MLA , and Chicago, page numbers for paraphrases and summaries are encouraged but not always mandatory. While it is not an absolute requirement, providing page numbers helps readers locate the specific part of the source you referenced. This practice enhances the accuracy and transparency of your writing.

However, if you are paraphrasing or summarizing an entire work or your reference spans multiple pages, you can omit the page number.

How Can I Use an AI Tool Like ChatGPT to Facilitate Paraphrasing?

Using multiple AI-generated paraphrases for different sections of a text can lead to a disjointed writing style . After incorporating AI suggestions, read the entire passage or document aloud. This can help you identify inconsistencies in tone or style . Adjust as needed to ensure your text has a smooth flow and doesn’t feel like a patchwork of disparate pieces.

To make the most out of ChatGPT (or similar AI platforms) for paraphrasing:

• Begin with the text you wish to paraphrase. Ensure you understand its primary message and context before proceeding.
• Input specific sentences or passages into the AI that you find challenging to rephrase.
• The AI will generate several paraphrased alternatives. Examine these outputs and select the version that maintains the original meaning while presenting it in a fresh and unique manner.
• While AI can produce grammatically accurate renditions, always ensure the paraphrased content retains the nuance and context of the original text.
• If the original text contains data or specific factual information, cross-check the AI-generated paraphrase to ensure no factual distortions have occurred.
• Add your own adjustments to the AI’s suggestions. This helps in integrating your style and ensures that the paraphrased text isn’t overly reliant on machine-generated outputs.
• Ensure your text flows naturally and doesn’t feel disjointed. Read aloud to identify any inconsistencies in tone or style, adjusting as necessary.
• After using AI for paraphrasing, a human review can provide insights into clarity, fidelity to the source, and overall effectiveness.
• With feedback in hand, you may return to ChatGPT for further rephrasing suggestions or make manual edits yourself.

Leveraging AI tools for paraphrasing offers the advantage of varied rephrasing options, nuanced interpretations , and efficiency. Yet, while AI can assist, it’s your unique understanding of your purpose as an author that’s essential in seamlessly integrating and synthesizing secondary sources. Only through your lens can the content truly resonate and maintain its intended authenticity .

How to Paraphrase with Clarity & Concision

• Start by reading the source material thoroughly, ensuring you grasp its core message and nuances.
• Without referring back to the original content, restate its main idea(s) using your unique expression and vocabulary.
• Position your paraphrased content side-by-side with the original. Analyze both for fidelity to the source’s intent and ensure no verbatim copying has occurred.
• Reflect on whether your version effectively conveys the essence of the original. Avoid distorting the primary message or introducing personal biases . Try to engage in audience analysis . And consider counterarguments
• In academic and professional writing , writers are expected to use quotation marks when they introduce two or three consecutive words from another source into their prose without attributing the source . Thus, when rereading your work you need to ensure you’ve genuinely transformed the content . The words and sentence structures should be distinctly yours, capturing the essence of the source without directly replicating its phrasing. This practice ensures that you give appropriate credit where due and maintain the integrity of your work.
• Ensure you haven’t incorporated extraneous details or opinions alien to the original text. Re-read the original source to ensure you’ve quoted where necessary.
• Ask others who are familiar the original source to critique your interpretation .
• Sometimes it takes multiple drafts to effective paraphrase a text, event, or idea. Paraphrasing may require multiple revisions . Don’t hesitate to refine and rewrite until you’re confident you have captured the essence of the original source and used it in a way that supports your purpose for writing .

B. Obama. (2010, May 14). Remarks on the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico [Address]. The White House , Washington, D.C.

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / Paraphrasing in MLA

Paraphrasing in MLA

Paraphrasing is a valuable skill. It allows you to seamlessly integrate another person’s ideas into your work, and it is the preferred way to integrate most research information into a paper.

In addition to writing a good paraphrase, you must also include a citation with the paraphrase. One effective way to do this is by using MLA in-text citations .

But first, let’s define paraphrasing.

What is a paraphrase? Why is it beneficial?

• A paraphrase is a piece of information written in a new way after reading and analyzing a source.
• A paraphrase translates the main ideas of a passage into a new passage that uses your own words and perspective.
• A paraphrase lets you control what point or information is highlighted.
• A paraphrase allows you turn a long passage into a condensed, focused passage.
• Direct quotes are helpful, but paraphrasing allows you show that you truly understand a work. Think about it: Is it easier to quote a source or paraphrase?

What does MLA have to do with it?

Academic integrity is extremely important, and a paraphrase allows you to use someone’s ideas efficiently in your work…but that is only part of the work. In order to stay ethical, you’ll also need include an in-text citation. That’s where MLA style comes in.

An MLA in-text citation gives appropriate credit to the original source. By following the guidelines of the MLA style and including an accurate citation, you can avoid accusations of plagiarism.

MLA stands for the Modern Language Association, which is a scholarly association dedicated to the study and advancement of languages. The MLA style comes from their published MLA Handbook , which provides rules and guidelines on research and writing. The latest update to the MLA style occurred in 2021, and careful consideration needs to be paid to these guidelines.

Although there are other styles of research and writing, MLA is the primary style guide for humanities, language, and literature in the United States.

How to paraphrase

Steps in paraphrasing.

• Read the original source material carefully. It is always a good idea to read it more than once so you can paraphrase accurately.
• Consider why the source was written, when it was written, who it was written by, and who the target audience was.
• What were the key ideas or points communicated?
• What is the key point you want to highlight from the source?
• What other contextual facts about the source do you think are important to include?
• Based on your notes, put together a paraphrase.
• Next, take a minute to double check your paraphrase against the original to ensure that you have used your own writing style.
• Finally, add an MLA in-text citation.

How to add an MLA in-text citation

In order to give credit for ideas that are not yours, citing is key. According the MLA, after you create a paraphrase, you should include an in-text citation with the paraphrase. In addition to the short, in-text citation, a full reference of the source should be included on your Works Cited page. This article will focus only on the in-text citation, but see this guide for more information on MLA works cited citations.

An MLA in-text citation can be done in two ways:

• Parenthetical

Both approaches require you to know the following:

• Last name of the author
• Page number

Parenthetical citation

One way to cite in the text is to use a parenthetical citation after the paraphrase. This includes putting the author’s last name and page number where you found the information at the end of the sentence, before the final period.

Using a website as a source? Note that if a source does not have page numbers, you do not have to include the page number in your parenthetical citation.

Parenthetical in-text citation structure:

Paraphrase (Author Last Name Page #)

Parenthetical example:

I kept pounding on the doors ’til my hands hurt and I woke up the dogs (Bronte 12).

Place that end punctuation carefully! Note that there is no period at the end of the sentence, but the period is outside the parentheses. Also, there is no comma between the author’s last name and the page number.

Citation in prose

A citation in prose means that you include the author’s last name within the page text and the page number at the end of the sentence in parentheses. A citation in prose would look like this:

Citation in prose citation structure:

Paraphrase with Author Last Name (Page #)

In-prose example:

Bronte explains how Lockwood kept pounding on the doors until his hands began to hurt and he woke up the dogs (12).

Example of how to paraphrase

Here is a piece of text taken from the novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen:

“In vain I have struggled. It will not do. My feelings will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you.”

Elizabeth’s astonishment was beyond expression. She stared, coloured, doubted, and was silent. This he considered sufficient encouragement; and the avowal of all that he felt, and had long felt for her, immediately followed. He spoke well; but there were feelings besides those of the heart to be detailed; and he was not more eloquent on the subject of tenderness than of pride. His sense of her inferiority—of its being a degradation—of the family obstacles which had always opposed to inclination, were dwelt on with a warmth which seemed due to the consequence he was wounding, but was very unlikely to recommend his suit.

A paraphrase of the above would go something like this:

Mr. Darcy had meant to communicate that he loved Elizabeth, but in the end all he managed to do was communicate all the reasons he had fought against his feelings for her (Austen 390).

Notice the benefits of paraphrasing here?

• The paraphrase is (thankfully) much shorter than the full excerpt.
• The paraphrase writer could have mentioned several different ideas and points. Instead, paraphrasing allowed the writer to focus on the main point they wanted to highlight.
• The paraphrase demonstrates the writer’s deep understanding of what was communicated in the original passage.

Also, as mentioned previously, every in-text citation needs to have a matching, full citation in the Works Cited page. Here is the full citation for the above example:

Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice . 1813. Project Gutenberg , 2008, www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42671.

How NOT to paraphrase

When you paraphrase, do not do the follow:

• Use most of the same words and switch out a few words for synonyms.
• Use most of the same words and change the sentence order a little.
• Take key phrases from the sentences and put them into a new paragraph without quoting them.
• Create a good paraphrase but forget to include an in-text citation.
• Create a good paraphrase but cite the wrong source.

Other MLA considerations

The Modern Language Association advises that summaries, paraphrases, and direct quotations can all be used to back up your argument. However, direct quotations should be used infrequently. Try to save them for experts who are speaking on the topic.

Although you are putting a paraphrase into your own words, you still need to cite it because the ideas are not your own. MLA style asks for the author’s last name and the page number where you found the information.

Key takeaways

• The ability to paraphrase is of the utmost importance in regard to academic integrity.
• To paraphrase well, read the original a few times, consider the context, jot down the key ideas, compose your paraphrase, compare your paraphrase to the original, and add an in-text citation.
• The MLA advises using in-text citations in order to give proper credit to a paraphrase’s original source.

Published October 28, 2020. Updated July 18, 2021.

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If my paraphrase consists of several sentences, should a citation for the original source appear after each sentence?

Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook . For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

No. The citation should appear only after the final sentence of the paraphrase. If, however, it will be unclear to your reader where your source’s idea begins, include the author of the source in your prose rather than in a parenthetical citation.

For example, the following is a paraphrase from an essay by Naomi S. Baron:

Literacy consists of both reading and writing. The writing might take the form of marking up a text or making notes about it (Baron 194).

Here your reader might think that the first sentence is your idea and that Baron’s idea begins in the second sentence. For clarity, you might revise as follows:

Naomi S. Baron argues that literacy consists of both reading and writing. The writing might take the form of marking up a text or making notes about it (194).

Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media.” PMLA , vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193-200.

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Avoid plagiarism in your paraphrased text

What is a paraphrasing tool?

This AI-powered paraphrasing tool lets you rewrite text in your own words. Use it to  paraphrase articles, essays, and other pieces of text. You can also use it to rephrase sentences and find synonyms for individual words. And the best part? It’s all 100% free!

What is paraphrasing?

Paraphrasing involves expressing someone else’s ideas or thoughts in your own words while maintaining the original meaning. Paraphrasing tools can help you quickly reword text by replacing certain words with synonyms or restructuring sentences. They can also make your text more concise, clear, and suitable for a specific audience. Paraphrasing is an essential skill in academic writing and professional communication. 

Why use this paraphrasing tool?

• Save time: Gone are the days when you had to reword sentences yourself; now you can rewrite an individual sentence or a complete text with one click.
• Improve your writing: Your writing will always be clear and easy to understand. Automatically ensure consistent language throughout. 
• Preserve original meaning: Paraphrase without fear of losing the point of your text.
• No annoying ads: We care about the user experience, so we don’t run any ads.
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Features of the paraphrasing tool

Rephrase individual sentences

With the Scribbr Paraphrasing Tool, you can easily reformulate individual sentences.

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Paraphrase a whole text

Our paraphraser can also help with longer passages (up to 125 words per input). Upload your document or copy your text into the input field.

With one click, you can reformulate the entire text.

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Simply click on any word to open the interactive thesaurus.

• Choose from a list of suggested synonyms
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• Replace the word with a single click

Paraphrase in two ways

• Standard: Offers a compromise between modifying and preserving the meaning of the original text
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Upload any Microsoft Word document, Google Doc, or PDF into the paraphrasing tool.

Download or copy your results

After you’re done, you can easily download or copy your text to use somewhere else.

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The paraphrasing tool uses natural language processing to rewrite any text you give it. This way, you can paraphrase any text within seconds.

Avoid accidental plagiarism

Want to make sure your document is plagiarism-free? In addition to our paraphrasing tool, which will help you rephrase sentences, quotations, or paragraphs correctly, you can also use our anti-plagiarism software to make sure your document is unique and not plagiarized.

Scribbr’s anti-plagiarism software enables you to:

• Detect plagiarism more accurately than other tools
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How does this paraphrasing tool work?

1. put your text into the paraphraser, 2. select your method of paraphrasing, 3. select the quantity of synonyms you want, 4. edit your text where needed, who can use this paraphrasing tool.

Paraphrasing tools can help students to understand texts and improve the quality of their writing. 

Create original lesson plans, presentations, or other educational materials.

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Explain complex concepts or ideas to a wider audience. 

Journalists

Quickly and easily rephrase text to avoid repetitive language.

Copywriters

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Frequently asked questions

The act of putting someone else’s ideas or words into your own words is called paraphrasing, rephrasing, or rewording. Even though they are often used interchangeably, the terms can mean slightly different things:

Paraphrasing is restating someone else’s ideas or words in your own words while retaining their meaning. Paraphrasing changes sentence structure, word choice, and sentence length to convey the same meaning.

Rephrasing may involve more substantial changes to the original text, including changing the order of sentences or the overall structure of the text.

Rewording is changing individual words in a text without changing its meaning or structure, often using synonyms.

It can. One of the two methods of paraphrasing is called “Fluency.” This will improve the language and fix grammatical errors in the text you’re paraphrasing.

Paraphrasing and using a paraphrasing tool aren’t cheating. It’s a great tool for saving time and coming up with new ways to express yourself in writing.  However, always be sure to credit your sources. Avoid plagiarism.  

If you don’t properly cite text paraphrased from another source, you’re plagiarizing. If you use someone else’s text and paraphrase it, you need to credit the original source. You can do that by using citations. There are different styles, like APA, MLA, Harvard, and Chicago. Find more information about citing sources here.

Paraphrasing without crediting the original author is a form of plagiarism , because you’re presenting someone else’s ideas as if they were your own.

However, paraphrasing is not plagiarism if you correctly cite the source . This means including an in-text citation and a full reference, formatted according to your required citation style .

As well as citing, make sure that any paraphrased text is completely rewritten in your own words.

Plagiarism means using someone else’s words or ideas and passing them off as your own. Paraphrasing means putting someone else’s ideas in your own words.

So when does paraphrasing count as plagiarism?

• Paraphrasing is plagiarism if you don’t properly credit the original author.
• Paraphrasing is plagiarism if your text is too close to the original wording (even if you cite the source). If you directly copy a sentence or phrase, you should quote it instead.
• Paraphrasing  is not plagiarism if you put the author’s ideas completely in your own words and properly cite the source .

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Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

This handout is intended to help you become more comfortable with the uses of and distinctions among quotations, paraphrases, and summaries. This handout compares and contrasts the three terms, gives some pointers, and includes a short excerpt that you can use to practice these skills.

What are the differences among quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing?

These three ways of incorporating other writers' work into your own writing differ according to the closeness of your writing to the source writing.

Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.

Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.

Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

Why use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries?

Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve many purposes. You might use them to:

• Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing
• Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing
• Give examples of several points of view on a subject
• Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with
• Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original
• Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own
• Expand the breadth or depth of your writing

Writers frequently intertwine summaries, paraphrases, and quotations. As part of a summary of an article, a chapter, or a book, a writer might include paraphrases of various key points blended with quotations of striking or suggestive phrases as in the following example:

In his famous and influential work The Interpretation of Dreams , Sigmund Freud argues that dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious" (page #), expressing in coded imagery the dreamer's unfulfilled wishes through a process known as the "dream-work" (page #). According to Freud, actual but unacceptable desires are censored internally and subjected to coding through layers of condensation and displacement before emerging in a kind of rebus puzzle in the dream itself (page #).

How to use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries

Practice summarizing the essay found here , using paraphrases and quotations as you go. It might be helpful to follow these steps:

• Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas.
• Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay is.
• Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay.
• Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you believe should be quoted directly.

There are several ways to integrate quotations into your text. Often, a short quotation works well when integrated into a sentence. Longer quotations can stand alone. Remember that quoting should be done only sparingly; be sure that you have a good reason to include a direct quotation when you decide to do so. You'll find guidelines for citing sources and punctuating citations at our documentation guide pages.

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• What is Paraphrasing? An Overview With Examples
• Learn English
• James Prior
• No Comments
• Updated February 23, 2024

What is paraphrasing? Or should I say what is the definition of paraphrasing? If you want to restate something using different words whilst retaining the same meaning, this is paraphrasing.

In this article, we cover what paraphrasing is, why it’s important, and when you should do it. Plus, some benefits and examples.

Table of Contents

Paraphrase Definition: What is Paraphrasing?

Paraphrasing is when you restate the information from a source using your own words while maintaining the original meaning. It involves expressing the ideas in a different way, often to clarify or simplify the content, without directly quoting the source.

When you paraphrase, you are not only borrowing, clarifying, or expanding on the information but also ensuring that you do all of these actions without plagiarizing the original content. It’s therefore definitely worth learning how to paraphrase if you want to improve your writing skills.

Why is Paraphrasing Important?

Paraphrasing is a valuable skill that allows you to convey information in your unique writing style while still giving credit to someone else’s ideas. It’s important for several reasons, and it serves various functions in both academic and professional writing.

Here are some key reasons why you should paraphrase:

• Paraphrasing allows you to present information from sources in your own words, reducing the risk of plagiarism. Proper in-text citation is still necessary, but paraphrasing demonstrates your understanding and interpretation of the material.
• When you paraphrase, you are required to comprehend the original content fully. You actively engage with the information, helping you better understand complex concepts and ideas. This process of restating the information in your own words showcases your understanding of the subject matter.
• By paraphrasing, you can clarify complex ideas or technical language and convey information in a clearer, shorter, and simpler form. This makes it more accessible to your audience and ensures they grasp the key points. This is particularly important when communicating with readers who may not be familiar with specialized terminology.
• Paraphrasing is valuable when synthesizing information from various sources. It enables you to blend ideas cohesively while maintaining a consistent writing style throughout your work.
• Paraphrasing allows you to inject your unique writing style and voice into the content. It helps you present information in a way that is more aligned with your personal expression and perspective.
• In certain situations where you need to meet specific length requirements for assignments or publications, paraphrasing allows you to convey information more concisely while still preserving the essential meaning.
• Paraphrasing helps maintain a smooth flow and cohesiveness in your writing. It allows you to integrate information seamlessly, avoiding abrupt shifts between your own ideas and those from external sources.
• Depending on your audience, you may need to adapt the language and level of technicality of the information you present. Paraphrasing allows you to tailor the content to suit the needs of your specific readership.

Incorporating paraphrasing into your writing not only showcases your understanding of the material but also enhances the overall quality and originality of your work.

When Should You Paraphrase?

Knowing when to paraphrase is an important skill, especially in academic writing and professional communication. Here are some situations in which you should consider paraphrasing:

• To Avoid Plagiarism:  Whenever you want to incorporate information from source material into your own work, but don’t want to use a direct quotation, paraphrasing is necessary to present the ideas in your own words while still acknowledging the original source.
• To Express Understanding:  Paraphrasing demonstrates your understanding of a topic by rephrasing the information in a way that shows you have processed and comprehended the material.
• To Simplify Complex Information:  If you encounter complex or technical language that may be difficult for your audience to understand, paraphrasing can help you clarify and simplify the information to make it more accessible and digestible.
• To Integrate Multiple Sources:  When synthesizing information from multiple sources, paraphrasing allows you to blend the ideas cohesively while maintaining your own voice and perspective.
• To Maintain Consistency in Writing Style:  In academic writing or professional writing, paraphrasing can help you maintain a consistent writing style throughout your work. This helps to ensure that all sections flow smoothly and are coherent.
• To Meet Specific Requirements:  Some assignments or publications may have specific requirements. This could relate to the number of words or concern the use of direct quotations. In such cases, paraphrasing allows you to meet these requirements while still incorporating relevant information from your sources.

What Are the Benefits of Paraphrasing?

Rewriting information in a clearer, shorter, and simpler form is called paraphrasing, so one of the benefits of paraphrasing is already clear! However, it can also be a useful exercise for other reasons, which are outlined below:

Avoiding Plagiarism

One of the main benefits of paraphrasing is mastering the ability to present information from external sources in a way that is entirely your own. By restructuring the content and expressing it using your words, you create a distinct piece of writing that reflects your comprehension and interpretation of the original material. This not only showcases your academic or professional integrity but also safeguards against unintentional plagiarism.

Paraphrasing is a fundamental skill in academic and professional settings, where originality and proper attribution are highly valued. This is especially true when it comes to writing research papers, where you’ll often need to reference someone else’s ideas with appropriate citations.

When you paraphrase effectively, you communicate to your audience that you respect the intellectual property of others while contributing your unique insights. This ethical approach to information usage enhances your credibility as a writer or researcher and reinforces the integrity of your work.

Enhancing Understanding

When you engage in paraphrasing, you actively participate in the material you are working with. You are forced to consider the ideas presented in the source material. You need to discern the essential concepts, identify key phrases, and decide how best to convey the message in a way that resonates with you.

This active engagement not only aids in understanding the content but also encourages critical thinking as you evaluate and interpret the information from your own standpoint.

By expressing someone else’s ideas in your own words, you deepen your understanding of the content. This process requires you to dissect the original text, grasp its nuances, and then reconstruct it using your language and perspective. In this way, you go beyond mere memorization and truly internalize the information, fostering a more profound comprehension of the subject matter.

Tailoring Information for Your Audience

Paraphrasing empowers you to adapt the language and complexity of the information to suit the needs and understanding of your audience. As you rephrase the content, you have the flexibility to adjust the level of technicality, simplify complex terminology, or tailor the tone to make the information more accessible to your specific readership.

Consider your audience’s background, knowledge level, and interests. Paraphrasing allows you to bridge the gap between the original content and the understanding of your intended audience.

Whether you are communicating with experts in a particular field or a general audience, the ability to paraphrase ensures that the information is conveyed in a way that resonates with and is comprehensible to your readers. This skill not only facilitates effective communication but also demonstrates your awareness of the diverse needs of your audience.

Improves Writing Skills

Paraphrasing helps in the development and refinement of your writing skills. When you actively engage in the process of rephrasing someone else’s ideas, you hone your ability to express concepts in a clear, concise, and coherent manner.

This practice refines your language proficiency, encouraging you to explore different types of sentence structure, experiment with vocabulary, and ultimately develop a more sophisticated and nuanced writing style.

As you paraphrase, you gain a heightened awareness of grammar, syntax, and word choice. This translates into improved writing, helping you construct well-articulated sentences and paragraphs. Moreover, paraphrasing allows you to experiment with different writing tones and adapt your style to suit the context or purpose of your writing, fostering versatility and adaptability in your expression.

Saves Time and Energy

Paraphrasing can significantly reduce the time and energy spent on the writing process. Rather than grappling with the challenge of integrating lengthy direct quotations or struggling to find the perfect synonym, paraphrasing allows you to distill and convey information in a more streamlined way.

This becomes particularly advantageous when faced with strict deadlines. By mastering paraphrasing, you empower yourself to produce well-crafted, original content in a shorter timeframe, allowing you to meet deadlines without compromising the quality of your work.

Examples of Paraphrasing

Here are some examples of paraphrasing:

• Original:  “The advancements in technology have revolutionized the way we communicate with each other.”
• Paraphrased:  “Technological progress has transformed how we interact and communicate with one another.”
• Original:  “Deforestation poses a significant threat to global ecosystems and biodiversity.”
• Paraphrased:  “The impact of deforestation represents a substantial danger to ecosystems and the diversity of life on a global scale.”
• Original:  “Effective time management is essential for achieving productivity in both professional and personal spheres.”
• Paraphrased:  “Efficient management of time is crucial for attaining productivity in both professional and personal aspects of life.”
• Original:  “The restaurant offers a diverse selection of culinary choices, ranging from traditional dishes to modern fusion cuisine.”
• Paraphrased:  “The restaurant provides a variety of food options, including both traditional and modern fusion dishes.”
• Original:  “The novel explores the complexities of human relationships in a rapidly changing society.”
• Paraphrased:  “The book delves into the challenges of human connections in a fast-changing world.”
• Original:  “Regular exercise is crucial for maintaining optimal physical health and preventing various health issues.”
• Paraphrased:  “Exercising regularly is important for keeping your body healthy and avoiding health problems.”

In these examples, you can observe the use of different wording, sentence structure, and synonyms while preserving the core meaning of the original sentences. This is the essence of paraphrasing.

What Are the Differences Between Paraphrasing, Quoting, and Summarizing?

So, we’ve established that successful paraphrasing is a way of rewriting someone else’s words whilst retaining their meaning and still giving credit to the original author’s ideas. But how is this different from quoting and summarizing?

While paraphrasing, quoting, and summarizing are all ways of incorporating information from source material into your own writing, there are key differences between them:

Paraphrasing

• Definition:  Paraphrasing involves rephrasing someone else’s ideas or information in your own words while retaining the original meaning.
• Usage:  You use paraphrasing when you want to present the information in a way that suits your writing style or when you need to clarify complex ideas.
• Example:  Original: “The study found a significant correlation between sleep deprivation and decreased cognitive performance.” Paraphrased: “The research indicated a notable link between lack of sleep and a decline in cognitive function.”
• Definition:  Quoting involves directly using the exact words from a source and enclosing them in quotation marks.
• Usage:  You use quoting when the original wording is essential, either because of its precision or uniqueness, or when you want to highlight a specific phrase or concept.
• Example:  Original: “The author argues, ‘In the absence of clear guidelines, individual judgment becomes paramount in decision-making.'”

The use of quotation marks is vital when quoting.

Summarizing

• Definition:  Summarizing involves condensing the main ideas of a source or original passage in your own words, focusing on the most crucial points.
• Usage:  You use summarizing when you need to provide a concise overview of a longer piece of text or when you want to capture the key points without including all the details.
• Example:  Original: A lengthy article discussing various factors influencing climate change. Summary: “The article outlines key factors contributing to climate change, including human activities and natural processes.”

In summary, paraphrasing is about expressing someone else’s ideas in your own words, quoting involves directly using the original words, and summarizing is about condensing the main points of a source.

Each technique serves different purposes in writing and should be used based on your specific goals and the nature of the information you are incorporating. If you want to level up your writing skills you need to be able to do all three of these.

Conclusion (In Our Own Words)

Paraphrasing is a valuable skill with numerous benefits. It helps you understand complex ideas, refine your writing style, and demonstrate ethical information use. It also allows you to tailor information for different audiences and can save time in academic and professional writing.

So, if you want to incorporate information from external sources into your writing in a way that is clear, concise, and respectful of the original author’s work, it’s worth mastering the art of paraphrasing.

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Citing Multiple Sources in a Paragraph or Sentence

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When researching a paper, you’ll usually find several sources related to your topic and want to reference all of them in your paper. However, it can be tricky to develop an even distribution of your own original ideas and information from sources found through research. It is tempting to simply regurgitate information back to back. This is not a good idea, however, as it does not present the most professional and well-developed piece of writing.

Instead, try some of the following ways to cite multiple sources in the same paragraph without sounding clunky.

Different Authors

If one idea in your paper corresponds to information in more than one source, you can reference both sources in the same sentence and in-text citation parenthesis. For example, an in-text citation in APA format in this situation would look like this:

Two studies (Miller, 2015; Smith, 2016) have concluded that…

If you are making completely different references in the same paragraph, try to spread them out by including a sentence or two of how that source relates to your idea in between references.

Same Author

To cite multiple sources by the same author in the same paragraph, include the title of the work you are referencing along with the other information within the in-text citation parenthesis. Here is how that would look in MLA format :

• (Haynes,  Noah’s Curse 85)
• (Haynes,  The Last Segregated Hour  57)

General Guidelines

Be sure to include an in-text citation for each source you directly quote, paraphrase, or otherwise reference.

If multiple sentences reference the same work and the same central idea, you can use one parenthetical citation for that entire block of writing, instead of including one after each sentence.

Always be sure to check your citation styles’ rules for citing multiple works in the same paragraph, or consult your librarian or teacher for help.

Section 6.45 of the MLA handbook deals with citing single sources in the text. When making multiple references to a single source within the same paragraph, you do not need to make a full parenthetical citation for each instance. The initial citation can be in narrative format with an eventual parenthetical page reference. It may also be a parenthetical citation with the author’s name, or a title if no author, and a page number. The first reference to a source in your paper should be in narrative format with the author’s first and last name.

After the initial complete in-text citation, parenthetically cite the specific page number at the end of each sentence in which you further reference the source. Citing the page number is important to ensure that the reader understands that the same source is being referenced.

Jenny Kreames argues that Sylvia Plath’s work The Bell Jar is a much underrated, autobiographical classic, which should be read by all young people (54). Plath has committed to truthfulness throughout her work as can be seen from her writing graphically about her mental illnesses (68). It is ironic that Plath commits suicide three years after her work was published.

If there is not another intervening source or your own ideas or comments, a single parenthetical citation after the last instance where you have referred to the same source can be used within the paragraph, citing all relevant pages.

Jenny Kreames argues that Sylvia Plath’s work The Bell Jar is a much underrated, autobiographical classic, which should be read by all young people. Plath has committed to truthfulness throughout her work as can be seen from her writing graphically about her mental illnesses (54, 68). It is ironic that Plath commits suicide three years after her work was published.

If another source is cited within the paragraph, but the first source is referenced again after that, then return to the complete in-text citation format for the first source. Parenthetically cited page numbers can follow after the re-introduction of the complete in-text citation. When beginning a new paragraph with that same source, follow the same procedure with an initial complete in-text citation.

In APA (section 8.19), a source with no publishing date uses the notation “n.d.” which stands for “no date.”

Template and example:

(Author Surname, n.d.)

(Sato, n.d.)

To cite multiple sources by the same author that have no publishing date, you add a dash and a letter after n.d.

(Sato, n.d.-a)

(Sato, n.d.-b)

(Sato, n.d.-c)

Here’s an example where one parenthetical citation cites two works:

(Sato, n.d.-a, n.d.-b)

When an author has multiple sources within the same paper, MLA style requires you to also include the title (if necessary, a shortened version) to distinguish the various works for each author. That way, you can list all the sources and the readers will be clear on which source you are referring to at any given point in your paper.

Parenthetical Citation Format

(Author Last Name, Work Name page number).

Citation in Prose Format

Author Last Name writes… ( Work Name page number).

Author Last Name writes in Work Name … (page number).

(D’Clio, The Merryweather 45)

D’Clio writes … ( Sunshine and Rockstars 652).

D’Clio writes in Sunshine and Rockstars about … (652).

If more than one reference is made by the same author and the same source within a single sentence, use the different page numbers in parentheses to distinguish them.

(Orienssen 75, 95)

Only one note is allowed to be cited at a location in a sentence. However, multiple sources can be included in the same note. The sources should be included in the same order in which they are mentioned in the sentence and be separated by semicolons.

Sometimes he even referred to this institute as a “research laboratory.” 1

• James H. Breasted, “Editor’s Forward,” in Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. 1, Historical Records of Assyria from the Earliest Times to Sargon , ed. Daniel D. Luckenbill (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1926), viii; James H. Breasted, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago: A Beginning and a Program (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1922), 22–23; James H. Breasted, A History of Egypt: From the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest (New York: Scribners, 1905).

14 Using Multiple Sources

Within the pages of your research essay, it is important to properly reference and cite your sources to avoid plagiarism and to give credit for original ideas.

There are three main ways to put a source to use in your essay: you can quote it, you can summarize it, and you can paraphrase it.

When writing direct quotations, you can use the source author’s name in the same sentence as the quotation to introduce the quoted text and to indicate the source in which you found the text. You should then include the page number or other relevant information in parentheses at the end of the phrase (the exact format will depend on the formatting style of your essay).

Summarizing

Summarizing involves condensing the main idea of a source into a much shorter overview. A summary outlines a source’s most important points and general position. When summarizing a source, it is still necessary to use a citation to give credit to the original author. You must reference the author or source in the appropriate citation method at the end of the summary.

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing, you may put any part of a source (such as a phrase, sentence, paragraph, or chapter) into your own words. You may find that the original source uses language that is more clear, concise, or specific than your own language, in which case you should use a direct quotation, putting quotation marks around those unique words or phrases you don’t change.

It is common to use a mixture of paraphrased text and quoted words or phrases, as long as the direct quotations are inside of quotation marks.

Providing Context for Your Sources

Whether you use a direct quotation, a summary, or a paraphrase, it is important to distinguish the original source from your ideas, and to explain how the cited source fits into your argument. While the use of quotation marks or parenthetical citations tells your reader that these are not your own words or ideas, you should follow the quote with a description, in your own terms, of what the quote says and why it is relevant to the purpose of your paper. You should not let quoted or paraphrased text stand alone in your paper, but rather, should integrate the sources into your argument by providing context and explanations about how each source supports your argument. [1]

Sources are a great help for understanding a topic more deeply.  But what about when sources don’t quite agree with one another, or challenge what you have experienced yourself?

This is where your skill of  synthesis  comes into play, as a writer. Synthesizing includes comparison and contrast, but also allows you to combine multiple perspectives on a topic to reach a deeper understanding.

This video explains the process of synthesis in action.

https://youtube.com/watch?v=7dEGoJdb6O0%3Ffeature%3Doembed%26rel%3D0%26rel%3D0

• Smith, Matt. “Putting It All Together: Thesis Synthesis.” Web log post. Walden University Writing Center, 12 Apr. 2013. Web. 04 Apr. 2016.
• This chapter is sourced from English Composition II by Lumen Learning, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

English 101: Journey Into Open Copyright © 2021 by Christine Jones is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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How to Paraphrase APA with Multiple Authors — An APA Style Guide

Table of Contents

You should know how to paraphrase APA with multiple authors if you are a student. When writing in APA style, it’s best to paraphrase information from other sources and use direct quotes to the barest minimum.

When paraphrasing, you use your own words to say what someone else has written or said. Do not add your opinions during paraphrasing or summarizing unless it’s evident they’re different from the original author’s.

Bring up the author’s name again to clear up any confusion for the reader. Paraphrases and summaries don’t need quotation marks, but they do need the last name of the author and the year the work was published. For paraphrases and summaries, you don’t need a page number.

Here’s how to paraphrase APA with multiple authors like a pro. Ready, set, go!

How to Paraphrase APA with Multiple Authors

There are always two ways to cite a source

1. Put the author’s name in the text as part of your sentence.

2. Put the name of the author in parentheses.

Use only last names in APA in-text citations; don’t include book or article titles. The date must come right after the name of the author.

1. Text with one to two authors

• Lilian’s (1999) case study shows that shorter people are more likely to develop and die from cardiovascular disease.
• Jude and Frances (2002) say that shorter people are more likely to develop and die from cardiovascular disease.

Authors in parentheses

• Women are more likely to experience depression than children (Latifah, 1999).
• Women are more likely to experience depression than men (Latifah & Frances, 2002).

2. Where there are several authors

When there are more than two authors, the APA has rules about writing their names.

In the case of 3-5 people

At the first mention of each author in the paper, write their names. After that, use et al.

• Philipa, Dmann, Gosha, and Tricia (2007) say that ethnic groups must be willing to serve the nation for the greater good of all
• Philipa et al. (2007) say that ethnic groups must… for the greater good of all

To get the most out of our various ethnic groups, society must.. (Philipa, Dmann, Gosha, & Dma, 2001).

To get the most out of our various ethnic groups, society must.. (Philipa et al., 2001).

Where there are six or more authors

Use the first author’s name, followed by “et al.”

(Dimigwe et al., 1998)

Where there are more than one reference in the same parenthesis

Sort by the author’s last name and separate with a semicolon.

(Katsina, 1995; Isiomal, Maha, & Dumelo, 1998; Paschal & Tricia, 2002; Wike, 1991)

3. Authored by Organization

If the author is an organization or government entity, cite it as you would a person in the signal phrase or parenthetical reference.

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include it in brackets the first time you quote it. Use the abbreviation alone in subsequent citations. Do not abbreviate several organizations whose abbreviations are the same (to avoid ambiguity).

Citation1: (Africans in Diaspora [AID], 2000)

Citation 2: (AID, 2000)

The APA Publication Manual explains how to cite authors and content providers . Occasionally, the manual won’t explain a source or author category, leaving you unsure on how to proceed.

In these circumstances, it’s permissible to apply APA citation guidelines to the new source in a consistent and sensible fashion. To do this, utilize the normal APA instructions for a similar source type. Virtual reality programs should be cited using the APA’s computer software requirements.

You may also want to see if a third-party entity provides citation instructions.

Pam is an expert grammarian with years of experience teaching English, writing and ESL Grammar courses at the university level. She is enamored with all things language and fascinated with how we use words to shape our world.

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Paraphrase or plagiarism? Exploring EAP students’ use of source material in a transnational university context

• Jasper Roe + −
• Daniel O'Sullivan + −
• Pamela Arumynathan + −
• Boby Kappen + −

The relationship between paraphrase and plagiarism is complex and has been the subject of multiple research studies. However, recent advances in Generative AI (GenAI) have disrupted the standard practices of academic writing and established a renewed focus on how learners acquire skills in English writing in a higher education context. To understand the future of academic writing in the technological era, further investigation of how and why students choose to paraphrase and engage with source material is needed to guide best practices in instruction, policy, and research. This exploratory study seeks to fill this gap and provide insight into the choices English as a Second Language (ESL) student writers make in an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) context. Using a text-based interview method and custom-designed academic writing task, we examine how students engage with and make decisions about using source material. Results reveal that participants focus more on sentence-level approaches to paraphrasing and mechanistic methods of language transformation. This is partly motivated by prior learning experiences but may also be related to adopting a risk-averse approach to language use to avoid accusations of plagiarism. Furthermore, our participants expressed a low level of confidence in the ability of new technological tools to help learners acquire skills in English writing. These findings suggest that there is a need for further research exploring policies to enable experimentation in EAP programs, as well as exploring acceptance and belief in new technologies’ ability to support paraphrasing and source use.