how to you cite a speech chicago style

Chicago style guide: Speech/lecture

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Citing a speech, lecture etc.

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Citing a Speech

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Presidents’ Day is celebrated on the third Monday of February each year in the United States—and it offers the perfect opportunity to honor the life and achievements of past American presidents, especially historical standouts like George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln.

The holiday was initially held on February 22nd to honor the life and achievements of George Washington (it coincided with his birthday). So, what better way to commemorate the holiday than by learning to cite one of Washington’s most famous presidential speeches: his farewell address.

Below, we’ve laid out instructions on how to cite any presidential speech in three citation styles: MLA, APA and Chicago. For each style, we’ve cited Washington’s farewell address as an example.

In order to properly cite a presidential speech, you need to know the following pieces of information:

• Speaker’s first and last name
• Speech’s title
• Date the speech was delivered
• Editor’s name (if applicable)

If you found the speech in a book, you should also take note of the following:

• Book’s title
• First and last name of the book’s author
• Book’s publisher
• Book’s year of publication
• City and state the publisher is located in
• Page number(s) of the speech

If you found the speech on the internet, instead pay attention to:

• Title of the article
• Title of the webpage (if it differs from the article name)
• Where the speech was given
• Publisher of the website
• Date the article was posted
• URL of the website where the speech resides

Citing Washington’s Farewell Address in MLA Style

How it would look if found in a book :

Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Speech.” Date Speech Delivered. Title of Book, edited or translated by First Name Last Name (if applicable) , Publisher, Year of Publication.

MLA citation example (We used the book shown here ) :

Washington, George. “George Washington’s Farewell Address.” 17 Sept. 1796. George Washington’s Farewell Address: Little Books of Wisdom , edited by John Brooks, Applewood Books, 1999.

Online Transcript

How it would look if found in an online transcript :

Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Speech.” Date Speech Was Delivered. Title of Website, Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication, URL (no http:// or https://). Transcript (include if video/audio formats also available).

MLA example :

Washington, George. “George Washington’s Farewell Address.” 17 Sept. 1796. The Avalon Project , Lillian Goldman Law Library, 2008, avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp. 

Citing Washington’s Farewell Address in APA Style

Title of speech. (Publication Year of Book). In Editor’s Initial. Last Name (Ed.), Book title . City, State: Publisher.

APA citation example :

George Washington’s farewell address. (1999). In J. Brooks (Ed.), George Washington’s farewell addres s: Little books of wisdom . Bedford, MA: Applewood Books.

Author’s Last name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year of Publication for Webpage). Title of the article or individual page [Format]. Retrieved from URL (no http:// or https://).

APA example :

Washington, G. (2008). Washington’s farewell address 1796   [Transcript]. Retrieved from avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp.

Citing Washington’s Farewell Address in Chicago Style

Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Speech.” Year Speech Was Delivered. In Book Title, edited by Editor’s First Name Last Name. City, State: Publisher, Year Published.

Chicago citation example :

Washington, George. “George Washington’s Farewell Address.” 1796. In George Washington’s Farewell Address: Little Books of Wisdom , edited by John Brooks. Bedford, Massachusetts: Applewood Books, 1999.

Speaker’s Last Name, Speaker’s First Name. “Title of Speech.” Speech, Location Delivered, Date Delivered. “Title of Webpage,” Title of Site . Date Accessed. URL.

Chicago example :

Washington, George. “Washington’s Farewell Address.” Speech, Washington, D.C., 1796. “The Avalon Project: Documents in Law ,History and Diplomacy,” Avalon Project. Accessed November 6, 2018. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp.

Need to cite more than what’s outlined above? Cite This For Me has several citing resources including a Harvard referencing generator , a guide on how to do an in-text citation ,  an annotated bibliography example you can learn from, and other bibliographic tools.

To cite a speech from a printed book in the MLA style, use the following format.

Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Speech Title.” Date Speech Delivered (if available). Title of Book , edited or translated by First and Last Name (if applicable), Publisher, Year.

Prakash, Navya. “An Appeal Against Logic.” The Tyranny of Reason , Thoughtful Books, 2021.

To cite a speech from an online transcript in the MLA style, use the following format.

Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Speech Title.” Date Speech Delivered (if available). Title of Website , Publisher Name, Date, URL (without the http(s)://). Transcript. (Include if speech is also in video or audio format)

Prakash, Navya. “An Appeal Against Logic.” The Tyranny of Reason Project , The Laws of Reason Library, 2021, www.thereasonlibrary.edu/tyrannyofreason/an-appeal-against-logic_htm. Transcript.

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Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide

Chicago-style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. If you already know which system to use, follow one of the links above to see sample citations for a variety of common sources. If you are unsure about which system to use, read on.

Notes and Bibliography or Author-Date?

The notes and bibliography system is preferred by many working in the humanities—including literature, history, and the arts. In this system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes. Each note corresponds to a raised (superscript) number in the text. Sources are also usually listed in a separate bibliography. The notes and bibliography system can accommodate a wide variety of sources, including unusual ones that don’t fit neatly into the author-date system.

The author-date system is more common in the sciences and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and year of publication. Each in-text citation matches up with an entry in a reference list, where full bibliographic information is provided.

Aside from the use of numbered notes versus parenthetical references in the text, the two systems share a similar style. Follow the links at the top of this page to see examples of some of the more common source types cited in both systems.

Most authors choose the system used by others in their field or required by their publisher. Students who are unsure of which system to use will find more information here .

For a more comprehensive look at Chicago’s two systems of source citation and many more examples, see chapters 14 and 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style.

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Chicago Notes & Bibliography (17th ed.): Citation Examples & Essential Rules

      For NPS theses, papers, and publications: to cite properly, follow the citation examples and apply the essential rules.

The  Chicago Manual of Style  leaves a great deal unspecified and up to interpretation. The NPS Citation Guide streamlines and simplifies  Chicago ’s guidance; your professors, coaches, and processors may interpret or explain  Chicago ’s guidelines slightly differently.  Ultimately, the responsibility for clear attribution of source material lies with you, the author.

• Chicago NB Example List of References

Citation Examples

Essential rules, accessed dates.

Only include date accessed if the source material has no date.

Author Names: Honorifics

Do not include honorifics (Dr., Col., Professor, etc.) when citing author names. Including these titles in the body of your document is acceptable.

Identifying Authors of Official Documents

For the National Security Strategy , cite the president as the author.

For other official documents , the author is the organization immediately responsible for creating the document. In the example below, the author is the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the publisher is the Department of the Navy.

In the example above, the author is NOT an umbrella organization, signatory, or any of the following:

• Chief of Naval Operations
• Deputy Chief of Naval Operations
• W. F. Moran
• Department of Defense
• Navy Pentagon
• R. P. Burke
• United States of America​

Do not include acronyms for organizations listed as authors in the List of References or footnotes:

• YES: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.
• NO: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO or OCNO).
• NO: CNO or OCNO.

Bibliography vs. List of References

What is the difference between them.

• A List of References  includes all works cited in a text
• A Bibliography  lists all works cited  and consulted

The NPS Thesis Processing Office prefers a List of References for the following: 

• Capstone project report
• Dissertation

For papers, check with your professors for their preference.

Capitalization: Title Case vs. Sentence case

Note: Always format the information in your citations (titles, author names, etc.) according to the requirements of the citation style you are using, regardless of how it appears in the original source.

Country Names with Government Organizations

When naming government organizations, be consistent: for example, either Department of Defense or U.S. Department of Defense. If citing organizations from multiple countries, ensure that it is clear which organization is associated with which country—for example, Australian Department of Defence, South African Department of Defence, Sri Lanka Ministry of Defence, Singapore Ministry of Defence.

Figures / Images / Graphs

A citation is required if you did not wholly create the figure—i.e., if you used someone else's image or data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the figure are your own creation.

• If you use the figure exactly as it appears in the source, use “Source: ___.”
• If you alter the original figure or use someone else's image or data to create the figure, use “Adapted from ___.”

Figure 1.    A Figure with a Citation in Chicago Notes and Bibliography Style 1

Footnote Examples

1  Source: Ged Griffin, “Managing Peacekeeping Communications,” Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning 3, no. 4 (2009): 325.

1  Adapted from Ged Griffin, “Managing Peacekeeping Communications,” Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning 3, no. 4 (2009): 325.

• Footnotes for figures follow the same rule for ibid. and shortened citations .
• For more details, see the Thesis Template .
• Thesis Template

Footnote Placement & Signal Phrases

Where in the sentence does my footnote go  .

• Single footnotes go at the end of a sentence, after the punctuation, like this. 1
• “If the sentence ends with a quotation, the quotation marks go outside the punctuation, then the footnote is placed after the quotation marks, like this.” 2
• Please do not insert any spaces before a footnote; please do put a space between a footnote and the beginning of the next sentence.

Multiple Citations in a Single Sentence  

When citing more than one source in a single sentence, there are two options :

• Place a single footnote at the end of the sentence, outside the punctuation, and include all citations in this one footnote, separated by semicolons. CMOS 14.57
• Place each footnote at the end of the clause containing the information it cites. CMOS 14.26

Never place more than one footnote at the end of a sentence. CMOS 14.28

In the paragraph below, the reference numbers are highlighted in yellow and the signal phrases are highlighted in blue . Note that the second sentence is common knowledge, whereas the final sentence does not need a citation because it is the opinion of the author. (See " How Often to Cite? ")

In a Journal of Restaurant Marketing article, restaurateur Shawna Jackson contends that a restaurant’s color scheme influences how hungry its patrons are. 1  Consider popular fast-food restaurants, which often use red and yellow in their advertising and décor.   According to a study by Roberta Chen and David Lopez , restaurant customers feel energized in red and yellow environments, which encourages them to order more food. 2   The same stud y indicates  that patrons felt relaxed in blue and purple environments, which causes them to “spend more time considering the menu options and eat at a slower pace.” 3 Although blue décor can give a restaurant a casual, laid-back feel, industry experts believe this color can negatively affect profit. 4 Accordingly, it is difficult to identify a popular restaurant chain that decorates with calmer hues.

* Note: no page number is necessary in footnote 1 because the sentence describes the source’s general argument rather than data or analysis from a specific location in the source.

1 Shawna Jackson, “Color’s Effect on Restaurant Patrons,” Journal of Restaurant Marketing 13, no. 4 (April 1999).

2 Roberta Chen and David Lopez, Color Me Hungry: How to Decorate Your Restaurant to Increase Profit and Patronage (New York: Routledge, 2009), 3.

3 Chen and Lopez, 29.

4 Jackson, “Color’s Effect on Restaurant Patrons,” 18; Chen and Lopez, Color Me Hungry , 74–76.

• Using Signal Phrases Effectively

How Often to Cite?

The  Chicago Manual of Style  advises that “footnotes should be placed where you need them. . . . Whenever you can imagine the reader asking ‘Says who’ you should add a note.” Clarity is your goal as a writer, and what constitutes clear attribution in any given context will depend to some extent on the particulars of your text. Nevertheless, the following are some reliable rules of thumb:

• Use a footnote (even if you also use a signal phrase) the first time you quote, paraphrase, or otherwise use material from a source in your paragraph.
• Always use footnotes for direct quotes.
• Use footnotes, signal phrases, or sentence flow to indicate ongoing use of this same material.
• Be sure to use a footnote again when drawing upon information from a  different  location in the source (see rules for including page numbers ).

Ibid. and Shortened Citations

Chicago prefers shorter citations, but ibid. is still allowed when the footnote is identical to the one right before it.  See  CMOS  14.34 .  Be consistent. Use either ibid. or shorter citations.

There are four forms of notes:  

• Full citation for first appearance.  Use when  introducing  a source (when citing it for the first time only).  
• When citing multiple sources with the same author  and  same title, include the date in the short citation to differentiate them.  
• Shorter citations must occur in an unbroken chain: if you switch to a different source, use a  short citation  to  reintroduce .  
• Ibid. (not preferred)

Example Footnotes List:

Missing info.

If any information is missing from a source (a journal with no volume number, for example), simply omit that information.  For sources consulted in hardcopy, omit the URL and any additional verbiage that introduces it. Anything retrieved online, however, MUST have a link. The only exception is journals retrieved from a subscription database such as ProQuest. 

Multiple Authors, et al.

• In the Bibliography / List of References, include all of them
• In the footnote, include all of them
• In the text, include all of them  
• In the footnote, list only the first author, followed by et al. (“and others”)
• In the text, list only the first author, followed by et al.  
• In the Bibliography / List of References, include only the first seven, followed by et al.
• In the footnote, list only the first author, followed by et al.
• In the text, list only the first author, followed by et al.

Page Numbers & Other Locators

In footnotes , the page number(s) is needed when

• Quoting – Always include
• Paraphrasing – Always include
• Summarizing – Include if summarizing a single continuous passage in a work

N:  Michael Pollan and Daisy Potatohead,  The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals  (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99–100.

S:  Pollan and Potatohead,  The Omnivore’s Dilemma , 100.

• If unsure, include the page number(s).
• No page number is needed in a footnote when you are referring to the source as a whole . For example: “George W. Bush’s Decision Points recounts pivotal moments during his time in office.”

If the source does not contain page numbers, often with electronic formats , include as much information as needed for the reader to locate the material. In citations especially of shorter electronic works presented as a single, searchable document, such locators may be unnecessary.

See CMOS 14.22: Page numbers and other locators . See also 14.160: Page or location numbers in electronic formats .  

In the list of references/bibliography For portions of larger documents, such as journal articles and book chapters , include the  page range.

B:  Haynes, Peter. “Al-Qaeda, Oil Dependence, and U.S. Foreign Policy.” In  Energy Security and Global Politics: The Militarization of Resource Management , edited by Daniel Moran and James A. Russell, 62–74. New York: Routledge, 2009.

Print vs. Online Sources

When citing a source retrieved online, use the "online" format even when you or someone else printed out the material. For example, if you print out a thesis or your advisor provides you with a printed thesis, it is still categorized as an online document.

Only cite as a print source when the material has been produced by a publisher in hard copy. For example, if you obtain a print journal or book from the library stacks, it is categorized as a printed source.

Secondary / Indirect Sources

An indirect source is a source that cites some other work that you discuss in your text.

Whenever possible, consult primary sources and your sources’ sources yourself. Upon investigation of the primary source, you may find you disagree with the indirect source author’s analysis or methods.

How to Incorporate Indirect Sources

The following passage incorporates a properly credited indirect source. The indirect source information is highlighted in yellow; the primary source information is highlighted in blue.

Walker describes Miguel Roig’s 1999 experiment , which correlates inadequate paraphrasing in student writing with poor reading comprehension. 1   Citing Roig’s data , Walker explains that “students do in fact possess skills necessary for paraphrasing but … may be impeded from applying those skills when dealing with rigorous text.” 2

Note:  Footnotes for indirect sources must cite both the primary and the indirect  source ; in the references list, include only the indirect source (the source you consulted—see example ).

For more information

See the TPO's " Citing Your Sources’ Sources " handout.

A citation is required if you did not wholly create the table—i.e., if you used someone else's data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the table are your own creation.

• If you use the table exactly as it appears in the source, use “Source: ___.”
• If you alter the original table or if you use someone else's data to create the table, use “Adapted from ___.”

Table 1.    A Table with a Citation in Chicago Notes and Bibliography Style 1

1  Source: Roberto Suro, “Changing Channels and Crisscrossing Culture: A Survey of Latinos on News Media,” Pew Research Center, April 19, 2004, https://www.pewhispanic.org/2004/04/19/changing-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/.

1  Adapted from Roberto Suro, “Changing Channels and Crisscrossing Culture: A Survey of Latinos on News Media,” Pew Research Center, April 19, 2004, https://www.pewhispanic.org/2004/04/19/changing-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/.

• Footnotes for figures follow the same  rule for ibid. and shortened citations .
• For more details, see the  Thesis Template .

Translations and Works Not in English

For works with a translator, follow the format for edited books but substitute "trans." for "ed." in the notes and "translated" for "edited" in the references:  

N: Maxence Manqué, Old and Rejected Poems, trans. Pemily Hickinson (Scituate, MA: Narrow Fellow Press, 1989), 472.

S: Manqué, Old and Rejected Poems , 889.

B: Manqué,  Maxence. Old and Rejected Poems. Translated by Pemily Hickinson. Scituate, MA: Narrow Fellow Press, 1989.  

If you provide the translation to a non-English work, format the original title in sentence case , then give your translated title, also in sentence case, in square brackets immediately following. Note that the other formatting rules for titles—italics and quotation marks—remain the same:

N: Maxence Manqué, "L'esthétique de l'échec" [The aesthetics of failure], in É  viter les clichés et des autres clichés [Avoiding clichés and other clichés], ed. Hamish Sweeney (New Brunswick: Stew & Offspring, 1992), 5.

S: Manqué, "L'esthétique de l'échec," 11.

B: Manqué, Maxence. "L'esthétique de l'échec" [The aesthetics of failure]. In Éviter les clichés et des autres clichés [Avoiding clichés and other clichés], edited by Hamish Sweeney, 3–44. New Brunswick: Stew & Offspring, 1992.

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How do I reference a speech/public address in Chicago Style?

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Answered By: Events Calendar Last Updated: Jun 22, 2022     Views: 6988

You will find examples of footnotes for speeches in the Chicago Manual of Style Online - see link below. 

The facts of publication, and other elements you need to include, will vary depending on where you sourced the recorded speech or the speech transcript from, and in each case you should follow the rules for the source document.

For example, below is a footnote and bibliography example for a speech transcript accessed from a chapter in an edited eBook (with no DOI).

John F. Kennedy, "Ask not what your country can do for you," January 20, 1961, in Chambers Classic Speeches , ed. Andrew Burnet (London: Chambers Harrap, 2006), Credo Reference Collection.

Bibliography:

Kennedy, John F. "Ask not what your country can do for you." January 20, 1961. In Chambers Classic Speeches , edited by Andrew Burnet. London: Chambers Harrap, 2006. Credo Reference Collection.

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• Chicago Manual of Style Online - 14.264
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FAQ: How do I cite a speech?

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How you cite a speech will depend upon what citation style you are using. Check with your professor if you an unsure as to what style you should use.

The APA Style page " Transcript of an Audiovisual Work References This link opens in a new window " states that "You don’t reference the speech itself!" Instead, you find the speech in a source such as a book, film, or website and cite that. 

For example, if you are using Ronald Reagan's "Remarks at the Brandenburg Gate," you would find a source that contains the speech and then cite the source according to the proper style (website, book, etc.).

In-Text Citation

(Regan, 1987).

Reference Page

Reagan, R. (1987). Tear Down This Wall: Remarks at Brandenburg Gate  [Speech transcript]. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Library, https://www.reaganfoundation.org/media/128814/brandenburg.pdf This link opens in a new window .

See page 335 of the MLA Handbook for more examples.

(Atwood "Silencing the Scream").

Works Cited Page

Atwood, Margaret. "Silencing the Scream." Boundaries of the Imagination Forum. MLA  Annual Convention, 29 Dec. 1993, Royal York Hotel, Toronto.

Note : If you are quoting a speech published in a book or journal you will cite that source.

Chicago Style

The Chicago Manual of Style is currently in its 17th edition. 

NOTE: For lectures, papers presented at meetings, and speeches that are published in other sources, the Chicago Manual of Style indicates that the material should be cited in the medium it was published.  For example, if the lecture was published in a book, cite it as a chapter in a book.  For live lectures, paper presentations, and speeches, see the formats below.  

Lectures at Meetings

For notes and bibliography style (see section 14.217: Lectures, papers presented at meetings , of the Chicago Manual of Style).

The sponsorship, location, and date of the meeting at which a speech was given or a paper presented follow the title. This information, like that following a thesis title, is put in parentheses in a note but not in a bibliography. 

For example (don't forget to indent the second and subsequent lines):

2. Stacy D’Erasmo, “The Craft and Career of Writing” (lecture, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, April 26, 2000).

Teplin, Linda A., Gary M. McClelland, Karen M. Abram, and Jason J. Washburn. “Early Violent Death in Delinquent Youth: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, La Jolla, CA, March 2005.

The Author-Date section of the Chicago Style does not include an example for Lectures. In this case, see Section 15.3 of the Manual. It says in part that “Most of the examples in chapter 14 are readily adapted to the author-date style—in almost all cases by a different ordering or arrangement of elements.” For the in-text (parenthetical) citation, you would use this basic format: (Author Last Name, Year).  See Section 14.226 of the manual for whether a bibliography entry is needed (it will depend upon how you accessed the lecture).

Audio Recordings of Speeches

For notes and bibliography style (see section 14.264 Recorded readings, lectures, audiobooks, and the like , of the Chicago Manual of Style).

Audio recordings are treated much like musical recordings. 

For example:

3. Calvin Coolidge, “Equal Rights” (speech), ca. 1920, in “American Leaders Speak: Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election, 1918–1920,” Library of Congress, copy of an undated 78 rpm disc, RealAudio and WAV formats, 3:45, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/nfhtml/.

4. Eleanor Roosevelt, “Is America Facing World Leadership?,” convocation speech, Ball State Teacher’s College, May 6, 1959, Muncie, IN, radio broadcast, reel-to-reel tape, MPEG copy, 1:12:49, http://libx.bsu.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/ElRoos/id/1.

For author-date style (see section 15.57 Citing recordings and multimedia in author-date format , of the Chicago Manual of Style) the manual states that Audiovisual recordings and other multimedia can be cited in author-date format by adapting the recommendations and examples outlined and exemplified in  14.261–68 . 

(Coolidge [1920?])

References page (don't forget to indent the second and subsequent lines):

Coolidge, Calvin. [1920?]. “Equal Rights” (speech). In “American Leaders Speak: Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election, 1918–1920.” Library of Congress. Copy of an undated 78 rpm disc, RealAudio and WAV formats, 3:45. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/nfhtml/.

More information:

• Citing Sources Guide (Shapiro Library)

This information is intended to be a guideline, not expert advice. Please speak to your professor about the appropriate way to cite speeches.

McAdoo, Timothy. (2009). How to cite a speech in APA style . Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/10/how-to-cite-a-speech-in-apa-style.html

The Modern Language Association of America. (2016).  MLA Handbook . New York: Modern Language Association of America.

University of Chicago. (2017).  14.226 Lectures, papers presented at meetings, and the lik e. Retrieved from http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed17/part3/ch14/psec217.html

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Citing primary sources.

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Using the example for Chapter or other part of an edited book often works for citing a primary source that is found within a secondary source.

Chapter or other part of an edited book

In a note, cite specific pages. In the bibliography, include the page range for the chapter or part.

1. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in  The Making of the American Essay , ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

Shortened note

2. Thoreau, “Walking,” 182.

Bibliography entry

Thoreau, Henry David. “Walking.” In  The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

Here are a few variations for citing primary information in specific situations. If you didn’t hear the speech yourself, you will need to indicate what source the speech came from. If the word speech isn’t designated in the title (like the first McCain example) it is often designated as such after the title with the location and date of the original speech. Citing a speech from anything other than a book is a little more complicated.

Transcript of a speech found in a book

Note    

1. John McCain, "Speech at Des Moines Rotary Lunch" (2007), in Representative American Speeches 2006-2007, ed. Jennifer Curry, Paul McCaffrey, and Lynn Messina (New York: H.W. Wilson, 2007), 47.

Bibliography     

McCain, John. "Speech at Des Moines Rotary Lunch." 2007. In Representative American Speeches 2006-2007, edited by Jennifer Curry, Paul McCaffrey, and Lynn Messina. New York: H.W. Wilson, 2007.

Transcript of a speech found on a website

2. Martin Luther King Jr., "I Have a Dream" (speech, Washington, DC, August 28, 1963), American Rhetoric, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm .

King, Martin Luther, Jr. "I Have a Dream." Speech, Washington, DC, August 28, 1963. American Rhetoric. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm .

Transcript of a speech found in a subscription database

3. John F. Kennedy, "Statement on the Creation of the Peace Corps" (speech, Washington DC, March 1, 1961), EBSCO History Reference Center.

Kennedy, John F. "Statement on the Creation of the Peace Corps." Speech, Washington DC, March 1, 1961. EBSCO History Reference Center.

A speech or lecture you heard in person

4. Patrick Dossett, "My Experience as a Navy SEAL" (speech, Atherton, CA, September 20, 2011).

Dossett, Patrick. "My Experience as a Navy SEAL."Speech, Atherton, CA, September 20, 2011.

A classroom presentation or discussion

5. Stephanie Portman, "Global Trade in the 18th Century" (classroom discussion, Modern World History, Atherton, CA, September 22, 2011).

Portman, Stephanie. "Global Trade in the 18th Century." Classroom discussion, Modern World History, Atherton, CA, September 22, 2011.

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Miscellaneous Sources

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This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

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This page covers types of media you may want to cite that don’t properly fit into any of the previous pages. If you are attempting to cite a source that you can find neither on this page nor any of the others in the Chicago section, consult the  CMOS  or model your citation on the example that most closely resembles your source.

This entry covers the Chicago Manual of Style guidelines for citing lectures, papers presented at meetings or poster sessions, and other similar presentations. Such entries often include the sponsorship, location, and date of the meeting following the title. When such texts are published, they should be treated like a chapter in a book or article in a journal. If the material is available online, include a URL at the end of your citation. The model is as follows:

Note that not all lectures have titles – if you are, for instance, citing a lecture given by a professor to his class, there may be no title to provide. In this case, feel free to skip that portion of the citation.

Visual Arts

This entry can be applied to paintings, sculptures, and all forms of visual art. (Music and other performing arts are covered under LINK:“Audiovisual Recordings and Other Multimedia.”) As usual, these must be cited with title, creator, and date as available, but the nature of these sources requires that you also provide medium, dimensions, and physical location, as follows:

There is some flexibility in portions of this citation. “Date” can be as simple as the year the piece of art was completed; it can be specific enough to include a season, month, or even a day. There might also be complications to acknowledge. In analog photography, for example, the date the photo was taken and the day it was developed into the print you are referencing are probably different; you might acknowledge that with something like “Spring 2013, printed 2018.” You may also have to give a date range if the specific year is unknown. “Location” might be a museum where it is on display, a private collection, or a publication in which it is reproduced; though, if possible, you should always cite the original rather than a reproduction.

You may find “Dimensions” unfamiliar, but most museums and the like will provide you with the medium and dimensions as part of the display or their website; these are standard attributes by which artwork is catalogued. Note that, when dealing with two-dimensional pieces such as paintings or photographs, you will use only height and width; “height” refers to the vertical dimension when the painting is hung on the wall in its correct orientation. Three-dimensional pieces will also include “depth.” Note that it is encouraged to provide dimensions in both imperial and metric units – use whichever the displaying institution gives, then follow it with a conversion in parentheses.

If images of the piece are available online, you should provide a URL at the end of your citation.  

Ancient, Sacred, Medieval, or Classic Texts

Some texts have been reprinted and re-translated so often over the centuries that conventional citations are counterproductive. If, for instance, you cited page 73 of Beowulf, your reader may be unable to find that reference – there are dozens of different translations and editions out there, very few of which share pagination. Even if you specify the edition, that may frustrate readers who have other editions. However, nearly all editions of Beowulf have the same line-numbering system, so citing line 2145 will be accessible to everyone. This same concept, on a larger scale, is what we call “classical citation”.

Classical citation applies only to old, widely-circulated texts with many varied editions. In classical citation, rather than follow page number, you simply follow whatever organizational scheme the author set up, as well as a line number for poetic works. This is used only in note citations – in the bibliography, you are expected to cite the book as normal, so that all the information on your specific edition is provided. The format is extremely simple, and goes as follows:

It is considerate to your reader to specify the edition, translator, numbering   system, or any other relevant information in the very first note citation:

Note that you should only include those details if they’re relevant – it is rare, for instance, that there are competing numbering systems that would require you to specify whose you are using. Often the editor is the translator, and therefore does not need to be cited twice. In all subsequent note citations, use only the brief classical citation.

The numbers by which you cite a specific passage in one of these texts vary depending on the type of text you are using. For an epic poem, you should use “book.line”; for classic plays, you should use “act.scene.line.”; for many medieval and classical texts, you should use “book.chapter.section”, if all three are provided. Some texts, like Plato’s or Aristotle’s works, have their own specialized numbering systems. Prose texts that were not divided into chapters and sections by the author are often just cited by paragraph number. Sacred texts generally use colons instead of periods and cite “chapter:verse” – however, if you are citing a sacred text from any religion you are not intimately familiar with, you should check and see what system the adherents of that religion have developed for their text, or at least follow conventions set down by authoritative scholarship.

There are a few additional quirks in classical citation. For instance, if you are citing the Bible, you must specify which version you are using in every note citation, due to the wide variation from one to another. Many classical texts and authors have official abbreviations you can use if you want to shorten your citations still further – the catalog of these abbreviations is maintained by the Oxford Classical Dictionary . If you feel it is necessary, you can also include labels such as “bk.”, “para.”, “line”, “chap.”, and so forth in the first note, in which case you would write it more like this:

The following examples cover a range of different types of texts that commonly use classical citation.

Reference Works

This entry covers publications such as dictionaries, encyclopediae, style guides, and the like. There are a few relevant differences between citing these works and a regular book; all of these differences apply to the note form, not the bibliography form, however, so we will only have examples in note format. Other than the differences noted below, you may cite reference works as you would any other publication of that medium.

First, any such work that is organized into sections will be cited by said sections, rather than by page number, like the classical works above:

Works organized into entries, such as dictionaries, will be cited by entry. However, rather than treat them like a chapter or section in a standard book, you treat them like a page number. This is marked by the abbreviation s.v., which stands for sub verbo, ‘under the word’. If your citation refers to multiple entries, indicate this by typing s.vv. instead, then listing the entries. Note that the s.v. is placed at the very end for print sources, but for online sources, it is followed by the “last modified”date and the URL.

Particularly well-known and reliable reference works, such as the Oxford English Dictionary, need not appear in the bibliography at all, but can be cited only in the notes. These citations only require the name of the work, the edition/year, and the entry in question:

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Speech and Public Speaking: Chicago Style

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What is Chicago Manual of Style?

The Chicago Manual of Style sets the standard for scholarly publishing in the Humanities. Chicago offers two citation formats, the author-date reference format and the standard bibliographic format, each of which provides conventions for organizing footnotes or endnotes, as well as bibliographic citations.

Why is it Important to Cite Your Sources for Your Research Papers?

Citing sources and creating a Bibliography/Works Cited List:

• ​​​​ Gives credit to the author(s)
• Illustrates your ability to locate & evaluate appropriate sources
• Provides evidence for the arguments and conclusions in your paper
• Prevents plagarism and copyright infringement

Citation Styles

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What is MLA Style?  

MLA (Modern Language Association) style specifies guidelines for formatting papers. MLA style also provides a system for referencing sources through parenthetical citations in essays and Works Cited pages.

• MLA Handbook Plus This link opens in a new window The go-to resource for writers of research papers and anyone citing sources in MLA format. Watch the How to use MLA Handbook video and guide more... less... MLA Handbook Plus includes the full text of the ninth edition of the handbook, the second edition of the MLA Guide to Digital Literacy, and the MLA Guide to Undergraduate Research in Literature, as well as a video course that teaches the principles of MLA documentation style through a series of short videos paired with quizzes, plus a final assessment.

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• MLA Formatting and Style Guide From Owl Purdue University Writing Lab Helps you better understand how to cite sources using MLA Style, including the list of works cited and in-text citations.

What is APA Style?  

APA format is the official style of the  American Psychological Association  (APA) and is commonly used to cite sources in psychology, education, and the social sciences.  Most importantly, the use of APA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of material by other authors .

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What is Chicago Style?

The Chicago Manual of Style  sets the standard for scholarly publishing in the Humanities.  Chicago  offers two citation formats, the author-date reference format and the standard bibliographic format, each of which provides conventions for organizing footnotes or endnotes, as well as bibliographic citations.  Most importantly, the use of the Chicago style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of material by other authors .

• OWL at Purdue University Writing Lab - Chicago Formatting and Style Guide Information on The Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation.

Avoid Plagiarism by Citing Sources

Bainbridge State College. "Plagiarism: How to Avoid It."  YouTube . YouTube, 5 Jan. 2010. Web. 19 Oct. 2014.

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pla·gia·rism (noun)

The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own. Synonyms - copying, infringement of copyright, piracy, theft, stealing. Informal - cribbing "accusations of plagiarism." Source: Google Definition

Plagiarism can be intentional or unintentional.

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How to Cite a Speech in Chicago Style: Everything You Need to Know

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If your research involves listening to modern politicians or scientists in real time, you might wonder how to cite a speech in Chicago properly. It may be a lecture you’ve attended or conversation during a radio show – in any case the Chicago style has a special format for citing it. Today we will review all necessary details and requirements on how to refer to a lecture in your research paper or essay. If you are writing one, the information provided by professional essay writing service might be useful for you, so stay with us and check out our tips and examples.

Citing a Speech or Lecture in Chicago: Definition and Purpose

It may happen that you attend an important lecture at your university and get some interesting information which you wish (or are required) to use in your essay afterwards. That is why you need to know how to cite a speech in Chicago style.  In fact, there are several different variations of listening to a lecture or presentation, not only doing it in person. You might get it from radio shows, websites, books or even from transcripts. We will review all these specific cases below. In case you are looking for some information on how to cite a youtube video Chicago , read one more blog we have on our platform.

How to Cite a Speech Found in a Book: Chicago Style

This is how to cite a speech in a book in Chicago style:

• Follow the general format of citing book.
• Instead of the book authors’ names, begin your reference with the name of the person who made the lecture.
• Provide the title of the lecture, the page range and the chapter it is in, if needed.
• Proceed with other information about the book, including publication information.

The general format is quite simple. Students must pay attention to punctuation, since bibliography uses full stops instead of full note's comma. Let's take a look at it:

Below you can find several examples of Chicago citations for sources found in books.

Citing a Speech Transcript From a Website in Chicago Style

Today it is usually more convenient to find your source, so let’s proceed by checking out the rules of Chicago style paper citation: speech that was published on a website. Again, you need to follow general Chicago guidelines but don’t forget to put the speechmaker’s name first instead of website authors’ or owners’ names. There are three different cases you can access speech online:

• Video record
• Audio record
• Transcript of the speech

Let’s review citation requirements for each of these cases. In case you are looking for information on how to cite a website Chicago , read one more of our blogs.

How to Cite a Speech From a Video on a Website in Chicago Style

Common question is, how to cite a speech from a video in Chicago style? Surely, you can find lots of useful information for your essay in this show, where numerous ideas get presented in shortened form. So, this is how you cite a video speech in your work:

Here, we can take a look at several examples of citing speech from a video:

Citing an Audio Lecture Found on a Website

Now let’s find out how to cite a lecture in Chicago format! Chances are, you have found its audio record on a website and need to use it as a source for your work. The format is as follows:

Do you need to better understand how to cite an audio lecture using an example? We've got you covered:

Chicago Lecture Citation: Speech From Database

Now, how to cite a lecture in Chicago style if there is no recording? What if there's just its transcript published on website? Unfortunately, not every speech in the world gets an appropriate recording. Besides, website administration might choose to keep text versions instead of audios. So, this is how you should refer to it in your bibliography:

Here we have several examples of cited lectures from database for your better understanding: 

How to Cite a Lecture You Attended

Finally, when writing your paper, you might appear in the need of citing a lecture (Chicago format) you've attended on your own. No published materials are involved in this case, so the order will be quite simple:

Below you can find several examples of citations for lectures you attended. 

How to Cite a Classroom Presentation or a Discussion

Sometimes you might need to include  information from a discussion or a material presented by student in your class group, so this is how to cite a powerpoint in Chicago format:

Here, we can take a look at several examples of citing classroom presentation or discussion:

Final Thoughts About How to Cite a Speech Chicago

Today we have learned how to cite a speech, Chicago style. General rules have been provided and detailed explanations for specific formatting variations in different situations were also provided. We've explored numerous kinds of sources for speech, providing examples for each one.

Struggle with complicated topic? Are you pressed by tight deadline? Check out our essay writing services. We've got a team of skilled authors with solid expertise in various academic fields. They deliver high quality content, properly formatted and always on time!

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How To Cite A TED Talk: APA, MLA and Other Formats

Citing a TED Talk can enhance your research paper by providing unique insights and expert opinions. Whether you’re using APA, MLA, or Chicago style, it’s crucial to format your citations correctly to ensure proper attribution and maintain academic integrity.

This guide will help you navigate the specific citation requirements for TED Talks from different platforms, ensuring you can seamlessly integrate these valuable resources into your work.

Learn how to cite TED Talks accurately in various citation styles with examples and templates.

How To Cite A TED Talk

What’s a ted talk.

TED Talks are a remarkable way to access and share innovative ideas and perspectives from thought leaders around the world. Organised by the non-profit organization TED, these talks cover a wide range of topics, like:

• technology and science,
• social issues.

Twice a year, TED holds conferences where speakers present their insights in captivating and often inspiring talks. These talks are then made available online for free, allowing anyone with internet access to benefit from them.

Volunteers translate the videos, further broadening their reach and making it possible for people around the globe to be inspired regardless of language barriers.

 TED Talks are not just limited to the main TED conferences. Through TEDx, individuals and communities can organize their own TED-style events, focusing on issues that matter locally, free from:

• political, or
• religious agendas.

TED Talks have democratized access to great ideas, ensuring that they are no longer reserved for the literate, educated, rich, or male. They are a powerful tool for education and inspiration, embodying the slogan “Ideas worth spreading.”

Why Do People Cite TED Talks In Research Papers?

There are many reasons authors cite TED talks in their research paper, thesis or dissertation. These include, but not limited to:

• Leveraging the credibility of the speakers
• Leveraging firsthand experiences of the speakers
• Diverse topics
• Multimedia-based evidence

Credibility Of The Speakers

One reason people cite TED Talks in research papers is the credibility of the speakers. TED Talks feature experts and thought leaders who present well-researched and innovative ideas.

If you cite Brené Brown’s TED Talk on vulnerability, you can add substantial weight to a paper on psychology or leadership. 

Leveraging Firsthand Experiences

Access to unique insights and firsthand experiences is another reason. TED speakers often share personal stories and case studies that are not available elsewhere.

If you cite a TED Talk by Jane Goodall, you can provide firsthand insights into primatology and conservation efforts. 

Diverse Topics

The diverse range of topics covered by TED Talks makes them valuable resources for various fields of study. Whether you’re researching:

• technology,
• social issues, or

you can find a TED Talk that fits your topic. 

Multimedia-Based Evidence

Citing TED Talks also provides multimedia evidence that can enhance your paper. Including a specific quote or timestamp from a TED video can support your arguments with engaging and authoritative content.

Whether you’re using a talk from the TED website or YouTube, ensuring accurate references in your bibliography is crucial for credibility and scholarly rigor.

How To Cite A TED Talk In APA Style?

When you cite a TED Talk in APA style, the format depends on whether you watched it on YouTube or directly from the TED website. Each platform affects the citation details, but both require accuracy to ensure proper referencing.

For a TED Talk from YouTube

TED is considered the author since they uploaded the video. Here’s an example template for your reference:

Reference List: TED. (Year, Month Date). Title of the TED Talk [Video]. YouTube. URL

For instance, if you’re citing Brené Brown’s popular TED Talk, your reference would look like this:

TED. (2012, March 16).  The power of vulnerability [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCvmsMzlF7o

In-Text: In-text citations are concise. Use the parenthetical format like this: (TED, 2012).

For a TED Talk from the TED website

If you are citing a TED talk from the TED website, the speaker is the author. The reference format changes slightly:

Reference List: Last name, First initial. (Year, Month Date). Title of the TED Talk [Video]. TED Conferences. URL

For example, citing the same talk by Brené Brown directly from TED’s website, your reference would be: Brown, B. (2010, June). The power of vulnerability [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/brene_brown_the_power_of_vulnerability.

In-Text: In-text citation would be (Brown, 2010).

When you use a direct quote, include a timestamp in your in-text citation. For example, “Vulnerability is the birthplace of innovation, creativity, and change” (Brown, 2010, 5:20).

How To Cite A TED Talk In MLA Style?

When you want to cite a TED Talk in MLA style, the format is straightforward but varies slightly depending on whether you accessed it directly from the TED website or from YouTube.

For a TED Talk on YouTube

When citing a TED Talk from a YouTube video, the format is slightly different. You still list the name of the speaker as the author but need to indicate that the talk is a video and list the publisher as TED Conferences. Here’s the template:

Reference List: Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Talk Title.” TED Conferences , Month Year, Video, URL.

For example, citing the same talk from YouTube would be:

Brown, Brené. “The Power of Vulnerability.”  TED Conferences , June 2010, Video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCvmsMzlF7o.

In-text citations: You only need the speaker’s last name and the timestamp if you’re quoting a specific part of the talk. For example, a quote from Brown’s talk would be cited in-text as (Brown 5:20).

To cite a TED Talk from the TED website, list the speaker as the author, followed by the talk title in quotation marks. Then, include the site name (TED), the month and year of the talk, and the URL. Here’s a template to follow:

Reference List: Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Talk Title.” TED , Month Year, URL.

For example, if you want to cite Brené Brown’s TED Talk on vulnerability, your reference would look like this:

Brown, Brené. “The Power of Vulnerability.”  TED , June 2010, https://www.ted.com/talks/brene_brown_the_power_of_vulnerability.

Citation For A TED Talk In Chicago Style

Citing a TED Talk in Chicago style involves a specific format that depends on where you accessed the talk.

Whether you watched it on YouTube or directly from the TED website, it’s crucial to get the details right for both in-text citations and the reference list.

For a TED Talk from the TED website, list the speaker as the author, followed by the title of the talk in quotation marks. Then, include the phrase “TED video,” the month and year of the talk, and the URL. Here’s a template for your reference:

Bibliography: Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Talk Title.” TED video, Month Year. URL.

For example, citing Brené Brown’s TED Talk on vulnerability from the TED website would look like this:

Brown, Brené. “The Power of Vulnerability.” TED video, June 2010. https://www.ted.com/talks/brene_brown_the_power_of_vulnerability.

In-text citations: This can be either parenthetical or as footnotes. For a parenthetical citation, you would write (Brown, “The Power of Vulnerability”). For a footnote, it would look like this:

• Brené Brown, “The Power of Vulnerability,” TED video, June 2010, https://www.ted.com/talks/brene_brown_the_power_of_vulnerability.

If you accessed the TED Talk on YouTube, the format is slightly different. You must include “YouTube video” in the reference and list TED Conferences as the publisher. Here’s how you should format it:

Bibliography: Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Talk Title.” TED Conferences, Month Year. YouTube video. URL.

For example, citing the same talk from YouTube:

Brown, Brené. “The Power of Vulnerability.” TED Conferences, June 2010. YouTube video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCvmsMzlF7o.

In-text citations:  In-text citations would follow the same parenthetical or footnote format, adjusting only for the access point. Use (Brown, “The Power of Vulnerability,” YouTube) for parenthetical citations or:

• Brené Brown, “The Power of Vulnerability,” TED Conferences, June 2010, YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCvmsMzlF7o.

TED Talk References & In-Text Citation 

Accurately citing TED Talks in your research is essential for credibility and avoiding plagiarism.

Whether using APA, Chicago or MLA format, understanding the correct format for each ensures your references in your research papers are precise and professional. 

By following these guidelines and templates, you can confidently include TED Talks in your work, enriching your research with diverse perspectives and expert insights.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

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