make a powerpoint presentation about the construction and use of binoculars project

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12.2: The Binocular Projector

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• Page ID 31576

• Daniel E. Barth
• University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

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This activity does the exact same thing as our pinhole camera – it allows us to examine the surface of the Sun safely by looking at a projected image. There are some important differences however! Unlike the pinhole camera, the binoculars do not dim the brightness of the solar image – instead they concentrate the light and brighten it substantially. The binocular projector is easier to use, there is no construction needed and it becomes very easy to draw or photograph the image which we have seen. The increased brightness makes it more difficult to make out subtle features like sunspots on the solar disk, the glare of the intense image tends to obscure them. For eclipse viewing however, this is an excellent method requiring almost no setup time.

Academic Standards

Science and engineering practices.

• Developing and using models.
• Planning and carrying out investigations.
• Analyzing and interpreting data.
• Argument from evidence.

Crosscutting Concepts

• Systems and system models.
• Structure and function.

Next Generation Science Standards

• Space systems (K-5, 6-8, 9-12).
• Engineering and design (K-5, 6-8, 9-12).
• Waves and electromagnetic radiation (6-8, 9-12).
• The Earth-Moon system (6-8, 9-12).

For the Educator

Facts you need to know.

• NEVER look at the Sun directly!
• Using only one pair of binoculars which remain in the teacher’s hands at all times, this activity is perfectly safe for all ages.
• We will use the binoculars to project an image of the Sun on paper.
• The projected solar image will be large enough and bright enough for an entire class to view it at once.

Teaching and Pedagogy

Once again, every science teacher teaches safety first! This activity makes safe observation virtually automatic. When you use the binoculars to project a solar image onto a piece of paper, students must stand with their backs to the Sun in order to view the projected image.

Using a pair of binoculars to project a solar image is simple in principle, but it requires practice to learn how to line up the binoculars, the Sun, and the paper. You will need to practice this activity several times before you do it in front of your students!

Take the binoculars and focus them for a distant object such as a tree or building at least 300 meters away. Remember to keep one side of the binocular covered, and start with the binoculars just a couple inches from the paper, then pull the binocular back until you get a large, sharp image of the Sun!

The Sun is different every day, sunspots and other features move slowly across the Sun. If you have a chance to try this activity during a lunar or solar eclipse, the effect is quite spectacular!

Student Outcomes

What will the student discover.

• A solar eclipse is a rare and wonderful event that is not to be missed. For many students, this will be a once-in-a-lifetime experience – do not allow them to miss it!
• The new Moon will at times be perfectly lined up to allow it to pass in front of the disk of the Sun, causing an eclipse.
• In order to see a total eclipse, you must be in exactly the right spot! The shadow of the Moon on the Earth’s surface is usually not more than 50 miles wide, and the shadow traces a path across the Earth called the path of totality . You must be inside this narrow path to see a total eclipse!
• Most people will not see a total eclipse, instead we get to see a partial eclipse because we are on one side or the other of the path of totality. This is still a wonderful event and worthy of our observation and study.

What will your students learn about science?

• People have been predicting solar eclipses for several thousand years. Scientists and mathematicians today predict these events with marvelous precision.
• Predictions are still just that – predictions made using a scientific model much as we have been doing throughout this book. Modern predictions of the timing and extent of a solar eclipse are not exact. This is a chance for students to see the precision – and the uncertainty – of modern science in one magnificent activity.

Conducting the Activity

• One pair of binoculars. Larger binocular work better for this, a pair of 7×50 binoculars work perfectly.
• A sheet of white paper on a notebook or clipboard.

Exploring the Binocular Projector

• Put one of the lens caps on the binoculars so light only passes through one side. If lens caps are missing, use a piece of aluminum foil to tightly cap one side of the binoculars.
• Point the large end of the binoculars toward the Sun and hold the paper underneath the eyepiece. The paper may be anywhere from 1-4 inches away to give you the best image, this varies with styles and models of binoculars, so you will have to adjust this until you have the best view.
• You should now be able to observe the solar disk, sunspots, even an eclipse just as you can with the pinhole camera. The advantage of this method is that working with a partner, your students can easily draw directly on the paper they are observing and copy down what they see!

Discussion Questions

• Answer We never look directly at the Sun – only at its image projected on paper.
• Answer: The Sun has no solid or permanent surface. The sunspots we sometimes see are magnetic storms on the solar surface, they appear and disappear as conditions change on the Sun’s surface, much as thunderstorms appear and disappear on Earth.

Supplemental Materials

Going deeper.

The binocular projector is also an excellent method to use when trying your hand at imaging the Moon. Take your binoculars out on a night when the Moon is at least half-full and try setting up to project the image on a piece of paper just as you did with the Sun. You will need a dark place to do this properly, yard lights and street lights will interfere with the image substantially. You will find that the projected image is substantially dimmer than the solar image, and this makes it much easier to pick up things such as dark maria and even some of the larger craters in addition to the shape of the lunar phase that night!

If you have a chance, try this activity with both a telescope and a binocular. You will find that the binocular projects an image just as you see it in the sky, while the telescope flips the image from side to side or even upside down! (This depends upon the type of telescope you use.) Optics are fun and mysterious – something your students will have the chance to explore further as they get older and enter higher grades in school!

Being an Astronomer

There are dedicated solar telescopes which allow you to look directly at the Sun and see many amazing features on the solar surface. Solar telescopes are specially built, single purpose machines, and quite expensive – even for telescopes!

Once again, it is time to contact your local astronomy club and ask for their help. Many clubs have a member with a special interest in the Sun who may own their very own solar telescope; some larger clubs purchase one of these specifically for the club to take out to schools and outreach events. If your local club has such an instrument, your students are in for a real treat!

Being a Scientist

If you are lucky enough to observe a solar eclipse through a binocular projector, you will find that the image is bright and well-focused enough to be easily photographed.

If you are able to take a photograph of the Sun every 5-10 minutes during an eclipse, the pictures can be combined into a GIF or time-lapse video to show how the Moon moves in front of the solar disk and put the Sun into eclipse!

Following Up

There have been many famous eclipse events in history and literature. Columbus’ eclipse during his exploration of the New World and Mark Twain’s A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court both come to mind. How many others can you find?

Modern binoculars consist of two barrel chambers with an objective lens, eyepiece, and a pair of prisms inside. The prisms reflect and lengthen the light, while the objective lenses enhance and magnify images due to stereoscopic vision.

Man has been experimenting with glass since its advent sometime around 3500 B.C. These experiments soon became known for their ocular implications. The designs of early optical instruments, like the telescope, were not recorded. It is assumed that these instruments were studied and perfected by Galileo Galilei. Early binoculars were actually called binocular telescopes, and are thought to be based on Galileo's discoveries and designs of prisms.

Early telescopic lenses were full of bubbles and other imperfections. They were also slightly green due to the iron content in the glass. Polishing techniques were crude, and although lenses were of good quality in the center, the peripheral shape was poor resulting in a restricted aperture. As telescopes were improved, binoculars evolved. The first patent application for binocular telescopes was filed early in the seventeenth century by Jan Lippershey in present day Holland. Lippershey primarily used quartz crystal, which is hard to manipulate. The first hand-held binocular originated in 1702 with Johann Zahn's small binocular of two tubes with a lithe connection.

A patent application submitted in 1854 by Ignatio Porro began the use of the modern prism binocular called the Porro prism erecting system. This optical system consisted of an objective lens and ocular lens (eyepiece) with two facing, right angle prisms arranged to invert and correct the orientation of the image. The two most commonly used prism systems are the porro prism and the roof prism design. The roof system uses prisms positioned one over the other resulting in a more compact design.

An other major breakthrough occurred in 1894 when Carl Zeiss, a German optical specialist, developed binoculars with convex lenses and delta prisms to correct the inverted image. In a porro design, the light is bent in a "Z" shape before reaching the eye, allowing the distance between the eyepiece and the objective lens to be compacted. This enables the size and weight of binoculars to be reduced.

Reductions in the weight of the binoculars occurred with the use of aluminum or polycarbonate housings instead of the heavier metal alloys used in pre-civil war binoculars. Performance of smaller and larger binoculars has improved with the introduction of coatings to render the lenses non-reflective and reduce the amount of scattered light. The quality of prisms has also improved over the years, resulting in a reduction of the bubbling effect of optical glass. In the early 1970s, nitrogen filled, waterproof binoculars were developed. A decade later the arrival of infrared transmitters capable of seeing in the dark further transformed binocular technology. Variable magnification models were also developed allowing the user to adjust the level of magnification.

Raw Materials

Modern-day binocular tubes are primarily made out of aluminum coated with silicon or a leather-like material called gutta-percha. The lenses and prisms are made from glass and coated with an anti-reflective coating.

With the exception of the optical glass and some rubber seals, the majority of binocular component parts can be manufactured using a Computer Assisted Design and Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system that downloads the designs to a variety of Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) devices (multi-axis mill turn and milling machines as well as vertical and horizontal machining centers, lathes, etc.). Using CAD software provides both drawing, dimensioning, and visualization capabilities. These lead to improvements in the binoculars final design.

The Manufacturing Process

• The lens material is poured into a lens mold, which has a spherical curved bottom. This results in a lens that is about 4 in (10.2 cm) in diameter and 1-1.5 in (2.4-3.8 cm) thick.
• The lenses are then removed from the molds and cut into specific pieces using a diamond saw to create the optical lenses.
• The lenses are placed into the grinding machine and polished.
• After they have been carefully machined, the lenses are anodized to reduce reflections in vacuum tanks. The more coatings applied, the less light absorbed.
• The ocular lenses (nearest the eyes) are also molded and carefully polished by auto-polish machines after which they are centered on diamond turning machines and finally cleaned by running through several different solvents in automated machinery.
• The objective lenses, those furthest from the eyes, are molded and then polished with polishing machines.
• These components are then manually assembled into a die cast body, which is often made from aluminum.
• Using a technique called physical vapor deposition, the optics are placed into a "plasma machine" and coated with dielectric coatings. The coatings are essential for high performance.
• The optics are then inspected and tested for clarity and defects using lasers in specially designed particulate free rooms.
• Next, the rod shaped prisms are cut by lasers into three-sided shapes depending on the type of prism being manufactured (i.e., roof prisms or porro prisms).
• The prisms are coated with dielectric materials (metal oxides) by physical vapor deposition inside a vacuum chamber.
• When all these components are assembled on a belt assembly line, the final assembly station collimates the binocular by hand, making the left side exactly parallel to the right, so only one image will be seen at a time.
• The binocular housing is then covered with a substance called gutta-percha, which looks like leather but is more durable and flexible. This covering is applied by hand using an adhesive and may be coated with a protective rubber covering.
• On the assembly line bare metal housing covers are covered with plastic or rubber.
• The prisms are placed by hand inside the binocular casing and manually screwed in place.
• The objective lenses are held in place by a metal or plastic ring and the eyepiece is fitted with a rubber eyecap.
• The focusing lenses are placed in the housing with screws mounted by hand.
• Waterproof binoculars must have orings at every orifice, be purged with nitrogen (injected through a seal), and sealed. The final step would be the packing of binoculars in cases with neck straps, most cases today being of a canvas-like material.

Quality Control

Binoculars that have been hermetically sealed (waterproof) and nitrogen charged (fogproof) are tested underwater. Most binoculars will withstand water immersion at 16.4(5 m) for five minutes. Both barrels of a binocular need to be optically parallel for the image to merge into one perfect circle and are carefully checked for alignment.

Byproducts/Waste

Lenses and prisms that have defects such as scratches or cracks are either discarded and melted down to be molded again, or they are recycled. If the casing is damaged during production, it is also either remolded or recycled.

Binoculars continue to advance with new technology. Their ability to see further with better focusing techniques enables the consumer to use the product for a wider variety of tasks. Binoculars are now tending to use the same stabilizing method used in video cameras that automatically stabilizes the prism system so that the image remains steady to the viewer. Some binoculars are also coming equipped with night scope vision. This would enable the consumer to see objects that are far away even at night. Technological advancements are continually made on these specialty binoculars, which are primarily used by the military or for surveillance.

Where to Learn More

Bell, Louis. The Telescope. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1922.

Von Rohr, Moritz. Die Binokularen Instrumente. Berlin: Springer, 1920.

The United States Patent Office Web Page. November 2001. < http://www.uspto.gov/patft >.

Van Helden, Albert. The Telescope. 1995. November 2001. < http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/GalileoiThings/telescope.html >.

Bonny McClain

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Science at work. Binoculars.

Aug 04, 2014

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Science at work. Binoculars. By Skye B roekate. A brief description of binoculars history. . What is a binocular? The first binocular telescope is two telescopes placed side by side. Who developed binoculars first?

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Science at work. Binoculars. By Skye Broekate

A brief description of binoculars history. • What is a binocular? • The first binocular telescope is two telescopes placed side by side. • Who developed binoculars first? • Johann Lipperhey invented binoculars and is also the inventor of the ordinary Dutch telescope. • When was the first binocular telescope developed? • The binocular telescope was created in 1608. • How has binoculars changed? (got better) • Better coatings for higher transmission of light, better prisms, and wider angle eye lenses have made most of the improvements in the last fifty years. Almost all these ideas originated in Japan

Show diagrams of how the light bends through binoculars . • Use cut away views to show how light is bent: They use the prisms because binoculars are very small and they need to bend the light How does binoculars use lenses to bend light? Modern binoculars consist of two barrel chambers with an objective lens, eyepiece, and a pair of prisms inside. The prisms reflect and lengthen the light, while the objective lenses enhance and magnify images due to stereoscopic vision.

Show diagrams of how binoculars work and explain it. • Binoculars work on the same principles as telescopes. The process begins with a series of lenses. The lenses focus on an object and gather the light from it. As the light passes through a series of lenses, the image gets larger. Binoculars differ from a telescope in that they allow the image to be transmitted to both eyes at once. • Binocular lenses are curved pieces of glass. A binocular can have several lenses; in fact, the more lenses that the binocular has, the better the magnification. Unfortunately, each time the image passes into the next lens, light is lost, so binoculars include a prism that bends and reflects light into the lenses. The prism also flips the image. Without it, everything you see through the lenses would be upside down

Explain where binoculars are used is used. • Who uses binoculars and what do they use them for? • binoculars are used for viewing distant objects and to bring far-away Images up close. • Some of the things people use binoculars for is: • Galilean opera glasses, used in theatres, • for typical outdoor use e.g. Bird watching • Hunters and bird watchers rely on binoculars to bring their quarry into clear detail • sports fans often bring binoculars to the event so they don't miss one moment of action.

What future changes are expected to be made to binoculars in the future. • Binoculars continue to advance with new technology. Their ability to see further with better focusing techniques enables the consumer to use the product for a wider variety of tasks. Binoculars are now tending to use the same stabilizing method used in video cameras that automatically stabilizes the prism system so that the image remains steady to the viewer. Some binoculars are also coming equipped with night scope vision. This would enable the consumer to see objects that are far away even at night. Technological advancements are continually made on these specialty binoculars, which are primarily used by the military or for surveillance.

Bibliography • http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Who_invented_binoculars_and_when#ixzz1y7IA6V2N • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars • http://www.life123.com/technology/home-electronics/binoculars/how-do-binoculars-work.shtml • http://www.madehow.com/Volume-7/Binocular.html#ixzz1yODVPoCx • http://www.madehow.com/Volume-7/Binocular.html

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Project: Make a Power point presentation about the construction and use of binoculars.

More from this Exercise

Binoculars are actually two telescopes connected side-by-side used to view from both the eyes. Depending on the optical devices used, binoculars are of different types: Galilean binoculars, Prism binoculars, Keplerian binoculars etc. Construction: Basic parts of binoculars are optical devices, central focusing arrangement, hinge and axle system for adjustment of distance from the eyes. The optical devices used in the above mentioned binoculars are: i. Galilean binoculars: These consist of a convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece. ii. Prism binoculars: These consist of two right angled prisms and work on the principle of total internal reflection. iii. Keplerian binoculars: These consist of convex lenses for both objective and eyepiece. Uses: Binoculars are used to view distant objects clearer and closer. Hence, few of their uses are: i. In military operations to keep watch on the enemy. ii. In sports to enjoy the play even from the far away distance. iii. At tourists spots to observe the distant views of the valley. iv. For bird watching.

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Project: Make a Power point presentation about the construction and use of binoculars.

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Construction and use of binocular

Binoculars rely on pairs of prism to fold & erect the image in each tube assembly. doubled roof prisms are small and light enough that a pair of binoculars designed around them can have short, straight & lightweight tubes. the use of binoculars is given below:- binocular is used in army, police, etc. the given diagram is a construction of binocular.

problem solving skills for team leaders

Snapsolve any problem by taking a picture. Try it in the Numerade app?